HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR

PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS
Heat Transfer Equipment Fouling Factor
PTS 16.12.01
September 2016
© 2016 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

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owner. PETRONAS Technical Standards are Company’s internal standards and meant for authorized users only.
PTS 16.12.01
HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR September 2016
Page 2 of 31
FOREWORD
PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) has been developed based on the accumulated knowledge,
experience and best practices of the PETRONAS group supplementing National and International
standards where appropriate. The key objective of PTS is to ensure standard technical practice across
the PETRONAS group.
Compliance to PTS is compulsory for PETRONAS-operated facilities and Joint Ventures (JVs) where
PETRONAS has more than fifty percent (50%) shareholding and/or operational control, and includes
all phases of work activities.
Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers who use PTS are solely responsible in ensuring the quality of
work, goods and services meet the required design and engineering standards. In the case where
specific requirements are not covered in the PTS, it is the responsibility of the
Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers to propose other proven or internationally established
standards or practices of the same level of quality and integrity as reflected in the PTS.
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ensure accuracy and completeness of the PTS used for the intended design and engineering
requirement and shall inform the Owner for any conflicting requirement with other international
codes and technical standards before start of any work.
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PTS 16.12.01
Page 3 of 31
ANNOUNCEMENT
Please be informed that the entire PTS inventory is currently undergoing transformation exercise from
2013 - 2015 which includes revision to numbering system, format and content. As part of this change,
the PTS numbering system has been revised to 6-digit numbers and drawings, forms and requisition
to 7-digit numbers. All newly revised PTS will adopt this new numbering system, and where required
make reference to other PTS in its revised numbering to ensure consistency. Users are requested to
refer to PTS 00.01.01 (Index to PTS) for mapping between old and revised PTS numbers for clarity. For
further inquiries, contact PTS administrator at ptshelpdesk@petronas.com.my
PTS 16.12.01
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Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 5
1.1 SCOPE ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS..................................................................................................... 5
1.3 SUMMARY OF CHANGES ............................................................................................... 7
2.0 FOULING FACTOR BASIS ........................................................................................ 8
2.1 EFFECT OF FLUID GEOMETRY ........................................................................................ 8
2.2 EFFECT OF FLOW VELOCITIES ........................................................................................ 8
2.3 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ............................................................................................. 9
3.0 SELECTION OF FOULING FACTOR.......................................................................... 10
4.0 FOULING FACTOR DATA....................................................................................... 11
4.1 UTILITIES ...................................................................................................................... 11
4.2 LNG AND GAS PROCESSING ......................................................................................... 12
4.3 REFINERY...................................................................................................................... 14
4.4 PETROCHEMICAL ......................................................................................................... 21
4.5 UPSTREAM PROCESS ................................................................................................... 30
5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 31
PTS 16.12.01
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This PTS specifies requirements and gives recommendations for selecting fouling factor values
for new shell and tube heat exchanger and air fin coolers. The fouling factor values can also
be used as guidance for comparison of fouling rate measurement. Information is also given
on the factors that are affecting equipment fouling rate.
1.1 SCOPE
The recommended fouling factors in this PTS are only applicable to shell and tube heat
exchangers (tube side and shell side) and air fin coolers (tube side). The factors are not
applicable for other type of heat exchangers.
1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS
1.2.1 General Definition of Terms
Please refer to PTS Requirements, General Definition of Terms & Reading Guide PTS 00.01.03
for General Definition of Terms.
1.2.2 Specific Definition of Terms
No Terms Definition
1 Fouling Fouling is the formation of deposits other than

salt or scale that may be due to corrosion, solid
matter entering with the feed, or deposits
formed by the condensing vapour.
Fouling factor is used as a provision to include
2 Fouling Factor additional heat transfer capability to offset the
effect of fouling to ensure that the heat
exchanger meet process specification up to
shutdown for cleaning.
It is a measurement of additional resistance of
heat transfer caused by solid depositions and
corrosion of heat transfer material surface.
Fouling factor is afffected by:
i. Heat transfer surface material
ii. Temperature
iii. Flow velocities
iv. Successive cleaning frequency
3 Fouling coefficient The reciprocal of the fouling factor
Table 1: Specific Definition of Terms

