PA10SS - Notes - Social Science For NTSE Stage-1 - Punjab - Module-2 (A)

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1. PUNJAB : PHYSICAL FEATURES AND ITS IMPACT
n Introduction
Punjab is one of the most important states of present India. Harappan Civilization, one of the greatest ancient
civilizations of the world originated in Punjab. Rigveda, the oldest religious book of India was also written on this
land. The oldest university of the world namely the Takshila University was also located in Punjab. Punjab is also
the land of the great Sikh Gurus. It is the place where Sri Guru Gobind Singh ji established the 'Khalsa Panth'.
Later on, on these very foundations Maharaja Ranjit Singh was able to build a sovereign Sikh empire.
n Different Historical Names of Punjab
In the Rigvedic Age, this region was known as Sapt Sindhu, (the land of seven rivers.) The seven rivers were-
Sindhu, Vitasta (Jhelum), Asikni (Chenab), Parushni (Ravi), Vipasa (Beas), Sutudri (Sutlej) and Saraswati.
In the ancient epics, The Ramayana and the Mahabharata and the Puranas, the word Panchnad is mentioned as
the land of five rivers. Greeks referred Punjab as Pentapotamia, here again 'Penta' means five and 'Potamia'
means rivers, collectively meaning 'land of five rivers '.
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A Chinese traveller Hiuen-Tsang named Punjab as Tseh-kia. During the region of Akbar, it was called as the
Lahore Suba (Suba-i- Lahore). At the time of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, it was called as Lahore province, Lahore
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Suba.
The word Punjab is derived from two Persian words Punj (5) and Ab (Water). Henceforth it is popularly known as
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Punjab. In 1849, British annexed Punjab to the British Empire and named it as, the Punjab Province. In 1947,
during the partition of India and Pakistan, Punjab was divided into two parts. The western part including the
rivers Jhelum, Chenab and Ravi became a part of Pakistan and was called Western Punjab, while the eastern
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half containing the rivers Sutlej and Beas became a part of India as Eastern Punjab.
n The Changing Political Landscape of Punjab
During Rigvedic period the area between the river Sindh and Saraswati was a part or Punjab (Sapat Sindhu).
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Chandragupta Maurya extended his kingdom to Afghanistan and Baluchistan towards West, Further, the boundaries
of Punjab were extended to Hindu-kush mountains and Takshila was made a part of Punjab.
Under the Indo-Bactrian and Indo-Parthian rulers the boundaries of Punjab were extended up to Afghanistan
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and its main city was Sakla (Sialkot, now in Pakistan).

During the times of the Delhi Sultanate, boundaries of Punjab (Lahore province) were extended from river Sutlej
to Peshawar.
The Mughal Emperor Akbar divided Punjab into two provinces, namely Lahore and Multan provinces.
During the period Of Maharaja Ranjit Singh Lahore was the capital of Punjab.
In 1849, Punjab was made a parl or Ihe British Empire. In 1901, Lord Curzon separated the area beyond the
river Indus in the West and named it, North-West Frontier Province. (N. W.F.P)
In 1947 at the time of Independence, Punjab was re-divided. The Western patl Of Punjab which was the dominated
by Muslim population became a part of the newly constituted country Pakistan and the Eastern part of Punjab
remained in India. In 1956, during the reorganization of States, the States of Malwa (from Sutlej to Ghaggar
river) were merged in Punjab.
On 1st November, 1966, the Punjabi speaking regions were redefined as 'Punjab' while the rest Of Punjab was
divided into Haryana and Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. This is the shape of Punjab that still exists.
n Physical Features of Punjab
Geographically Punjab can be divided into three parts:
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l The Himalayas and North-Western Mountain Ranges
} The Himalayas - The Himalayas which are also known as Land of ice. Its length from West to East is
approximately 2400 kms and width from North to South is approximately 250 kms. The highest mountain
peak of the world Mount Everest (8848 metres) is situated in the Himalayas Mountain range. According to
height we can divide Himalayas into three categories:
Greater Himalaya (Average Height 20000 feet) , Mid Himalaya s(Average Height 6000-7000 feet) ,Outer
Himalayas (Average Height 4000-5000 feet)
} The North Western Mountain Ranges - Towards the North-West of Punjab are the mountain ranges of
Sulaiman and Kirthar. The famous Passes amongst these include Khyber Pass, Kurram, Tochi, Gomal and
Bolan.
The Khyber Pass (height 3500 feet) is the most important Pass. This Pass connects Kabul (Afghanistan) with
Peshawar (Pakistan). Most foreign invaders from western and central Asian countries entered India through
this Pass. India's trade with Central Asia was also conducted through these passes.
l The Sub-Mountainous Region - In the South of Pir Panjal range of Himalayas are the foothills of Shivalik and
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Kasauli mountains and this region is known as Tarai area of Punjab or sub-mountainous region. The average
height ofthese mountains is 1000 to 3000 feet. This area is famous for its natural beauty.
l The Plains - The area between the rivers of Indus and Yamuna, towards South and below the sub-mountainous
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areas of Punjab, are the plains which are composed of the alluvial soil brought by the rivers from the hills. It is
the largest area of Punjab. This area is chiefly divided in three parts:
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} The Five Doabs - During the rule of the Mughal Emperor Akbar, Punjab was divided in five Doabs.
} Sind Sagar Doab -This Doab extends between river Jehlum and Indus (Sindh).
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} Chaj Doab - The area between river Chenab and Jehlum is known as Chaj Doab.
} Rachna Doab - This Doab lies between the rivers Ravi and Chenab and it is very fertile.
} Bari Doab - This Doab extends between the rivers Beas and Ravi. Being in the middle of Punjab, it is also
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known as Majha.
} Bist Jalandhar Doab - This Doab lies between the rivers Beas and Sutlej. This area is popularly known as
'Doaba'. and is very fertile.
} Malwa and Bangar - The large plain between the Sutlej and the Yamuna rivers is divided between Malwa

and Bangar.
} Malwa- The plain area between Sutlej and Ghaggar rivers is called Malwa and its residents are called Malwais.
} Bangar - The area between rivers Ghaggar and Yamuna is known as Bangar. This is also known as Haryana.
} Deserts of South-West - The low-lying areas of Doabs in South-West direction have sandy region with
lesser rains. It is not fertile. This area is now in Pakistan and includes the regions of Sind, Multan and
Bahawalpur. The present Punjab's districts of Fazilka, Sri Muktsar Sahib, Bathinda and Mansa are also included
in this area.
l Impact of Punjab 's Geographical Location on its History
Punjab's prosperity has always attracted foreign invaders. Its location (North and North-West) made it a 'Gateway
of India' as crossing it was the only way to conquer India. The geographical location of Punjab has made the
following impacts on its history:
n Impact on Political Sphere
l Punjab as Gateway of India - The Passes in the mountains of Sulaiman and the Kirthar in North-West have
led to Punjab being a gateway to India for foreign invaders. Till 18th century, Persian, Greek, Shaka, Hun,
Kushan, Turk, Mongol and Mughal foreign invaders came to India through these passes as these Passes led them
directly to Punjab from Central Asia.
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l Punjab as Battle Field - Every Invader who wanted to conquer Delhi had to pass through Punjab. So the
people of Punjab were the first to confront the foreign invaders. The most famous battles of Indian history were
fought in Punjab. The Battle of Mahabharata at Kurukshetra, The Battle of Hydaspes (Kari) between Alexander
and Porus, The Battle of Tarain between Prithvi Raj Chouhan and Mohammad Gauri and the three battles of
Panipat which changed the Indian history were all fought in Punjab.
Impact of Forest and Hills on Punjab- The forests and hills of Punjab have also made a great impact on the
political history of Punjab. The Sikhs resorted to gorilla warfare under the cover of these forests and hills while
fighting against the Mughals and Ahmed Shah Abdali and contemporary ruler this also helped them to establish
an independent state in Punjab.
n Entry of the British in Punjab- It was due to the specific political and geographical position of Punjab that the
Britishers annexed Punjab to the British Empire in the last phase.
l Impact on Cultural and Social Sphere
} Special Culture of Punjabi people - All invaders from Central Asia reached Punjab first. Some of these
invaders settled in Punjab and married Punjabi women. The Hindus refused to include their descendants into
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their own caste. Thus, many new castes came into existence. In this way, a new mixed civilization emerged
in Punjab and whenever these invaders returned, they took the culture of Punjab and as such the culture of
India with them. Hence, Indian culture found expansion and publicity throughout the world.
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} Foreign Trade - Prosperity of Punjab has always attracted foreign traders. The North-Western Passes linked
Punjab to Central Asia. These Passes served as trade-routes. Due to this, Punjab had good trade relation
with Central Asia since times.
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} Establishment of Commercial Cities - Due to its geographical location, Punjab became an important
trade centre. In the medieval period, Indian and foreign trade flourished rapidly and paved way for development
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of big cities like Lahore, Multan, Peshawar, Gujranwala, Amritsar, Jalandhar, Bathinda, Hisar and Ferozepur
etc.
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PUNJAB : PHYSICAL FEATURES AND ITS IMPACT EXERCISE
1. Who established Khalsa Panth' ? 9. The plain area between Sutlej and Ghaggar rivers
(1) Sri Guru Gobind Singh (2) Guru teg Bahadur is called?
(3) Guru Arjun Dev (4) None of these (1) Bangar (2) Malwa
2. Punjab the land of how many rivers (3) Khadar (4) None of these
(1) Five (2) Six (3) Seven (4) Four 10. Which city is located on Chaj Doab?
3. The area drained by seven rivers is known as _ (1) Lahore (2) Amritsar
(1) Sapta sindhu (2) Indus (3) Gujarat (4) Rawalpindi
(3) Sapta hindu (4) Sapta Sind 11. The battle of Hydaspes(kari) was fought between:
4. Which Chinese traveller called the reason between (1) Prithviraj Chauhan and Alexander
the industrial hills to panchnada as Tsekai ? (2) Prithviraj Chauhan and Porus
(1) Hieun Tsang (2) Kum Rajva (3) Porus and Alexander
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(3) Fa-hien (4) None of these (4) Mohammad Gauri and Prithviraj Chauhan
5. Who separated Delhi from Punjab and made it 12. Which passes are located on the Western hills of
capital of India ? Himalayas ?
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(1) Lord the Dalhousie (2) Lord Wellesley (1) Khyber (2) Kurram
(3) Lord Harding (4) None of these (3) Bolan (4) All of these
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6. Which type of crops used to grow in the sub 13. The two battles of tarain was fought in in which
mountain reagion of Punjab ? region_
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(1) Rice (2) Maize (1) Khadar (2) Bangar
(3) Potato (4) All of these (3) Deccan (4) None of these
7. The region between two rivers is also known as_ 14. Battle of tarain was fought in between _
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(1) Terai (2) Amritsar (1) Alexander and Prithviraj Chauhan
(3) Doab (4) Deccan (2) Prithviraj Chauhan and Akbar
8. Which Doab instituted between the river Indus and (3) Rana sanga and Alexander
Jhelum?

(4) Mohammad Gauri and Prithviraj Chauhan
(1) Sind Sagar Doab (2) Chaj Doab 15. The part of plane which is between the river of
(3) Rachna Doab (4) Bist Doab ghaggar and the river Yamuna is called_
(1) Bangar (2) Terai
(3) Khadar (4) None of these
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 1 1 1 3 4 3 1 2 3 3 4 2 4 1
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2. GURU NANAK JI AND CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY
From the middle of 15th century to the early years of 16th century, Punjab was under the rule of the Lodhis.
Politics of the day was characterized by misrule and corruption. The society was divided between Muslims and
Hindus. Women, Untouchables and the poor led a miserable life. It was during these times that Sri Guru Nanak
Dev Ji illumined a new social and religious path to the world. Let us learn about the society, life and teachings of
Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
n Life of Guru Nanak Dev Ji
Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born on April 15, 1469 at'Rae Bhoe Ki Talwandi', now known as Nankana Sahib (in
Pakistan). These days his birth anniversary is celebrated on the full moon day of Kartik Puranmashi (Full moon),
October November. Guruji's mother's name was Tripta . She was an extremely religious lady. His father was
Mehta Kalu, and he was the village Patwari. He was married at the age of 14 to Bibi Sulakhani daughter of Sri.
Mool Chand ji, a resident of Batala, District Gurdaspur. He was blessed with two sons, Sri Chand and Lakhmi
Chand.
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n Enlightenment 1499 A.D. - While staying at Sultanpur Lodhi, Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji used to bathe in the
river Vain. He was so impressed by the sylvan surroundings that one day he sat on the bank of the river in meditation
and emerged after three days. It was here that he attained spiritual knowledge. Gurudwara Tap Asthan is situated
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here.
n Udasis (Travels) of Guru Nanak Devji
After attaining enlightenment, Guru ji walked back home. He was unusually quiet. He broke his silence uttering,
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'Na Koi Hindu, Na Koi Musalman'. When the Brahmins and the Qazis enquired about the meaning of these words,
Guru ji replied that there is no difference between the Hindus and the Muslims. After this incident Sri Guru
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Nanak Dev ji left his job at the Modi-khana and spent the rest of his life spreading his message among the people.In
order to address the issues of the prevailing society Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji donned the robes of an Udasi, a
teaching saint.
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n First Udasi (1499-1510)
Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji started his first Udasi (Travel) in 1499 AD. He travelled to eastern India during his first
Udasi. He was accompanied by Bhai Mardana. Guruji visited Sayyidpur, Lahore, Sialkot, Talumba, Kurukshetra,
Panipat, Delhi, Haridwar, Gorakh Matta (presently known as Nanak Matta) Banaras, Gaya, Patna, Kamroop
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(Assam), Jagannath Puri, Dhaka, Bhopal, Chandiri and Mathura.

