‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬

‭COLLEGE OF NURSING - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE‬

‭Baguio City, Philippines‬

‭PANGASINAN‬
‭AUTHORS:‬

‭CASUPANG, LIBEN‬

‭DAWANG, HANNAH KEZIAH‬

‭JOSE, CERNA GLORINE‬

‭REGACHO, JOSE MANUEL‬

‭RITUMALTA, RIA CAMILLE‬

‭TAMBOT, JOHN BENEDICT‬

‭UNTALAN, ERYCH FRANCES‬

 ‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬
‭COLLEGE OF NURSING - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE‬
‭Baguio City, Philippines‬

‭B. Geographical location‬

‭Nestled‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭northern‬ ‭embrace‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭Philippines,‬ ‭Pangasinan‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭province‬

‭steeped‬ ‭in‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭vibrancy‬ ‭and‬ ‭geographical‬ ‭diversity.‬ ‭Pangasinan‬ ‭Territory‬ ‭has‬ ‭an‬

‭area‬ ‭of‬ ‭​545,101‬ ‭hectares,‬‭accounting‬‭for‬‭almost‬‭half‬‭(41.89%)‬‭of‬‭the‬‭total‬‭land‬‭area‬‭of‬

‭​the‬ ‭region‬ ‭and‬ ‭1.6%‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭total‬ ‭area‬ ‭of‬ ‭​the‬ ‭Philippines.‬ ‭It‬ ‭borders‬ ‭Lingayen‬ ‭Gulf,‬ ‭La‬

‭Union‬ ‭Bay,‬ ‭and‬‭Benguet‬‭Bay‬‭to‬‭the‬‭north,‬‭Nueva‬‭Vizcaya‬‭Bay‬‭to‬‭the‬‭northeast,‬‭Nueva‬

‭Ecija Bay and Tarlac Bay to the east, and Zambales Bay and the China Sea to the west.‬

‭Geographically,‬ ‭Pangasinan‬ ‭has‬ ‭a‬ ‭diverse‬ ‭landscape.‬ ‭The‬ ‭province‬ ‭is‬

‭characterized‬‭by‬‭a‬‭coastal‬‭plain‬‭along‬‭the‬‭Lingayen‬‭Gulf,‬‭which‬‭gradually‬‭rises‬‭to‬‭rolling‬

‭hills‬ ‭and‬ ‭mountains‬ ‭as‬ ‭you‬ ‭move‬ ‭inland.‬ ‭The‬ ‭western‬ ‭part‬ ‭of‬‭Pangasinan‬‭is‬‭generally‬

‭flat‬‭and‬‭fertile,‬‭making‬‭it‬‭suitable‬‭for‬‭agriculture.‬‭The‬‭eastern‬‭part,‬‭on‬‭the‬‭other‬‭hand,‬‭is‬

‭more‬‭rugged‬‭and‬‭mountainous.‬‭Pangasinan‬‭is‬‭known‬‭for‬‭its‬‭numerous‬‭rivers‬‭and‬‭bodies‬

‭of‬‭water,‬‭including‬‭the‬‭Agno‬‭River,‬‭which‬‭is‬‭the‬‭longest‬‭river‬‭in‬‭Luzon.‬‭The‬‭province‬‭also‬

‭has‬ ‭several‬ ‭natural‬ ‭attractions,‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭the‬ ‭Hundred‬ ‭Islands‬ ‭National‬ ‭Park,‬ ‭which‬ ‭is‬

‭composed‬ ‭of‬ ‭numerous‬ ‭small‬ ‭islands‬ ‭and‬ ‭islets‬ ‭scattered‬ ‭along‬ ‭the‬ ‭Lingayen‬ ‭Gulf.‬

‭Overall,‬ ‭Pangasinan’s‬ ‭geographical‬ ‭profile‬ ‭combines‬ ‭coastal‬ ‭areas,‬ ‭plains,‬ ‭hills,‬ ‭and‬

‭mountains, offering a diverse and picturesque landscape.‬

‭C. Population‬

‭Pangasinan,‬ ‭a‬ ‭part‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭northern‬ ‭Philippines,‬ ‭hosts‬ ‭a‬ ‭vibrant‬ ‭population‬ ‭that‬

‭significantly‬ ‭contributes‬ ‭to‬ ‭its‬ ‭cultural‬‭richness.‬‭With‬‭a‬‭population‬‭exceeding‬‭millions,‬‭it‬

‭underscores‬ ‭the‬ ‭province's‬ ‭significance‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭Philippine‬‭archipelago.‬‭According‬‭to‬‭the‬

 ‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬
‭COLLEGE OF NURSING - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE‬
‭Baguio City, Philippines‬

‭2000‬ ‭Census‬ ‭of‬ ‭Population‬ ‭and‬ ‭Housing,‬ ‭Pangasinan‬ ‭recorded‬ ‭a‬ ‭total‬ ‭population‬ ‭of‬

‭2,434,086,‬‭making‬‭it‬‭the‬‭largest‬‭province‬‭in‬‭the‬‭country‬‭at‬‭that‬‭time.‬‭This‬‭figure‬‭marked‬

‭a‬‭rise‬‭of‬‭255,674‬‭individuals‬‭from‬‭the‬‭1995‬‭count,‬‭with‬‭1,221‬‭thousand‬‭males‬‭and‬‭1,212‬

‭thousand‬‭females,‬‭highlighting‬‭a‬‭balanced‬‭gender‬‭distribution.‬‭Beyond‬‭mere‬‭figures,‬‭the‬

‭count‬‭of‬‭men‬‭and‬‭women‬‭in‬‭Pangasinan‬‭embodies‬‭a‬‭complex‬‭tapestry‬‭of‬‭diverse‬‭roles,‬

‭contributions,‬ ‭and‬ ‭aspirations‬ ‭within‬ ‭a‬ ‭province‬ ‭in‬ ‭continuous‬ ‭evolution.‬ ‭Recognizing‬

‭and‬ ‭embracing‬ ‭the‬ ‭potential‬ ‭of‬ ‭both‬ ‭genders‬ ‭is‬ ‭pivotal‬ ‭for‬ ‭nurturing‬ ‭an‬ ‭inclusive‬ ‭and‬

‭progressive‬ ‭society‬ ‭and‬ ‭laying‬ ‭the‬ ‭groundwork‬ ‭for‬ ‭a‬ ‭promising‬ ‭future‬ ‭where‬ ‭each‬

‭person's‬‭contributions‬‭are‬‭valued.‬‭These‬‭statistics‬‭produced‬‭a‬‭sex‬‭ratio‬‭of‬‭101‬‭males‬‭for‬

‭every‬ ‭100‬ ‭females‬ ‭in‬ ‭Pangasinan.‬ ‭More‬ ‭males‬ ‭were‬ ‭observed‬ ‭within‬ ‭the‬ ‭0–44‬ ‭age‬

‭group,‬ ‭while‬ ‭older‬ ‭age‬ ‭brackets‬ ‭showed‬ ‭a‬ ‭higher‬ ‭female‬ ‭population.‬ ‭Of‬ ‭the‬ ‭total‬

‭population,‬ ‭1,387‬ ‭thousand‬ ‭individuals,‬ ‭constituting‬ ‭56.99‬ ‭percent,‬ ‭were‬ ‭part‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬

‭voting‬ ‭population‬ ‭aged‬ ‭18‬ ‭and‬ ‭above.‬ ‭Among‬ ‭these‬ ‭voters,‬ ‭females‬ ‭slightly‬

‭outnumbered‬ ‭males,‬ ‭comprising‬ ‭50.46‬ ‭percent‬ ‭compared‬ ‭to‬ ‭49.54‬ ‭percent.‬‭Within‬‭the‬

‭female‬ ‭population,‬ ‭594,456‬ ‭individuals,‬ ‭accounting‬ ‭for‬ ‭49‬ ‭percent,‬ ‭belonged‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬

‭reproductive age group, specifically spanning from 15 to 49 years old.‬

‭D. Economy‬

‭Pangasinan‬ ‭is‬ ‭known‬ ‭for‬ ‭its‬ ‭economy.‬ ‭The‬ ‭region‬ ‭has‬ ‭its‬ ‭different‬ ‭types‬ ‭of‬

‭industries‬ ‭that‬ ‭become‬ ‭the‬ ‭source‬ ‭of‬ ‭income‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭people‬ ‭of‬ ‭Pangasinan‬

‭(Pangasinense,‬ ‭Ilocanos,‬ ‭and‬ ‭other‬ ‭communities).‬ ‭The‬ ‭name‬ ‭PangASINan,‬ ‭or‬

‭"Pangasinan,"‬ ‭which‬ ‭translates‬‭to‬‭"where‬‭the‬‭salt‬‭is‬‭made,"‬‭came‬‭up‬‭as‬‭a‬‭result‬‭of‬‭the‬

 ‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬
‭COLLEGE OF NURSING - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE‬
‭Baguio City, Philippines‬

‭province's‬ ‭rich‬ ‭and‬ ‭excellent‬ ‭salt‬ ‭beds,‬ ‭which‬ ‭were‬ ‭the‬ ‭main‬ ‭source‬‭of‬‭income‬‭for‬‭the‬

‭coastal communities.‬

‭Pangasinan‬ ‭plays‬ ‭a‬‭significant‬‭role‬‭as‬‭a‬‭primary‬‭salt‬‭producer‬‭in‬‭the‬‭Philippines‬

‭and‬ ‭serves‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬ ‭prominent‬ ‭source‬ ‭of‬ ‭seafood‬ ‭and‬ ‭fish‬ ‭for‬ ‭Luzon.‬ ‭The‬ ‭region's‬

‭expansive‬ ‭fishponds‬ ‭are‬ ‭primarily‬ ‭employed‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭cultivation‬ ‭of‬ ‭bangus,‬ ‭commonly‬

‭known‬ ‭as‬ ‭"milkfish,"‬ ‭along‬ ‭the‬ ‭shores‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭South‬ ‭China‬ ‭Sea‬ ‭and‬ ‭Lingayen‬ ‭Gulf.‬

‭Dagupan‬ ‭is‬ ‭famed‬ ‭for‬ ‭its‬ ‭pond-cultivated‬ ‭bangus‬ ‭(milkfish),‬ ‭renowned‬ ‭as‬ ‭the‬ ‭most‬

‭delicious‬ ‭and‬ ‭succulent‬ ‭globally,‬ ‭earning‬ ‭it‬ ‭the‬ ‭title‬ ‭"World's‬ ‭Bangus‬ ‭Capital."‬ ‭The‬

‭aquaculture‬ ‭industry‬ ‭in‬ ‭Pangasinan‬ ‭also‬ ‭encompasses‬ ‭sea‬ ‭urchin‬ ‭and‬ ‭oyster‬ ‭farms‬

‭(GOVPH).‬

‭Pangasinan's‬ ‭economic‬ ‭vitality‬ ‭is‬‭primarily‬‭sustained‬‭by‬‭agro-industrial‬‭ventures‬

‭such‬‭as‬‭fish‬‭paste‬‭processing‬‭(Bagoong),‬‭milkfish‬‭(Bangus)‬‭cultivation‬‭and‬‭processing,‬

‭livestock‬ ‭raising,‬ ‭and‬ ‭other‬ ‭related‬ ‭activities.‬ ‭Notably,‬ ‭their‬ ‭famous‬ ‭products‬ ‭include‬

‭bagoong‬ ‭(shrimp‬ ‭paste)‬ ‭and‬ ‭alamang‬ ‭(krill),‬ ‭adding‬ ‭rich‬ ‭flavors‬ ‭to‬ ‭a‬ ‭variety‬‭of‬‭dishes.‬

‭The‬‭northern‬‭part‬‭of‬‭the‬‭region‬‭is‬‭anchored‬‭in‬‭the‬‭agricultural‬‭sector.‬‭The‬‭province‬‭relies‬

‭on‬‭its‬‭extensive‬‭and‬‭fertile‬‭plains‬‭for‬‭its‬‭economic‬‭base,‬‭allocating‬‭more‬‭than‬‭44%‬‭of‬‭its‬

‭agricultural‬ ‭land‬ ‭to‬ ‭crop‬ ‭production.‬ ‭Pangasinan‬ ‭is‬ ‭notable‬ ‭for‬ ‭its‬ ‭significant‬

‭contributions‬ ‭to‬ ‭coconut,‬ ‭mango,‬ ‭and‬ ‭eggplant‬ ‭cultivation,‬ ‭and‬ ‭it‬ ‭is‬ ‭recognized‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬

‭prominent rice-growing region.‬

‭Functioning‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬ ‭gateway,‬ ‭Pangasinan‬ ‭accommodates‬ ‭a‬ ‭variety‬ ‭of‬ ‭enterprises,‬

‭ranging‬ ‭from‬ ‭both‬ ‭large‬ ‭and‬ ‭small‬ ‭telecommunication‬ ‭companies‬ ‭to‬ ‭bus‬ ‭and‬

‭transportation‬‭services.‬‭Additionally,‬‭the‬‭province‬‭hosts‬‭local‬‭and‬‭regional‬‭newspapers,‬
 ‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬
‭COLLEGE OF NURSING - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE‬
‭Baguio City, Philippines‬

‭radio‬ ‭stations,‬ ‭television‬ ‭networks,‬ ‭cable‬ ‭services,‬ ‭chain‬ ‭hotels,‬ ‭restaurants,‬ ‭and‬ ‭an‬

‭array‬ ‭of‬ ‭manufacturing‬ ‭and‬ ‭retail‬ ‭businesses.‬ ‭There‬ ‭are‬ ‭48‬ ‭strategically‬ ‭positioned‬

‭shopping‬ ‭malls‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭province,‬ ‭creating‬ ‭job‬ ‭opportunities‬ ‭for‬ ‭Pangasinenses‬ ‭and‬

‭fostering economic development in the region.‬

‭Pangasinan‬ ‭is‬ ‭also‬ ‭known‬ ‭for‬ ‭its‬ ‭abundant‬ ‭resources‬ ‭(land,‬ ‭natural,‬ ‭&‬ ‭coastal‬

‭resources)‬ ‭that‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬ ‭used‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭province‬ ‭to‬ ‭meet‬ ‭people‬ ‭and‬ ‭sustain‬ ‭life.‬ ‭When‬ ‭it‬

‭comes‬ ‭to‬ ‭Mineral‬‭Resources,‬‭Pangasinan‬‭has‬‭many‬‭valuable‬‭metals‬‭and‬‭minerals‬‭like‬

‭chromite,‬ ‭copper,‬ ‭limestone,‬ ‭shale,‬ ‭silica,‬ ‭clay,‬ ‭bentonite,‬ ‭zeolite,‬ ‭asbestos,‬ ‭gabbro,‬

‭rock‬ ‭phosphate,‬ ‭and‬ ‭good-quality‬ ‭sand‬ ‭and‬ ‭gravel.‬ ‭These‬ ‭resources‬ ‭are‬ ‭mostly‬

‭untouched‬‭in‬‭the‬‭big‬‭mountains‬‭and‬‭rivers‬‭of‬‭the‬‭area.‬‭The‬‭coastal‬‭areas‬‭of‬‭Pangasinan‬

‭in‬ ‭Northern‬ ‭Luzon,‬ ‭particularly‬ ‭around‬‭the‬‭Lingayen‬‭Gulf,‬‭are‬‭significant‬‭for‬‭fishing‬‭and‬

‭are‬‭productive.‬‭The‬‭coastal‬‭areas‬‭are‬‭one‬‭of‬‭its‬‭natural‬‭resources‬‭that‬‭help‬‭the‬‭people‬‭in‬

‭Pangasinan‬ ‭to‬ ‭have‬ ‭an‬ ‭abundant‬ ‭economy.‬ ‭The‬ ‭total‬ ‭coastline‬ ‭length‬ ‭is‬ ‭285.66‬

‭kilometers,‬ ‭making‬ ‭up‬ ‭approximately‬ ‭40.34%‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭region's‬ ‭708.165‬ ‭kilometers‬ ‭of‬

‭coastline‬ ‭and‬ ‭0.80%‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭Philippines'‬ ‭total‬ ‭coastline‬ ‭of‬ ‭36,289‬ ‭kilometers.‬ ‭The‬

‭province‬‭has‬‭123‬‭barangays‬‭across‬‭its‬‭fourteen‬‭coastal‬‭municipalities/cities,‬‭with‬‭Anda‬

‭having‬ ‭the‬ ‭lengthiest‬ ‭coastline‬ ‭at‬ ‭approximately‬ ‭55.794‬ ‭kilometers,‬ ‭accounting‬ ‭for‬

‭roughly 19.5% of the province's entire coastline.‬

‭The‬ ‭wealth‬ ‭of‬ ‭land‬ ‭resources‬ ‭in‬ ‭Pangasinan‬ ‭contributes‬ ‭significantly‬ ‭to‬ ‭its‬

‭economic‬‭earnings,‬‭with‬‭agriculture‬‭being‬‭a‬‭primary‬‭source‬‭of‬‭income.‬‭Covering‬‭a‬‭land‬

‭area‬‭of‬‭545,059‬‭hectares,‬‭Pangasinan‬‭constitutes‬‭1.8%‬‭of‬‭the‬‭total‬‭Philippine‬‭land‬‭area‬
 ‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬
‭COLLEGE OF NURSING - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE‬
‭Baguio City, Philippines‬

‭(30,000,000‬ ‭hectares)‬‭and‬‭more‬‭than‬‭half‬‭(42%)‬‭of‬‭the‬‭land‬‭area‬‭in‬‭Region‬‭I‬‭(1,296,462‬