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1.2.3 Abbreviations
No Abbreviation Description
1 ACN Acetonitrile
2 ADIP Aqueous Solution of DIPA
3 DAO De Asphalted Oil
4 DIPA Di-Isopropanol Amine
5 DIPE Di-Isopropyl Ether
6 DEG Diethylene Glycol
7 DMK Dimethyl Ketone
8 DTC Deep Thermal Conversion
9 DPP Diphenylol Propane
10 EB Ethyl Benzen
11 HF Hydrofluoric
12 IPE Isopropyl ether
13 TEG Triethylene Glycol
14 MEK Methyl Ethyl Ketone
15 MIBK Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
16 MX Metaxylene
17 M500 Heavy Dewaxed Base Oil
18 NMP 2, N- methyl pyrrolidone

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No Abbreviation Description
19 OX Orthoxylene
20 PX Paraxylene
21 SBA Secondary butyl alcohol
22 SBE Secondary butyl ether
23 VAC Vinyl Acetylene
24 WD Waxy Distillate
25 100D Light Waxy Distillate
26 150D Medium Waxy Distillate
27 500D Heavy Waxy Distillate
28 100N Light Dewaxed Base Oil
29 150N Medium Dewaxed Base Oil
Table 2: Specific Abbreviations
1.3 SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This PTS 16.12.01 (September 2016) replaces PTS 16.12.01 (June 2013).
PTS 16.12.01
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2.0 FOULING FACTOR BASIS
Tables in Section 4 provide the summary of fouling factor based on PETRONAS plants
experiences and common practice.
The fouling factor values given are based on average process conditions and shall be
interpreted with judgement. Fouling factor behaviour depends on other variables; special
consideration needs to be made for an unexpected pitfall depending on case by case basis.
These fouling factor values do not take into account the effect of the following items:
i. The effect of shell-side or tube-side flow

ii. The effect of flow velocities
iii. The effect of temperature limitation
2.1 EFFECT OF FLUID GEOMETRY
Fouling is prominent at the shell side as compare to tube side of a shell and tube heat
exchanger due to the dead corners and bundle bypassing. Hence, products with tendency of
fouling for example cracked product, product with sedimentation or unstable material (i.e.
polymer) is preferable to be flowing at tube side.
2.2 EFFECT OF FLOW VELOCITIES
2.2.1 Lower velocity flow increases the potential of suspended solid settling at heat exchanger
surface that will eventually lead to fouling. Fluid velocity in the heat exchanger should be as
high as possible while at the same time take into consideration the effect of erosion and
pumping power requirement.
The recommended fluid velocity for shell side is > 1.0 m/s.
Note: Shell-side velocities can be improved by installing more shells in series.
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2.2.2 Many process streams which contain suspended solid particularly cooling water are
preferable to be at the tube side of the heat exchanger. Cooling water velocity (at tube side)
will depend on the heat exchanger tube material. The recommended cooling water velocities
at tube side are summarized in Table 3.
Velocity (m/s)
Tube Material Preferred
Minimum Maximum Velocity for
Design
Titanium 2.5 5.0 3.5
Stainless steel 2.0 4.5 2.5
Carbon steel 1.0 2.2 1.5
Copper nickel
90 Cu/10 Ni 1.0 2.5 1.8
70 Cu/30Ni 1.0 3.0 2.1
Aluminum brass 1.0 2.2 1.5
Table 3: Cooling Water Velocity at Tube Side
2.3 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
2.3.1 To minimize the fouling tendency for cooling water system (for recycled or once through
cooling system), the maximum skin temperature during clean condition shall be < 52oC unless
specified for special services, to account for the effect of fouling rate increase. This special
requirement shall be specified in the process specification or equipment requisition sheet.
2.3.2 For those exchangers where definite restrictions are applicable with regards to maximum or
minimum skin temperature and minimum or maximum flow velocity, this shall be specified in
the applicable process specification and data/requisition sheets.
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3.0 SELECTION OF FOULING FACTOR
Typical economic considerations influencing the determination of appropriate fouling