n Second Udasi (1510-1515)
After spending sometime at Talwandi, Guru Nanak Dev ji started his second Udasi (journey) to Southern India in
15 10. He was accompanied by Bhai Mardana and two brothers Saidon and Goho. During this Udasi, Guru
Nanak Dev ji met the saints of the Malwa region. He also went to Pushkar the famous Hindu pilgrimage, and
also interacted with the Jain monks of Mount Abu.
After touring Rajasthan, Guru Nanak Dev ji visited Ujjain, Hyderabad, Nanded, Guntur, Bidar, Golconda, Madras,
Tiruchirapally, Nagapatnam, Kanchipuram and the religious place Rameshwaram in Southern India. Guru Nanak
Devji reached Sri Lanka by sea. The ruler of Sri Lanka Shivnabh was greatly impressed by Guru Nanak Devji.
He and many other people of Sri Lanka decided to be Guruji's followers.
After returning from Sri Lanka Guru Nanak Devji visited Rameshwaram, Trivandrum, Kottayam, Srirangapatnam,
Somnath, Dwaraka, Kutch Mandavi, Bahawalpur, Multan etc., He reached his village Talwandi in 1515 and
then left for Sultanpur.
n The Third Udasi (1515-1517)
After spending sometime at Sultanpur Lodhi with his family, Guru Nanak Devji travelled to Northern India in the
company ofHassu Luhar (blacksmith) Bhai Mardana and Siha Chimba (a dyer) for his third travel.
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n Fourth Udasi (1517-1521)
During the fourth Udasi from 1517 to 1521, accompanied by Bhai Mardana Ji. Guru Nanak Devji travelled to
West Asia. He wore the blue robe of a Muslim Haji during this visit. He visited places like Multan, Uchh, Hindlaj,
Mecca, Medina, Baghdad, Kandhar, Kabul, Jalalabad, Sultanpur, Peshawar and Sayyedpur
l Contemporary Punjab - The Establishment of the Mughal Empire(Turks) by Babur after defeating Ibrahim
Lodhi was the most significant political event during the life of Guru Nanak Dev Ji.
} Punjab under the Lodhi Sultans (Afghans): During the life of Guru Nanak Dev' ji, Punjab was a part of Delhi
Sultanate. In first fifty-six years, Delhi Sultanate was ruled by three Lodhi Sultans. Lodhi Sultan appointed
Tantar Khan Lodhi (1469-1485 A.D.) and Daulat Khan Lodhi (1500-1525 A.D.) as Governors of Punjab to
assure the smooth governance of the state.
Daulat Khan Lodhi, the governor of Punjab remained loyal to Sikander Lodhi. When Ibrahim Lodhi, the last
ruler of the Lodhi Dynasty occupied the throne, Dualat Khan Lodhi turned rebellious because he wanted to
become an independent ruler of Punjab. To achieve this very objective, he impelled Babur to invade Punjab.
} Babur's Invasion of Punjab and the Establishment of Mughal Empire: Babur came from Kabul (Central Asia)
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to India with the aim of establishing his own rule in India. He wanted to annex the Punjab. there was constant
struggle between Ibrahim Lodhi, Daulat Khan Lodhi and Babur from 1519 to 1526 to annex and control
Punjab. This struggle is known as tri-partite struggle. Babur invaded Punjab five times in order to conquer
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Punjab. Babur's first invasion was on Bhera and Bijnaur inApril 1519. The second invasion was on Peshawar
in September 1 519 and his third invasion was on Sayyidpur in 1520 A.D.
On the invitation ofDaulat Khan Lodhi, Babur invaded Punjab for the fourth time in 1524 A.D. In the fifth
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invasion 1525 A.D. Babur defeated and imprisoned Daulat Khan Lodhi. Thus, he annexed Punjab including
Lahore. After occupying Punjab, Babur proceeded further towards Delhi. In 1526, a battle took place between
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Ibrahim Lodhi and Babur at Panipat, which is known as the first battle of Panipat. In this way, Babur annexed
Delhi and established the Mughal empire in India
A deep study of Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji's bani clearly reveals that there was nothing appreciable in the social,
political and religious realm of Punjab. The socio-religious system had collapsed. Due to this precarious
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condition, Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji came up with a new ideology. In fact, the description of the contemporary
society in his Bani is in the context of his ethical teachings.
n Political Condition

During the Turko-Afghan rule in Punjab, the rulers tended to administer in Punjab in accordance with Shariyat.
During the Lodhi regime, courts were established in many cities. In these courts the Qazis used to dispense justice
according to the rules of Shariyat. Sufi Sheiks and Ulemas of Muslim aristocracy had a political patronage. They
were given cash and tax free jagirs. Non-Muslims were discriminated against in many ways. They had to pay
Jazia and Pilgrimage Tax.
Guru Nanak Dev ji was familiar with the administrative methods and policies of contemporary Turko-Afghan
rulers of Punjab. In his bani, he compared the Turk-Afghan rule with Kalyug. He has mentioned the unjust and
discriminatory measures such as Jazia and Pilgrimage Tax and constant atrocities on people by the ruling class
over non-Muslims. He wrote that rulers are hunting people like a lion hunt. They constantly exploit the common
people in the name of God. Guru Nanak Dev ji taught people to have devotion to the king that is God. To him
service to God is the true service. To him, God is almighty and he can bring down any worldly king in a second.
Similarly, the poorest of the poor can attain the highest level with God's grace.
n Socio-Religious Condition
The social conditions of the Punjab in the 16th century were not good. The society was largely divided into religious
groups-Hindu and Muslim. Muslims belonged to the ruling class; hence they had a privileged position in the society.
Muslim society of that time in Punjab constituted largely consisted of Turko-Afghan people and local religious
converts into Islam. Among the religious converts were war prisoners, however men, women and children added
a substantial number in addition to it. Many people accepted Islam due to the influence of Sufi Saints.
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Literacy was limited to towns where many learned men resided. Persian was the language of the elite while
Punjabi under the influence of Sufi saints was also taking literary form.
In the 16th century, after the establishment of the Turko-Afghan rule in Punjab, Hindu society weakened From
the Vedic age, the Hindu society was divided into four Varnas namely- Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras
respectively. The political patronage to the Brahmins had decreased. Most of the Brahmins got engaged in a
number of other works while leaving their traditional work of priesthood and educator. The kshatriyas were
associated with the warfare traditionally. However, with changing circumstances, they got engaged in trade and
other occupations. From the very beginning, The Vaishyas were involved in money lending, trade and agriculture
which they continued. Due to the decreasing influence of brahmanas and kshatriyas, shudras got emancipated
to some extent from the rigidity of varna system and involved themselves in a host of other works.
Guru Nanak Dev Ji's bani gives a vivid account of the socio-religious condition of that time. According to him, the
class of brahmanas simply prayed and praised the ruling class to earn their living and kshatriyas had adopted the
conduct of the ruler elite. Both had forgotten their actual religion. According to Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji, the true
Brahmin is that who could help himself and other people to get emancipation from the sins. The true Kshatriyas
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is that who could protect the people from tyranny.
n Position of Women in Muslim Society
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Only upper-class women lived in good conditions to some extent. However, women of other strata lived in miserable
conditions. Women were confined to the four walls of the house and had to wear a 'burqa'. They did not have a
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right to education. Their opinion was not considered important in any kind of decision-making process. The custom
of polygyny was prevalent amongst the rich people. Women were purchased and sold. The custom of divorce
was widely prevalent.
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n Position of women in Hindu Society
In Hindu Society the position of women was also not that good. Female infanticide was quite prevalent in some
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sections of the society. Early child marriage was quite common at that time. 'Sati System' was also prevalent at
that time in which married women were burnt alive on the pyre of their deceased husbands. Women of the
Hindu society were also secluded in houses. They did not have the right to education.
l Guru ji also opposed the atrocities committed on women and advocated the respect and esteem of women.
Guru ji purposely included women in Sangat and Pangat. Guru ji have said in his bani that "so kiu manda akhiyae
jit jamae raajaan'. " Why call her inferior' From her, Kings are born"
Hindu religion was the prime religion of Punjabi people in the 16th century. Hindu religion was divided into
many sects
} Vaishnav Sect: believers of this sect used to worship Vishnu and his incarnations such as Ram and Krishan.
They were vegetarian.
} Shaiv Sect: proponents of the Shaiv sect were worshippers of Shiva. Most of them were hermits. This sect
includes among others Gorakhpanthi, Nathpanthi, and jogis.
} Shakti Sect: believers of this sect used to worship Goddess Kali and Goddess Durga as the incarnation of
Shakti. Animal sacrifice was also performed by this sect.
l Most of the people also had faith in magic and indulged in ancestor worship. Some local deities like Gugga Peer,
Sheetla Mata etc, were also quite popular. In addition to the above religions, in the hilly region of Punjab there
were considerable followers of Buddha and Jain in the plains of Punjab. They believed in non-violence. The
teachings of Hinduism still prevail on the basis of Vedas, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Upnishads and the Geeta.
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n Teachings of Guru Nanak Dev Ji
Guru Nanak Devji 's views about God.
} God is One - Guru Nanak Dev ji preached that God is one and that we are all the children of one God.
} God is Formless - According to Guru Nanak Dev ji, God has no colour or shape and is formless. He preached
against idol-worship.
} God is Omnipotent and Omnipresent - According to Guru Nanak Dev ji, God is Omnipotent and Omnipresent.
His powers are unlimited.
} God is Eternal - Guru Nanak Dev ji emphasized that God is eternal and the world is a temporary phase.
} Importance of God's Hukam (will) -According to Guru Nanak Dev ji, man should abide by the Will or Hukam
of God. Everything is false which is not according to the Will of God.
} God is Merciful - According to Guru Nanak Dev ji, God is merciful. To obtain his grace one should do regular
Simran (prayer) of God.
} God is great -According to Guru Nanak Dev ji, God is great and it is impossible to describe his greatness.
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n Guru Nanak Dev Ji in Kartarpur
l After returning to Sultanpur Lodhi in 1521, Guru Nanak Dev ji visited the nearby places in Punjab. In 1522
AD, he established the town of Kanarpur on the banks of the river Ravi. He spent the last 18 years of his life
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with his family as a householder. He lived the life of a farmer and as an ideal householder at Kartarpur. He gave
the message of 'namm japo, kirat karo', vand chhako (meditate, work & share) to the people. His teachings are
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largely based on his own practical life.
l Impressed by the dedication of his devotee Bhai Lehna, he nominated him as his successor and named him
'Angad'. Guru Angad Devji became the second Guru of the Sikhs. On 22nd September, 1539 AD Shri Guru
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Nanak Dev ji left this world at Kartarpur. He is called Guru Nanak Shah Faqir, a Guru for the Hindus and a Pir
for the Muslims. Guru Nanak Dev ji occupies a high place in the history of the world. He opened a new path for
the welfare of humanity through his teachings. He gave a message of universal brotherhood. His teachings laid
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the foundation of Sikh religion.
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GURU NANAK JI AND CONTEMPORARY SOCIETY EXERCISE
1. Gurunanak dev ji birth place was the village 9. Name the sons of Guru Nanak Dev Ji?
Talwandi,now called ? (1) Baba Shri Chand ji
(1) Nankana Sahib (2) Sindh (2) Baba Lakhmi Das Ji
(3) Amritsar (4) Lahore (3) Both 1 and 2
2. What was the name of the father of Guru Nanak (4) None of these
Dev Ji ?
10. At what place Guru Nanak Ji settled with his family?
(1) Mehta kalu (2) Mool Chand Ji
(1) Rawalpindi (2) Lahore
(3) Banda Singh (4) None of these
(3) Kartarpur (4) Multan
3. The worshippers off goddess Durga were called ?
11. Guru Nanak Dev Ji left this world on 22nd
(1) Vaishnav (2) Shaivas September 1539 at place _
(3) Sunnis (4) Shaktas (1) Kartarpur (2) Nanded
4. What was Jaziya ?
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(3) Hisar (4) Lahore
(1) Religious (2) Tax 12. Who gave the message of'Namm japo,kirat karo'
(3) Tradition (4) Jewel vand chakko (meditate work and share)
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5. Who were Ulema ? (1) Guru Nanak Dev Ji
(1) Labourers (2) Bhai lehna
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(2) Hindu religious leaders (3) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(3) Muslim religious leaders (4) None of these
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(4) None of these 13. Guru Nanak Dev ji was married to __________.
6. What were Guru Nanak Ji's travels called ? (1) Bibi sulakhni Ji (2) Bibi Surekha
(1) Udasis (2) Firna (3) Bibi chand (4) Bibi bano
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(3) Ghumna (4) None of these 14. What are the steps taken by the guruji to try
7. Which pandit made Guru Nanak Dev ji sit in front eradicate untouchability?
of him and ask him to wear the second thread ? (1) Langar (2) Pangat
(1) Pandit hardayal (2) Pandit gopal (3) Both 1 and 2 (4) None of these
(3) Pandit Brij (4) None of these 15. The class to which the iqtadars belong in the Muslim
8. Where did Guru Nanak Dev Ji get enlightenment? society ?
(1) Sultanpur Lodhi (2) Gurdaspur Lodhi (1) Upper class (2) Middle class
(3) Haridwar (4) None of these (3) Lower glass (4) None of these
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 1 4 2 3 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 3 1
9
10
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Important Notes
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3. DEVELOPMENT OF SIKH RELIGION (1539-1581 CE)
n Introduction
The period from 1539-1581 AD too has a special place in the Sikh history. During this time Sri Guru Angad
Devji, Sri Guru Amardas ji and Sri Guru Ramdas ji established and expanded the institutions like Sangat,
Pangat, Manji and Masand system, which enabled Sikh religion to spread rapidly in all the directions through the
great contribution of these Sikh Gurus.
n Guru Angad Devji (1539-52 AD)
Bhai Lehna (Guru Angad Dev ji) was born on 31st March, 1504 at Matte Di Sarai (Sarainaga, District Sri Muktsar
Sahib). During Babur's attack on Punjab in 1526 A.D. his family moved to Khadoor Sahib. Bhai Lehna was a
devotee of Goddess Durga. One day he heard, Bhai Jodha ji, a devotee of Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji singing the
hymns of Aasa Di Vaar. This had a great impact on him and he visited Kartarpur to meet Guru Nanak Dev ji. He
was so impressed by the Bani and the saintly life of Guru Nanak Dev ji that he decided to stay at Kartarpur and
N
became his disciple. Lehna's true devotion and dedication pleased Guru Nanak Dev ji who embraced him and
gave him the name Angad and anointed him as his successor. Thus, Bhai Lehna ji became the second Guru of
the Sikhs and became popular as Guru Angad Dev Ji.
E
l Contribution in the Development of Sikhism
Guru Angad Dev ji was the Guru between 2 September 1539 A.D. and 29 March 1552 A.D.
L
} Standardization of Gurmukhi Script - Guru Angad Dev ji improved the script and standardized it thereby
making it a script for the common people. He gave it the name Gurmukhi (uttered by the Guru). Guru Angad
L
Dev ji also wrote 'Balbodh' in Gurmukhi. He composed hymns in Gurmukhi, which are a part of Sri Guru
Granth Sahib.
} Preservation of Sri Guru Nanak Devji's Bani -Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji had handed over a pothi of Gurbani to
A
Sri Guru Angad Dev ji bin which the bani of many other saints and devotees were also included. He also
composed Bani under the name of Nanak After this, the Gurbani became the prayer for the Sikhs replacing
the mantras.
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\03.Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581 CE).p65
} Expansion of Langar System- Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji started the Langar system and this institution expanded
in the times of Sri Guru Angad Dev ji. The kitchen was placed under the charge of Sri Guru Angad's Mahal
(wife) Bibi Khivi. The expense of the Langar was met out of the offerings of Guru's disciple. Langar helped
in the development of a spirit of unity, cooperation and charity among the emerging Sikh community.
} Development of the Sangat System- Sri Guru Nanak Dev ji had established the Sangat System. At Khadoor
Sahib the bani of Sri Guru Nanak was sung twice everyday- morning and evening. In this way, Sri Guru Angad
Dev ji made the Sangat system a permanent and regular institution of ten Sikhs which played an important
role in the organization of Sikh community.
} Emphasis on Physical Development- He established a wrestling arena (Mal Akhara) at Khadoor Sahib for the
Sikhs to be trained in wrestling and physical fitness. This tradition later on helped in the emergence of Sikhs
as a military power.
} Foundation of Goindwal- In 1546, under the supervision of Guru Amardas Ji, Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji got
established the city of Goindwal. Goindwal became an important pilgrimage centre of the Sikhs.
} Appointment of a successor- Before his death Guru Angad Dev ji anointed Guru Amar Das ji as his successor
bypassing his sons. Guru Anagd Dev ji breathed his last on March 29, 1552 after serving the Sikh community
for 13 years.
11
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n Guru Amar Das ji (1552-74 AD)
Guru Amar das ji was bom in the village of Basarke (District Amritsar) on May 5, 1479. The name of his father
was Tejbhan and mother's name was Sulakhani. Guru Amar Das ji used to visit Haridwar every year to bathe in
the holy Ganga. One day, he heard the Bani of Guru Nanak Dev ji recited by Bibi Amro (daughter of Guru
Angad Devji and wife of Guru Amardas ji's nephew) and was greatly impressed. He went to visit Guru Angad
Dev ji at Khadoor Sahib and became his disciple. Guru Amardasji served Guru Angad Dev ji and the Sangat
with deep devotion and energy. Impressed by the intense devotion and humility of Guru Amardas ji, Guru Angad
Devji anointed him as his successor in March, 1552.
l Contribution Towards the Development of Sikhism
Guru Amar Das ji led the Sikh community for 22 years from 1552 A.D. to 1574 A.D.
} Construction of Baoli at Goindwal - After becoming the Guru in 1552, Guru Amar Dass ji got a Baoli constructed
there which took 7 years to complete in 1559. It is a large oblong well comprising 84 steps which have their
own importance. This place became an important pilgrimage site of the Sikhs, which played an important
role in the expansion and development of Sikhism.
N
} Expansion of the Langar System- Sri Guru Amar Dass ji who insisted Langar First, then Sangat that one
should first partake (a free common meal) Langar before meeting him. He also inspired the Sangat to contribute
for Langar. Mughal Emperor Akbar also met Guru ji after partaking Langar.
E
} Composition of Bani- Sri Guru Amar Dasji obtained the Pothi of Bani (Hymns) from Guru Angad Dev ji. Guru
Amar Das ji himself composed 907 hymns in 17 Ragas.
L
} Establishment of Manji System- Guru Ji Established manji system to spread and promulgate Sikhism. He
established 22 Manjis. The head of the Manji was called a Manjidar. These Manjidars used to act as a bridge
between Guru ji and Sikh Sangat. The Sangat used to send their offerings to Guru Ji through these Manjidars.
L
} Cordial Relations with Akbar- The Mughal Emperor Akbar visited Goindwal in 1567 to meet Guru Amar
Das Ji. He met Guru Ji after partaking the Langar. At this time this region was undergoing severe drought,
at the insistence of the Guru ji Akbar waived off the land revenue of peasants.
A
l Guru Amar Das Ji as a Social Reformer
} Guru Amar Das Ji condemned caste discrimination and untouchability. Langar system played an important

