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Ions and
Compounds
Prepared by:
Ms. Lourie E. Evangelista
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● An ion may be an atom or group of atoms that

has gained or lost one or more of its
valence electrons.

● It is charged because its number of

electrons is not equal to its number of
protons.
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• For example, sodium fluoride (NaF) is a product of

ionic bonding, and it is used in dental products.
• It makes teeth more resistant to bacteria and
decay, preventing cavities.
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• An atom can acquire a net positive charge or a net

negative charge depending on whether the number of
electrons is greater or less than the number of
protons in the atom.
• For example, sodium has one electron in its
outermost energy level. If it loses that valence
electron, it will have 10 remaining electrons, which
now make it positively charged.
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• The loss of electrons from an atom results in a

cation.
• A cation is an ion that carries a net positive
charge. (+)_

• So, the sodium atom becomes a sodium cation after

losing an electron.

• An atom that gains more electrons becomes more

negative, or it becomes an anion.
• An anion is an ion that carries a net negative
charge. (-)
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• Note that the number of protons in the

nucleus of each atom remains the same during
chemical bond, but it is the electrons that
are lost or gained.
• Sodium fluoride (NaF) is an ionic compound
because it was formed from a cation and an
anion.
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• Some examples of ions are Mg²⁺, Fe³⁺, and N³⁻.

• These are similar to Na⁺ and F⁻ that are products of
losing and gaining electrons.

• These ions are called monatomic ions.

• A monatomic ion is an ion that contains only one
type of atom.

• If there are two more types of atoms in the ion, it

is called a polyatomic ion.
• Some examples of polyatomic ions are ammonium
(NH⁴⁺), cyanide (CN⁻), and perchlorate (ClO⁴⁻).
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• A molecule is made up of two or more atoms

with a definite arrangement that are held
together by a chemical bond.
• It may contain atoms of the same kind or of
different elements.
• Diatomic molecules are composed of elements
of the same kind such as O₂ and F₂.
• Some examples of molecules made up of
different elements are water (H₂O) and
ammonia (NH₃).
 COMPOUNDS
IONIC
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• Because ionic compounds are products of the

formation between a cation and an anion, they show
general properties.

• Ionic compounds such as the common table salt or

sodium chloride (NaCl) are crystalline solids due to
the slow solidification during ionic bonding.

• There are many pure minerals on Earth's crust that

are products of ionic bonding.

• These form complex ionic compounds.

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Here are the 4 common properties of ionic

compounds:
1. Ionic compounds have crystalline structures.
2. Ionic compounds have high boiling points and
high melting points.
3. Ionic compounds are soluble in water.
4. Ionic compounds are good conductors of
electricity.
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• Most ionic compounds have high boiling and melting

points because of the high electrostatic force that
holds the atoms together.
• For example, the melting point of NaCl is 801°C, and
its boiling point is 1 465°C. These values are high
as compared to those of other compounds.
• Many ionic compounds usually dissolve in water.
• When this happens the ions become mobile, which make
them good conductors of electricity.
• When they dissolve in water, the electrostatic force
of attractions among the ions become weaker, making
it possible for the electrons to move and conduct
electricity.
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COVALENT
COMPOUNDS
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Covalent compound…
● Covalent bonding is characterized by the
sharing of electrons between atoms.
● The resulting products of covalent bonding a
called covalent compounds.
● Similar to the products of ionic bonding,
covalent compounds have their properties due
to the bonding.
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4 common properties of covalent compounds

1. Some covalent compounds are solids but most
are liquids and gases at standard
conditions.
2. Have low boiling points and low melting
points.
3. These are soluble in water.
4. These are poor conductors of electricity.
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Covalent compound…
• Covalent compounds have weaker (low
electrostatic forces) degrees of attraction
responsible for their physical properties.
• Covalent compounds have low melting points,
and most of them are liquids and gases at
standard conditions.
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• Some examples of covalently bonded gases are carbon

dioxide (C₂O), ammonia (NH₄), and methane (CH₄).
• Some covalent liquids include water (H₂O) and
methanol (CH₃OH).
• They are also poor conductors of heat or
electricity, which make them good insulators.
• A few of them can still conduct heat and
electricity.
• Covalent compounds do not easily dissolve in water.
• They break apart into molecules and not into
individual atoms.
• This property has also something to do with the
polarity of their bonds.
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Nonpolar
covalent
bond
(equal)
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• Diatomic molecules, such as fluorine (F₂), involve

a nonpolar covalent bond.

• Nonpolar covalent bond that two atoms equally share

electrons.

• In covalent bonding, atoms share electrons, but

some do not share equally.

• This is due to the fact that they have the same

electronegativity values.
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• Electronegativity is the ability of bonded atoms in

a molecule to attract electrons toward itself.

• The polarity of a covalent bond can be determined

by finding the difference in the
electronegativities of the two atoms making the
bond.

• If their difference is less than 0.4, then it

indicates a nonpolar covalent bond.
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Polar
covalent
bond
(unequal)
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• The bond sharing between hydrogen and fluorine are

not equal.

• Fluorine which is a nonmetal, has a higher

electronegativity value than hydrogen, which is a
metal.

• The electronegativity of Flourine is 3.98, and the

electronegativity of hydrogen is 2.20.

• Subtracting their electronegativities, we get an

electronegativity difference value of 1.78.
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• This value tells us that there are more electrons

likely to be found near the fluorine atom.

Non polar Covalent Compound Polar Covalent Compound

Flourine (F₂) Hydrogen Flouride (HF)

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• The unequal sharing of electrons between hydrogen

and fluorine results in a polar covalent bond.

• In a polar covalent bond, the electrons are not

equally shared because one atom spends more time
with the electrons than the other atom.

• In terms of solubility in water, water dissolves

other polar molecules and does not dissolve
nonpolar molecules that require more energy to
break the bond.
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• Basically, if the difference in the

electronegativities of the two atoms is between 0.4
and 0.7, then the bond is considered a polar
covalent bond.

• So, if the difference of the electronegativities is

higher than 1.7, then it indicates an ionic bond.
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REMEMBER! 
• Polar covalent bonding happens when two
different non-metal atoms are bonded or a
non-metal and a metal are bonded
• this bond is a mixture of covalent and
ionic bonding
• its electronegativity difference is less
than 1.9 and more than 0.4.
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• REMEMBER! 

• Non-Polar (Pure) covalent bonding only

occurs when two nonmetal atoms of the same
kind bind to each other

• its electronegativity difference is 0.4 or

less.
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• REMEMBER! 

• POLAR BONDING - the electrons are shared

but NOT equally.

• Many compounds have the characteristics of

BOTH ionic and covalent bonding.
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● Tell whether the following elements

will form polar or nonpolar compounds.
1. C and O
2. Na and N
3. B and H
 Thank
you!
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