resistance are as follows:
i. Frequency and amount of cleaning cost

ii. Maintenance cost
iii. Operating and production cost
iv. Longer periods of time on stream
v. Fluid pumping cost
vi. Depreciation rates
vii. Tax rate
viii. Initial cost and variation with size
ix. Shutdown cost
x. Out of service cost
Note: As per Standards of the Tubular Heat Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA), 9th Edition
Lower fouling factor may be considered for the following application.
i. Application where successive cleaning (shutdown) is feasible and not affecting the
availability of the heat transfer equipment, i.e. spare heat exchanger is installed
in parallel.
ii. Heat exchanger design with low pressure drop will result in higher fouling factor
because of the low velocity. This may lead to overdesign of the surface area during
clean condition (after the installation or successive cleaning). Larger surface area
can also result in lower velocity due to lower flowrate to maintain the design
operating condition hence promoting fouling.
Lower fouling factor may lead to shorter duration between shutdowns for heat exchanger
cleaning. Consideration needs to be made taking into account both saving in equipment cost
and cost for shutdown throughout the equipment lifetime.
Lower fouling factor may be used only when specifically approved by the Group Technical
Authority (GTA).
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4.0 FOULING FACTOR DATA
Tables below summarized the fouling factor at PETRONAS operation units. These tables are
divided into five sections:
i. Utilities
ii. LNG and Gas Processing
iii. Refinery
iv. Petrochemical
v. Upstream Process
4.1 UTILITIES
Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Brackish Water -
Brackish Water 0.00034
Dirty Brackish Water 0.00052
Closed Circulation Cooling Water System 0.00025
Hot oil 0.00053
Stripped Water 0.00034
Sour Water 0.00034
-
Sea Water
Clear Sea Water 0.00025
Dirty Sea Water 0.00034
-
Treated Water
Fresh Treated Water 0.00025
Non-Treated Fresh Water 0.00034
Open Recirculating Cooling Water 0.00029
Steam, Condensate and BFW 0.00017
Tempered Water 0.00017
Table 4: Utilities
Note: Source from GTS internal practices.

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4.2 LNG AND GAS PROCESSING

Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Fractionation Unit -
Fuel Gas 0.00017
Hydrocarbon Liquids 0.00017
Heat Transfer Fluid (Hot Oil) 0.00017
Hot Water 0.00025
Liquids -
Lean Oil 0.00035
Rich Oil 0.00035
Natural Gasoline and Liquified Petroleum Gases 0.00035
Natural Gas 0.00017
Refrigerant Circuit
Mixed Refrigerant Circuit 0.00009
Propane Circuit 0.00009
Table 5: Liquified Natural Gas Plant
Note: Source from Standards of the Tubular Heat Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA), 9th Edition
Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
ADIP/SCOT Process -
Fat ADIP : Tube Side 0.00036

Lean ADIP : Shell Or Tube Side 0.00036
Overhead Vapour (Mainly Steam Condensation) 0.00017
Process Gas Cooler (Tube Side) 0.00034
Gases and Vapor -
Acid Gases 0.00035 to 0.00053
Solvent Vapors 0.00018
Stable Overhead Product 0.00018
Liquids -
Caustic Solutions 0.00035
DEG and TEG Solutions 0.00035
Amine System -
Hindered Amine, MEA and DEA Solutions 0.00035
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Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Sulfinol Process -
Fat Sulfinol : Tube Side 0.00026
Lean Sulfinol : Shell Or Tube Side 0.00026
Overhead Vapors (Mainly Steam Condensation) Shell or
0.00017
Tube Side
Reclaimer Vapors (Steam + Sulfinol): Shell Or Tube Side 0.00026
Solvent In PFHE 0.00009
Table 6: Gas Treating Unit
Note:
I. Source from Standards of the Tubular Heat Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA), 9th Edition
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4.3 REFINERY
Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Crude -
Waxy 0.00057
Non-Waxy 0.00043
Column Overhead Vapors 0.00017
Gasoline 0.00017
Naphthas And Light Products 0.00021
Gas Oil -
Light Gas Oil 0.00025
Heavy Gas Oil 0.00025
Kerosene 0.00021
Long Residue 0.00057
Table 7: Crude Distillation Unit
Note: Source from Standards of the Tubular Heat Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA), 9th Edition.
Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Column Overhead Vapors 0.00034
-
Oil Product
Cylinder Oil 0.00034
Dirty Wash Oil 0.00086
Light Machine Oil 0.00025
Spindle Oil 0.00025
Vacuum Gas Oil 0.00025
Short Residue 0.00086
Table 8: Vacuum Distillation Unit
Note: Source from GTS internal practices