part in ending the caste discrimination among the Sikhs.
} Guruji preached against the age-old practice of 'Sati' in the society.
} Purdah system was prevalent in Medieval India among women. Guru Ji preached against this practice and
advised them to denounce Purdah system.
} Guru Ji advised Sikhs not to indulge in alcohol, tobacco and other intoxicants.
} At the time of Guru Sahib people (Sangat) used occasions such as Vaisakhi and Diwali to assemble at Goindwal,
listen to Guru's message and partake Langar. It developed a source of brotherhood and unity.
Appointment of a Successor - Impressed by the devotion of Bhai Jetha ji, Guru Amar Das Ji anointed Bhai
Jetha Ji as his successor who was later known as Guru Ram Das Ji. Guru Amar Das ji breathed his last in
1574 at the age of 95.
n Guru Ram Das Ji (1574 A.D. - 1581 A.D.)
Sri Guru Ram Das Ji was born on September 24, 1534 A.D. in Chunamandi at Lahore. His parents were Shri
Haridass and Anup Devi. His childhood name was Jetha. Once he visited Goindwal along with some Sikhs, and
there he was so impressed by the persona of Guru Amar Das Ji that he became his disciple. He started serving
the Sri Guru Amar Das Ji was so pleased with Bhai Jethaji's sense of devotion and service that he married his
daughter Bibi Bhani to him. Bhai Jetha ji's dedication, Guru Amar Das Ji anointed him as his successor and he
later became popular as Guru Ram Das Ji.
12
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n Contribution towards development of Sikh Religion
Guru Ram Das Ji remained on the Gurgaddi from 1574 A.D. to 1581 A.D.
} Foundation of Ramdaspur (Amritsar)-The greatest contribution of Guru Ram Das Ji towards the Sikh religion
was in laying down the foundation of Ramdaspur or Amritsar. In 1577 A.D., he initiated the work of digging
the Amrit Sarovar (pool) under the supervision of Baba Budda Ji. He directed the Sikhs to come and settle
in Ramdaspur. Following his directions 52 traders also came to settle here. Gradually, a market developed
there which came to be known as Guru Ka Bazaar. Ramdaspur also came to be known as Chakk Guru and
Chak Guru Ram Das. Later it was named Amritsar.
} Beginning of the Masand System- Guru Ram Das ji initiated the Masand System. They represented the house
of Guru to local Sikh Sangat. They used to resolve common problems of the Sikh Sangat and associated
them with the house of Guru ji. Construction of Chak Guru Ramdas
} Composition of Bani- Guru Ram Das ji completed as important task of composition of Bani. He composed
his Bani in the 30 ragas. This bani includes among others 8 vaars and ghorian etc. In addition, he composed
a specific Bani called 'laavan' in the Raga Suhi which is recited at the occasion of Anand Karaj (a Sikh wedding)
N
Guru Ram Das ji added the above Bani into the 'pothi' which was received by him from Guru Amar Dasji.
} Anointment of Successor- Of all his three sons, Guru Ram Das Ji considered Guru Arjun Dev Ji fit to succeed
him because Prithi Chand was greedy and mischievous while Maha Dev had no interest in worldly affairs.
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Hence, he anointed Guru Arjun Dev Ji as his successor. On September 1, 1581 Guru Ram Das Ji breathed
his last breath.
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DEVELOPMENT OF SIKH RELIGION (1539-1581 CE) EXERCISE
1. Which guruji started the construction work of the 9. To which of his son did Guru Ramdas ji entrust the
Baoli at goindwal ? Gurgaddi?
(1) Guru Angad Dev Ji (2) Guru Amar Das Ji (1) PrithiChand (2) Mahadev
(3) Guru Ramdas ji (4) None of these (3) Arjun Dev (4) None of these
2. In which year Guru Angad Dev ji was born ? 10. Who initiated the masand system ?
(1) 1504 A.D (2) 1505 A.D (1) Guru Ramdas ji (2) Guru Amardas ji
(3) 1506 A.D (4) 1507. A.D (3) Guru Angad Dev Ji (4) None of these
3. What was the other name of Guru Angad Dev Ji ? 11. Who laid down the the foundation of Ramdaspur
or Amritsar ?
(1) Bhai lehna (2) Bhai Amrit
(1) Guru Ramdas ji (2) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(3) Bhai kartar (4) None of these
N
(3) Guru Nanak (4) Guru hargobind
4. Name the wife of Guru Angad Dev Ji ?
12. In which year Shri Guru Ramdas ji was born ?
(1) Bibi sulakhni (2) Bibi khivi
E
(1) 1534 A.D (2) 1535 A.D
(3) Bibi Surekha (4) None of these
(3) 1536 A.D (4) 1538 A.D
5. Who became the second Guru of the Sikhs ?
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13. Who constructed a Baoli (well) with 84 steps in 1559
(1) Guru Angad Dev Ji (2) Guru Amar Das
A.D. in Goindval ?
(3) Guru Ram Das (4) Guru Arjan Dev
L
(1) Guru Amar Das (2) Guru Ram Das
6. Guru Amar Das Ji opposed ?
(3) Guru Angad Dev (4) None of these
(1) Caste discrimination (2) Untouchability
14. Name the children of Guru Amar Das Ji ?
A
(3) Sati system (4) All of these
(1) Baba Mohan (2) Baba mohari
7. What was the total number of Manjidars ?
(3) Both 1 and 2 (4) None of these

(1) 20 (2) 21 (3) 22 (4) 23
15. In which year year the Guru Amar Das Ji appointed
8. Which Mughal emperor visited goindwal in 1567 as a guru ?
meet Guru Amar Das Ji ?
(1) 1552 (2) 1553
(1) Babar (2) Akbar
(3) 1554 (4) 1555
(3) Bahadur Shah Zafar (4) None of these
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 2 1 1 2 1 4 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 3 1
14
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4. SHRI GURU ARJUN DEV JI CONTRIBUTION IN
DEVELOPMENT OF SIKHISM AND HIS MARTYRDOM
n Guru Arjan Dev Ji

In 1581 AD Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji became the fifth Guru of the Sikhs. Guru Arjan Devji preached Sikh religion
for 25 long years. The steps taken by him for the development of Sikhism and gave a new thought and a new
direction. By constructing Sri Harmandir Sahib, Sri Guru Arjan Devji made Amritsar a great spiritual centre for
the Sikhs and with the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib ji gave the Sikh religion an independent identity of its
own. His martyrdom instilled in the Sikhs a feeling of sacrifice in the name of religion.
n Early Life
Sri Guru Arjan Devji was born on April 15, 1563 AD at Goindwal. He was the third and the youngest son of Sri
Guru Ram Dasji and Bibi Bhani. Right from his childhood Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji was an extremely intelligent
child with a religious bent of mind. Sri Guru Arjan Devji learned Gurmukhi letters from Baba Budda Ji and
N
besides that he learnt Persian and Sanskrit also. He gained spiritual knowledge and learnt the Gurbani from Sri
Guru Amar Das ji and Sri Guru Ram Das ji. Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji was married to Ganga daughter of Krishan
Chand, of village Meo (Phillaur) - in 1579 A.D. In 1595 he was blessed with a son who became famous as the
E
sixth Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Hargobind Ji.
Guru Ram Dasji had three sons - Prithi Chand, Maha Dev and Arjan Dev Ji. Prithi was the eldest. He was greedy
L
and shrewd. In the Sikh tradition he was called as 'Meena' (a mean person). Mahadev was not at all interested in
worldly affairs. While Guru Arjan Devji was humble and obedient. Before his death in 1581, seeing the devotion
L
and dedication, Guru Ram Dasji chose his youngest son, Arjan, as the successor.
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\04.Shri Guru Arjun Dev Ji Contribution in Development of Sikhism and his Martyrdom.p65"
n Development of Sikhism under Guru Arian Devji (1581A.D.-1606A.D.)

