MATH1231 1241 Lab Test 1

MATH1231/1241 Lab Test 1
Solutions to Question Bank

June 2023
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1 Calculus
Question 1
The following integral can be evaluated using a trigonometric or hyperbolic trigono-
metric substitution.
Z
dx
3 .
(16 + x2 ) 2
In order to remove the fractional power, which substitutions should you try? Choose
at least one circular trigonometric substitution and one hyperbolic trigonometric sub-
stitution.
1. x = 4 cosh u 4. x = 4 tan u
2. x = 4 sin u 5. x = 4 sinh u
3. x = 4 sec u 6. x = 4 tanh u
To remove the fractional power, note that we are trying to remove the 2 in the denominator
of that power. Hence, we need to apply a substitution that ends up with a trigonometric
function squared. Note the following two identities:
1 + tan2 u = sec2 u, 1 + sinh2 u = cosh2 u.
Hence,
16 + 16 tan2 u = 16 sec2 u 16 + 16 sinh2 u = 16 cosh2 u
= (4 sec u)2 , = (4 cosh u)2 .
So the substitutions we should apply are
x = 4 tan u, x = 4 sinh u.
Ans: (4) and (5).

Question 2
R
Find cos(7x) cos(2x)dx and enter your answer in the box below using Maple syntax.
Using the product to sum formula cos(a) cos(b) = 12 (cos(a + b) + cos(a − b)) , we obtain the
following
Z Z
1
cos(7x) cos(2x)dx = (cos(9x) + cos(5x))dx
2

1 sin(9x) sin(5x)
= + + C.
2 9 5
In Maple syntax: 1/2 * (sin(9*x)/9 + sin(5*x)/5)

Question 3
sin7 (x) cos8 (x)dx has the form

R
Using the standard method, the integral
Z
sin7 x cos8 xdx = a9 cos9 x + a10 cos10 x + a11 cos11 x + a12 cos12 x+
a13 cos13 x + a14 cos14 x + a15 cos15 x + a16 cos16 x+

a17 cos17 x + a18 cos18 x + a19 cos19 x + a20 cos20 x+
a21 cos21 x + C.
Find this integral and the following coefficients: a9 , a10 , a11 , a12 , a13
Using the Pythagorean identity sin2 x = 1 − cos2 x and letting u = cos x, we have
Z Z
7 8
3
sin x cos xdx = − cos8 x 1 − cos2 x (− sin x) dx
Z
cos8 x 1 − 3 cos2 x + 3 cos4 x − cos6 x (− sin x) dx

=−
Z
=− u8 (1 − 3u2 + 3u4 − u6 )du
Z
=− u8 − 3u10 + 3u12 − u14 du
u9 3 3 1
=− + u11 − u13 + u15 + C
9 11 13 15
1 9 3 11 3 1
= − cos x + cos x − cos13 x + cos15 x + C.
9 11 13 15
Ans:
a9 = −1/9
a10 = 0
a11 = 3/11
a12 = 0
a13 = −3/13

Question 4
sin8 x cos7 xdx has the form

R
Using the standard method, the integral
Z
sin8 x cos7 xdx = a9 sin9 x + a10 sin10 x + a11 sin11 x + a12 sin12 x+
a13 sin13 x + a14 sin14 x + a15 sin15 x + a16 sin16 x+

a17 sin17 x + a18 sin18 x + a19 sin19 x + a20 sin20 x+
a21 sin21 x + C.
Find this integral and the following coefficients: a9 , a10 , a11 , a12 , a13
Using the Pythagorean identity cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x and letting u = sin x, we have
Z Z
8 7
3
sin x cos xdx = sin8 x 1 − sin2 x cos xdx
Z
sin8 x 1 − 3 sin2 x + 3 sin4 x − sin6 x cos xdx

=
Z
= u8 (1 − 3u2 + 3u4 − u6 )du
Z
= u8 − 3u10 + 3u12 − u14 du
u9 3 3 1
= − u11 + u13 − u15 + C
9 11 13 15
1 9 3 11 3 1
= sin x − sin x + sin13 x − sin15 x + C.
9 11 13 15
Ans:
a9 = 1/9
a10 = 0
a11 = −3/11
a12 = 0
a13 = 3/13

Question 5
You are given that
Z 1 Z 1
n −9x 1 −9 1
x e dx = − e + n xn−1 e−9x dx for n ≥ 1.
0 9 9 0
R 1 2 −9x
Use this recurrence relation to calculate 0 x e dx and enter your answer in the box
below.
R1
Let In = 0
xn e−9x dx. Then the recurrence relation becomes In = − 19 e−9 + 19 nIn−1 . Hence,
we have
Z 1
x2 e−9x dx = I2
0
1 1
= − e−9 + · 2I1
9 9
1 2 1 −9 1
= − e−9 + − e + I0
9 9 9 9
1 −9 2
−e−9 + I0 .