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Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
CLAUS Process -
Acid Gas Feed (Preheater, Tube Side) 0.00034
Liquid Sulphur (Steam Coils) 0.00052
Process Gas (Waste Heat Boiler, Tube Side) 0.00052
Process Gas (Surface Condenser, Tube Side) 0.00052
Sour Water Stripper Off gas (Preheater, Tube Side) 0.00034
Table 9: Gas Treating Unit
Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Hydrodesulphurizer/Hydrotreater -
Drier Overhead Vapour 0.00025
Reactor Feed 0.00029
Reactor Effluent 0.00025
Stripper Feed 0.00025
Stripper Overhead Vapour 0.00025
Platformer -
Hydrogen-Rich Gas 0.00017
Reactor Charge 0.00029
Reactor Effluent 0.00029
Stabilized Platformate 0.00017
Stabilizer Feed 0.00017
Stabilizer Overhead Vapour 0.00017
Table 10: Hydroprocessing Unit

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Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Bitumen Blowing Unit -
Bitumen 0.00086
Blown Distillate 0.00057
Short Residue 0.00086
Waste Gas 0.00057
Catalytic Cracking Unit -
Gasoline 0.00017
Heavy Cycle Oil 0.00029
Light Cycle Oil 0.00025
Slurry Oil 0.00057
HF Alkylation Unit -
Alkylate 0.00017
Depropanizer Feed 0.00017
Feed 0.00017
HF Acid 0.00017
HF Acid/Feed Mixture 0.00029
Thermal Cracking Unit -
Cracked Gas Oil 0.00043
Circulating Reflux 0.00057
Cracked Residues ≤ 320 °C 0.00172
Cracked Residues > 320 °C -
From Short Residue Feed 0.00215
Other Cracked Residue 0.00172
Special Bitumen Or Cracked Residues Ex DTC 0.00286
Visbreaker -
Overhead Vapor 0.00053
Visbreaker Bottoms 0.00176
Table 11: Conversion Unit
Note:
I. Source from Standards of the Tubular Heat Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA), 9th Edition
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Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Stabilizer Top Product 0.00017
C6/C8 Column Bottoms 0.00025
C6/C8 Column Tops 0.00017
C10 Column Bottoms 0.00025
C10 Column Tops 0.00017
C15/C18 Bottoms (Reboiler) 0.00034
C15/C18 Product (Cooler) 0.00025
Fractionator Overhead Vapour 0.00043
Stabilizer Feed 0.00025
Stabilizer Bottom Product 0.00025
Slops C6/C18 0.00025
Wax Cracker Residue 0.00043
Table 12: Wax Cracking Unit

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Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Furfural Extraction Unit -
Charge Oil 0.00034
Extract 0.00051
Extract/Furfural Mixture 0.00086
Furfural 0.00034
Pseudo-Raffinate 0.00051
Raffinate 0.00025
Raffinate/Furfural Mixture 0.00034
Wet Furfural 0.00086
MEK De-Waxing Unit
De-Waxed Oil/Solvent Mixture 0.00025
De-Waxed Oil, Above 110°C 0.00017
De-Waxed Oil, Below 110oC 0.00034
Propane Or Ammonia 0.00017
Slack Wax/Solvent Mixture 0.00025
Slack Wax 0.00025
Solvent 0.00017
Waxy Oil/Solvent Mixture 0.00025
Propane Deasphalting Unit
Asphalt/Propane Mixture 0.00086
Asphalt 0.00086
De-Asphalted Oil 0.00034
De-Asphalted Oil/Propane Mixture 0.00029
Prediluted Short Residue 0.00086
Propane 0.00017
Table 13: Lube Oil Plants

