GRAPH DISCUSSION

AMPHIBIAN HEART

Dr Parvathy S
1. Recording of NORMAL CARDIOGRAM of frog.

2. EFFECT of HEAT & COLD on frog’s heart.

3. STANNIUS LIGATURES.

4. REFRACTORY PERIOD in Beating heart.

5. EFFECT of VAGAL STIMULATION.

6. PERFUSION of ISOLATED FROG’s HEART : Actions of IONS.

7. PERFUSION of ISOLATED FROG’s HEART : Actions of DRUGS.

AMPHIBIAN HEART

• 3 chambered; 2 auricles & 1 ventricle.

• SINUS VENOSUS —> auricles.
• auricles empty into the single ventricle.
• TRUNCUS ARTERIOSUS : AORTO-PUMONARY TRUNK.
 AMPHIBIAN HEART MAMMALIAN HEART

3 CHAMBERED 4 CHAMBERED

PACEMAKER : SINUS VENOSUS SA NODE

NUTRITION : TISSUE FLUID CORONARY CIRCULATION

SPECIALISED CONDUCTING SYSTEM

PRESENT
ABSENT

BLOOD IN VENTRICLE : MIXED NOT MIXED

WHITE CRESCENTIC LINE : PRESENT ABSENT

SOLUTION FOR PERFUSION :

RINGER LOCKE SOLUTION
RINGER SOLUTION
Normal Cardiogram
• Graphical recording of the frog’s beating heart.
• Upstroke : Contraction.
• Downstroke : Relaxation.
• Ideal graph : separate contractions of Sinus venosus, auricles,
ventricle & truncus arteriosus.

• Obtained graph : 2 components.

• Atrial : fusion of contractions of Sinus venosus & auricles.
• Ventricular : fusion of contractions of ventricle & truncus
arteriosus.
• Conduction of impulse :
• Sinus venosus
• Auricle (atria)
• Ventricle.
• Pacemaker : sinus venosus : highest rate of impulse
generation.

• Normal heart rate of frog : 40 - 60 bpm.

Effect of heat & cold on
frog’s heart
 Observation :

• Sinus venosus :
• E ect of cold : HR decreased, Amplitude increased.
• E ect of heat : HR increased, Amplitude decreased.
• Ventricles :
• E ect of cold : amplitude decreases but rate remains same.
• E ect of heat : amplitude increases but rate remains same.
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 Discussion :
• EFFECT of COLD on SINUS VENOSUS :
• Primary e ect : reduction in heart rate by reducing metabolic
rate.

• As rate decreases, ventricular lling time increases.

• End-diastolic volume rises : increase in resting length of cardiac
myo bril.

• STARLING’s law : force of contraction directly proportional to

resting length (end-diastolic volume).

• Secondary e ect : increase in amplitude (force of contraction).

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 Effect of heat on Sinus Venosus

Rise in metabolic rate & increased HR : Primary effect

Reduction in filling time & EDV

Reduced force of contraction

Decrease in Amplitude of contraction :

secondary effect
• EFFECT of COLD on VENTRICLE :
• At low temperature : myocardial enzyme activity decreases.
• Force of contraction reduces.
• Amplitude of contraction reduces.
• Rate remains same : as sinus venosus is the pacemaker.
• EFFECT of HEAT on VENTRICLE :
• Force of contraction & amplitude increases.
Stannius Ligatures
Principle :

• Impulse transmission is blocked by applying rm ligatures.

• 1st ligature : at white crescentic line.
• Between sinus venosus & atria.
• 2nd ligature : atrio-ventricular junction.

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Observation :

• After 1st ligature :

• Sinus venosus continues to beat but atria & ventricle stop.
• Straight line recording is made.
• After a while, atrial rhythm begins at a slower rate.
• 20 - 40/min.
• Recording : atrial & ventricular component.
Observation :

• After 2nd ligature :

• Conduction from atria to ventricle stop.
• Straight line recording is made.
• After a while, ventricle starts contracting at a slower rate.
• 10/min.
• Recording : ventricular component.
Discussion

• Sinus venosus, atria & ventricle has its own rhythm.

• Rate of impulse production : highest for sinus venosus :
pacemaker.

• Can’t be conducted on human heart, why?

Refractory period in
frog’s heart
Discussion

• REFRACTORY PERIOD
• Period during which the excitable tissue doesn’t respond to re
stimulation.

• Period during which the second stimulus is ine ective.

• 2 phases :
• ABSOLUTE : no response irrespective of stimuli
strength.

• RELATIVE : respond to supra threshold stimulus.

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Discussion
• CARDIAC MUSCLE :
• ARP : extends throughout systole and early 1/3rd of diastole.
• Latter part of diastole : RRP : respond to second supra
threshold stimuli : EXTRASYSTOLE.

• Normal impulse from sinus venosus fails to generate a

response : COMPENSATORY PAUSE.

• The next Normal impulse from sinus venosus : response with

greater amplitude : POSTEXTRASYSTOLIC POTENTIATION.

• Duration of extrasystole, preceding normal systole &

compensatory pause : 2 cardiac cycles.
Discussion

• Bene t of a long refractory period :

• Maintains normal rhythm of heart.
• Cardiac muscle can’t be tetanised.
• Adequate rest to myocardium for diastolic lling.
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Discussion

• ECTOPIC BEAT :
• Response of myocardium to a stimulus other than from the
normal pacemaker.

• Humans : Atrial, nodal or ventricular.

• Cause : pregnancy, Excessive alcohol/ co ee consumption ,
smoking.

• Ishemic heart disease, digitalis toxicity,

thyrotoxicosis.
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Effect of Vagal
Stimulation
Observation :
Perfusion of isolated
frog’s heart : effect of
Ions
Perfusion of isolated
frog’s heart : effect of
Drugs