=− e +
9 81
R1
Now I0 = 0
e−9x dx = 1
9
− 19 e−9 and thus,

1 2 1 1 −9
I2 = − e−9 + −9
−e + − e
9 81 9 9
1 −9 2
−9e−9 + 1 − e−9

=− e +
9 729
1 2
= − e−9 + −10e−9 + 1 .

9 729
In Maple syntax: -1/9 * exp(-9) + 2/729 * (-10 * exp(-9) + 1)

Question 6
You are given that
Z e Z e
n n n
(20 + ln x) dx = 21 e − 20 − n (20 + ln x)n−1 dx for n ≥ 1.
1 1
Re
Use this recurrence relation to calculate 1
(20 + ln x)2 dx and enter your answer in
the box below.
Re
Let In = 1 (20 + ln x)n dx. Then the recurrence relation becomes In = 21n e − 20n − nIn−1 .
Hence, we have
Z e
(20 + ln x)2 dx = I2
1
= 212 e − 202 − 2I1

= 212 e − 202 − 2 (21e − 20 − I0 ) .
Re
Now I0 = 1
1dx = e − 1 and thus,
I2 = 212 e − 202 − 2 (21e − 20 − (e − 1))

= 212 e − 202 − 2 (21e − 20 − e + 1)
= 212 e − 202 − 2 (20e − 19) .
In Maple syntax: 21^2*exp(1)-20^2-2*(20*exp(1)-19)

Question 7
You are given that
Z 1 Z 1
n −x −1
x e dx = −e +n xn−1 e−x dx for n ≥ 1
0 0
And are told that

Z 1
x5 e−x dx = 120 − 326e−1 .
0
R1
Find the integral 0
x4 e−x dx and enter your answer in the box below.
Substitute n = 5 into the recurrence relation to get

Z 1 Z 1
5 −x −1
x e dx = −e +5 x4 e−x dx
0 0
−1
= 120 − 326e , using the given condition.
R1
Rearranging to make 0
x4 e−x dx the subject,
1
120 − 325e−1
Z
4 −x
x e dx =
0 5
= 24 − 65e−1 .
In Maple syntax: 24-65*exp(-1)

Question 8
You are given that
Z e Z e
n
(ln x) dx = e − n (ln x)n−1 dx for n ≥ 1.
1 1
You are also told that

Z e
(ln x)6 dx = −720 + 265e.
1
Re 5
Find the integral 1
(ln x) dx and enter your answer in the box below.

Z e Z e
6
(ln x) dx = e − 6 (ln x)5 dx
1 1
= −720 + 265e, using the given condition.

Re
Rearranging to make 1
(ln x)5 dx the subject,
e
720 − 264e
Z
(ln x)5 dx =
1 6
= 120 − 44e.
In Maple syntax: 120-44*exp(1)

Question 9
You are given that
Z 1 Z 1
2 n 2n
(1 − x ) dx = (1 − x2 )n−1 dx for n ≥ 1
0 2n + 1 0
And you are told that

Z 1
65536
(1 − x2 )9 dx = .
0 230945
R1
(1 − x2 )7 dx and enter your answer in the
box below.
R1 2n
Let In = 0 (1 − x2 )n dx. Then our recurrence relation becomes In = I .
2n+1 n−1
18
I9 = I8
19
18 16
= I7
19 17
65536
= , using the given condition.
230945
Rearranging to make I7 the subject,

65536 18 16
I7 = ÷ ·
230945 19 17
2048
= .
6435
Ans: 2048/6435

Question 10
You are given that
Z 1 Z 1
4 n 4n
(1 − x ) dx = (1 − x4 )n−1 dx for n ≥ 1
0 4n + 1 0

Z 1
8388608
(1 − x4 )8 dx = .
0 15862275
R1
box below.
R1 4n
4n+1 n−1
32
I8 = I7
33
32 28
= I6
33 29
8388608
= , using the given condition.
15862275
Rearranging to make I6 the subject,

8388608 32 28
I6 = ÷ ·
15862275 33 29
65536
= .
116025
Ans: 65536/116025

Question 11
You are given that
Z 1 Z 1
4 n 4n
(1 − x ) dx = (1 − x4 )n−1 dx for n ≥ 1
0 4n + 1 0

Z 1
8192
(1 − x4 )5 dx = .
0 13923
R1
box below.
R1 4n
4n+1 n−1
32
I8 = I7
33
32 28
= I6
33 29

32 28 24
= I5 .
33 29 25
R1 8192
Now I5 = 0
(1 − x4 )5 dx = 13923
and thus,

32 28 24 8192
I8 = ·
33 29 25 13923
8388608
= .
15862275
Ans: 8388608/15862275

Question 12
You are given that
Z 1 Z 1
2 n 2n
(1 − x ) dx = (1 − x2 )n−1 dx for n ≥ 1
0 2n + 1 0