Despite all the hardships and opposition Guru Arjan Devji worked tirelessly for the growth and spread of Sikh
A
religion during his 25 years.
l Foundation of Sri Harmandir Sahib in Amritsar- Sri Guru Ram Dasji started the work of the two tanks Amritsar
and Santokhsar, but the work was completed by Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji. Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji started the construction
of the Harmandir Sahib in the centre of the Amritsar Sarovar. In 1588 the foundation stone of the Harmandir
Sahib was laid by the Muslim Sufi Saint of Lahore named Mian Mir. In 1604 AD, the Guru Granth Sahib ji was
installed in Sri Harmadir Sahib and Baba Buddhaji was appointed as the first Granthi (Priest).
l Compilation of the Adi Granth Sahib ji: By the time of Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji, Sikh religion had spread far and
wide. Sikh Gurus had composed large number of hymns. Guru Arjan Devji composed 2218 Shabads in 30
Ragas. Some people tried to compose their own hymns in the name of the Gurus. In order to preserve the
original hymns of Gurus (Gurbani) and to provide the knowledge of Gurbani in its authentic form, Guru Arjan
Devji decided to compile 'Adi Granth Sahib'. By the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib Ji, Guru ji provided a different
religious scripture (Adi Granth Sahib ji) to the Sikh community.
The compilation work was done by the Guru ji along with Bhai Gurdasji sitting on banks of Ramsar, to the south-
east of Amritsar. He himself dictated it to Bhai Gurdas ji, The Adi Granth Sahib ji contains the hymns, shabads
and shalokas of the Gurus. It also includes the 'Bani' ofHindu saints, sufi saints, Bhattas and Gursikhs. The Granth
was completed in 1604 A.D. and it was ceremonies as Prakash Utsav in 1604 A.D. for the first time in Sri
Harmandir Sahib. Baba Buddha ji was appointed the first 'Granthi' (Priest).
l Construction of Chheharta: Finding scarcity of water in Wadali the Guru ji got dug a well which was worked by
six Persian wheels (Rahatt). The place came to be known as Chheharta.
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l Development of Masand System: Sri Guru Ram Das ji had initiated the masand system. Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji
further developed the Masand system. Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji called upon the Masands to collect offerings from
the Sikhs at the rate of one-tenth of their income. It was called Daswandh. Guru ji appointed very responsible
Sikhs and Masands. Besides collection of the offerings, Masands used to propagate the teachings of the Gurus
and perform many other important functions.
l Construction of a Baoli in Lahore - During his visit to Lahore, in 1599A.D. Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji got a baoli
constructed in Dabbi Bazaar, which solved the problem of scarcity of water in the area.
l Nomination of his Successor -Before his martyrdom in 1606A.D., Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji nominated his son Guru
Hargobind Ji as his successor and as the sixth Guru of the Sikhs. Guru ji also motivated Guru Hargobind ji to
fight against tyranny.
n Martyrdom of Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji
Akbar was very liberal towards all the religions. After his death, his son Jahangir became the Mughal Emperor.
He was a bigot Muslim. He was unhappy with the growing popularity of Sikh religion and Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji.
It was a golden opportunity for the enemies of Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji to settle the score. At that time, Jahangir's
N
son Khusro rebelled against him. Jahangir got Guru ji brutally martyred charging him of helping the rebellious
Khusrau.
n Causes of Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji's Martyrdom
E
l Expansion of Sikhism - The organizational activities of Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji like the construction of Sri Harmandir
Sahib,Tarn Taran, Kartarpur, Hargobindpur and the compilation of Adi Granth Sahib ji led to the rapid spread
L
of Sikh religion. Apeaceful Sikh brotherhood had slowly developed under the Guru who was their leader and
known as 'Sacha Patshah'. Due to 'Daswandh System' the income of 'Dharmsal' was considerably increasing.
L
Therefore, Jahangir felt political insecurity with the rising popularity of Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji.
l Enimity of Prithi Chand (Prithia)- Prithi Chand (Prithia) was the eldest brother of Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji. He was
very selfish, cunning and greedy. Because of this Sri Guru Ram Das Ji did not select him as his successor but he
considered himself as the real successor of Guruship. Due to failure in attaining Guruship, he turned an enemy
A
of Guru Ji and he started conspiring against Guruji to attain Guruship. He started extracting the money from the
Masands and preached his own compositions as Gurubani. His various attempts to kill Sri Guru Hargobind Ji
were failed. With the assistance of Mughal officials, he began to conspire against Guruji.
l Opposition of the Naqshbandis: In those days Sirhind was the stronghold of the Naqshbandi order. Their leader
Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi was not happy with the growing popularity and power of Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji and had
complained to the Mughal Emperor Akbar that the non-Muslims should not be given any concessions. But Akbar
was very liberal and he did not pay any heed to their complaints. Later on they instigated the Mughal Emperor
Jahangir against the Guruji.
l Opposition of Chandu Shah- Chandu Shah, was an important officer of the Lahore province. His daughter's
marriage was fixed with Guruji's son Hargobindji but due to Chandu Shah's ego, Guru ji rejected the offer of
marriage of Chandu Shah's daughter with his son, Sri Hargobind ji on the request of the Sikhs. He thus instigated
the Mughal Emperor Jahangir against the Guruji which became one o the causes of the Guruji 's martyrdom.
l Religious Intolerance of Jahangir- Jahangir was staunch Muslim and he was concerned about growing popularity
and the following of Guru Ji. The new emperor disapproved of the growing popularity of Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji
and the propaganda of Sikhism and he wanted to stop the spread of Sikhism.
l Immediate Cause - Prince Khusrau rebelled against his father Jahangir. He came to Guru ji for his blessings. Sri
Guru Arjan Dev ji received Prince Khusrau as in the case of any visitor of high position. Guru j welcomed Prince
Khusarau and offered Langar to him. Bu the opponents of Guru ji provoked Jahangir and told that Guruji not
only gave shelter to khusrau but also help him financially. Jahangir ordered the arrest of Guru ji for helping
Khasrau.
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l Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Devji - As per orders of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir Guruji imprisoned on May,
1606A.D. and brought to Lahore Jahangir ordered his execution and also directed that the Guru Ji's family be
handed over to Murtaza Khan, addition to this, Guru Ji's property was confiscated. Guru ji was mercilessly tortured
and finally on 3oth May, 1606 A.D. he attained martyrdom.
According to Sikh tradition, Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji referred to as ' Shaheedan da Sartaj' (supreme among martyrs).
n Impact of the Martyrdom of Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji
l Adoption of New Policy by Sixth Guru - The martyrdom of Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji brought a transformation in the
Sikhs. Sixth Guru, Sri Guru Hargobind Ji was deeply influenced with this incident. Guru Ji felt that political force
is needed for the protection of religion. Therefore, Sri Guru Hargobind ji wore two swords and declared that
they signified Miri and Piri. One symbolized temporal power and the other spiritual power respectively. Gradually,
they began to increase their military strength. For this purpose in 1606 A.D. Akal Takht Sahib was got constructed
in front of Sri Harimandir Sahib at Amritsar. Now, Sikhs began to keep the weapon along with them and they
started offering horses and weapons to Guru Ji. Thus, martyrdom of Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji turned Sri Guru
Hargobind Ji into a saint soldier.
N
l Struggle between Sikh-Mughal Relationship - Till the reign of Akbar, Sikhs had cordial relations with Mughals.
The merciless execution of Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji strained the relationship of Sikhs and Mughals. Both of them
began to consider each other their enemies. This led to the beginning of the struggle between the Sikhs and the
E
Mughals.
l Atrocities of Mughals on Sikhs - After the martyrdom of Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji, Guru Hargobind Ji (the sixth
Guru) got militarized the Sikhs. This led to the beginning of the political atrocities on Sikhs. In 1609A.D., Jahangir
L
got arrested Sri Guru Hargobind Ji in the fort of Gwalior. During the reign of Shahjahan, there were a number
of clashes between Sikhs and Mughals. In 1675 A.D., Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb got martyred ninth Sikh
L
Guru, Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji at Delhi. Sikh - Mughal struggle remain continued during the time of Sri Guru
Gobind Singh Ji, Banda Bahadur and Maharaja Ranjit Singh Ji.
l Development of Sense of Unity among Sikhs - After the martyrdom of Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji, Sikh got prepared
A
mentally to face the political atrocities by tooth and nail. Their faith deepened in the Sikh religion. Thus, the
Martyrdom of Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji became a source of inspiration for Sikhs and this lead to the development
of sense of unity among Sikhs.
In this way, Sri Guru Arjan Dev ji provided a new direction to Sikh religion. His uncommon humility, bravery,
fearlessness, courage and great sense of self-sacrifice filled with a unique kind of zeal. This resulted in the
consolidation and massive spread of Sikh religion.
17
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SHRI GURU ARJUN DEV JI CONTRIBUTION IN DEVELOPMENT
OF SIKHISM AND HIS MARTYRDOM EXERCISE
1. Who was the fifth Guru of the Sikhs ? 6. Guru hargobind ji donned the sword as a twin symbol
(1) Guru Angad Dev Ji of two powers called _________.
(2) Guru harkishan ji (1) Miri (Temporal power)
(3) Guru Arjan Dev Ji (2) Piri (Spiritual power)
(4) None of these (3) Both 1 and 2
2. Who constructed Sri Harmandir Shahib ? (4) None of these
(1) Guru Arjan Devji 7. Who built the Akal takht in front of Sri Harmandir
Sahib at Amritsar ?
(2) Guru Amar Das ji
(1) Guru Hargobind ji
(3) Guru Ram Das ji
(2) Guru Angad Dev Ji
(4) None of these
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(3) Guru Ramdas ji
3. In which year Shri Guru Arjun Dev ji was born ?
(4) None of these
(1) 1563 AD
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8. Where did khusro meet Guru Arjan Dev Ji?
(2) 1564 AD
(1) Goindwal
(3) 1564 AD
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(2) Hargobindpur
(4) 1565 AD
(3) Kartarpur
4. Sri Guru Arjan Dev Ji appointed which Guru as a
(4) None of these
L
sixth Guru of Sikh ?
(1) Shri Guru hargobind ji 9. In which fort jahangir imprisoned Guru hargobind
ji ?
(2) Shri Guru Angad ji
(1) Jaipur (2) Lahore
A
(3) Shri Guru Ram Das Ji
(3) Delhi (4) Gwalior
(4) Shri Guru Nanak Dev Ji
10. Which guru was executed by Jahangir ?
5. According to Sikh tradition which Guru is also known
as 'shaeedan da Sartaj' ? (1) Guru Arjan Dev ji
(1) Shri Guru Arjan Devji (2) Guru Hargobind ji
(2) Shri Guru Guru Nanak ji (3) Guru Nanak ji
(3) Shiv Guru hargobind ji (4) None of these
(4) None of these
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 3 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 4 1
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5. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
n Introduction
The French Revolution is considered by various historians as the most significant event in the human history. The
Revolution which took place in 1789 made some massive changes in the existing political institutions and
endeavoured to establish a responsible government.
n French Society During the Late Eighteenth Century
l In 1774, Louis XVI of the Bourbon family of kings ascended the throne of France. He was 20 years old and
married to the Austrian princess Marie Antoinette. Upon his accession the new king found an empty treasury.
Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France. Added to this was the cost of maintaining an
extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles. Under Louis XVI, France helped the thirteen American
colonies to gain their independence from the common enemy, Britain. The war added more than a billion livres
to a debt that had already risen to more than 2 billion livres.
N
l French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three estates, and only members of the third estate
paid taxes. The society of estates was part of the feudal system that dated back to the middle ages. The term
Old Regime is usually used to describe the society and institutions of France before 1789. The members of the
E
first two estates, that is, the clergy and the nobility, enjoyed certain privileges by birth. The most important of
these was exemption from paying taxes to the state.
L
l Form of taxes
The Church too extracted its share of taxes called tithes from the peasants, and finally, all members of the third
L
estate had to pay taxes to the state. These included a direct tax, called taille, and a number of indirect taxes
which were levied on articles of everyday consumption like salt or tobacco.
l The Struggle to Survive - Subsistence Crisis
A
The population of France rose from about 23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789. This led to a rapid increase
in the demand for foodgrains. Production of grains could not keep pace with the demand. So the price of bread,
which was the staple diet of the majority, rose rapidly. Things became worse whenever drought or hail reduced
the harvest. This led to a subsistence crisis, something that occurred frequently in France during the Old Regime.
l Growing Middle Class Envisages an End of Privileges
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\05.The French Revolution.p65
} In addition to merchants and manufacturers, the third estate included professions such as lawyers or
administrative officials. All of these were educated and believed that no group in society should be privileged
by birth. Rather, a person's social position must depend on his merit.
} In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu proposed a division of power within the government between the
legislative, the executive and the judiciary. This model of government was put into force in the USA, after
the thirteen colonies declared their independence from Britain.
} John Locke wrote a book 'Two Treatises of Government', in which he sought to refute the doctrine of the
divine and absolute right of the monarch.
} Rousseau gave the people of France the concept of democracy through his book “ The Social Contract”.
Rousseau carried the idea forward, proposing a form of government based on a social contract between
people and their representatives.
} The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in salons and coffee-houses and spread among
people through books and newspapers.
19
Class X
ALLEN
n The Outbreak of the Revolution
} On 5 May 1789, Louis XVI called together an assembly of the Estates General to pass proposal for new
taxes.
} Voting in the Estates General in the past had been conducted according to the principle that each estate had
one vote. But members of the third estate demanded that voting now be conducted by the assembly as a
whole, where each member would have one vote. This was one of the democratic principles put forward by
philosophers like Rousseau in his book The Social Contract. When the king rejected this proposal, members
of the third estate walked out of the assembly in protest.
} On 20 June, they assembled in the hall of an indoor tennis court in the ground of Versailles. They declared
themselves a National Assembly and swore not to disperse till they had drafted a Constitution for France that
would limit the powers of the monarch. They were led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes. Abbe Sieyes, originally
a priest, wrote an influential pamphlet called “What is the Third Estate”. This pious pledge executed by the
representatives on the court is famous as the ‘Tennis Court Oath”.
} While the National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a Constitution, the rest of France seethed with
N
turmoil. On 14 July, the agitated crowd stormed and destroyed the Bastille.
} In the countryside, rumours spread from village to village that the lords of the manor had hired bands of
brigands who were on their way to destroy the ripe crops. Caught in a frenzy of fear, peasants in several
E
districts seized hoes and pitchforks and attacked chateaux.
} Faced with the power of his revolting subjects, Louis XVI finally accorded recognition to the National Assembly
L
and accepted the principle that his powers would from now be checked by a Constitution.
n France Becomes a Constitutional Monarchy
} The National Assembly completed the draft of the Constitution in 1791. Powers were now separated and
L
assigned to different institutions – the legislature, executive and judiciary.
} Active citizens: entitled to vote. About 4 million of a population of 28 million.
} Passive citizens: no voting rights. About 3 million men, women, children and youth below 25.
A
} The Constitution began with the declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Rights such as the right of life,
freedom of speech, freedom of opinion, equality before law were established as ‘natural and inalienable’
rights,
n France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a Republic
} Louis XVI entered into secret negotiations with the king of Prussia.

} The national assembly voted in April 1792 to declare war against Prussia and Austria. Thousand of volunteers
thronged from the provinces to join the army. Among the patriotic songs they sang was the Marseillaise,
composed by the poet Roget de L’Isle. The Marseillaise is now the national anthem of France.
} Political clubs became an important rallying point for people. The most successful political clubs was that of
the Jacobins, which got its name from the former convent of St Jacob in Paris.
} The members of the Jacobin club belonged mainly to the less prosperous sections of society. Their leader
was Maximilian Robespierre.
} On the morning of August 10, they stormed the Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the King’s guards and
held the king himself as hostage for several hours. Later the assembly voted to imprison the royal family.
Elections were held.
} The newly elected assembly was called the Convention. On 21 September 1792, it abolished the monarchy
and declared France a republic.
} On 21 January 1793, he was executed publicly at the Place de la Concorde.
20
Social Science
ALLEN
n The Reign of Terror
The period from 1793 to 1794 is referred to as the Reign of Terror. Robespierre followed a policy of severe
control and punishment. All those whom he saw as being ‘enemies’ of the republic were arrested, imprisoned
and then tried by a revolutionary tribunal.
If the court found them ‘guilty’ they were guillotined. The guillotine is a device consisting of two poles and a
blade with which a person is beheaded. Finally, he was convicted by a court in July 1794, arrested and on the
next day sent to the guillotine.
n A Directory Rules France
} The fall of the Jacobin government allowed the wealthier middle classes to seize power.
} A new Constitution was introduced which denied the vote to non-propertied sections of society. It provided
for two elected legislative councils. These then appointed a directory, an executive made up of five members.
} The directors often clashed with the legislative councils, who then sought to dismiss them. The political
instability of the directory paved the way for the rise of a military dictator Napoleon Bonaparte.
n Role of Women in the Revolution
N
} From the very beginning, women were active participants in the events which brought about so many important
changes in French society.
E
} Women started their own political clubs. The Society of Revolutionary and Republican women was the most
famous of them.
} In the early years, the revolutionary government did introduce laws that helped improve the lives of women.
L
} During the reign of terror, the new government issued laws ordering closure of women’s clubs and banning
their political activities.
L
} It was finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to vote.
n The Abolition of Slavery
} The colonies in the Caribbean – Martinique, Guadeloupe and San Domingo – were important suppliers of
A
commodities such as tobacco, indigo, sugar and coffee. Shortage of labour on the plantations. was met by a
triangular slave trade between Europe, Africa and the Americas. The slave trade began in the seventeenth
century. Port cities like Bordeaux and Nantes owed their economic prosperity to the flourishing slave trade.
} It was finally the convention which in 1794 legislated to free all slaves in the French overseas possessions.
Ten years later, Napoleon reintroduced slavery. Slavery was finally abolished in French colonies in 1848.
n The Revolution and Everyday Life
} One important law that came into effect soon after the storming of the Bastille in the summer of 1789 was
the abolition of censorship.
} Now "the Declaration of the Right of Man and Citizen" proclaimed freedom of speech and expression to be
a natural right. Newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed pictures flooded the towns of France from where
they travelled rapidly in the countryside.
n Napoleon Bonaparte
} In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of France. Napoleon saw his role as a moderniser
of Europe.
} But soon the Napoleonic armies came to be viewed everywhere as an invading force. He was finally defeated
at Waterloo in 1815.
} The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most important legacy of the French Revolution. These
spread from France to the rest of Europe during the nineteenth century, where feudal systems were abolished.
Colonised peoples reworked the idea of freedom from bondage into their movements to create a sovereign
nation state.
21
Class X
ALLEN
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION EXERCISE
1. The professions of the people of the third estate 10. The Guillotine, as a device of execution was used
were regularly during the ‘Reign of Terror’ by
(1) Lawyers and administrative officers (1) Louis VI
(2) Potters (2) Maximilian Robespierre
(3) Butchers (3) Marie Antoinette
(4) All of these (4) Napoleon Bonaparate
2. The French Revolution began on 11. The third estate members assembled in the hall of
(1) July 14, 1789 (2) January 10, 1780 an indoor tennis court in the grounds of Versailles on
(3) August 10, 1782 (4) October 12, 1756 (1) 20th June 1786 (2) 20th June 1787
3. The group that was described as ‘passive citizen’ (3) 20th June 1788 (4) 20th June 1789
by the Constitution of 1791 in France was 12. The convention abolished the monarchy and
(1) Landed clergy (2) Political philosophers declared France a republic on
N
(3) Tax paying peasants (4) Women and peasants (1) 21st September 1790
4. The Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only (2) 21st September 1791
to the (3) 21st September 1792
E
(1) Richer sections of society (4) 21st September 1793
(2) Less privileged sections 13. The term Old Regime is used to describe the society
L
(3) Merchants and institutions of France before
(4) Artisans and servants (1) 1786 (2) 1787
L
5. Forced closure of women political clubs took place (3) 1788 (4) 1789
during the 14. The book ‘The Social Contract’ was written by
(1) reign of Louis VI. (2) reign of terror (1) Jean Jacques Rousseau
A
(3) reign of Directory (4) reign of convention (2) John Locke
6. Political symbols like broken chains, the Sceptre and (3) Montesquieu
bundles of rods were used during the French (4) Voltaire
Revolution because French peasants were 15. The model of government put into force in the USA
(1) Socially adaptable (2) Politically inclined was proposed by the philosopher
(3) Educated (4) Illiterate (1) Jean Jacques Rousseau
7. The war against Prussia and Austria in April 1792 (2) John Locke CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\05.The French Revolution.p65
was viewed as a war against the (3) Montesquieu