‭hectares).‬ ‭Among‬ ‭the‬ ‭six‬ ‭congressional‬ ‭districts,‬ ‭District‬ ‭1‬ ‭has‬ ‭the‬ ‭largest‬ ‭land‬ ‭area‬

‭(32.27%), while District 4 encompasses the smallest land area (4.90%) in the province‬‭.‬

‭E. Tourism‬

‭Pangasinan‬ ‭offers‬ ‭the‬ ‭tourists‬ ‭who‬ ‭wish‬ ‭to‬ ‭explore‬ ‭islands‬ ‭and‬ ‭beaches,‬

‭waterfalls, and the Minor Basilica of our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary of Manaoag.‬

‭Hundred Islands‬‭(Alaminos)‬

‭Hundred Islands National Park is located in the northern Philippines in the‬

‭province of Pangasinan. There are 124 pristine coral reef islands scattered across an‬

‭area of 7.12 square miles (18.44 sq km). The islands feature a coral reef foundation‬

‭with the above ground cliffs being composed of limestone.‬

 ‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬
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‭Hundred Islands in Pangasinan, Philippines offers a variety of fun activities for‬

‭tourists to enjoy. Here are some possible activities you can do when visiting Hundred‬

‭Islands:‬

‭1.‬‭Island Hopping:‬‭The main attraction of Hundred‬‭Islands is exploring its numerous‬

‭islands. You can rent a boat or join a guided tour to visit different islands, each with its‬
 ‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬
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‭unique features and landscapes. Some popular islands include Governor Island,‬

‭Quezon Island, and Children's Island.‬

‭2.‬‭Snorkeling and Scuba Diving:‬‭The crystal-clear‬‭waters surrounding the islands are‬

‭perfect for snorkeling and scuba diving. Discover the vibrant marine life, colorful coral‬

‭reefs, and encounter various fish species. There are rental shops where you can get‬

‭snorkeling and diving equipment.‬

‭3.‬‭Cliff Jumping:‬‭For thrill-seekers, cliff jumping‬‭is a popular activity in Hundred Islands.‬

‭You can jump from designated cliffs into the refreshing waters below. Just make sure to‬

‭follow safety guidelines and be cautious of the water depth.‬

‭4.‬‭Kayaking and Paddleboarding:‬‭Renting a kayak or‬‭paddleboard is a fantastic way‬

‭to explore the islands at your own pace. Enjoy the calm waters, maneuver through‬

‭caves and coves, and take in the breathtaking scenery.‬

‭5.‬‭Camping and Picnicking:‬‭Several islands in Hundred‬‭Islands offer camping facilities‬

‭and picnic areas. You can set up tents, enjoy a barbecue, and spend a night under the‬

‭stars. It's a great way to experience the natural beauty of the islands.‬

‭6.‬‭Zip-lining:‬‭If you're looking for an adrenaline‬‭rush, try zip-lining across the islands.‬

‭Soar through the air and witness panoramic views of the surrounding islands and the‬

‭ocean.‬

‭Bolinao Falls‬

‭Bolinao Falls in Pangasinan, Philippines‬‭is a hidden treasure worth discovering.‬

‭The cascading waterfalls, surrounded by lush greenery, create a serene oasis. The‬
 ‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬
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‭short trek to reach the falls only adds to the adventure. Bolinao Falls is a must-visit‬

‭destination for nature lovers seeking a tranquil escape.‬

‭Bolinao Falls, located in Bolinao, Pangasinan, Philippines, offers a serene and‬

‭picturesque setting for tourists to enjoy. Here are some possible fun activities you can‬

‭do when visiting Bolinao Falls:‬

‭1. Swimming:‬‭The main attraction of Bolinao Falls‬‭is its clear, cool waters. Take a‬

‭refreshing dip and swim in the natural pools formed by the cascading waterfalls. The‬

‭water is usually clean and inviting, making it a perfect spot to relax and cool off.‬
 ‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬
‭COLLEGE OF NURSING - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE‬
‭Baguio City, Philippines‬

‭2. Cliff Jumping:‬‭For adventurous visitors, Bolinao Falls provides opportunities for cliff‬

‭jumping. If you're comfortable with heights and a thrill-seeker, you can jump from‬

‭designated cliffs into the deep pools below. Make sure to assess the water depth and‬

‭follow safety precautions.‬

‭3. Trekking and Hiking:‬‭To reach Bolinao Falls, you'll‬‭typically need to embark on a‬

‭short trek through the lush forest. Enjoy the scenic beauty of the surrounding nature as‬

‭you hike along the trail. The journey itself can be an enjoyable experience.‬

‭4. Picnicking‬‭: Bolinao Falls offers picnic areas‬‭where you can relax and enjoy a meal‬

‭amidst the peaceful ambiance. Pack a picnic basket with your favorite snacks, drinks,‬

‭and meals to savor in the natural surroundings. Don't forget to clean up after yourself to‬

‭maintain the cleanliness of the area.‬

‭OUR LADY OF MANAOAG CHURCH‬

 ‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬
‭COLLEGE OF NURSING - FIRST YEAR COLLEGE‬
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‭The‬ ‭Basilica‬ ‭of‬ ‭Our‬ ‭Lady‬ ‭of‬ ‭Manaoag‬ ‭houses‬ ‭a‬ ‭17th-century‬ ‭ivory‬ ‭and‬ ‭silver‬

‭statue‬ ‭of‬ ‭Our‬ ‭Lady‬ ‭of‬ ‭Manaoag,‬ ‭brought‬ ‭from‬ ‭Spain‬ ‭via‬ ‭the‬ ‭Manila‬ ‭galleon‬ ‭trade.‬

‭Legend‬ ‭tells‬ ‭of‬ ‭a‬ ‭farmer‬ ‭hearing‬ ‭a‬ ‭mysterious‬ ‭voice,‬ ‭leading‬‭him‬‭to‬‭witness‬‭the‬‭Virgin‬

‭Mary‬ ‭and‬ ‭The‬ ‭Child‬ ‭Jesus‬ ‭on‬ ‭a‬ ‭cloud-veiled‬ ‭treetop.‬ ‭A‬ ‭chapel‬ ‭was‬ ‭built‬ ‭at‬ ‭the‬ ‭site,‬
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‭forming‬ ‭the‬ ‭town's‬ ‭nucleus.‬ ‭The‬ ‭statue's‬ ‭regalia‬ ‭and‬ ‭bulletproof‬ ‭enclosure‬ ‭display‬ ‭its‬

‭significance‬‭and‬‭security.‬‭Visitors‬‭venerate‬‭the‬‭image‬‭by‬‭touching‬‭its‬‭clothing‬‭and‬‭leave‬

‭written‬‭prayers.‬‭A‬‭replica‬‭travels‬‭around‬‭the‬‭Philippines.rself‬‭to‬‭maintain‬‭the‬‭cleanliness‬

‭of the area.‬

‭Visiting‬ ‭the‬ ‭Basilica‬ ‭of‬ ‭Our‬ ‭Lady‬ ‭of‬ ‭Manaoag‬ ‭offers‬ ‭several‬ ‭meaningful‬ ‭tourist‬

‭activities for visitors:‬

‭1.‬ ‭Religious‬ ‭Pilgrimage‬‭:‬ ‭Many‬ ‭tourists‬ ‭visit‬ ‭the‬ ‭basilica‬ ‭as‬ ‭part‬ ‭of‬ ‭a‬ ‭religious‬

‭pilgrimage.‬ ‭Attend‬ ‭mass,‬ ‭participate‬ ‭in‬ ‭prayer‬ ‭services,‬ ‭and‬ ‭light‬ ‭candles‬ ‭as‬ ‭acts‬ ‭of‬

‭devotion.‬

‭2.‬‭Veneration‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Image‬‭:‬‭Approach‬‭the‬‭glass‬‭enclosure‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Our‬‭Lady‬‭of‬‭Manaoag‬

‭statue‬ ‭to‬ ‭venerate‬ ‭it.‬ ‭Touch‬ ‭the‬ ‭hem‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭image's‬ ‭mantle‬ ‭and‬ ‭offer‬ ‭prayers‬ ‭for‬

‭personal intentions.‬

‭3.‬ ‭Visit‬ ‭the‬ ‭Museum‬‭:‬ ‭Explore‬ ‭the‬ ‭museum‬ ‭within‬ ‭the‬ ‭basilica,‬ ‭which‬ ‭houses‬ ‭a‬

‭collection‬ ‭of‬ ‭golden‬ ‭crowns,‬ ‭halos,‬ ‭liturgical‬ ‭vestments,‬ ‭and‬ ‭other‬ ‭artifacts‬ ‭associated‬

‭with the image. Learn about the history and significance of Our Lady of Manaoag.‬