Z 1
1024
(1 − x2 )6 dx = .
0 3003
R1
box below.
R1 2n
2n+1 n−1
18
I9 = I8
19
18 16
= I7
19 17

18 16 14
= I6 .
19 17 15
R1 1024
Now I6 = 0
(1 − x2 )6 dx = 3003
and thus,

18 16 14 1024
I9 = ·
19 17 15 3003
65536
= .
230945
Ans: 65536/230945

Question 13
You are given that
Z e Z e
n
(ln x) dx = e − n (ln x)n−1 dx for n ≥ 1.
1 1
You are also told that

Z e
(ln x)8 dx = −40320 + 14833e.
1
Re 10
Find the integral 1
(ln x) dx and enter your answer in the box below.
Re
Let In = 1 (ln x)n dx. Then our recurrence relation becomes In = e − nIn−1 .
I10 = e − 10I9
= e − 10 (e − 9I8 ) .
Re
Now I8 = 1
(ln x)8 dx = −40320 + 14833e and thus,
I10 = e − 10 (e − 9 (−40320 + 14833e))

= 1334961e − 3628800.
In Maple syntax: 1334961*exp(1)-3628800

Question 14
You are given that
Z 1 Z 1
n −x −1
x e dx = −e +n xn−1 e−x dx for n ≥ 1
0 0
And are told that

Z 1
x6 e−x dx = 720 − 1957e−1 .
0
R1
Find the integral 0
x8 e−x dx and enter your answer in the box below.
R1
Let In = 0 xn e−x dx. Then our recurrence relation becomes In = −e−1 + nIn−1 .
I8 = −e−1 + 8I7
= −e−1 + 8 −e−1 + 7I6 .

R1
Now I6 = 0
x6 e−x dx = 720 − 1957e−1 and thus,
I8 = −e−1 + 8 −e−1 + 7 720 − 1957e−1

= −109601e−1 + 40320.
In Maple syntax: -109601*exp(-1)+40320

Question 15
Find a normal vector n to the tangent plane to the surface.
z = −x3 − 4y 2
at the point (x, y, z) = (−1, −3, −35) and enter your answer in the box below using
Maple syntax.
∂z ∂z
As z = −x3 − 4y 2 , we get the partial derivatives ∂x = −3x2 , and ∂y = −8y.
Hence, normal vector n to the tangent plane to the surface is given by
 ∂z 
∂x
(x 0 , y0 )
 ∂z
n =  ∂y (x0 , y0 )

−1
 
−3x2
=  −8y 
 
−1
 
−3(−1)2
=  −8(−3) 
 
−1
 
−3
=  24  .
 
−1
In Maple syntax: <-3,24,-1>

Question 16
Given
F = yx3 + x2 y + 3xy 2 + 7x6 y 6 + sin(y 3 ) + 6ex ,
∂2F
find ∂x∂y
and enter your answer below using Maple syntax.
We first take the partial derivative of F with respect to x before taking the partial derivative
of that with respect to y. We have
∂F
= 3x2 y + 2xy + 3y 2 + 42x5 y 6 + 6ex .
∂x
Hence,
∂ 2F
= 3x2 + 2x + 6y + 252x5 y 5 .
∂x∂y
Note that in this case, taking the partial derivative of F with respect to y first would still
produce the same result. To be more technical, the second order partial derivatives commute
if all second order partial derivatives exist and are continuous (see Clairaut’s Theorem).
In Maple syntax: 3*x^2+2*x+6*y+252*x^5*y^5

Question 17
Let f : R → R be a differentiable function with derivative g : R → R, that is
g(x) = f ′ (x). Define F : f : R2 → R by
F (x, y) = f (−5y 6 + 5x4 ).
Find the partial derivations of F in terms of x, y and g and enter your answers in the
boxes below using Maple notation.
Let u = −5y 6 + 5x4 .

Hence we have ∂u
∂x
= 20x3 and ∂u
∂y
= −30y 5 . Thus, by applying the chain rule, we get
∂F ∂F ∂u
=
∂x ∂u ∂x
= f ′ (u) · 20x3
= 20x3 g −5y 6 + 5x4 ,

and
∂F ∂F ∂u
=
∂y ∂u ∂y
= f ′ (u) · −30y 5

= −30y 5 g −5y 6 + 5x4 .