(1) Kings and aristocracies (4) Voltaire
(2) Forced occupation 16. Leader of the Jacobin club was
(3) Peasants revolt (1) Abbe Sieyes
(4) Military dictatorship (2) Maximilian Robespierre
8. The national colours of France at the time of the (3) Mirabeau
French Revolution were (4) Olympe de Gouges
(1) Blue-White-Red (2) Black-Blue-Green 17. During the French Revolution, people stormed the
(3) White-Yellow-Blue (4) Red-Yellow-Green Bastille on
9. The year in which Napoleon was defeated in (1) 14th July 1789
Waterloo was (2) 14th August 1789
(1) 1804 (2) 1810 (3) 14th September 1789
(3) 1815 (4) 1821 (4) 14th October 1789
22
Social Science
ALLEN
18. The National Assembly completed the draft of the 24. In the context of France, what was 'tithes'?
constitution in (1) A tax levied by the Church
(1) 1791 (2) 1792 (2) Direct tax levied by the State
(3) 1793 (4) 1794 (3) The tax levied on the articles of everyday con-
19. Women in France won the right to vote finally in the sumption
year (4) None of these
(1) 1943 (2) 1944 25. Unit of currency in France discontinued after 1794.
(1) Pound (2) Livre
(3) 1945 (4) 1946
(3) Dollar (4) Rupee
20. Robespierre’s government forced all citizens to eat
26. In France the period from 1793 to 1794 is
the
referred to as Reign of _______.
(1) esclave alimentaires
(1) Happiness (2) Terror
(2) inequality alimentaires
(3) Peace (4) Mal-administration
(3) pain d’ liberte 27. The National Assembly of France voted in April
N
(4) pain d’ egalite 1792, to declare war against:
21. In context of France the volunteers from Marseilles (1) Britain and Germany
sang the Marseillaise, a patriotic song when they (2) Prussia and Austria
E
marched into Paris. Who composed this song? (3) Italy and Germany
(1) Maximilian Robespierre (4) Russia and Prussia
L
(2) Marie Antoinette 28. King Louis XVI belonged to which dynasty of kings?
(3) Roget de L'Isle (1) Hapsburg (2) Bourbon
L
(4) Mirabeau (3) Romanov (4) Windsor
22. Who among the following Indian individuals re- 29. 'The Spirit of Laws' was written by:
sponded to the ideas coming from Revolution- (1) Montesquieu (2) Rousseau
(3) Jean Paul Marat (4) John Locke
A
ary France?
(1) Bhagat Singh (2) Rammohan Roy 30. Which Revolution gave the ideas of Liberty,
Freedom and Equality to the world?
(3) Mahatma Gandhi (4) Sultan of Awadh
(1) The American Revolution
23. Who among the following reintroduced slavery in
(2) The French Revolution
France after it was abolished by Jacobin regime?
(3) The Russian Revolution
(1) Louis XIV (2) Robespierre
(4) None of these
(3) Napoleon (4) Marat
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 1 4 1 2 4 1 1 3 2 4 3 4 1 3 2 1 1 4 4
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 3 2 3 1 2 2 2 2 1 2
23
24
Class X
A L L
Important Notes
E N
ALLEN

Social Science
ALLEN
6. RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
n The Age of Social Change
l Liberals Radicals and Conservatives
} Liberals : They wanted a nation which tolerated all religions, opposed the uncontrolled powers of dynastic
rulers and wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against government. They did not belive in universal
adult franchise.
} Radicals : They wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country’s population.
They supported women suffragette movement.
} Conservatives : They accepted that some changes was inevitable but believed that the past had to be
respected and change had to be brought about through a slow process.
n Industrial Society and Social Change
} Industrialisation brought men, women and children to factories. Work hours were often long and wages were
poor. Unemployment was common,
N
} Housing and sanitation were problems since towns were growing rapidly. Liberals and radicals searched for
solutions to these issues.
E
n Socialism in Europe
} Robert Owen (1771-1858), a leading English manufacturer, sought to build a cooperative community called
L
New Harmony in Indiana (USA).
} In France, for instance, Louis Blanc (1813-1882) wanted the government should encourage cooperatives
L
and replace capitalist enterprises.
} Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895) added other ideas to this body of arguments.
Marx argued that industrial society was 'capitalist'.
A
} Marx believed that to free themselves from capitalist exploitation, workers had to construct a radically
socialist society where all property was socially controlled. This would be a communist society.
l Support of Socialism
To co-ordinate their efforts, socialists formed an international body - namely, the Second International. In Germany,
these associations worked closely with the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and helped it win parliamentary seats.
By 1905, socialists and trade unionists formed a Labour Party in Britain and a Socialist Party in France.
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\06.Russian Revolution.p65
n The Russian Empire in 1914

In 1914, Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia and its empire. The majority religion was Russian orthodox Christianity –
which had grown out of the Greek orthodox church – but the empire also included Catholis, Protestants,
Muslims and Buddhists.
n Economy and Society
} About 85 percent of the Russian empire's population earned their living from agriculture and Russia was a
major exporter of grain.
} Industry was found in pockets. Prominent industrial areas were St Petersburg and Moscow.
} Women made up 31 per cent of the factory labour force by 1914 but they were paid less than men
} In the countryside, peasants cultivated most of the land.
} Russian peasants were different from other European peasants in another way. They pooled their land
together periodically and their commune (mir) divided it according to the needs of individual families.
25
Class X
ALLEN
n Socialism in Russia
} All political parties were illegal in Russia before 1914. The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (Social
Democrats) was founded in 1898 by socialists who respected Marx's ideas.
} Socialists were active in the countryside through the late nineteenth century. They formed the Socialist
Revolutionary Party in 1900.
} The Russian Social Democratic Workers' party was divided over the strategy of organisation. Vladimir Lenin
(who led the Bolshevik group) thought that in a repressive society like Tsarist Russia, the party should be
disciplined and should control the number and quality of its members. Others (Mensheviks) thought that the
party should be open to all (as in Germany).
n Turbulent Time : The 1905 Revolution
} The year 1904 was a particularly bad one for Russian workers.
} Over the next few days, over 1,10,000 workers in St Petersburg went on strike demanding a reduction in
the working day to eight hours, an increase in wages and improvement in working conditions.
N
} When the procession of workers led by Father Gapon reached the Winter Palace, it was attacked by the
police and the Cossacks. Over 100 workers were killed and about 300 wounded. The incident known as
Bloody Sunday started a series of events that become known as the 1905 revolution
E
} During the 1905 revolution, the Tsar allowed the creation of an elected Consultative Parliament or Duma.
} The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and re-elected second Duma within three months. He did
L
not want any questioning of his authority.
n First World War (1914 - 1919) and Russian Empire
L
} In Russia, the war was initially popular and people rallied around Tsar Nicholas II.
} The Tsarina Alexandra's German origins and poor advisers, especially a monk called Rasputin, made the
autocracy unpopular.
A
} Defeats were shocking and demoralising. Russia's armies lost badly in Germany and Austria between 1914
and 1916. There were over 7 million casualties by 1917.
} The war also had a severe impact on industry. By 1916, railway lines began to break down. For the people
in the cities, bread and flour became scarce. By winter of 1916, riots at bread shops were common.
n February Revolution in Petrograd
} In the winter of 1917, conditions in the capital, Petrograd, were grim.
} On 22 February, a lockout took place at a factory on the right bank. The next day, workers in fifty factories
called a strike in sympathy.
} In many factories, women led the way to strikes. This came to be called the International Women's Day.
} On Sunday, 25 February, the government suspended the Duma. On the 27th, the Police Headquarters
were ransacked. Cavalry refused to fire on the demonstrators.
} By that evening, soldiers and striking workers had gathered to form a 'soviet' or 'council' in the same building
as the Duma met. This was the Petrograd Soviet.
} Military commanders advised him to abdicate. He followed their advice and abdicated on 2 March, 1917.
Petrograd had led the February Revolution that brought down the monarchy in February 1917.
n Conditions After February Revolution
} In April 1917, the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia from his exile. He declared that the
war be brought to a close, land be transferred to the peasants, and banks be nationalised. These three
demands were called as Lenin's' April Theses. He also argued that the Bolshevik Party rename itself the
Communist Party to indicate its new radical aims.
26
Social Science
ALLEN
} In June, about 500 Soviets sent representatives to an All Russian Congress of Soviets.
} As the provisional government saw its power reduce and Bolshevik influence grow, it decided to take stern
measures against the spreading discontent.
n The October Revolution of 1917
} On 16 October 1917, Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party to agree to a socialist
seizure of power. A Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by the Soviet under Leon Trotskii to
organise the seizure.
} The uprising began on 24 October. Sensing trouble, Prime Minister Kerenskii had left the city to summon
troops. Late in the day, the ship Aurora shelled the Winter Palace. By nightfall, the city was under the
committee's control and the ministers had surrendered.
} At a meeting of the all Russian Congress of Soviets in Petrograd, the majority approved the Bolshevik action.
n What Changed After October?
} Government took over ownership and management of industries and banks in November 1917. Land was
N
declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility.
} The Bolshevik party was renamed the Russian Communist party (Bolshevik).
E
} In March 1918, despite opposition by their political allies, the Bolsheviks made peace with Germany at
Brest Litovsk.
L
} The secret police (called the Cheka first, and later OGPU and NKVD) punished those who criticised the
Bolsheviks.
L
n Civil War in Russia (1918-20)
} Non-Bolshevik socialists, liberals and supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising. Their leaders
moved to south Russia and organised troops to fight the Bolsheviks (the 'reds'). During 1918 and 1919, the
'greens' (Socialist Revolutionaries) and 'whites' (pro-Tsarists) controlled most of the Russian empire.
A
} By January 1920, the Bolsheviks controlled most of the former Russian empire. They succeeded due to
cooperation with non-Russian nationalities and Muslim jadidists.
} Partly to remedy this, most non-Russian nationalities were given political autonomy in the Soviet Union
(USSR) - the state the Bolsheviks created from the Russian empire in December 1922.
n Making a Socialist Society
} After Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin assumed charge as leader of Russia. A process of centralised planning
was introduced. Officials assessed how the economy could work and set targets for a five-year period. On this
basis, they made the five years plans. The first one started in 1927. The government fixed all prices to
promote industrial growth during the first two 'Plans'.
} Centralised planning led to economic growth. Industrial production increased (between 1929 and 1933 by
100 per cent.
n Stalinism and Collectivisation
} By 1927 - 1928, the towns in Soviet Russia were facing an acute problem of grain supplies.
} Stalin, introduced firm emergency measures.
} In 1928, Party members toured the grain- producing areas, supervising enforced grain collections, and
raiding 'kulaks', the name for well -to- do peasants. As storage continued, the decision was taken to collectivise
farms.
} From 1929, the Party forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms (kolkhoz).
27
Class X
ALLEN
} Party criticised the confusion in industrial production under the planned economy and the consequences of
collectivisation.
n The Global Influence of the Russian Revolution and the USSR
} In many countries, communist parties were formed - like the Communist Party of Great Britain.
} Many non-Russians from outside the USSR participated in the Conference of the Peoples of the East (1920)
and the Bolshevik-founded Comintern (an international union of pro-Bolshevik socialist parties).
} Yet by the 1950s, it was acknowledged within the country that the style of government in the USSR was not
in keeping with the ideals of the Russian Revolution.
E N
L L
A CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\06.Russian Revolution.p65
28
Social Science
ALLEN
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION EXERCISE
1. Giuseppe Mazzini, a nationalist, conspired with 10. Associations of people who produced goods
others to create a nation in together and divided the profit between themselves
(1) Belgium (2) Britain were
(3) France (4) Italy (1) communities (2) cooperatives
2. The socialist of Europe, who sought to establish (3) societies (4) villages
cooperative community in USA was 11. The political right to govern people themselves is
(1) Louis Blanc (2) Robert Owen known as
(3) Karl Marx (4) Engles (1) autonomy (2) communism
3. Winter Palace was the residence of (3) individualism (4) liberalism
(1) Trotsky (2) Lenin 12. The nationalist leader inspired by the socialist ideology
(3) Tsar (4) Kerenskii and Communist Government in the USSR was
4. The Russian army began to break up due to the (1) M.N. Roy
N
(1) First World War (2) Rabindranath Tagore
(2) Communist Government (3) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
(3) Redistribution of lands (4) Jawahar Lal Nehru
E
(4) Collectivisation of lands 13. The peasants of Russia were different from
5. The Soviet hat ‘budeonovka’ was chosen for the European peasants because
USSR army in the year
L
(1) they were hard and sturdy workers
(1) 1915 (2) 1916 (2) they had large land holdings
(3) 1917 (4) 1918 (3) of mir practice
L
6. The Paris Commune of 1871 consisted of (4) None of these
(1) Government officials 14. According to Karl Marx, a communist society was
(2) Peasants and farmers one in which all land was
A
(3) Military officials (1) Socially controlled (2) Legislatively divided
(4) Workers, ordinary people, professionals and its (3) Politically controlled (4) Divided by ownership
political activists 15. The bad harvests of 1930-1933 in the USSR
7. Lenin mentioned his three demands “war be brought resulted in the death of over
to a close, land be transferred to the peasants, and
(1) 4 million (2) 5 million
banks be nationalised” in his writing
(3) 6 million (4) 7 million
(1) ‘April Theses’
16. Socialist ideas were spread through Europe by