‭4.‬‭Attend‬‭Religious‬‭Events‬‭:‬‭Check‬‭the‬‭basilica's‬‭schedule‬‭for‬‭special‬‭religious‬‭events,‬

‭processions,‬ ‭or‬ ‭festivals‬ ‭that‬ ‭may‬ ‭be‬ ‭taking‬ ‭place‬ ‭during‬ ‭your‬ ‭visit.‬ ‭These‬ ‭events‬

‭provide a unique opportunity to witness local customs and traditions.‬

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‭5.‬ ‭Purchase‬ ‭Devotional‬ ‭Items‬‭:‬ ‭Browse‬ ‭the‬ ‭religious‬ ‭goods‬ ‭shop‬ ‭within‬ ‭the‬ ‭basilica‬

‭premises.‬ ‭Purchase‬ ‭rosaries,‬ ‭religious‬ ‭medals,‬ ‭statues,‬ ‭and‬ ‭other‬ ‭devotional‬‭items‬‭as‬

‭souvenirs or for personal use.‬

‭F. Culture‬

‭Pangasinan‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭province‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭northern‬ ‭Philippines‬ ‭known‬ ‭for‬ ‭its‬ ‭cultural‬

‭liveliness‬ ‭and‬ ‭numerous‬ ‭ethnolinguistic‬ ‭groups.‬ ‭Among‬ ‭these‬ ‭groups,‬ ‭the‬

‭Pangasinenses‬ ‭and‬ ‭Ilocanos‬ ‭play‬ ‭pivotal‬ ‭roles‬ ‭in‬ ‭shaping‬ ‭the‬ ‭unique‬ ‭identity‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬

‭province.‬

‭The‬ ‭Pangasinenses‬ ‭are‬ ‭noted‬ ‭for‬ ‭their‬ ‭great‬ ‭hospitality.‬ ‭Their‬ ‭warm‬ ‭hospitality‬

‭reputation‬ ‭adds‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭province's‬ ‭inviting‬ ‭atmosphere.‬ ‭This‬‭characteristic‬‭is‬‭profoundly‬

‭embedded‬ ‭in‬ ‭their‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭fabric,‬ ‭making‬ ‭tourists‬ ‭feel‬ ‭not‬ ‭only‬ ‭welcome‬ ‭but‬ ‭also‬

‭embraced‬ ‭by‬ ‭the‬ ‭local‬ ‭community.‬ ‭It's‬ ‭more‬ ‭than‬ ‭just‬ ‭courtesy;‬ ‭it's‬ ‭an‬ ‭authentic‬

‭representation‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭Pangasinenses'‬ ‭connection‬ ‭to‬ ‭their‬ ‭ancestors‬ ‭and‬ ‭willingness‬ ‭to‬

‭share their legacy with others.‬

‭On‬‭the‬‭other‬‭hand,‬‭The‬‭ilocanos‬‭contribute‬‭their‬‭own‬‭set‬‭of‬‭traditions‬‭and‬‭dialect‬

‭to‬ ‭Pangasinan,‬ ‭enriching‬ ‭the‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭setting.‬ ‭The‬ ‭Ilocanos‬ ‭are‬ ‭famed‬ ‭for‬ ‭their‬

‭endurance‬ ‭and‬ ‭resourcefulness,‬ ‭which‬ ‭have‬ ‭played‬ ‭an‬ ‭important‬ ‭role‬ ‭in‬ ‭defining‬‭their‬

‭unique‬ ‭way‬ ‭of‬ ‭life.‬ ‭The‬ ‭incorporation‬ ‭of‬ ‭Ilocano‬ ‭traditions‬ ‭and‬ ‭language‬ ‭into‬

‭Pangasinan's‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭atmosphere‬ ‭creates‬ ‭a‬ ‭harmonious‬ ‭combination,‬ ‭demonstrating‬

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‭the‬ ‭province's‬ ‭ability‬ ‭to‬ ‭embrace‬ ‭variety‬ ‭and‬ ‭assimilate‬ ‭numerous‬ ‭influences‬ ‭into‬ ‭its‬

‭identity.‬

‭This‬ ‭stands‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬ ‭testament‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭celebration‬ ‭of‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭diversity‬ ‭through‬ ‭the‬

‭symbiotic‬ ‭relationship‬ ‭between‬ ‭its‬ ‭primary‬ ‭ethnolinguistic‬ ‭groups,‬ ‭the‬ ‭Pangasinenses‬

‭and‬‭Ilocanos.‬‭Rather‬‭than‬‭merely‬‭tolerating‬‭diversity,‬‭the‬‭province‬‭actively‬‭celebrates‬‭it,‬

‭contributing‬‭to‬‭an‬‭atmosphere‬‭of‬‭resilience‬‭within‬‭the‬‭community.‬‭Pangasinan's‬‭cultural‬

‭richness‬ ‭is‬ ‭not‬ ‭a‬ ‭static‬ ‭attribute,‬ ‭but‬ ‭an‬ ‭ever-evolving‬ ‭tapestry‬ ‭crafted‬ ‭by‬ ‭the‬

‭Pangasinenses, Ilocanos, and other communities.‬

‭The‬ ‭primary‬ ‭religion‬ ‭in‬ ‭Pangasinan‬ ‭is‬ ‭Roman‬ ‭Catholicism,‬ ‭significantly‬‭shaping‬

‭the‬ ‭province's‬ ‭spiritual‬ ‭and‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭essence.‬ ‭As‬ ‭the‬ ‭largest‬ ‭Christian‬ ‭denomination‬

‭globally,‬ ‭Roman‬ ‭Catholicism‬ ‭profoundly‬ ‭influences‬ ‭Pangasinan's‬ ‭societal‬ ‭structure,‬

‭drawing‬‭from‬‭the‬‭doctrine‬‭of‬‭the‬‭Holy‬‭Trinity,‬‭the‬‭teachings‬‭of‬‭Jesus‬‭Christ‬‭rooted‬‭in‬‭the‬

‭Bible‬ ‭and‬ ‭Church‬ ‭traditions,‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬‭paramount‬‭importance‬‭of‬‭sacraments‬‭in‬‭the‬‭faith.‬

‭This‬ ‭religious‬ ‭dedication‬ ‭interweaves‬ ‭intricately‬ ‭into‬ ‭various‬ ‭aspects‬ ‭of‬ ‭daily‬ ‭life‬ ‭in‬

‭Pangasinan,‬ ‭imprinting‬ ‭upon‬ ‭the‬ ‭province‬‭a‬‭guiding‬‭framework‬‭that‬‭spans‬‭generations‬

‭and molds social customs, religious practices, traditions, and communal principles.‬

‭Roman‬ ‭Catholicism's‬ ‭considerable‬ ‭impact‬ ‭in‬ ‭Pangasinan‬ ‭is‬ ‭evident‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬

‭commemoration‬ ‭of‬ ‭religious‬ ‭festivities,‬ ‭processions,‬ ‭and‬ ‭ceremonies‬ ‭that‬ ‭underscore‬

‭the‬ ‭community's‬ ‭devoutness‬ ‭and‬ ‭spiritual‬ ‭commitment.‬ ‭Beyond‬ ‭these‬ ‭religious‬

‭observances,‬‭the‬‭sociocultural‬‭fabric‬‭of‬‭Pangasinan‬‭is‬‭deeply‬‭influenced‬‭by‬‭Catholicism,‬

‭notably‬ ‭affecting‬ ‭moral‬ ‭conduct,‬ ‭familial‬ ‭unity,‬ ‭and‬ ‭community‬ ‭cohesion.‬ ‭The‬ ‭moral‬
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‭doctrines‬ ‭and‬ ‭teachings‬ ‭propagated‬ ‭by‬ ‭the‬ ‭Catholic‬ ‭Church‬ ‭play‬ ‭a‬ ‭pivotal‬ ‭role‬ ‭in‬

‭shaping‬‭ethical‬‭standards‬‭and‬‭societal‬‭values,‬‭fostering‬‭a‬‭shared‬‭religious‬‭identity‬‭and‬‭a‬

‭cohesive communal framework within the province.‬

‭The‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭customs‬ ‭and‬‭traditions‬‭in‬‭Pangasinan‬‭showcase‬‭the‬‭province's‬‭rich‬

‭heritage,‬ ‭deeply‬ ‭embedded‬ ‭in‬ ‭its‬ ‭historical‬ ‭narratives,‬ ‭local‬ ‭practices,‬ ‭livelihoods,‬ ‭and‬

‭religious‬ ‭convictions.‬ ‭Among‬ ‭the‬ ‭enduring‬ ‭practices‬ ‭is‬ ‭agriculture,‬ ‭notably‬ ‭the‬ ‭use‬ ‭of‬

‭"kuliglig"‬ ‭and‬ ‭carabaos.‬ ‭In‬ ‭Pangasinan,‬ ‭where‬ ‭agriculture‬ ‭forms‬ ‭a‬ ‭primary‬ ‭means‬ ‭of‬