Ans (In Maple syntax on the RHS):

∂F
∂x
= 20*x^3*g(-5*y^6+5*x^4)
∂F
∂y
= -30*y^5*g(-5*y^6+5*x^4)

Question 18
Let z be a function of x and y (both in cm) and you are given the following information.
The measured values of x and y are −1cm and −4cm and each measurement is made
with an error with magnitude at most 0.02cm.
Furthermore, you are given that at (x, y) = (−1, −4),
∂z ∂z
= 2 and = −2.
∂x ∂y
Use the total differential approximation to estimate the maximum possible error in
the calculated value of z and enter your answer in the box below. Do not enter units.
An upper bound for the absolute error is given by
∂z ∂z
|∆z| ≈ ∆x + ∆y
∂x ∂y
∂z ∂z
≤ |∆x| + |∆y| ,
∂x ∂y
where the last line is obtained through the triangle inequality. Here, we have |∆x| ≤ 0.02,
∂z ∂z
|∆y| ≤ 0.02, ∂x = 2 and ∂y = −2. Hence, |∆z| ⪅ 2 · 0.02 + 2 · 0.02 = 0.08.
Ans: 0.08

Question 19
Let z = 4x3 + 3y 3 where x and y are functions of t. When t = 1, you are given that
dx dy
x = 2, y = −2, = −4 and =1
dt dt
dz
Find dt
when t = 1 and enter your answer in the box below.
∂z ∂z
As z = 4x3 + 3y 3 , we get ∂x = 12x2 and ∂y
= 9y 2 .
Applying the chain rule, we have
dz ∂z dx ∂z dy
= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt
dx dy
= 12x2 + 9y 2 .
dt dt
From substituting in the corresponding values, at t = 1,

dz
= 12 · 22 (−4) + 9 · (−2)2
dt
= −156.
Ans: -156

Question 20
Let z be a function of x and y and you are given the following information. The
measured values of x and y are 4 and 4 and at (x, y) = (4, 4),
∂z ∂z
= −4 and = 1.
∂x ∂y
If x is increased by 0.06 and y is decreased by 0.07, use the total differential approxi-
mation to estimate the change in z and enter your answer in the box below.
Let z = F (x, y). Then by the total differentiation approximation, we have
∆z = F (4.06, 3.93) − F (4, 4)

∂z ∂z
≈ (4, 4)∆x + (4, 4)∆y
∂x ∂y
= (−4)(0.06) + (1)(−0.07)
= −0.31.
Ans: -0.31

2 Algebra
Question 1
Select all of the statements below that are true.
1) There are infinitely many sets of 8 vectors in R5 that do not span R5 .
2) There is a set of 6 vectors in R4 that spans R4 .
3) There is a set of 8 vectors in R6 that is linearly independent.
4) There is a set of 5 vectors in R7 that is linearly dependent.
5) There is a set of 5 vectors in R7 that does not span R7 .
6) There is a set of 9 vectors in R6 that spans R6 .
For the first statement, we can consider how two vectors can be scalar multiples of each
other, spanning a line through the origin rather than a plane through the origin. This means
that a set of 8 vectors could be contained in a single vector line through the origin, not
spanning R5 . As these 8 vectors can be placed anywhere on a line, it leads to infinitely many
sets of 8 vectors that do not span R5 .
The second statement can be verified through considering any set of 6 vectors including the
basis for R4 , As the basis of R4 is 4 vectors, it is then possible to have a set of 6 vectors in
R4 that spans R4 .
The third statement can be verified with the understanding that the maximal set of linearly
independent vectors has a size of the dimension of the space. This means that a linearly
independent set of vectors in R6 must have 6 or fewer elements, making it impossible to have
a set of 8 vectors that satisfies it.
The fourth statement can be verified through the understanding that linearly dependence is
determined by the ability of any vector to be expressed as a linear combination of the others,
this includes if one vector is a scalar multiple of another. With this we can demonstrate that
any vector set with more than 1 vector in it can be linearly dependent. Thus there is a set
of 5 vectors in R7 that is linearly dependent.
The fifth statement can be verified through an understanding similar to the first statement,
we know there are an infinite quantity of sets of 5 vectors in R7 that do not span R7 .
The sixth statement can be verified similarly to the third statement, this is as a set that

spans a space must have some subset that is the basis of said space. As the basis of R6 is a
set of 6 vectors, there must exist a set of 9 vectors containing these 6 vectors hence spanning
R6 .
Thus the answer determines that statements 1,2,4,5 and 6 are true.

Question 2
Let S = {v1 , v2 , ..., vn } be a set of vectors in a vector space V with scalar field F .
Select the correct definition for span(S) from the choices below.
1. span(S) = {x ∈ V : x = λ1 v1 + λ2 v2 + ... + λn vn for λ1 , λ2 , ..., λn ∈ V }
2. span(S) = {x ∈ V : x = λ1 v1 + λ2 v2 + ... + λn vn for λ1 = λ2 = ... = λn = 0}
3. span(S) = {x ∈ V : x = λ1 v1 + λ2 v2 + ... + λn vn for λ1 , λ2 , ..., λn ∈ F }
4. span(S) = {x ∈ V : if x = λ1 v1 + λ2 v2 + ... + λn vn for λ1 , λ2 , ..., λn ∈ V then
λ1 = λ2 = ...λn = 0}
5. span(S) = {x ∈ V : if x = λ1 v1 + λ2 v2 + ... + λn vn for λ1 , λ2 , ..., λn ∈ F then
λ1 = λ2 = ...λn = 0}
The span of a set of vectors is determined by all possible linear combinations of the included
vectors. This requires λ to be an element of the scalar field F, the only option that satisfies
these conditions is the third statement.