(2) ‘Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism’
(1) 1850s (2) 1860s
(3) ‘The State and the Revolution’
(4) ‘What is to be done?’ (3) 1870s (4) 1880s
8. Autocracy in Russia signified that Tsar was 17. Muslim reformers within the Russian Empire were
known as
(1) bound to the constitution
(1) Basmachis (2) Jadidists
(2) not subjected to Cheka
(3) not subjected to the parliament (3) Jhadists (4) Qadimists
(4) subjected to Bourgeoise 18. Privileges of wealthy landowners and factory owners
were opposed vehemently by
9. The main outcome of Russian revolution of 1905
was the (1) liberals (2) radicals
(1) creation of Duma (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) greens
(2) creation of various trade unions 19. Marx described industrial society as
(3) control over autocratic powers of Tsar (1) “capitalist” (2) “conformist”
(4) formation of Factory Committee (3) “globalist” (4) “socialist”
29
Class X
ALLEN
20. The most important global influence of Russian 25. Who led Russain revolution of 1917?
revolution was the (1) Stalin (2) Brezhnev
(1) Formation of comintern
(3) Lenin (4) Karl Marx
(2) Formation of communist parties in many countries
26. In Russia, the nobility, the crown and the orthodox
of the world
church owned lands in the
(3) Encouragement of colonial people in anti-
colonial struggles (1) countryside (2) towns
(4) Global importance to socialism (3) districts (4) cities
21. The incident in which the town council of Paris was 27. St Petersburg was renamed as Petrograd in the year
taken over by the people’s government in 1871
(1) 1911 (2) 1912
was called
(1) Bloody Sunday (2) French Revolt (3) 1913 (4) 1914
(3) Paris Commune (4) People’s Seige 28. By 1914, the share of women in the total labour
22. Liberals wanted that the right to vote should be force in Russia was
given exclusively to (1) 23% (2) 25%
N
(1) Women (2) Bourgeoise (3) 29% (4) 31%
(3) Wealthy people (4) All adults 29. During the civil war in 1918 and 1919, socialist
23. The first two five years ‘Plans’ were implemented revolutionaries were known as the
E
in the USSR during period (1) blacks (2) greens
(1) 1917-1922 and 1923-1928 (3) reds (4) whites
L
(2) 1926-1931 and 1932-1937
30. Women suffrage movements in Russia were
(3) 1927-1932 and 1933-1938 supported by
(4) 1923-1928 and 1929-1934
L
(1) conservative leaders
24. The Second International was formed with a view
(2) liberal leaders
to promote the
(3) moderate leaders
(1) liberal ideas (2) conservative ideas
A
(3) socialist ideas (4) nationalist ideas (4) radical leaders
ANSWER KEY
Q ue . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans . 4 2 3 3 4 4 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 3 2 2 1 3
Q ue . 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans . 3 3 3 3 3 1 4 4 2 4
30
Social Science
ALLEN
7. FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM
n Why Deforstation?
l Land to be improved
} In the colonial period, cultivation expanded rapidly for a variety of reasons. First, the British directly encouraged
the production of commercial crops like jute, sugar, wheat and cotton.
} Second, in the early nineteenth century, the colonial state thought that forests were unproductive. So between
1880 and 1920, cultivated area rose by 6.7 million hectares.
l Timber for Royal Navy
By the early nineteenth century, oak forests in England were disappearing. This created a problem of timber
supply for the Royal Navy. Within a decade, trees were being cut on a massive scale and vast quantities of timber
were being exported from India.
l Sleepers on the Tracks
The spread of railways from the 1850s created a new demand. To run locomotives, wood was needed as fuel,
N
and to lay railway lines sleepers were essential to hold the tracks together. Each mile of railway track required
between 1,760 and 2,000 sleepers.
l Plantations
E
Large areas of natural forests were also cleared to make way for tea, coffee and rubber plantations to meet
Europe's growing need for these commodities.
L
n The Rise of Commercial Forestry
l The British were worried that the use of forests by local people invite a German expert, Dietrich Brandis, for
advice, and made him the first Inspector General of Forests in India.
L
} Brandis set up the Indian Forest Service in 1864 and helped formulate the Indian Forest Act of 1865. The
Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906. The system they taught here was called
'Scientific forestry'.
A
} In scientific forestry, natural forests which had lots of different types of trees were cut down.In their place,
one type of tree was planted in straight rows. This is called a plantation.
} After the Forest Act was enacted in 1865, it was amended twice, once in 1878 and then in 1927. The 1878
Act divided forests into three categories: reserved, protected and village forests.
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\07.Forest Society And Colonialism.p65
n How Were the Lives of People Affected?

} Villagers wanted forests with a mixture of species to satisfy different needs - fuel, fodder, leaves.
} After the forest act, all their everyday practices - cutting wood for their houses, grazing their cattle, collecting
fruits and roots, hunting and fishing - became illegal. People were now forced to steal wood from the forests.
n How did Forest Rules Affect Cultivation?
} Major impact of European colonialism was on the practice of shifting cultivation or swidden agriculture. In
India, dhya, penda, bewar, nevad, jhum, podu, khandad and kumri are some of the local terms for swidden
agriculture (Shifting Agriculture).
} European foresters regarded this practice as harmful for the forests.
} Shifting cultivation also made it harder for the government to calculate taxes. Therefore, the government
decided to ban shifting cultivation.
n Who Could Hunt?
} Before the forest laws, many people who lived in or near forests had survived by hunting deer, partridges
and a variety of small animals. This customary practice was prohibited by the forest laws. Those who were
caught hunting were now punished for poaching.
} The forest laws deprived people of their customary rights to hunt, hunting of big game became a sport.
31
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n New Trade, Employment and Services
} Many communities left their traditional occupations and started trading in forest products.
} The Mundurucu people of the Brazilian Amazon who lived in villages on high ground and cultivated manioc,
began to collect latex from wild rubber trees for supplying to traders.
} In India, Grazing and hunting by local people were restricted.
} Some of them began to be called 'criminal tribes', and were forced to work instead in factories, mines and
plantations, under government supervision.
n Rebellion in the Forest
Forest communities rebelled against the changes that were being imposed on them.
} Bastar Rebellion : Bastar is located in the southernmost part of Chhattisgarh and borders Andhra Pradesh,
Orissa and Maharashtra.
} Different communities live in Bastar such as Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurwas, Bhatras and Halbas. Since
each village knows where its boundaries lie, the local people look after all the natural resources within that
boundary. If people from a village want to take some wood from the forests of another village, they pay a
N
small fee called devsari, dand or man in exchange.
} a pargana (cluster of villages) meet and discuss issues of concern, including forests. When the colonial
E
government proposed to reserve two-thirds of the forest in 1905, and stop shifting cultivation, hunting and
collection of forest produce, the people of Bastar were very worried.
} Although these was no single leader, many people speak of Gunda Dhur from village Nethanar, as an importent
L
figure in the movement.
} The initiative was taken by the Dhurwas of the Kanger forest, where reservation forest took place.
L
} In 1910, mango boughs, a lump of earth, chillies and arrows, began circulating between villages. These were
actually messages inviting villagers to rebel against the British.
} The British sent troops to suppress the rebellion. It took three months (February - May) for the British to
A
control the region.
} In a major victory for the rebels, work on reservation was temporarily suspended, and the area to be reserved
was reduced to roughly half of that planned before 1910.
n Forest Transformation in Java

l Introduction : Java in Indonesia is where the Dutch started forest management. Like the British, they wanted
timber from Java to build ships.
l The Woodcutters of Java : The Kalangs of Java were a community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators.
When the Dutch began to gain control over the forests in the eighteenth century, they tried to make the Kalangs
work under them. In 1770, the Kalangs resisted by attacking a Dutch fort at Joana, but the uprising was
suppressed.
l Scientific Forestry of Dutch
} In the nineteenth century. The Dutch enacted forest laws in Java, restricting villagers access to forests.
} The Dutch first imposed rents on land being cultivated in the forest and then exempted some villages from
these rents if they worked collectively to provide free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber.
This was known as the blandongdiensten system.
} Around 1890, Surontiko Samin of Randublatung village, a teak forest village, began questioning state
ownership of the forest. Soon a widespread movement developed. Some of the Saminists protested by lying
down on their land and when the Dutch came to survey it, while others refused to pay taxes or fines or perform
labour.
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l War and Deforestation
The First World War and the Second World War had a major impact on forests. In Java, just before the Japanese
occupied the region, the Dutch followed 'a scorched earth' policy, destroying sawmills, and burning huge piles of
grant teak logs so that they would not fall into Japanese hands. Many villagers used this opportunity to expand
cultivation in the forest. After the war, it was difficult for the Indonesian forest service to get this land back.
l New Development in Forestry
} Since the 1980s, governments across Asia and Africa have begun to see that scientific forestry and the policy
of keeping forest communities away from forests has resulted in many conflicts.
} Conservation of forests rather than collecting timber has become a more important goal. In many cases,
across India, from Mizoram to Kerala, dense forests have survived only because villages protected them in
sacred groves known as sarnas, devarakudu, kan, rai, etc. Local forest communities environmentalists today
are thinking of different forms of forest management.
E N
L L
A
33
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FOREST SOCIETY AND COLONIALISM EXERCISE
1. The Kalangs community belongs to which country? 8. The book ‘This Fissured Land: An Ecological History
(1) Japan (2) Indonesia of India’ was cited by
(3) Kenya (4) Uganda (1) Bipin chandra and Barun De
2. The most revolutionary step introduced by Dietrich (2) Madhav Gadgil and Ramachandra Guha
Brandis for forest management in India is (3) Ranajit Guha and Irfan Habib
(1) categorisation of forests (4) Romila Thapar and D.K.Kosambi
(2) establishment of Plantation Board 9. The number of tigers and leopards shot by the
(3) establishment of Forest Research Institute Maharaja of Sarguja upto 1957 was
(4) scientific forestry (1) 1,000 tigers and 1,000 leopards
3. The British administrator who killed 400 tigers (2) 1,157 tigers and 2,000 leopards
during colonial rule in India is (3) 2,300 tigers and 4,000 leopards
(1) George Yule (2) George Shaw (4) 3,500 tigers and 5,000 leopards
N
(3) Michael (4) None of them
10. To protest the British, the forest communities in
4. Match the following and choose the answer ram Andhra Pradesh were led by
the codes given below
(1) Alluri Sitaram Raju (2) Birsa Munda
E
Column I Column II
(3) Kanu (4) Siddhu
(A) Dietrich Brandis (i) A rebel of Java
against Dutch rule 11. The person who questioned the Dutch state
L
ownership of the forest in Java was
(B) Bhondia Majhi (ii) First Inspector
General of Indian (1) Gianyar
L
forest (2) H.J. Huskus Koopman
(C) Gunda Dhur (iii) A rebel of Bastar (3) Kartini
rebellion in India (4) Surontiko Samin
A
(D) Surontiko Samin (iv) A leader of Dhurwas 12. To get advice in the forest management, the colonial
tribe in Chhatisgarh government invited a German expert
(1) A®(ii); B®(iv); C®(iii); D®(i) (1) Aimo Gajander
(2) A®(i); B®(ii); C®(iii); D®(iv) (2) Carl Von Carlwitz
(3) A®(iii); B®(ii); C®(iv); D®(i)

(3) Dietrich Brandis
(4) A®(iv); B®(iii); C®(ii); D®(i)
(4) George Ludwig Hartig
5. Who wrote the lines, “There is no more interesting
question of the present day than that of what is 13. According to the colonial government, the best
to be done with world’s land which is lying forests were
unimproved; whether it shall go to great powers (1) community forests (2) protected forests
or it shall remain with its original owner, who fails
(3) reserved forests (4) village forests
to understand its values.”?
(1) Richard Harding (2) Michael Taussig 14. The book ‘The Forests of India’ was written by
(3) Nicholas Dirks (4) None of these (1) Warren Hastings (2) Lord Dalhousie
6. The number of families that followed the ideas of (3) E.P. Stebbing (4) E.P. Thompson
Surontiko Samin by 1907 was 15. Indian colonial state cleared large areas of natural
(1) 1,000 (2) 2,000 forests to make way for the plantations of
(3) 3,000 (4) 4,000 (1) alfalfa, lespedeza and clover
7. The Dutch began their ‘scientific forestry’ in (2) cocoa, pineapple and banana
(1) Cochin (2) Colombo (3) tea, coffee and rubber
(3) Deshima (4) Java (4) tobacco, figs and sisal
34
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16. The aboriginal group Ngarrindjeri belongs to which 24. Forests consisting of which type of trees were pre-
country? ferred by the Forest Department?
(1) South Africa (2) Uganda (1) Forests having trees which provided fuel,
fodder and leaves
(3) Australia (4) China
(2) Forests having soft wood
17. Which of the following is not associated with swidden
(3) Forests having trees suitable for building ships
agriculture?
and railways
(1) Karacha (2) Jhum (4) None of these
(3) Bewar (4) Penda 25. Which of the following is a community of skilled
18. Indian Forest Act was set up in the year: forest cutters?
(1) Maasais of Africa
(1) 1865 (2) 1864
(2) Mundas of Chotanagpur
(3) 1854 (4) 1884
(3) Gonds of Odisha
19. Which of the following was not a tribal community? (4) Kalangs of Java
(1) Karacha (2) Jhum 26. Wooden planks laid across railway tracks to hold
N
(3) Korava (4) Yerukula these tracks in a position are called:
(1) Beams (2) Sleepers
20. The system of scientific forestry stands for:
(3) Rail fasteners (4) None of these
E
(1) system whereby the local farmers were allowed 27. Which of the following was the most essential for
to cultivate temporarily within a plantation the colonial trade and movement of goods?
(2) system of cutting old trees and plant new ones (1) Roadways (2) Railways
L
(3) division of forest into three categories (3) Airways (4) Riverways
(4) disappearance of forests 28. Colonial state considered forests as unproductive
L
because:
21. In which year the Bastar rebellion took place?
(1) the forests were not fit for habitation
(1) 1910 (2) 1909 (2) forest had wild grown trees only
(3) 1911 (4) 1912 (3) forest did not yield revenue to enhance income
A
22. In South-East Asia shifting agriculture is known as: of the state
(4) all of the above
(1) Chitemene (2) Tavy
29. Who were the colonial power in Indonesia?
(3) Lading (4) Milpa
(1) British (2) Dutch
23. The Gond forest community belongs to which of (3) French (4) Portuguese
the following? 30. Java is famous for:

(1) Chhattisgarh (2) Jharkhand (1) Rice production (2) Mining industries
(3) Jammu and Kashmir (4) Gujarat (3) Huge population (4) Flood and famines
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 3 1 1 1 3 4 2 2 1 4 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 1 3 1 3 4 2 2 3 2 1
35
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Important Notes
E N
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Social Science
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8. SOCIAL HISTORY OF CLOTHING
n History
Before the democratic revolutions, most people dressed according to codes that were specified by their religion.
Clothing styles were regulated by class, gender or status in the social hierarchy.
l Sumptuary Laws : Before the French Revolution people in France followed these laws. These laws restricted
behaviour of the lower strate of the society and imposed restrictions upon their clothing, food entertainment.
The French Revolution brought and end to these restrictions. Political symbols became of part of dress. Clothing
became simple which signified equality. Now the way a person dressed depended on the differences in earning
rather than sumptuary laws.
l Styles of clothing : Men and women dressed differently. Men were supposed to be strong, independent,
aggressive while women were supposed to be weak, dependent and docile. Their clothes were designed accord-
ingly. The women wore dresses which accentuated a slim waist. They had to wear a corset to show a small waist.
Though it hurt, this pain and suffering was accepted as normal for a woman.
N
l Change in ideas : 19th century brought about many changes. Women pressed for dress reform. The sufferage
movement also developed during this time. There was agitation against women’s clothes in Europe as well in
E
America. Doctors explained the ill effects of tight clothes which affected the spine and long flowing gowns which
were unhygienic. It was argued by these movements that women wore loose and comfortable clothes, they could
start working and become independent.
L
l New materials : Before the 17th century clothes for British women were made of flax, wool, linen which were
expensive and difficult to maintain. During the 17th century, with the onset of the Industrial Revolution cloth and
L
clothes saw a change. The attractive, cheap chintzes from India increased the volume of European women’s
wardrobes. Artificial fibres used in cloth made dresses even easier to maintain. Now with great demand for
comfortable dresses, styles changed considerably.
A
l The World Wars : The two world wars also brought about great changes in women’s clothing. Styles reflected
seriousness and professionalism. Skirts became shorter and plainer. Women who worked in factories wore
uniforms. Trousers became an accepted and vital part of women’s dress.
l Sports and Games : The school curriculum also emphasised and included games and gymnastics as part of
curriculum. This also changed the way women dressed.
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\08.Social History of Clothing.p65
l Colonial India : During this time India saw a great change in dress.
} Many men began to incorporate western style clothing in their dress.
} Many felt that western influence would lead to traditional cultural identity.
} Many wore western clothes without giving up Indian ones.
l Caste and Dress : Though India had no formal sumptuary laws it had its own strict food, dress behaviour. It was
the caste system that defined how or what the Hindus should wear, eat and behave. If anyone deviated from the
norms, they were severely punished. Even the government issued orders in some cases ordering low caste
Hindus to observe a strict code of conduct.
l British reactions to Indian way of dressing : As certain items of clothing signify specific things which could
be contrary, this often leads to misunderstanding and conflict. An example was a turban and a hat. The two
headears signified different things. This difference created misunderstandings as the hat had to be removed
before superiors while the turban had to be worn consciously. The same was the case with shoes.
l The Indian Dress : Indians wanted to create a dress which could express the unity of the nation. But this did
not fully succeed.
37
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l The Swadeshi and Khadi : British political control of India had two important effects – peasants grew cash
and the British goods flooded the Indian markets, especially cotton. A lot of weavers and spinners were left
without and work. Murshidabad, Machilipatnam and Surat which were important textile centres declined as
demand decreased.
l Partition of Bengal Swadeshi and Khadi : In 1905, Lord Curzon decided to partition Bengal on the pretext
of better management. The Swadeshi movement was a reaction to the partition. People boycotted British goods
and started partronising things made in India. Many Indian goods were patronised especially khadi. Cloth be-
came a symbolic weapon against Brtish rule.
l Khadi : Gandhiji made khadi a forceful weapon against the British. Mahatam Gandhi even experimented with
various forms of clothing starting from the western form of dress to wearing it with a turban. He decided, by the
beginning of the 20th century, to wear a lungi and kurta (in Durban). A few years later he adorned himself as
a Kathiawadi peasant. The dhoti was adopted by him in 1921. But not all could wear khadi.
Thus we can say that changes in clothing reflect the changes withing the social, political and economic spheres
N
of a society.
L E
A L CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\08.Social History of Clothing.p65
38
Social Science
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SOCIAL HISTORY OF CLOTHING EXERCISE
1. What was Cockade? 9. Colour/ Colours of france?
(1) A fashionable dress of France (1) Blue
(2) A cap that is usually worn on one side (2) White
(3) A skirt worn up to the knee (3) Red
(4) A type of fur (4) All of these
2. Why did Dr. Ambedkar adopt the Western style 10. Which of the following movements started a pro
cloth as his dress? against partition of Bengal in 1905?
(1) It was easy to wear (1) Swadeshi Movement
(2) It was not easy to practice (2) Non-Cooperation Movement
(3) He believed that poor Indians could not afford (3) Civil Disobedience Movement
more than this dress (4) Quit India Movement
N
(4) It was a political statement of self-respect 11. Simplicity of clothing was the symbol of which
3. Jnanadanandini Tagore is associated with following?
(1) Liberty (2) Fraternity
E
(1) Sans Culottes
(2) Community of today tappers (3) Equality (4) None of these
(3) Brahmika Sarees 12. Which of the following refers to Khadi?
L
(4) Partition of Bengal (1) Coarse cloth made from home spun yarn
4. What does Khadi mean to Mahatma Gandhi? (2) Cotton material made by Indian machme
L
(1) A rejection of western mill made cloth (3) Chintz material made in India
(2) A fashion style (4) None of the above