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Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
SHELL SIDE -
Charge/Effluent Heat Exchangers And Combined Effluent -
Air Cooler. Feedstock:
DAO 0.00034
WD-60 0.00025
WD-90 0.00021
WD-95 0.00025
WD-130 0.00029
WD-160 0.00029
Catalytic Hydroisodewaxing Unit Feed -
100D 0.0009
150D 0.0009
500D 0.0009
Catalytic Hydroisodewaxing Base Oil -
100N 0.0004
150N 0.0004
M500 0.0004
TUBE SIDE -
Charge/Effluent Heat Exchangers And Combined Effluent
-
Air Cooler. Feedstock:
DAO 0.00029
Heat Exchanger Equipment For Fresh Gas And/Or Recycle
0.00019
Gas
Hot Recycle Gas Air Cooler 0.00029
WD-60 0.00021
WD-90 0.00021
WD-95 0.00021
WD-130 0.00025
WD-160 0.00025
Table 14: Lube Oil Hydrocracking Unit
Notes : Source from GTS internal practices.

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Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Any Mixture Of Benzene/Toluene/ Xylenes/Heavier
0.00029
Aromatics
Benzene 0.00017
Heavier Aromatics 0.00017
Toluene 0.00017
Xylenes 0.00017
Table 15: Aromatic Plant