Question 3
Select the correct completion of the definition for linear independence from the choices
below.
The vectors v1 , v2 , ..., vn in a vector space V over a scalar field F are linearly indepen-
dent if and only if
1. there are scalars λ1 , λ2, ..., λn ∈ F such that λ1 v1 + λ2 v2 + ... + λn vn = 0 and
λ1 = λ2 = ... = λn = 0.
2. whenever there are scalars λ1 , λ2 , ..., λn ∈ F such that λ1 v1 + λ2 v2 + ... + λn vn = 0
then v1 = v2 = ... = vn = 0.
3. there are scalars λ1 , λ2, ..., λn ∈ F such that λ1 v1 + λ2 v2 + ... + λn vn = 0.
4. whenever there are scalars λ1 , λ2 , ..., λn ∈ F such that λ1 v1 + λ2 v2 + ... + λn vn = 0
then λ1 = λ2 = ... = λn = 0.
Linear independence of a set of vectors is defined as the inability of any vector to be expressed
as a linear combination of the other vectors. This is equivalent to stating that the linear
combination resulting in the zero vector is only achieved when all coefficients are 0. Thus,
the answer is 4.

Question 4
Let S = {v1 , v2 , ..., vn } be a set of vectors in a vector space V over a scalar field F
Select the correct definition of span(S) from the choices below.
1. For any vector x ∈ span(S), if there are scalars λ1 , λ2 , ..., λn ∈ F such that x =
λ1 v1 + λ2 v2 + ... + λn vn then λ1 = λ2 = ... = λn = 0.
2. For every vector x ∈ span(S), there are unique scalars λ1 , λ2 , ..., λn ∈ F such that
x = λ1 v1 + λ2 v2 + ... + λn vn .
3. If there are scalars λ1 , λ2 , ..., λn ∈ F such that λ1 v1 + λ2 v2 + ... + λn vn = 0 then
λ1 = λ2 = ... = λn = 0.
4. For every vector x ∈ span(S), there are scalars λ1 , λ2 , ..., λn ∈ F such that x =
λ1 v1 + λ2 v2 + ... + λn vn .
Similarly to Question 2, the span of a vector set is defined by all possible linear combinations
of the contained vectors. However, the important distinction this question addresses is
whether the scalars used in the linear combination are unique from each other, this is not
the case. Thus the answer is the fourth statement.

Question 5
Consider the following sets.
A = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 3x + 5y − 5z = 0}
B = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : (x, y, z) = λ(1, 0, −2) + µ(0, 6, −3) and − 5x + 4y + 9z = 0}
C = {p ∈ P3 : p(x) = x3 + ax2 + c where a, b, c are real numbers}
Select all of the following which are true

1. A is a subspace of R3 .
2. B is a subspace of R3 .
3. C is a subspace of P3 .
• Set A can be illustrated as a plane in R3 that passes through the origin, hence it
satisfies the conditions for a subspace of R3 .
• Set B is the intersection of two planes at a line in R3 that pass through the origin,
hence it satisfies the conditions for a subspace of R3 .
• Set C requires that the coefficient of x3 is 1, this means that addition of any two
elements in C results in a coefficient of x3 is that is 2, and hence demonstrates that
closure under addition does not hold, hence C is not a subspace of P3 .
Hence, statements 1 and 2 are true.

Question 6
A = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 7x − 7y − 7z = 0}
B = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : (x, y, z) = λ(−4, 0, −6) + µ(0, −7, 7) and − 4x + 2y − 3z = 5}
C = {p ∈ P3 : p(−4) = p(3) = 3}

Similarly to Question 5, we see A is a plane through the origin and B is the intersection
of two planes, one of which does not pass through the origin. Hence A is a subspace of R3
whereas B is not as it does not contain the zero vector.
Inspecting set C reveals that the set does not achieve closure under addition. This is as
fixing p(−4) and p(3) to a non-zero value leads to the following analysis: p, q ∈ C =⇒
(p + q)(−4) = p(−4) + q(−4) = 6 ̸= 3. Thus, C is not a subspace of P3
Hence, only statement 1 is true.

Question 7
A = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 3x + 5y − 9z = 2}
B = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : (x, y, z) = λ(8, 0, −3) + µ(0, −5, 5) and 2x − 2y − 6z = 5}
C = {p ∈ P3 : p(x) = ax3 + bx + c where a, b, c are real numbers}

By a similar graphical analysis, set A is a plane not passing through the origin. Similarly, B
is the intersection of two plane, one of which does not pass through the origin. Thus both
are not a subspace of R3 .
Set C is described as any possible polynomial up to a degree of 3, We can map this to a set
of R3 through the mutual independence of the different powers of x. In other words, we can
express it as any vector ⟨a, b, c⟩. Thus, C is a subspace of and even spans P3 .
Hence, only statement 3 is true.