13. Match the following and marked the correct
A
(3) A sign of richness
response :
(4) For encouraging foreign goods
Column I Column II
5. Which of the following dresses is not assoclated
Gandhiji? (A) American women (i) Lucy Stone
(1) Western style suit Suffrage Association
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\08.Social History of Clothing.p65
(2) Lungi and Kurta (B) Lord Curzon toddy (ii) Community of
(3) Khadi loin cloth or dhoti tapers
(4) Sherwani (C) Shanars (iii) Partition of Bengal
6. Charkha is used for (D) Janadanandini Tagore(iv) Brahmika Sari
(1) spinning (2) stitching (1) A–(i), B–(iii), C–(ii), D–(iv)
(3) weaving (4) carding (2) A–(i), B–(iii), C–(iv), D–(iii)
7. The ‘turban’ in India was not just a protection but (3) A–(iii), B–(i), C–(ii), D–(iv)
also a sign of (4) A–(iii), B–(iv), C–(ii), D–(i)
(1) wealth (2) scholarly qualities 14. During the National Movement what did Khadi
(3) respectability (4) caste superiority symbolise?
8. Brahmika Sari style refers to which of the of wearing (1) Swadeshi and self-reliance
saris? (2) Indian identity
(1) Gujarati style (2) Maharashtrian (3) Love for Motherland
(3) Parsi Style (4) Bengali style (4) Patriotism
39
Class X
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15. In Victorian England who was an ideal woman? 18. Many women reformers in India changed back into
(1) One who was independent and strong traditional clothes as :
(2) One who could bear pain and suffering (1) faced by persistent attacks, they decided to
conform to conventions
(3) One who could sing, dance and read poetry
(4) One who was aggressive and intelligent (2) they found the new style of clothing too stylish
16. Which of the following Indians was associated with (3) new style of clothing did not fit them well
the case of defiance of the shoe- respect rule? (4) there were no good tailors to stitch the new
(1) Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar style of clothing
(2) Manockjee Cowasjee Entee 19. Which of the following sections of society lamented
that those women, who had given up traditional
(3) Mahatma Gandhi
norms of dressing up, no longer looked beautiful?
(4) Sir M. Visveswaraya
(1) radicals (2) revolutionaries
17. Many Dalits from the early 1910s began to
(3) liberals (4) conservatives
N
wear three-piece suits on all public occasions as :
(1) a political statement of self-respect 20. Who among the following headed the American
(2) they were more comfortable in western style suits woman suffrage association?
E
(3) they did not like Khadi as it was a coarse material (1) Lucy Stone (2) Amelia Bloomer
(4) they wanted to imitate the British (3) Mrs. Stanton (4) None of these
L L
A CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\08.Social History of Clothing.p65
ANSWER KEY
Q ue . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans . 2 3 3 1 4 1 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 4 1
40
Social Science
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9.HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT AND EXPENSION
OF MODERN DEMOCRACY
n Two tales of Democracy
l Story of Chile : Allende led the popular unity coalition to victory in the presidential election in 1970. Allende
had taken several policy decisions to help the poor and the workers. The landlords, the rich and the Church
opposed his policies. On the morning of 11 September 1973, the military coup took place. General Augusto
Pinochet, led the coup. Pinochet became the President of the country and ruled it for the next 17 years.
Pinochet’s government killed several of those who wanted democracy to be restored. Pinochet’s military dicta-
torship came to an end after he decided to hold a referendum in 1988. This led to Pinochet first losing his
political and then his military powers. Political freedom was restored. Since then Chile has held four presidential
elections in which different political parties have participated.
l Democracy in Poland : In 1980 Poland was ruled by the Polish United Worker’s Party. On 14 August 1980,
N
the workers of Lenin Shipard in the city of Gdansk went on a strike. A former electrician of the shipyard, Lech
Walesa emerged as the leader of the striking workers. The workers led by Walesa signed a 21 - point (Gdansk
E
agreement) with the government that ended their strike. A new trade union called Solidarity was formed. The
government grew anxious and imposed martial law in December 1981. Another waves of strike began in 1988.
L
Another round of negotiations with Walesa resulted in an agreement in April 1989 for free elections.
n Two features of democracy
L
Democracy is a form of government that allows people to choose their rulers. In a democracy
l Only leaders elected by people should rule the country
A
l People have the freedom to express views, freedom to organise and freedom to protest.
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\09.History, Development and Expension of Modern Democracy.p65
n The changing map of democracy
l Democracy has expanded throughout the twentieth century.
l Democracy did not spread evenly in all parts of the world. It was established first in some regions and then
spread to other regions.
l While a majority of countries are democratic today, there are sill large parts of the world that are not democratic.
n Phases in the Expansion of Democracy
l The Beginning :
} French Revolution of 1789
} British Revolution
} American War of Independence - 1776
Many European countries that were becoming more democratic did not initially allow all people to vote. In some
countries only people owing property had the right to vote.
l End of Colonisalism : Many of these countries became democracies immediately after the end of Second
World War in 1945. Many countries that became democracies after gaining independence had a mixed record.
They could not remain democracies for long. (Ghana was one of the countries which lost its democracy very soon).
41
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l Recent Phase : The next big push towards democracy came after 1980. Poland and several other countries
became free from the control of the Soviet Union during 1989-90. They chose to become democracies. Finally
the Soviet Union itself broke down in 1991. All the constituent Republics emerged as independent countries.
Most of them became democracies.
Pakistan and Bangladesh made a transition from army rule to democracy in 1990s.
Even today, there many countries where people cannot express their opinion freely. They still cannot elect their
leaders. They cannot take big decisions about their present and future life. One such country is Myanmar.
E N
L L
A CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\09.History, Development and Expension of Modern Democracy.p65
42
Social Science
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HISTORY, DEVELOPMENT AND EXPENSION EXERCISE
OF MODERN DEMOCRACY
1. The following columns show the names of the (1) A–(iii), B–(iv), C–(i), D–(ii)
countries and the years when Universal Suffrage
(2) A–(ii), B–(iii), C–(iv), D–(i)
came to be implemented in them.
(3) A–(i), B–(ii), C–(iii), D–(iv)
Column - I Column - II
(4) A–(iv), B–(iii), C–(ii), D–(i)
A. New Zealand (i) 1893
B. India (ii) 1945 6. Identify the leader who said, “Because I was the
victim of hatred, I have dedicated my life to reverse
C. Japan (iii) 1917 that hatred and turn it into understanding, tolerance
D. Russia (iv) 1950 and –why not say it-into love”
(1) A–(i), B–(iv), C–(ii), D–(iii) (1) Michelle (2) Pinochet
(2) A–(i), B–(iv), C–(iii), D–(ii) (3) Allende (4) Salvador Bachelet
N
(3) A–(i), B–(ii), C–(iii), D–(iv) 7. The policy decision taken by Allende for the workers
(4) A–(i), B–(iii), C–(ii), D–(iv) in Chile was
E
2. In Chile the government of Allende was overthrown (1) increase in the working hours of the workers
on
(2) redistribution of land to the rich people
(1) 9th November 1972
L
(2) 11th September 1973 (3) reform in the educational system
(3) 16th October 1974 (4) Allowing the foreign companies to use the
L
resources
(4) 18th November 1975
3. Who among the following imposed martial law in 8. The term Trade Union is an association of
Poland in 1981? (1) Workers to improve their employment
A
(1) Marshal Tito (2) General Naseer
(2) Women to improve their social condition

(3) General Jaruzelski (4) Lech Walesa
(3) Party members
4. Chile, in September 1973, had undergone a change
from (4) Adult Citizens
(1) democracy to military rule 9. The chief Administrative Officer of the United
(2) military rule to democracy Nations is
(3) parliamentary to presidential form (1) President of United Nations
(4) absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy (2) Vice-President of ECOSOC
5. Match the following :
(3) UN Secretary General
Column - I Column - II
(4) Advisor of General Assembly
A. 1980 (i) First Polish Presidential
election 10. Mark out the correct reason behind Allende’s
address on the ratio
B. 1981 (ii) Agreement for first free
election (1) Danger to the country and his life
C. 1989 (iii) Imposition of martial law in (2) Radio was better means of communicating
Poland (3) Concern for the people
D. 1990 (iv) Strike in Lenin shipyard
(4) Oppose the foreign companies
43
Class X
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11. The leader who fought for the rights of the minorities 16. Which of the following does not lead to the spread
in the Constituent Assembly was of democracy?
(1) Dr. Rajendra Prasad (2) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar (1) Struggle by people
(2) Invasion by foreign country
(3) Pt. J.L. Nehru (4) Shri K.M. Munshi
(3) End of colonialism
12. Which one of the following statements is incorrect?
(4) People's desire for freedom
(1) America became independent from British rule
in 1776 17. Why was International Monetary Fund established?
(2) They adopted a democratic constitution in 1787 (1) To maintain peace and security among the
countries
(3) Many countries in Europe gave right to vote to
only propertied people (2) To Lend money to governments of member
(4) In United States of America all the citizens nations when in need
including Blacks were given right to vote from (3) To implement and formulate trade agreements
the beginning.
(4) To take decision regarding misery and poverty
N
13. How many member states are there in the of western countries
International Monetary Fund?
18. In Myanmar, Aung San Suu Kyi led :
(1) 188 (2) 192
E
(1) National Congress
(3) 200 (4) 190
(2) United Workers Party
14. Which country supported and controlled the
(3) Communist Party
L
autocratic government in Poland?
(4) The National League for Democracy
(1) USA (2) China
19. General Musharraf brought back army rule in Pa-
L
(3) Russia (4) UK
kistan in :
15. Who among the following in UN has always been a
citizen of the US? (1) 1997 (2) 1998
A
(1) Treasury Secretary (3) 1999 (4) 2000

(2) President of the World Bank 20. For how many years did Pinochet rule in Chile?
(3) Finance Secretary (1) 17 (2) 20
(4) Secretary General (3) 25 (4) 10
ANSWER KEY
Q ue . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans . 1 2 3 1 4 1 3 1 3 2 2 4 1 3 2 2 2 4 3 1
44
Social Science
ALLEN
10. DEMOCRACY MEANING AND IMPORTANCE
n Introduction
} The word 'Democracy' has been derived from a Greek word 'Demokratia', 'Demos' means people and
'Kratia' means rule, so democracy is the rule by the people. Democracy is a form of government in which the
rulers are elected by the people.
} American President Abraham Lincoln defined democracy as “a government of the people, by the people
and for the people.”
n Features of Democracy
l Final Decision rest in elected representatives
} In Pakistan, General Pervez Musharraf led a military coup in October 1999. Later he changed his designation
to President and in 2002 held a referendum in the country that granted him a five year extension.
} In August 2002, he issued a ‘Legal Framework Order’ that amended the constitution of Pakistan. The
N
work of the civilian cabinet is supervised by a National Security Council which is dominated by military
officers.
} So Pakistan has had elections, elected representatives have some powers. But the final power rests with
E
military officers and General Musharraf himself.
} This gives us the first feature. In a democracy, the final decision making power must rest with those elected
L
by the people.
l Free and Fair Electoral Competition
L
} In China, elections are regularly held after every five years for electing the country’s parliament, called
National People’s Congress (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui). It has nearly 3,000 members elected from
all over China. Some members are elected by the army.
A
} Before contesting elections, a candidate needs the approval of the Chinese Communist Party.
} Chinese Communist Party or eight smaller parties allied to it, were allowed to contest elections held in
2002-03. The government is always formed by the Communist Party.
} Since its independence in 1930, Mexico holds elections after every six years to elect its president. The
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\10.Democracy Meaning and Importance.p65
country has never been under a military or dictator's rule. But still, it cannot be called a democratic country.
} In Mexico, until 2000, every election was won by party called PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party). Opposition
parties did contest elections but never managed to win. The PRI was known to use many dirty tricks to win
elections. All those, who were employed in government offices had to attend its party meetings. The PRI
spent a large sum of money in the campaign for its candidates.
} We can thus add a second feature a democracy must be based on a free and fair election where those
currently in power have a fair chance of losing.
l One person, One Vote, One Value
} In Saudi Arabia, until 2015, women do not have the right to vote.
} Estonia has made its citizenship rules in such a way that people belonging to Russian minority find it difficult
to get the right to vote.
} In Fiji, the electoral system is such that the vote of an indigenous Fijians have more value than that of an
Indian-Fijian.
} That gives us the third feature of democracy : In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and
each vote must have one value.
45
Class X
ALLEN
l Rule of Law and Respect for rights
} Zimbabwe attained independence from White minority rule in 1980. Since then the country has been ruled
by ZANU-PF, the party that led the freedom struggle. Its leader, Robert Mugabe, has been ruling country
since independence. President Mugabe is popular but also uses unfair practices in elections. Over the years
his government has changed the constitution several times to increase the powers of the President and make
him less accountable.
} Opposition party workers are harassed and their meetings disrupted. Public protests and demonstrations
against the government are declared illegal.
} Television and radio are controlled by the government and give only the ruling party’s version. The government
has ignored some court judgments that went against it and has pressurised judges.
} Thus, this gives us the fourth feature of democracy that is a democratic government rules within limits set by
constitutional law and citizens’ rights.
n Summary Definition
l A Democracy must have the following features -
N
} Representatives elected by the people take all the decisions.
} Elections offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the current rulers.
E
} Opportunity is available to all the people on an equal basis.
} Leads to a Govt. limited by basic rules of the Constitution and citizen’s right.
L
n Arguments against democracy
l Leaders keep changing, it leads to instability.
All about political competition and power play, no scope for morality.
L
l
l So many people have to be consulted that it leads to delays.
l Leads to not know the best interest of the people, it leads to bad decisions.
A
l Many people don’t know what is good for them, they should not decide anything.
n Arguments in favour of democracy
l More accountable from of Govt.
Improves the quality of decision making.