‭livelihood,‬ ‭"kuliglig"‬ ‭serves‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬ ‭notable‬ ‭mode‬ ‭of‬ ‭conveyance,‬ ‭facilitating‬ ‭the‬

‭transportation‬ ‭of‬ ‭harvested‬ ‭crops‬ ‭and‬ ‭materials,‬ ‭thereby‬ ‭enhancing‬ ‭work‬ ‭efficiency.‬

‭Moreover,‬ ‭it‬ ‭remains‬ ‭a‬ ‭prevalent‬ ‭transportation‬ ‭method‬ ‭in‬ ‭rural‬ ‭areas.‬ ‭Despite‬ ‭the‬

‭presence‬ ‭of‬ ‭modern‬ ‭machinery‬ ‭like‬ ‭tractors,‬ ‭some‬ ‭farmers‬ ‭maintain‬ ‭partnerships‬ ‭with‬

‭carabaos‬ ‭for‬ ‭farming‬ ‭and‬‭transportation‬‭purposes.‬‭In‬‭these‬‭agricultural‬‭pursuits,‬‭family‬

‭involvement‬ ‭is‬ ‭customary,‬ ‭with‬ ‭each‬ ‭member‬ ‭contributing;‬ ‭typically,‬ ‭men‬ ‭undertake‬

‭most‬ ‭farm‬ ‭tasks,‬ ‭while‬ ‭the‬ ‭women‬ ‭assist‬ ‭in‬ ‭planting‬ ‭crops‬ ‭and‬ ‭bringing‬ ‭food‬ ‭to‬‭those‬

‭working in the fields.‬

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‭In‬ ‭central‬ ‭Pangasinan,‬ ‭a‬ ‭cherished‬ ‭tradition‬ ‭of‬ ‭remembering‬ ‭the‬ ‭dead‬ ‭called‬

‭"Panagkamarerwa"‬‭occurs‬‭during‬‭the‬‭observance‬‭of‬‭All‬‭Saints'‬‭Day‬‭and‬‭All‬‭Souls'‬‭Day.‬

‭Here,‬‭a‬‭group‬‭known‬‭as‬‭"cantores"‬‭dresses‬‭in‬‭funeral‬‭attire,‬‭wearing‬‭veils‬‭and‬‭carrying‬

‭lit‬ ‭candles‬ ‭as‬ ‭they‬ ‭move‬ ‭from‬ ‭house‬ ‭to‬ ‭house.‬ ‭Their‬ ‭evocative‬ ‭rendition‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭song‬

‭"Pantawtawag"‬ ‭echoes‬ ‭through‬ ‭the‬ ‭air,‬ ‭signifying‬ ‭the‬ ‭solemnity‬ ‭of‬ ‭this‬ ‭ritual.‬ ‭After‬‭the‬

‭song,‬ ‭these‬ ‭singers‬ ‭are‬ ‭warmly‬ ‭welcomed‬ ‭into‬ ‭households,‬ ‭where‬ ‭they‬ ‭receive‬

‭customary‬‭offerings‬‭like‬‭"inlubi"‬‭(black‬‭rice‬‭cakes),‬‭caramel-coated‬‭fried‬‭rice‬‭flakes,‬‭and‬

‭assorted‬ ‭native‬ ‭rice‬ ‭cakes.‬ ‭This‬ ‭deeply‬ ‭ingrained‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭custom,‬ ‭known‬ ‭as‬

‭"Panagkamarerwa,"‬ ‭originates‬ ‭from‬ ‭the‬ ‭Pangasinan‬ ‭term‬ ‭"kamarerwa,"‬ ‭denoting‬ ‭the‬

‭soul.‬ ‭Regrettably,‬ ‭this‬ ‭tradition‬ ‭is‬ ‭gradually‬ ‭fading‬ ‭away‬ ‭and‬ ‭losing‬ ‭its‬ ‭place‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬

‭collective memory of the community.‬

‭Moreover,‬ ‭Pangasinan's‬ ‭profound‬ ‭religious‬ ‭devotion‬ ‭is‬ ‭evident‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭annual‬

‭observance‬ ‭of‬ ‭"Senakulo."‬ ‭This‬ ‭religious‬ ‭drama‬ ‭reenacts‬ ‭the‬ ‭Passion‬ ‭of‬ ‭Christ,‬

‭portraying‬ ‭significant‬ ‭events‬ ‭from‬ ‭the‬ ‭Bible,‬ ‭particularly‬ ‭focusing‬ ‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭suffering‬ ‭and‬

‭crucifixion‬‭of‬‭Jesus‬‭Christ.‬‭The‬‭Senakulo,‬‭often‬‭performed‬‭during‬‭Holy‬‭Week,‬‭serves‬‭as‬

‭a‬ ‭profound‬ ‭expression‬ ‭of‬ ‭faith‬ ‭and‬ ‭devotion‬ ‭among‬ ‭Pangasinan's‬ ‭religiously‬ ‭devout‬

‭populace.‬ ‭Through‬ ‭vivid‬ ‭depictions‬ ‭and‬ ‭heartfelt‬ ‭performances,‬ ‭the‬ ‭Senakulo‬ ‭not‬‭only‬

‭preserves‬ ‭religious‬ ‭narratives‬ ‭but‬ ‭also‬ ‭underscores‬ ‭the‬ ‭strong‬ ‭religious‬ ‭fervor‬ ‭and‬

‭dedication‬‭prevalent‬‭within‬‭Pangasinan's‬‭community,‬‭reinforcing‬‭the‬‭province's‬‭profound‬

‭religious connections and cultural heritage.‬

‭Pangasinan's‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭traditions,‬ ‭from‬ ‭its‬ ‭agricultural‬ ‭customs,‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭fading‬

‭Panagkamarerwa,‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭religious‬ ‭significance‬ ‭in‬ ‭Senakulo,‬ ‭represents‬ ‭the‬ ‭province's‬
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‭deep-rooted‬ ‭heritage‬ ‭and‬ ‭beliefs.‬ ‭These‬ ‭traditions‬ ‭underscore‬ ‭the‬ ‭essence‬ ‭of‬

‭community,‬ ‭spirituality,‬ ‭and‬ ‭familial‬ ‭involvement,‬ ‭offering‬ ‭a‬ ‭glimpse‬ ‭into‬ ‭Pangasinan's‬

‭beautiful culture.‬

‭In‬‭the‬‭heart‬‭of‬‭Pangasinan,‬‭Philippines,‬‭where‬‭tradition‬‭meets‬‭innovation‬‭and‬‭the‬

‭rhythms‬‭of‬‭the‬‭South‬‭China‬‭Sea‬‭echo‬‭through‬‭the‬‭air,‬‭the‬‭Bangus‬‭Festival‬‭emerges‬‭as‬‭a‬

‭vibrant‬ ‭celebration,‬ ‭weaving‬ ‭a‬ ‭tapestry‬ ‭of‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭richness‬ ‭and‬ ‭economic‬ ‭vitality.‬ ‭This‬

‭festival‬‭is‬‭a‬‭colorful‬‭showcase‬‭of‬‭the‬‭significance‬‭of‬‭fishing‬‭in‬‭the‬‭region,‬‭featuring‬‭lively‬

‭street‬‭dances,‬‭culinary‬‭competitions,‬‭and‬‭various‬‭events‬‭that‬‭highlight‬‭the‬‭creativity‬‭and‬

‭resilience of the local community.‬

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‭Beyond‬ ‭the‬ ‭festivities,‬ ‭the‬ ‭Bangus‬ ‭Festival‬ ‭serves‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬ ‭vital‬ ‭platform‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬

‭community‬‭to‬‭express‬‭not‬‭only‬‭their‬‭economic‬‭contributions‬‭through‬‭the‬‭fishing‬‭industry‬

‭but‬‭also‬‭their‬‭deep-seated‬‭cultural‬‭pride‬‭and‬‭artistic‬‭talents.‬‭It‬‭becomes‬‭a‬‭space‬‭where‬

‭traditions‬‭are‬‭passed‬‭down‬‭from‬‭generation‬‭to‬‭generation,‬‭ensuring‬‭the‬‭preservation‬‭of‬

‭Pangasinan's‬‭rich‬‭heritage.‬‭The‬‭festival's‬‭multifaceted‬‭nature‬‭encapsulates‬‭the‬‭essence‬

‭of‬ ‭Pangasinan's‬ ‭spirit,‬ ‭intertwining‬ ‭economic‬ ‭vitality,‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭expression,‬ ‭and‬ ‭a‬ ‭strong‬

‭sense‬ ‭of‬ ‭community.‬ ‭Through‬ ‭the‬ ‭Bangus‬‭Festival,‬‭Pangasinan‬‭not‬‭only‬‭celebrates‬‭its‬