Question 8
A = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : −5x + y − z = 0}
B = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : (x, y, z) = λ(9, 0, 5) + µ(0, 2, −8) and 2x + 2y − 5z = 5}
C = {p ∈ P3 : p(−4) = p(5) = 0}

Similarly to the previous questions, A is a plane through the origin and hence a subspace of
R3 , whereas B is a line not passing through the origin and hence not a subspace.
Applying similar logic from Question 7, we can identify that C is a set of polynomials
whose properties achieve closure under both addition and scalar multiplication, satisfying
all requirements to be a subspace of P3 .
Hence, the statements 1 and 3 are true.

Question 9
A = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 3x − 8y − z = 0, where − 5 < x < 5 and − 5 < y < 5}

B = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : (x, y, z) = λ(−3, 0, −5) + µ(0, −7, −9) and 8x − y − 7z = 0}
C = {p ∈ P3 : p(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c are real numbers }

Set A depicts a plan with restrictions on its x and y values, forming a parallelogram with
defined edges. This manner of set cannot achieve closure under addition or scalar multipli-
cation as it cannot form a span of any non-zero vectors. Hence, A is not a subspace.
Similarly to the previous questions, B can be recognised as a line through the origin as it is
the intersection of two planes that pass through the origin and is hence a subspace.
By the same reasoning as in Question 5, we conclude that C is not a subspace as it does not
demonstrate closure under operations.
Thus, only statement 2 is true.

Question 10
A = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 9x − 2y − 9z = 0}
B = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : (x, y, z) = (1, 2, −2) + λ(1, 0, −1) + µ(0, 2, 1)
and − 2x + 7y − 2z = 0}
C = {p ∈ P3 : p(x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c are real numbers }

Inspecting set A reveals a plan through the origin, so it is a subspace.

Inspecting set B lends to the inportant distinction that it does not pass through the origin,
this can be noted as how the 3 vectors given in the first conditional statement are linearly
independent, determining that the span of the two vectors is indefinitely offset from the
origin due to the constant of the third vector. Thus, B is not a subspace of R3 .
By the same reasoning as in Question 5, we conclude that C is not a subspace as it does not
achieve closure under addition or scalar multiplication.
Hence, only the first statement is true.

Question 11
Let R3 have the usual componentwise vector space operations.

Let S be the subset of R3 defined by
S = {x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 : x1 − 2x2 + 3x3 ≥ 0}.
Note that S contains the zero vector.

a) is S closed under vector addition? If not then provide an example of two vectors
in S that are not scalar multiples of each other where their vector sum is not in S.
b) is S closed under scalar multiplication? If not then provide an example of a vector
in S and a specific scalar multiple of the vector that is not in S.
Answer:
a) Using addition we can see that for all values the RHS will always be ≥ 0, so we can say
that S is closed under vector addition
b) We can find a valid counter example to prove that it is not closed. For example, ⟨1, 2, 3⟩
and λ = −1. This will result in −(1 − 2 · 2 + 3 · 3) = −6 ≱ 0 which is clearly not closed.

Question 12

S = {x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 : x3 − x1 x2 = 0}.

Answer:
a) We can find a valid counter example to prove that it is not closed. Consider ⟨1, 1, 1⟩ and
⟨1, 2, 2⟩. This will result in 3 − 2 · 3 = −3 ̸= 0 which is clearly not closed.
b) In the general case, we can see that multiplication by λ of the vector ⟨x1 , x2 , x3 ⟩ will result
in λ · x3 − λ2 · x1 x2 = 0. Finding a counter example is made easy, as we can see that in most
cases x3 ̸= λx1 x2 given our base condition x3 ̸= λx1 x2 . For example, ⟨1, 1, 1⟩ and λ = 3
gives 3 − 9 ̸= 0

Question 13

S = {x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 : x32 − x1 x2 = 0}.

⟨4, 1, 2⟩. This will result in 9 − 5 · 2) = −1 ̸= 0 which is clearly not closed.
in
λ2 · x3 − λ2 · x1 x2 = 0
λ 2 · x3 = λ 2 · x1 x2 .
Given our base condition x3 = x1 x2 we can see that for all values of ⟨x1 , x2 , x3 ⟩ and λ the
equation is consistent so we can see it is closed.

Question 14

S = {x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 : |x3 | − |x1 | − |x2 | = 0}.

(a) We can find a valid counterexample to prove that it is not closed under addition.
Consider ⃗x = ⟨1, 0, 1⟩ and ⃗y = ⟨1, 0, −1⟩. It is easy to see that ⃗x, ⃗y ∈ S and that
⃗x + ⃗y = ⟨2, 0, 0⟩. However, we see that |0| − |2| − |0| = −2 ̸= 0. Hence, ⃗x + ⃗y ̸∈ S,
which implies that S is not closed under addition.
(b) Let λ ∈ R and let ⃗x = ⟨x1 , x2 , x3 ⟩ ∈ S. We see that λ⃗x = ⟨λx1 , λx2 , λx3 ⟩ and so,
|λx3 | − |λx1 | − |λx2 | = |λ| · |x3 | − |λ| · |x1 | − |λ| · |x2 |

= |λ| · (|x3 | − |x1 | − |x2 |)
= 0. (since ⃗x ∈ S)
Hence, for any λ ∈ R, we see that λ⃗x ∈ S, which implies that S is closed under scalar
multiplication.