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4.4 PETROCHEMICAL
Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Circulating Quench Media -
Heavy Oil 0.00018
Light Oil 0.00035
Water 0.00044
Cracked Gas Compressor Section -
Compressed Cracked Gas 0.00035
Fourth Stage Condensate 0.00053
Feed Section -
Gas Oil Feed 0.00026
Naphtha Feed 0.00026
Quench Oil 0.00053
Primary Fractionator -
Distillate Stripper Bottoms 0.00053
Fuel Oil 0.00053
Regeneration Section -
Regeneration Gas (Inlet) 0.00018
Regeneration Gas (Outlet) 0.00026
Utilities -
Hot oil 0.00053
Cold Distillation Section -
Acetylene (Reactor Outlet) 0.00026
C2 Splitter Bottoms 0.00026
C2 Splitter Overheads 0.00018
Demethanizer Bottoms 0.00026
Demethanizer Overheads 0.00018
Deethanizer Bottoms 0.00026
Deethanizer Overheads 0.00018
Ethane Product 0.00026
Ethylene Product 0.00018
Warm Distillation Section -
Gasoline Rerun Column Bottoms 0.00053
Gasoline Rerun Column Overheads 0.00018
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Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Depropanizer Stripper Overheads 0.00018
Depropanizer Rectifier Bottoms 0.00035
Depropanizer Rectifier Overheads 0.00018
Debutanizer Feed 0.00026
Debutanizer Bottoms 0.00053
Debutanizer Overheads 0.00018
Gasoline Rerun Column Bottoms 0.00053
Propane/Propylene Splitter Bottoms 0.00026
Propane/Propylene Splitter Overheads 0.00018
Refrigeration Section -
Propylene (Refrigerant) 0.00009
Ethylene (Refrigerant) 0.00009
Table 16: Ethylene Plant
Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Ethylene Oxide Recovery Section -
CO2 Absorber Overheads 0.00017
CO2 Absorber Feed Gas 0.00017
CO2 Stripper Tops 0.00017
Ethylene Oxide Absorber Feed 0.00034
Lean Absorbent 0.00017
Ethylene Oxide Stripper Feed 0.00017
Ethylene Oxide Stripper Bottoms 0.00026
Quench Bleed Stripper Bottoms 0.00069
Glycol Bleed Reboiler 0.00052
Ethylene Oxide Purification Section -
Ethylene Oxide Stripper Tops 0.00026
Light Ends Column Bottoms 0.00017
Ethylene Oxide Dehydration Column Bottoms 0.00017
Acetaldehyde Column Bottoms 0.00017
Ethylene Oxide (Product) 0.00026
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Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Ethylene Oxide Purification Column Tops 0.00034
Residual Gas 0.00017
Glycol Bleed Recovery Section -
Glycol Bleed Flasher Reboiler 0.00052
Glycol Bleed Dehydration Column Bottoms 0.00017
Glycol Bleed Dehydration Column Tops 0.00017
Standard Glycol Purification Column Bottoms 0.00052
Standard Glycol Purification Column Tops 0.00034
Glycol Reaction And Recovery Section -
Reactor Feed 0.00017
Reactor Product 0.00017
Concentrator Column Bottoms 0.00017
Dehydrator Column Bottoms 0.00017
Dehydrator Column Tops 0.000085
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Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Glycol Purification Section -
Glycol Column Tops 0.00017
Glycol Recycle Column Bottoms 0.00052
Glycol Recycle Column Tops 0.00017
DEG Column Bottoms 0.00052
DEG Column Tops 0.00017
DEG Recycle Column Bottoms 0.00052
DEG Recycle Column Tops 0.00017
TEG Column Bottoms 0.00052
TEG Column Tops 0.00052
Reactor Fluid -
Feed Gas To Reactor 0.00017
Coolant Separator Overheads 0.00017
Table 17: Ethylene Oxide Plant
Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Cumene Distillation Unit -
Any Concentration Of Cumene And Alpha Methyl Styrene 0.00017
Dimethyl Ketone Distillation Unit -
DMK Mixture (50% DMK + 25% Cumene + 21% H2O) 0.00034
DMK Products -
Pure DMK Column Bottoms (48% cumene+41% H2O) 0.00034
Pure DMK Column Tops (99% DMK) 0.00017
Top Product (72% DMK + 13% Acetaldehyde) 0.00017
Phenol Distillation Unit
Cracker Feed 0.00086
Cleavage Product Preheaters 0.00086
Crude Product -
Crude Acetone Column Bottoms 0.00054
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Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Crude Phenol Column Bottoms 0.00086
Phenol Product -
Pure Phenol Column Bottoms 0.00034
Pure Phenol Column Tops 0.00017
Reactor Section -
Air (Compressor Intercooler) 0.00017
Chillers Refrigerant (Propylene) 0.00017
Cleavage Product Coolers (30% DMK +
46% Phenol + By-Products) 0.00034
Concentrator -
Concentrator Of Peroxides Up To 55% (Evaporators) 0.00034
Concentrator Of Peroxides Above 55% (Evaporators) 0.00086
Concentrator (Condensers And Chillers) 0.00017
Cumene (99%) 0.00017
Dimethyl Ketone 0.00017
Off Gas 0.00034
Oxidate 0.00034
Table 18: Phenol Plant

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Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
DIPE Column Bottoms 0.00034
DIPE Column Tops (85% DIPE + 15% CH3SH) 0.00017
Flashed Phenol Evaporators 0.00022
HCL Stripper Product -
HCL Stripper Bottoms (22% Hcl + 78% H2O) 0.00017
HCL Stripper Tops (60% Hcl + 40% H2O) 0.00017
Pure Phenol Flash Column Tops 0.00017
Pure DIPE 0.00017
Reactor Feed (96% Phenol + 4% DMK) 0.00034
Brine (10% Nacl + 5% Phenol + 85% H2O) 0.00034
Dehydration Column Bottoms
0.00043
(96% Phenol+4% DPP +Traces Of HCL)
Flasher -
1st And 2nd Stage Flasher Bottoms 0.00086
st nd
1 And 2 Stage Phenol Flasher Tops 0.00086
Table 19: Diphenylol Propane Plant