‭past and present but also sets the stage for a vibrant and culturally enriched future.‬
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‭Pangasinan's‬ ‭festival‬ ‭calendar‬ ‭is‬ ‭also‬ ‭enriched‬ ‭by‬ ‭the‬ ‭grand‬ ‭celebration‬ ‭of‬

‭coastal‬‭beauty‬‭and‬‭maritime‬‭heritage‬‭known‬‭as‬‭Pistay‬‭Dayat.‬‭This‬‭annual‬‭festival,‬‭held‬

‭near‬ ‭the‬ ‭scenic‬ ‭Lingayen‬ ‭Gulf‬ ‭during‬ ‭the‬ ‭first‬ ‭two‬ ‭weeks‬ ‭of‬ ‭April,‬ ‭serves‬ ‭as‬ ‭a‬‭vibrant‬

‭expression‬ ‭of‬ ‭gratitude‬ ‭for‬ ‭the‬ ‭abundant‬ ‭harvest‬ ‭of‬ ‭fishes.‬ ‭Beyond‬ ‭its‬ ‭symbolic‬

‭significance,‬ ‭Pistay‬ ‭Dayat‬ ‭is‬ ‭a‬ ‭spectacle‬‭of‬‭diverse‬‭activities,‬‭featuring‬‭a‬‭lively‬‭parade,‬

‭beach‬ ‭sports‬ ‭competitions,‬ ‭and‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭presentations.‬ ‭The‬ ‭festival‬ ‭not‬ ‭only‬ ‭draws‬

‭communities‬ ‭together,‬‭both‬‭local‬‭and‬‭visiting,‬‭to‬‭revel‬‭in‬‭Pangasinan's‬‭natural‬‭splendor‬

‭but‬ ‭also‬ ‭underscores‬ ‭the‬ ‭vital‬ ‭connection‬ ‭between‬ ‭the‬ ‭province‬ ‭and‬ ‭its‬ ‭maritime‬

‭surroundings.‬ ‭As‬ ‭the‬ ‭grandest‬ ‭festivity‬ ‭in‬ ‭Pangasinan,‬ ‭Pista’y‬ ‭Dayat‬ ‭Festival‬

‭encapsulates‬ ‭the‬ ‭essence‬ ‭of‬ ‭thanksgiving,‬ ‭community‬ ‭spirit,‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭province's‬ ‭rich‬

‭maritime heritage.‬

‭These‬ ‭festivals,‬ ‭beyond‬ ‭their‬ ‭cultural‬ ‭significance,‬ ‭serve‬ ‭as‬ ‭windows‬ ‭into‬ ‭the‬

‭economic‬ ‭and‬ ‭social‬ ‭dynamics‬ ‭of‬ ‭Pangasinan.‬ ‭They‬ ‭provide‬ ‭a‬ ‭platform‬ ‭for‬ ‭local‬

‭businesses,‬‭particularly‬‭those‬‭in‬‭the‬‭agriculture‬‭and‬‭fisheries‬‭sectors,‬‭to‬‭showcase‬‭their‬

‭products‬‭and‬‭contribute‬‭to‬‭the‬‭province's‬‭economic‬‭vitality.‬‭Moreover,‬‭the‬‭festivals‬‭foster‬

‭a‬ ‭sense‬ ‭of‬ ‭community‬ ‭and‬ ‭pride‬ ‭among‬ ‭Pangasinenses,‬‭strengthening‬‭the‬‭bonds‬‭that‬

‭tie‬‭them‬‭to‬‭their‬‭rich‬‭cultural‬‭heritage.‬‭In‬‭essence,‬‭Pangasinan's‬‭festivals‬‭are‬‭more‬‭than‬

‭mere‬‭celebrations;‬‭they‬‭are‬‭vibrant‬‭reflections‬‭of‬‭a‬‭province‬‭embracing‬‭its‬‭past,‬‭present,‬

‭and‬‭future‬‭with‬‭unity,‬‭and‬‭a‬‭deep‬‭appreciation‬‭for‬‭the‬‭diverse‬‭cultural‬‭threads‬‭that‬‭form‬

‭its unique identity.‬

 ‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬
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‭G. Threats and Challenges‬

‭In‬ ‭the‬ ‭past‬ ‭decade,‬ ‭Pangasinan's‬ ‭local‬ ‭government‬ ‭units‬ ‭(LGUs)‬ ‭have‬ ‭faced‬

‭multifaceted‬ ‭challenges‬ ‭encompassing‬ ‭vector‬ ‭control,‬ ‭disaster‬ ‭risk‬ ‭reduction,‬ ‭health‬

‭crisis‬ ‭response,‬ ‭and‬ ‭agricultural‬ ‭sustainability.‬ ‭This‬ ‭critical‬ ‭analysis‬ ‭delves‬ ‭into‬ ‭the‬

‭successes‬‭and‬‭failures‬‭of‬‭Pangasinan's‬‭LGUs,‬‭emphasizing‬‭the‬‭crucial‬‭role‬‭of‬‭effective‬

‭leadership,‬ ‭strategic‬ ‭planning,‬ ‭technical‬ ‭competence,‬ ‭and‬ ‭financial‬ ‭viability‬ ‭in‬

‭addressing‬‭these‬‭issues.‬‭The‬‭devolution‬‭of‬‭responsibilities‬‭to‬‭LGUs‬‭has‬‭heightened‬‭the‬

‭need‬ ‭for‬ ‭sustainable‬ ‭development‬ ‭and‬ ‭resilience,‬ ‭particularly‬‭in‬‭the‬‭agricultural‬‭sector.‬

‭Insights‬ ‭from‬ ‭international‬ ‭institutions,‬‭such‬‭as‬‭the‬‭World‬‭Bank‬‭and‬‭the‬‭United‬‭Nations‬

‭Development‬ ‭Program,‬ ‭provide‬ ‭a‬ ‭framework‬ ‭for‬ ‭understanding‬ ‭the‬ ‭financial,‬

‭administrative,‬ ‭and‬ ‭technical‬ ‭challenges‬ ‭faced‬ ‭by‬ ‭local‬ ‭governments‬ ‭in‬ ‭developing‬

‭countries‬‭like‬‭Pangasinan.‬‭The‬‭significance‬‭of‬‭agricultural‬‭sustainability‬‭is‬‭underscored,‬

‭acknowledging‬‭the‬‭intertwined‬‭nature‬‭of‬‭economic‬‭and‬‭environmental‬‭considerations‬‭in‬

‭the‬ ‭region.‬ ‭Additionally,‬ ‭the‬ ‭enactment‬ ‭of‬ ‭Republic‬ ‭Act‬ ‭10121,‬ ‭the‬ ‭Philippine‬ ‭Disaster‬

‭Risk‬‭Reduction‬‭and‬‭Management‬‭Act‬‭of‬‭2010,‬‭has‬‭induced‬‭a‬‭paradigm‬‭shift‬‭in‬‭disaster‬

‭preparedness,‬ ‭emphasizing‬ ‭the‬ ‭importance‬ ‭of‬ ‭comprehensive‬ ‭implementation.‬ ‭The‬

‭experiences‬ ‭of‬ ‭Negros‬ ‭Occidental‬ ‭further‬ ‭highlight‬ ‭the‬ ‭need‬ ‭to‬ ‭align‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭act,‬

‭especially‬ ‭for‬ ‭disaster-vulnerable‬ ‭tourism‬ ‭destinations.‬ ‭This‬ ‭comprehensive‬ ‭review‬

‭offers‬ ‭insights‬ ‭into‬ ‭the‬ ‭opportunities‬ ‭and‬ ‭obstacles‬ ‭shaping‬ ‭Pangasinan's‬ ‭journey‬

‭towards‬ ‭sustainable‬ ‭development‬ ‭amid‬ ‭evolving‬ ‭challenges.‬ ‭The‬ ‭vulnerability‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬

‭Province‬ ‭of‬ ‭Pangasinan‬ ‭to‬ ‭natural‬ ‭disasters‬ ‭is‬ ‭evident‬ ‭in‬ ‭various‬ ‭assessments.‬ ‭The‬

‭Mapping‬ ‭Philippine‬ ‭Vulnerability‬ ‭to‬ ‭Environmental‬ ‭Disasters‬ ‭project‬ ‭identified‬

 ‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬
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‭Pangasinan‬ ‭among‬ ‭the‬ ‭top‬ ‭ten‬ ‭provinces‬ ‭at‬ ‭risk‬ ‭to‬ ‭earthquakes‬ ‭due‬ ‭to‬ ‭the‬ ‭Manila‬

‭Trench.‬ ‭The‬ ‭Department‬ ‭of‬ ‭Environment‬ ‭and‬ ‭Natural‬ ‭Resources‬ ‭Mines‬ ‭and‬