Question 15

S = {x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 : x3 − x1 − x22 = 0}.

⟨6, 1, 7⟩. This will result in 9 − 7 − 22 = −2 ̸= 0 which is clearly not closed.
b) We can find a valid counter example to prove that it is not closed. Consider ⟨1, 1, 2⟩ and
λ = 2. This will result in 4 − 2 − 22 = −2 ̸= 0 which is clearly not closed.

Question 16

S = {x = (x1 , x2 , x3 ) ∈ R3 : x33 − x1 x22 = 0}.

⟨8, 1, 2⟩. This will result in 27 − 9 · 32 = −54 ̸= 0 which is clearly not closed.
in
λ3 · x3 − λ · x1 · λ2 x22 = 0
λ3 · x3 = λ3 · x1 x22 .
Given our base condition x33 = x1 x22 we can see that for all values of ⟨x1 , x2 , x3 ⟩ and λ the
equation is consistent so we can see it is closed.

Question 17
Let
v1 = (2, 3, 5), v2 = (−3, −3, −3), v3 = (2, 2, 2).
a) Find A, an augmented matrix (with no bar), for the problem of deciding when
x = (x, y, z) ∈ span{v1 , v2 , v3 }
b) Now use this matrix to determine what condition(s), if any, are required on x, y, z
such that
x = (x, y, z) ∈ span{v1 , v2 , v3 }
(NOTE, this will require you to provide equations in x,y,z)
a) To form the augmented matrix we simply need to insert the column vectors into the
matrix in order to form A:
 
2 −3 2 x
3 −3 2 y 
 
5 −3 2 z
Maple syntax: <<2,3,5>|<-3,-3,-3>|<2,2,2>|<x,y,z>>

b) Once we reduce this Matrix to row echelon form, we can reveal that for any solution
to be possible, a row of zeros excluding the augment must have a 0 opposite the augment
otherwise there are no solutions to the equation. Thus, from the final line we can achieve:
z − 3y + 2x = 0.
Alternatively, we can observe the linear combination of the given 3 vectors, but as v2 and v3
are scalar multiples of each other we can consider the resulting span as just the span of v1
and v2 into a plane. We can apply the point-normal form of a plane to this by taking the
cross product of v1 and v2 to arrive at a vector that is perpendicular to the plane. Thus,
by expanding the point-normal form of a plane we achieve the Cartesian expression of the
plane given by −4x + 6y − 2z = 0:

Question 18
Let
v1 = (−1, 3, −5, 4), v2 = (−3, 1, −5, −4), v3 = (−2, −2, 0, −8).
a) Find A, an augmented matrix (with no bar), for the problem of deciding when
x = (x, y, z, t) ∈ span{v1 , v2 , v3 }
b) Now use this matrix to determine what condition(s), if any, are required on x, y,
z and t such that
x = (x, y, z, t) ∈ span{v1 , v2 , v3 }
(NOTE, this will require you to provide equations in x, y, z, t)
a) To form the augmented matrix we simply need to insert the column vectors into the
matrix in order to form A:
 
−1 −3 −2 x
 
3
 1 −2 y
−5 −5 0 z
 
4 −4 −8 t
Maple syntax: <<-1, 3, -5, 4>|<-3, 1, -5, 4>|<-2, -2, 0, -8>|<x, y, z, t>>
b) By the same reasoning as Question 17b, we obtain the conditions on −5x + 5y + 4z =

0, −2x − 2y + t = 0

Question 19
Let
r1 (t) = 1 + 3t + 5t2 ,
r2 (t) = 2 + 3t + t2 ,
r3 (t) = 5 + 8t + 4t2 ,
q(t) = 1 + t + t2
(a) Find A, an augmented matrix which represents the linear system
µ1 r1 + µ2 r2 + µ3 r3 = q
with real scalars µ1 , µ2 , µ3 .

(b) Suppose that the four polynomials in P2 above corresponds to the echelon form
 
1 2 −3 4
U = 0 1 7 6
 
0 0 0 −3
Are the three polynomials p1 , p2 , p3 linearly independent?

(c) Select the correct reasoning for the previous answer.
1. U has an all zero row in its first 4 columns
2. The first 3 columns of U are leading columns
3. There are non-leading columns in the first 3 columns of U
(d) If they are linearly independent, provide a linear combination of p1 and p2 that
equals p3 .
If they are linear independent, provide a linear combination of p1 , p2 and p3 that
equals q.
(a) To establish the linear system of equations equating powers of t, we map P2 to R3 such
that a + bt + ct2 7→ (a, b, c). We can then enter our column vectors into a matrix to

arrive at  
1 2 5 1
A = 3 3 8 1 .
 