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Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
BUTANE SOLVENT -
Crude SBA Unit -
Bottom Product (38% C4-0 + 50% SBE + 12% H2SO4) 0.00057
Caustic Evaporator (58% H2O + 42% Caustic) 0.00017
Debutanizer Tops (59% C4= + 41% C4-0 +
Traces Of H2SO4 And Polymers) 0.00017
Debutanizer Bottoms (55% SBA + 37% H2O + 8% SBE) 0.00017
Mixture Butane/Butylene (80% C4-0 + 20% C4=-2) 0.00025
Reactor Coolers (66% C4(Total) + 34% H2SO4) 0.00043
H2SO4 Concentration Unit -
Acid Coolers (72% H2SO4 + 28% H2O) 0.00043
SBA Recovery Unit -
Any Mixture Of SBA And Water 0.00017
Mixture (60% SBA + 40% Polymers) 0.00043
MEK Conversion Unit -
Feed (Pure Sba) 0.00017
Product (71% MEK + 26% SBA) 0.00025
MEK Recovery Unit -
Light Ends Column Tops (42% IPE + 55% MEK) 0.00017
Finishing Column Bottoms (93% SBA + 5% Polymers) 0.00025
Finishing Column Tops (Pure MEK) 0.00025
PROPANE SOLVENT -
-
Crude/PA Unit
Reactor Feed (81% C3= +12% H2O + 7% IPA) 0.00021
Reactor Product (77% C3 + 10% H2O + 13% IPA) 0.00029
IPA Recovery Unit -
Pure IPA 0.00017
Mixture (20% IPA + 10% H2O + 70% Benzene) 0.00017
Mixtures Of Water And IPA At Any % 0.00017
Water (Recirculation) 0.00017
DMK Conversion Unit -
Feed (87.5% IPA + 12.5% H2O) Preheaters 0.00017
PTS 16.12.01
Page 28 of 31
Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Product (47% DMK + 21% IPA + H2O) Coolers 0.00017
DMK Recovery Unit -
Pure DMK 0.00017
Table 20: Solvent Plant
Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Butane/Butylene 0.00034
Pure Butadiene 0.00034
Fractionation Bottom Product 0.00086
Heavy Ends (12% Butadiene+30% VAC+17% C4=+15%Ic4=) 0.00034
Mixture Of Butane/Butylene/ Butadiene (Condensing) 0.00034
Mixture Of Butane/Butylene/ Butadiene (Boiling) 0.00086
Mixture Of Butadiene And Solvent (ACN) 0.00086
Mixture Of ACN And Water 0.00068
Table 21: Butadiene Plant
Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Extract (Aromatics) 0.00017
Fat Solvent (Sulfolane + Hydrocarbons) 0.00025
Lean Solvent (Sulfolane) 0.00025
Mixture Of Sulfolane And Water (Water Evaporator) 0.00025
Raffinate 0.00017
Recovery Column Bottoms 0.00017
Recovery Column Tops 0.00017
Stripper Bottoms 0.00017
Stripper Tops 0.00017
Sulfolane Regenerator Reboiler 0.00246
Water Stripper Reboiler 0.00043
Table 22: Sulfolane Plant
PTS 16.12.01
Page 29 of 31
Notes:
I. Source from GTS internal practices
II. Steam Injection into the Regenerator can reduce the fouling factor
Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Crystallization Unit -
Any Mixture Of MX, PX And EB 0.00017
Paraxylene 0.00017
Reboilers Of Strippers 0.00025
Isomerization unit -
Any mixture of OX, MX, PX and EB 0.00017
Reboilers of strippers 0.00025
Orthoxylene Distillation Unit -
Feed (20%EB + 16%PX + 32% X + 11%OX + C9 ) 0.00025
OX Recovery Column Bottoms (6% OX + C9) 0.00025
OX Recovery Column Tops (97% OX) 0.00017
Xylenes Splitter Bottoms (13%PX+66%OX+ 9 Aromatics) 0.00025
Xylenes Splitter Tops (20% EB+24%PX+53% MX+ 1.4%OX) 0.00017
Table 23: Xylene Plant