‭Geo-Science‬ ‭Bureau‬ ‭(DENR-MGB)‬ ‭ranked‬ ‭Pangasinan‬ ‭as‬ ‭the‬ ‭third‬ ‭most‬ ‭flood-prone‬

‭and‬ ‭landslide-prone‬ ‭province‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭Philippines‬ ‭in‬ ‭2011,‬ ‭aligning‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬ ‭Regional‬

‭Disaster‬ ‭Risk‬ ‭Reduction‬ ‭and‬ ‭Coordinating‬ ‭Council's‬ ‭declaration‬ ‭that‬ ‭it‬ ‭is‬ ‭the‬ ‭most‬

‭flood-prone‬ ‭province‬ ‭in‬ ‭Region‬ ‭I.‬ ‭Furthermore,‬ ‭a‬ ‭2013‬ ‭World‬ ‭Bank‬ ‭report‬ ‭categorizes‬

‭Pangasinan‬‭as‬‭high‬‭risk‬‭for‬‭typhoons‬‭with‬‭strong‬‭winds‬‭and‬‭heavy‬‭rainfall,‬‭emphasizing‬

‭its‬ ‭vulnerability‬ ‭to‬ ‭flooding.‬ ‭These‬ ‭assessments‬ ‭collectively‬ ‭highlight‬ ‭the‬ ‭province's‬

‭susceptibility‬ ‭to‬ ‭a‬ ‭range‬ ‭of‬ ‭natural‬ ‭disasters,‬ ‭emphasizing‬ ‭the‬ ‭urgency‬ ‭for‬ ‭effective‬

‭disaster‬‭risk‬‭reduction‬‭and‬‭management‬‭strategies‬‭within‬‭the‬‭overarching‬‭framework‬‭of‬

‭sustainable development and resilience.‬

‭Challenge:‬ ‭Flooding‬ ‭and‬ ‭Typhoon‬ ‭Vulnerability‬ ‭Pangasinan‬ ‭is‬ ‭prone‬ ‭to‬ ‭flooding‬ ‭and‬

‭typhoons‬‭due‬‭to‬‭its‬‭geographical‬‭location.‬‭These‬‭events‬‭can‬‭lead‬‭to‬‭significant‬‭damage‬

‭to‬ ‭infrastructure,‬ ‭agriculture,‬ ‭and‬ ‭communities,‬ ‭impacting‬ ‭the‬ ‭overall‬ ‭well-being‬ ‭of‬

‭residents.‬

‭LGU's Preventive Steps:‬

‭1.‬ ‭Infrastructure Development:‬

‭●‬ ‭Local‬ ‭government‬ ‭units‬ ‭(LGUs)‬ ‭invest‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭construction‬ ‭and‬

‭maintenance‬ ‭of‬ ‭flood‬ ‭control‬ ‭systems,‬ ‭dams,‬ ‭and‬ ‭other‬ ‭infrastructure‬ ‭to‬

‭mitigate the impact of flooding and typhoons.‬

‭2.‬ ‭Early Warning Systems:‬

 ‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬
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‭●‬ ‭Implementation‬ ‭of‬ ‭effective‬ ‭early‬ ‭warning‬ ‭systems‬ ‭helps‬ ‭in‬ ‭timely‬

‭evacuation and preparedness, reducing the risk to residents.‬

‭3.‬ ‭Community Preparedness Programs:‬

‭●‬ ‭LGUs‬ ‭conduct‬ ‭community‬ ‭awareness‬ ‭and‬ ‭preparedness‬ ‭programs‬ ‭to‬

‭educate‬‭residents‬‭on‬‭evacuation‬‭procedures,‬‭emergency‬‭shelters,‬‭and‬‭the‬

‭importance of having emergency kits.‬

‭4.‬ ‭Land Use Planning:‬

‭●‬ ‭Strategic‬‭land‬‭use‬‭planning‬‭an‬‭d‬‭zoning‬‭regulations‬‭can‬‭help‬‭minimize‬‭the‬

‭impact of natural disasters by avoiding construction in high-risk areas.‬

‭5.‬ ‭Collaboration with National Agencies:‬

‭●‬ ‭Coordination‬ ‭with‬ ‭national‬ ‭disaster‬ ‭response‬ ‭agencies‬ ‭ensures‬ ‭a‬ ‭unified‬

‭and‬ ‭efficient‬ ‭response‬ ‭to‬ ‭natural‬ ‭disasters,‬ ‭allowing‬ ‭for‬ ‭better‬ ‭resource‬

‭allocation and assistance to affected areas.‬

‭Challenge:‬ ‭Earthquake‬ ‭vulnerability.‬ ‭The‬ ‭province‬ ‭of‬ ‭Pangasinan‬ ‭is‬ ‭susceptible‬ ‭to‬

‭earthquakes‬ ‭due‬ ‭to‬ ‭its‬ ‭geographical‬ ‭location‬ ‭along‬ ‭the‬ ‭western‬ ‭seaboard‬ ‭of‬ ‭Luzon,‬

‭which‬ ‭is‬ ‭part‬‭of‬‭the‬‭seismically‬‭active‬‭Philippines.‬‭Pangasinan‬‭is‬‭situated‬‭near‬‭tectonic‬

‭plate‬ ‭boundaries,‬ ‭particularly‬ ‭where‬ ‭the‬ ‭Philippine‬ ‭Sea‬ ‭Plate‬ ‭subducts‬ ‭beneath‬ ‭the‬

‭Eurasian Plate along the Manila Trench.‬

‭LGU's Preventive Steps:‬

‭1.‬ ‭Seismic Building Codes and Regulations:‬

 ‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬
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‭●‬ ‭Enforce‬ ‭and‬ ‭update‬ ‭building‬ ‭codes‬ ‭that‬ ‭incorporate‬ ‭seismic‬ ‭design‬

‭principles to ensure that new constructions are earthquake-resistant.‬

‭2.‬ ‭Retrofitting Programs:‬

‭●‬ ‭Implementing‬ ‭retrofitting‬ ‭programs‬ ‭for‬ ‭existing‬ ‭structures,‬ ‭especially‬

‭critical‬ ‭infrastructure‬ ‭such‬ ‭as‬ ‭schools,‬ ‭hospitals,‬ ‭and‬ ‭government‬

‭buildings, to enhance their earthquake resilience.‬

‭3.‬ ‭Public Awareness and Education:‬

‭●‬ ‭Conduct‬ ‭public‬ ‭awareness‬ ‭campaigns‬ ‭to‬ ‭educate‬ ‭residents‬ ‭about‬

‭earthquake‬ ‭risks‬ ‭and‬ ‭safety‬ ‭measures,‬ ‭including‬ ‭proper‬ ‭response‬‭during‬

‭and after an earthquake.‬

‭4.‬ ‭Emergency Preparedness Plans:‬

‭●‬ ‭Develop‬‭and‬‭regularly‬‭update‬‭emergency‬‭preparedness‬‭plans‬‭that‬‭include‬

‭earthquake‬ ‭response‬ ‭strategies,‬ ‭evacuation‬ ‭procedures,‬ ‭and‬

‭communication protocols.‬

‭5.‬ ‭Infrastructure Resilience:‬

‭●‬ ‭Investing‬ ‭in‬ ‭infrastructure‬ ‭projects‬ ‭that‬ ‭consider‬ ‭seismic‬ ‭resilience,‬ ‭such‬

‭as‬ ‭bridges,‬ ‭roads,‬ ‭and‬ ‭utility‬ ‭systems,‬ ‭to‬ ‭minimize‬ ‭damage‬ ‭and‬ ‭ensure‬

‭post-earthquake functionality.‬

‭6.‬ ‭Early Warning Systems:‬

‭●‬ ‭Establishing‬‭and‬‭maintaining‬‭earthquake‬‭early‬‭warning‬‭systems‬‭to‬‭provide‬

‭residents‬ ‭with‬ ‭crucial‬ ‭seconds‬ ‭to‬ ‭minutes‬ ‭of‬ ‭advance‬‭notice,‬‭allowing‬‭for‬

‭protective actions.‬
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‭7.‬ ‭Community Drills:‬

‭●‬ ‭Conducting‬ ‭regular‬ ‭earthquake‬ ‭drills‬ ‭involving‬ ‭the‬ ‭community,‬ ‭schools,‬

‭businesses,‬ ‭and‬ ‭other‬ ‭organizations‬ ‭to‬ ‭ensure‬ ‭everyone‬ ‭is‬ ‭familiar‬ ‭with‬

‭evacuation routes and safety procedures.‬

‭8.‬ ‭Critical Facilities Assessment:‬

‭●‬ ‭Identifying‬ ‭and‬ ‭assessing‬ ‭critical‬ ‭facilities‬ ‭that‬ ‭are‬ ‭essential‬ ‭for‬

‭post-earthquake‬ ‭response‬ ‭and‬ ‭recovery,‬ ‭and‬ ‭prioritize‬ ‭their‬ ‭seismic‬