5 1 4 1
Maple syntax: <<1,3,5>|<2,3,1>|<5,8,4>|<1,1,1>>
(b) To determine the linear independence of the three polynomials, the row reduced matrix
must have leading columns in the relevant positions, this being all columns apart from
the final column as the final column represents the augmented outcome of a linear
combination. Thus, as the third column is not leading this set of polynomials are not
linearly independent.
(c) See (b).
(d) As the polynomials are linearly dependent, we determine a combination of p1 and p2

that create produce p3 . To do so, we can analyse the provided row reduced matrix U
and solve for p3 ; thus we achieve the solution that p3 = −17p1 + 7p2 .

Question 20
Let
r1 (t) = 1 + 3t + t2 ,
r2 (t) = 3 + 10t + 2t2 ,
r3 (t) = 1 + t + 4t2 ,
q(t) = 1 + 7t − t2 .
(a) Find A, an augmented matrix which represents the linear system
µ1 r1 + µ2 r2 + µ3 r3 = q
with real scalars µ1 , µ2 , µ3 .

(b) Suppose that the four polynomials in P2 above corresponds to the echelon form
 
1 3 1 1
U = 0 1 −2 4
 
0 0 1 2
Are the three polynomials p1 , p2 , p3 linearly independent?

(c) Select the correct reasoning for the previous answer.
1. U has an all zero row in its first 4 columns
2. The first 3 columns of U are leading columns
3. There are non-leading columns in the first 3 columns of U
(d) If they are linearly independent, provide a linear combination of p1 and p2 that
equals p3 .
If they are linear independent, provide a linear combination of p1 , p2 and p3 that
equals q.
a) By the same reasoning as Question 19, the matrix A is given by:

 
1 3 1 1
U = 3 10 1 7 
 
1 2 4 −1

Maple Syntax: <<1,3,1>|<3,10,2>|<1,1,4>|<1,7,-1>>
b & c) By the same reasoning as Question 19, as the first three columns are leading in the
echelon form of the matrix the three polynomials are linearly independent.
d) To determine the linear combination of the polynomials that equals q, we solve the
augmented matrix to determine the coefficients of the polynomials in the equation. Thus,
arriving at the solution: q = −25p1 + 8p2 + 2p3 .

MATH1231 1241 Lab Test 1

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Solutions to Question Bank

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 1

1 + tan2 u = sec2 u, 1 + sinh2 u = cosh2 u.

So the substitutions we should apply are

Ans: (4) and (5).

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 2

In Maple syntax: 1/2 * (sin(9*x)/9 + sin(5*x)/5)

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 3

sin7 (x) cos8 (x)dx has the form

a13 cos13 x + a14 cos14 x + a15 cos15 x + a16 cos16 x+

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 4

sin8 x cos7 xdx has the form

a13 sin13 x + a14 sin14 x + a15 sin15 x + a16 sin16 x+

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 5

In Maple syntax: -1/9 * exp(-9) + 2/729 * (-10 * exp(-9) + 1)

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 6

= 212 e − 202 − 2I1

I2 = 212 e − 202 − 2 (21e − 20 − (e − 1))

In Maple syntax: 21^2*exp(1)-20^2-2*(20*exp(1)-19)

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 7

And are told that

Substitute n = 5 into the recurrence relation to get

In Maple syntax: 24-65*exp(-1)

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 8

You are also told that

Substitute n = 6 into the recurrence relation to get

= −720 + 265e, using the given condition.

In Maple syntax: 120-44*exp(1)

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 9

And you are told that

Rearranging to make I7 the subject,

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 10

And you are told that

Rearranging to make I6 the subject,

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 11

And you are told that

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 12

And you are told that

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 13

You are also told that

I10 = e − 10 (e − 9 (−40320 + 14833e))

In Maple syntax: 1334961*exp(1)-3628800

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 14

And are told that

I8 = −e−1 + 8 −e−1 + 7 720 − 1957e−1

In Maple syntax: -109601*exp(-1)+40320

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 15

In Maple syntax: <-3,24,-1>

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 16

In Maple syntax: 3*x^2+2*x+6*y+252*x^5*y^5

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 17

F (x, y) = f (−5y 6 + 5x4 ).

Let u = −5y 6 + 5x4 .

= −30y 5 g −5y 6 + 5x4 .

Ans (In Maple syntax on the RHS):

©UNSW Mathematics Society 2023 18

An upper bound for the absolute error is given by

In Maple syntax: 1/2 * (sin(9x)/9 + sin(5x)/5)

In Maple syntax: 21^2exp(1)-20^2-2(20*exp(1)-19)

In Maple syntax: 3x^2+2x+6y+252x^5*y^5