PTS 16.12.01
Page 30 of 31
Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Concentrator Vapour (90% H2O + 9% DCM +
0.00034
Traces Of NH3 + CO2 + Air)
Drier Overheads 0.00017
Decomposer Vapour 0.00017
Drier Column Feed (25% DCM + 75% Oil) 0.00034
Decomposer Circulation (91% Wax + 3% Oil + 6% DCM) 0.00034
High Pressure Column Preheaters 0.00034
Low, Medium And High Pressure Columns Evaporators 0.00034
Oil Stripper Feed (10% DCM + 90% Oil) 0.00034
Paraffin Stripper Feed (91% Wax + 3% Oil + 6% DMK) 0.00043
Reactor Vapour (98.5% DCM + 1.5% H2O) 0.00017
Stripper Overheads (72% DCM + 28% H2O) 0.00017
Vent Gas (96% DCM + CO2 + NH3 + Air + H2O) 0.00017
Table 24: Urea Wax Plant
4.5 UPSTREAM PROCESS
Fouling Factor
Fluid
(m2 K/W)
Desalter Stripped Sour Water 0.00034
Sour Water Stripper -
Sour Water 0.00034
Stripped Water 0.00034
Table 25: Liquid Treating Unit

PTS 16.12.01
Page 31 of 31
5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
In this PTS, reference is made to the following other Standards/Publication. Unless specifically
designated by date, the latest edition of each publication shall be used, together with any
supplements/revisions thereto:
PETRONAS STANDARDS
Index to PTS PTS 00.01.01
Requirements, General Definition of Terms, Abbreviations &
PTS 00.01.03
Reading Guide
Heat Exchangers - Shell And Tube Type PTS 12.21.01
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
Standards of the Tubular Heat Exchanger Manufacturers
9th Edition
Association (TEMA),
HANDBOOKS
Chemical Engineers Handbook, 5th Edition, Perry, R.H. and
Chilton, C.H.

HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR

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PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARDS

Heat Transfer Equipment Fouling Factor

© 2016 PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD (PETRONAS)

HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR September 2016

HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR September 2016

HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR September 2016

HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR September 2016

1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS

1.2.1 General Definition of Terms

1.2.2 Specific Definition of Terms

1 Fouling Fouling is the formation of deposits other than

3 Fouling coefficient The reciprocal of the fouling factor

Table 1: Specific Definition of Terms

HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR September 2016

2 ADIP Aqueous Solution of DIPA

3 DAO De Asphalted Oil

4 DIPA Di-Isopropanol Amine

5 DIPE Di-Isopropyl Ether

6 DEG Diethylene Glycol

7 DMK Dimethyl Ketone

8 DTC Deep Thermal Conversion

9 DPP Diphenylol Propane

12 IPE Isopropyl ether

13 TEG Triethylene Glycol

14 MEK Methyl Ethyl Ketone

15 MIBK Methyl Isobutyl Ketone

17 M500 Heavy Dewaxed Base Oil

18 NMP 2, N- methyl pyrrolidone

HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR September 2016

21 SBA Secondary butyl alcohol

22 SBE Secondary butyl ether

23 VAC Vinyl Acetylene

25 100D Light Waxy Distillate

26 150D Medium Waxy Distillate

27 500D Heavy Waxy Distillate

28 100N Light Dewaxed Base Oil

29 150N Medium Dewaxed Base Oil

Table 2: Specific Abbreviations

1.3 SUMMARY OF CHANGES

HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR September 2016

2.0 FOULING FACTOR BASIS

i. The effect of shell-side or tube-side flow

2.1 EFFECT OF FLUID GEOMETRY

2.2 EFFECT OF FLOW VELOCITIES

HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR September 2016

Table 3: Cooling Water Velocity at Tube Side

2.3 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR September 2016

3.0 SELECTION OF FOULING FACTOR

Typical economic considerations influencing the determination of appropriate fouling

i. Frequency and amount of cleaning cost

Lower fouling factor may be considered for the following application.

HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR September 2016

4.0 FOULING FACTOR DATA

Note: Source from GTS internal practices.

HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR September 2016

4.2 LNG AND GAS PROCESSING

Table 5: Liquified Natural Gas Plant

Fat ADIP : Tube Side 0.00036

HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR September 2016

Table 6: Gas Treating Unit

HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR September 2016

Note: Source from GTS internal practices

HEAT TRANSFER EQUIPMENT FOULING FACTOR September 2016