‭retrofitting or upgrading.‬

‭9.‬ ‭Public Shelter Planning:‬

‭●‬ ‭Developing‬ ‭plans‬ ‭for‬‭the‬‭establishment‬‭of‬‭public‬‭shelters‬‭in‬‭the‬‭aftermath‬

‭of‬ ‭earthquakes,‬ ‭ensuring‬ ‭that‬ ‭residents‬ ‭have‬ ‭safe‬ ‭places‬ ‭to‬ ‭go‬ ‭for‬

‭temporary housing and support.‬

‭10.‬‭Interagency Collaboration:‬

‭●‬ ‭Collaborate‬ ‭with‬ ‭regional‬ ‭and‬ ‭national‬ ‭agencies,‬ ‭as‬ ‭well‬ ‭as‬

‭non-governmental‬ ‭organizations,‬ ‭to‬ ‭enhance‬ ‭coordination‬ ‭and‬

‭resource-sharing for earthquake preparedness and response.‬

‭Challenges:‬ ‭Agricultural‬ ‭Sustainability‬ ‭To‬ ‭address‬ ‭the‬ ‭challenge‬ ‭of‬ ‭agricultural‬

‭sustainability‬ ‭in‬ ‭Pangasinan,‬ ‭local‬ ‭government‬ ‭units‬ ‭(LGUs)‬ ‭take‬ ‭various‬ ‭preventive‬

‭steps‬‭to‬‭promote‬‭practices‬‭that‬‭ensure‬‭the‬‭long-term‬‭viability‬‭of‬‭agriculture‬‭in‬‭the‬‭region.‬

‭LGUs‬ ‭actively‬ ‭promote‬ ‭and‬ ‭educate‬ ‭farmers‬ ‭about‬ ‭sustainable‬ ‭farming‬ ‭practices‬ ‭that‬

‭enhance‬ ‭productivity‬ ‭while‬ ‭minimizing‬ ‭environmental‬ ‭impact.‬ ‭This‬ ‭includes‬ ‭methods‬

‭such as crop rotation, agroforestry, organic farming, and integrated pest management.‬
 ‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬
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‭1.‬ ‭Water Management and Irrigation Improvements:‬

‭●‬ ‭Implementing‬‭efficient‬‭water‬‭management‬‭and‬‭irrigation‬‭systems‬‭is‬‭crucial‬

‭for‬ ‭addressing‬ ‭water‬ ‭scarcity‬ ‭issues.‬ ‭LGUs‬ ‭invest‬ ‭in‬ ‭modern‬ ‭irrigation‬

‭technologies,‬ ‭water‬‭storage‬‭facilities,‬‭and‬‭the‬‭development‬‭of‬‭sustainable‬

‭water-use‬ ‭policies‬ ‭to‬ ‭ensure‬ ‭farmers‬ ‭have‬ ‭reliable‬ ‭access‬ ‭to‬ ‭water‬

‭resources.‬

‭2.‬ ‭Soil Conservation Measures:‬

‭●‬ ‭Introducing‬‭and‬‭promoting‬‭soil‬‭conservation‬‭techniques‬‭helps‬‭maintain‬‭soil‬

‭fertility‬ ‭and‬ ‭prevent‬ ‭erosion.‬ ‭This‬ ‭involve‬ ‭the‬ ‭use‬‭of‬‭cover‬‭crops,‬‭contour‬

‭plowing,‬ ‭terracing,‬ ‭and‬ ‭other‬ ‭methods‬ ‭that‬ ‭reduce‬ ‭soil‬ ‭degradation‬ ‭and‬

‭promote sustainable land use.‬

‭3.‬ ‭Research and Extension Services:‬

‭●‬ ‭LGUs‬ ‭support‬ ‭agricultural‬ ‭research‬ ‭and‬ ‭extension‬ ‭services‬ ‭to‬ ‭provide‬

‭farmers‬ ‭with‬ ‭the‬‭latest‬‭information,‬‭technologies,‬‭and‬‭best‬‭practices.‬‭This‬

‭helps‬ ‭farmers‬ ‭stay‬ ‭informed‬ ‭about‬ ‭sustainable‬ ‭approaches‬ ‭and‬

‭encourages‬ ‭the‬ ‭adoption‬ ‭of‬ ‭innovative‬ ‭and‬ ‭environmentally‬ ‭friendly‬

‭farming methods.‬

‭4.‬ ‭Financial and Technical Support:‬

‭●‬ ‭Providing‬ ‭financial‬ ‭incentives,‬ ‭subsidies,‬ ‭and‬ ‭technical‬ ‭assistance‬ ‭to‬

‭farmers‬‭can‬‭encourage‬‭the‬‭adoption‬‭of‬‭sustainable‬‭practices.‬‭This‬‭support‬

‭can‬ ‭help‬ ‭offset‬ ‭initial‬ ‭costs‬ ‭associated‬ ‭with‬ ‭transitioning‬ ‭to‬ ‭more‬

‭sustainable and eco-friendly farming methods.‬

 ‭UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS‬
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‭5.‬ ‭Community Education and Training:‬

‭●‬ ‭Conducting‬ ‭community‬ ‭education‬ ‭and‬ ‭training‬ ‭programs‬ ‭on‬ ‭sustainable‬

‭agriculture‬ ‭enhances‬ ‭awareness‬ ‭and‬ ‭knowledge‬ ‭among‬ ‭farmers.‬

‭Workshops,‬ ‭seminars,‬ ‭and‬ ‭demonstration‬ ‭farms‬ ‭can‬ ‭be‬ ‭organized‬ ‭to‬

‭showcase successful implementations of sustainable practices.‬

‭6.‬ ‭Collaboration with Agricultural Organizations:‬

‭●‬ ‭LGUs‬‭can‬‭collaborate‬‭with‬‭agricultural‬‭organizations,‬‭research‬‭institutions,‬

‭and‬‭non-governmental‬‭organizations‬‭(NGOs)‬‭to‬‭leverage‬‭expertise,‬‭share‬

‭resources,‬ ‭and‬ ‭implement‬ ‭collaborative‬ ‭projects‬ ‭that‬‭promote‬‭agricultural‬

‭sustainability.‬

‭7.‬ ‭Policy Development and Regulation:‬

‭●‬ ‭Formulating‬ ‭and‬ ‭enforcing‬ ‭policies‬ ‭that‬ ‭promote‬ ‭sustainable‬ ‭agricultural‬

‭practices‬‭ensures‬‭a‬‭standardized‬‭approach‬‭across‬‭the‬‭region.‬‭This‬‭include‬

‭regulations‬‭on‬‭the‬‭use‬‭of‬‭agrochemicals,‬‭land‬‭management‬‭practices,‬‭and‬

‭incentives for adopting sustainable farming methods.‬

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‭References‬

‭About‬‭.‬ (‭ 2016,‬ ‭October‬ ‭16).‬ ‭What‬ ‭Does‬ ‭Gab‬ ‭Think?‬

‭https://whatdoesgabthink.wordpress.com/about/‬
‭About‬ ‭Pangasinan‬‭.‬ ‭(n.d.).‬ ‭The‬ ‭Official‬ ‭Website‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭Province‬ ‭of‬ ‭Pangasinan.‬
‭https://www.pangasinan.gov.ph/the-province/about-pangasinan/‬
‭BOLINAO‬ ‭FALLS‬ ‭1:‬ ‭All‬ ‭You‬ ‭Need‬ ‭to‬ ‭Know‬ ‭BEFORE‬ ‭You‬ ‭Go‬ ‭(with‬ ‭Photos)‬‭.‬ ‭(n.d.).‬ ‭Tripadvisor.‬
‭https://www.tripadvisor.com.ph/Attraction_Review-g1142476-d2073493-Reviews-Bolina‬
‭o_Falls_1-Bolinao_Pangasinan_Province_Ilocos_Region_Luzon.html‬
‭Clsu-ijst.org‬‭. (2023). Clsu-Ijst.org. https://clsu-ijst.org/index.php/ijst2/article/view/30/16‬
‭Editors,‬ ‭T.‬ ‭(2022,‬ ‭August‬ ‭9).‬ ‭Bangus‬ ‭Festival‬‭.‬ ‭FESTIVALSCAPE.‬
‭https://www.festivalscape.com/philippines/pangasinan/bangus-festival/‬
‭Geography‬‭.‬ ‭(n.d.).‬ ‭The‬ ‭Official‬ ‭Website‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭Province‬ ‭of‬ ‭Pangasinan.‬
‭https://www.pangasinan.gov.ph/the-province/geography/‬
‭Hundred‬ ‭Islands‬ ‭National‬ ‭Park‬ ‭(Official‬ ‭GANP‬ ‭Park‬ ‭Page)‬‭.‬ ‭(n.d.).‬ ‭National-Parks.org.‬
‭https://national-parks.org/philippines/hundred-islands‬
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