l
l Provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts.
l Enhances the dignity of citizens
l It allows us to correct its own mistakes.
46
Social Science
ALLEN
DEMOCRACY MEANING AND IMPORTANCE EXERCISE
1. In which of the following country, Legal Framework 9. Which of the following is not the objective of Indian
Order was passed in 2002? democratic system?
(1) China (2) India (1) Parliamentary government
(3) Pakistan (4) Myanmar (2) President being directly elected by the people
2. Democracy is based on a fundamental principle of (3) Separation of powers
(1) communalism (4) Separation of three organs of government
10. Identify the country, where elections are not held
(2) naturalised citizenship
after every five years.
(3) political equality
(1) India (2) China
(4) male franchise
(3) Mexico (4) None of these
3. In a democracy, political leaders keep changing 11. What is the name of the Chinese Parliament?
and this leads to
(1) Diet
(1) Stable governement (2) Unstable Govt.
(2) Senate
N
(3) Corrupt government (4) Efficient Govt. (3) House of Lords
4. Which one of the following is an appropriate reason (4) National People’s Congress
that the government in China is not democratic?
E
12. Principle of Universal Adult Franchise implies
(1) Elections are not held (1) free and fair elections
(2) Elections are held under Communist Party’s (2) major decisions by elected leaders
L
approval (3) respect for rights
(3) Members are free to contest (4) one citizen one vote
L
(4) People choose government 13. Zimbabwe gained independence from white minority
5. Who of among the following ruled in Zimbabwe rule in
since its independence from white-rule? (1) 1990 (2) 1970
(1) Kenneth Kaunda (2) Nelson Mandela (3) 1980 (4) 2000
A
(3) P. Johnson (4) Robert Mugabe 14. Identify the “real executive head” of India
6. One of the demerits of democracy is that (1) President (2) Prime Minister
(1) Democracy is suitable for small country (3) Chief Minister (4) Governor
15. Democracy is better than any other form of
(2) Leads to corruption

government because it
(3) Does not give power to people
(1) offers better chances for good decisions
(4) Encourages centralization
(2) creates problems for the people
7. Legal Framework Order was issued in
(3) ignores rules
(1) January 2000 (2) April 2001
(4) depends on foreign power
(3) August 2002 (4) December 2003
16. In a democracy the final decision making power
8. Difference between democratic and non-democratic rests with
government is :
(1) People’s representatives
(a) Democratic government respond to the needs (2) Non Governmental Organisations
of the people (3) Prime Ministers
(b) Non-democratic government does not respond (4) Chief Executive council members
to the needs of the people 17. Identify the country where elections do not offer
(c) Non-democratic government is elected by UN choice to the people
members of the country (1) India
(d) Democratic government is a military rule (2) United States of America
(1) a & c (2) b & c (3) United Kingdom
(3) a & b (4) c & d (4) China
47
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ALLEN
18. Democracy provides a method to deal with 20. The candidate contesting in the parliament elections
(1) differences and conficts in China should get the approval of
(2) different solutions (1) Chinese Communist Partiy
(3) similar views
(2) State Council
(4) None of these
19. Identify one of the correct feature of the electoral (3) National People’s Congress
system of Fiji. (4) Communist parties of Russia
(1) Vote of an indigenous Fiji has more value than
that of an Indian Fijian.
(2) Vote of indigenous Fiji has less value.
(3) Indian Fijian has no right to vote.
(4) Equal voting rights for the migrants.
E N
L L
A CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\10.Democracy Meaning and Importance.p65
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 3 2 2 4 2 3 3 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 1 4 1 1 1
48
Social Science
ALLEN
11. ESTABLISHMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY AND ITS NATURE
n Towards A Constitution in South Africa
l Struggle Against Apartheid in South Africa
} Apartheid was the name of system of racial discrimination unique to South Africa. The white Europeans
imposed this system on South Africa.
} The natives of South Africa are black in colour. They made up about 3/4th of the population and were
called blacks. There were mixed races which were called coloured and people who migrated from India.
Blacks could not form associations or protest against the terrible treatment. The non-whites even did not
have voting rights.
} Since 1950, the blacks, coloured and Indians fought against the apartheid system. They launched protest
marches and strikes. The African National Congress (ANC) was the umbrella foundation that led the struggle
against the policies of segregation.
} In 1964, Nelson Mandela was sent to imprisonment for opposing the aparthed regime along with seven
others.
N
l Emergence of New Democratic South Africa
} As the protests and struggles against the apartheid increased.
E
} The white regime changed its policies:
(i) Discriminatory laws were repealed.
L
(ii) Ban against political parties and restrictions on media were lifted.
} Finally on 26 April 1994, the new national flag of the republic of South Africa was unfurled marking the
newly born democracy in the world.
L
l Framing of New Constitution in South Africa
} The party that ruled through oppression and brutal killings and the party that led the freedom struggle sat
together to draw up a common constitution.
A
} After long negotiations both parties agreed to a compromise.
} The Constitution of South Africa has given to its citizen the most extensive rights available in any country.
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\11.Establishment of Indian Democracy and Its Nature.p65
Together, they decided that in the search for a solution to the problems, nobody should be excluded, no one
should be treated as a demon.
n Why Do We Need a Constitution
The Constitution of a country is a set of written rules that are accepted by all people living together in a country.
} First, it generates a degree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people to live
together.
} Second, it specifies how the government will be constituted, who will have power to take which decisions.
} Third, it lays down limits on the powers of the government and tells us what the rights of the citizens are : and
} Fourth, it expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.
All countries that have constitutions are not necessarily democratic. But all countries that are democratic will
have constitutions.
n Making of the Indian Constitution
l Problems at the time of Independence
} The making of the Constitution for a huge and diverse country like India was not an easy affair.
} The country was born through a partition on the basis of religious differences.
} The British had left it to the rulers of the princely states to decide whether they wanted to merge with India
or with Pakistan or remain independent. The merger of these princely states was a difficult and uncertain
task.
49
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ALLEN
l The Path To Constitution
} As far back as in 1928, Motilal Nehru and eight other Congress leaders drafted a Constitution for India. In
1931, the resolution at the Karachi session of the Indian National Congress dwelt on how independent Indian
Constitution should look like. Both these documents were committed to the inclusion of universal adult franchise,
right to freedom and equality and to protecting the rights of minorities in the Constitution of independent
India.
} The familiarity with political institutions of colonial rule also helped to develop an agreement over the institutional
design. Indian Constitution adopted many institutional details and procedures from colonial laws like the
Government of India Act, 1935.
l The Constituent Assembly
The drafting of the document called the Constitution was done by an assembly of elected representatives called
the Constituent Assembly. Elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in July 1946. The Constituent assembly
wrote the Indian Constitution and it had 299 members. Assembly had its first sitting on December 9, 1946. Dr.
Sachchidananda Sinha, the oldest member of the House, was elected interim President of the Assembly. On
N
December 11,1946, Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected its permanent President.
} The Draft Constitution, as prepared by the Drafting Committee. The Constitution was adopted by the
Constituent Assembly on November 26, 1949. It took some two years, eleven months and eighteen days for
E
the Assembly to finally enact the Constitution.
} The Constitution came into force on January 26, 1950. This date is celebrated in India as the Republic Day.
L
} The Constituent Assembly worked in a systematic, open and consensual manner. First, some basic principles
were decided and agreed upon. Then a Drafting Committee chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar prepared a
L
draft Constitution for discussion.
} More than two thousand amendments were considered. The members deliberated for 114 days spread over
three years. Every document presented and every word spoken in the Constituent Assembly has been recorded
A
and preserved. These are called ‘Constituent Assembly Debates’. When printed, these debates are 12 bulky
volumes.

n Opnions of Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Jawahar Lal Nehru
l Guiding Values of Indian Constitution : Mahatma Gandhi wanted to have an effective voice in independent
India for poors. He wanted an India in which there shall be no high class and low class of people; an India in
which all communities shall live in perfect harmony. He wanted that women would enjoy the same rights as men.
} Dr. B.R. Ambedkar had very different understanding of how inequalities could be removed. He often bitterly
criticised Mahatma Gandhi and his vision. According to him, inequalities can be removed in political arena
but not in social and economic spheres.
} At the same time, the first Prime Minister of India Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru said that Freedom and power bring
responsibility. He also said that the ambition of the greatest man of his generation (Mahatma Gandhi) has
been to wipe every tear from every eye. He asked that this may be beyond us, but as long as there are tears
and suffering, so long our work will not over.
n Preamble
l What is Meant by the Term ‘Preamble’?
Taking inspiration from American model, most countries in the contemporary world have chosen to begin their
constitutions with a preamble. It contains the philosophy on which the entire Constitution has been built. It is the
soul of the Indian Constitution.
The words Socialist, Secular were added to the preamble by the Forty-second Constitution Amendment Act of
1976.
50
Social Science
ALLEN
l Meaning of the terms used in Preamble
} SOVEREIGN : People have supreme right to make decisions on internal as well as external matters.
} SOCIALIST : Wealth is generated socially and should be shared equally by society.
} REPUBLIC : The head of the state is an elected person and not a hereditary position.
} JUSTICE : Citizens cannot be discriminated on the grounds of caste, religion and gender.
} LIBERTY : There are no unreasonable restrictions on the citizens in what they think, how they wish to express
their thoughts and the way they wish to follow up their thoughts in action.
} EQUALITY : All are equal before the law.
} FRATERNITY : All of us should behave as if we are members of the same family.
} SECULAR : Citizens have complete freedom to follow any religion. But there is no official religion. Government
treats all religious beliefs and practices with equal respect.
} DEMOCRATIC : A form of government where people enjoy equal political rights, elect their rulers and
hold them accountable.
N
n Institutional Design
} A Constitution is not merely a statement of values and philosophy. It is mainly about embodying these values
into institutional arrangements.
E
} Those who crafted the Indian Constitution did not see it as a sacred, static and unalterable law. So, they
made provisions to incorporate changes from time to time. These changes are called Constitutional
L
Amendments.
A L
51
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ALLEN
ESTABLISHMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY EXERCISE
AND ITS NATURE
1. The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly had 10. The leader that delivered the speech ‘tryst with
taken place in destiny’ on 14th August, 1947 was
(1) July 1946 (2) December 1946 (1) Dr. Rajendra Prasad. (2) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
(3) Feburary 1947 (4) August 1947 (3) J.L. Nehru. (4) Dr. Radhakrishnan.
2. The founder of Republican Party of India was 11. India is a secular state and it is clearly proclaimed in
(1) Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar the
(2) Somnath Lahiri (1) Fundamental rights
(3) Jawaharlal Nehru (2) Fundamental duties
(4) Shyama Prasad Mukherjee (3) Preamble
3. The 26th April 1994 is important in the history of (4) Directive Principles of State policy
South Africa because 12. Which among the following is not a part of Indian
N
(1) Nelson Mandela was imprisoned. Preamble ?
(2) Republic of South Africa was formed (1) Secularism
(3) White government was formed (2) Socialist
E
(4) Struggle of blacks had started (3) Sovereign, Democratic and Republic
4. The Indian Parliament gets authority and status to (4) Federalism
frame or enact laws from the
L
13. The correct meaning of the term socialist in the
(1) Prime Minister’s whims and wishes Constitution of India is
(2) President’s special orders (1) equal distribution of wealth in the society.
L
(3) Constitution (2) unequal distribution of properties.
(4) Ordinance (3) freedom of religion
5. The Constitution of India describes India as (4) socio-economic inequalities
A
(1) Partly unitary and partly federal 14. The result of the struggle of African National Con-
(2) A federation of states and union territories gress (ANC) was

(3) Union of states (1) separate laws for whites and blacks.
(4) Quasi-federal (2) discriminatory laws were changed.
6. Framers of the Indian Constitution were inspired by (3) apartheid system continued.
the practice of parliamentary democracy in (4) segregation policies were encouraged.
(1) U.S.A. (2) Britain
15. Indian National Congress adopted the resolution of
(3) France (4) Russia the Indian Constitution in
7. The word ‘secular’ means (1) 1928, Delhi (2) 1929, Lahore
(1) freedom to follow any religion
(3) 1930, Bombay (4) 1931, Karachi
(2) official religion
16. An amendment to the Constitution is proposed by the
(3) political rights
(1) members of an opposition party
(4) religion of the majority
(2) independent candidates
8. According to the Indian constitution, the mechanism
(3) elected representatives of parliament
that put limits on the government authority is
(4) judiciary
(1) political parties (2) subjects list
17. Nelson Mandela and seven other leaders were sen-
(3) directive principles (4) fundamental rights
tenced to life imprisonment because they
9. The constitution of a country
(1) opposed the apartheid regime in South Africa
(1) set guidelines for non governmental organisations
(2) demanded freedom to change government
(2) limits the powers of the government
(3) divided the people
(3) restricts the duties of the citizen
(4) supported the apartheid regime
(4) impose restrictions on political parties
52
Social Science
ALLEN
18. The founder President of Bharatiya Jansangh was 24. Who was the chairman of the Drafting Committee
(1) Krishan Kant Mukherjee of the Indian constitution?
(2) L.K. Advani (1) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
(3) Shyama Prasad Mukherjee (2) Jawaharlal Nehru
(4) S.R. Jain (3) C. Rajgopalachari
19. To work in the white living areas, the blacks were (4) Dr. Rajendra Prasad
asked to carry 25. When did the Indian constitution come into force?
(1) identity card (2) permit card (1) 26th Nov, 1949 (2) 15th August, 1947
(3) voter card (4) citizenship card (3) 26th Jan, 1950 (4) 26th Jan, 1930
20. The party that led to the struggle against the policy 26. Who prepared the draft of a constitution for India
of segregation in South Africa was in 1928?
(1) South African Congress (1) Motilal Nehru (2) B. R. Ambedkar
(2) Party For Equality (3) Dr. Rajendra Prasad (4) Jawaharlal Nehru
(3) Black Political Party 27. When was the Constitution of India completed?
N
(4) African National Congress (1) 26th Nov, 1949 (2) 26th Jan, 1949
21. Who was the chairman of the Constituent (3) 26th Jan, 1950 (4) 26th Nov, 1950
Assembly? 28. Mahatma Gandhi wrote :
E
(1) Jawaharlal Nehru (2) Dr. Rajendra Prasad (1) Young India
(3) B.R. Ambedkar (4) Mahatma Gandhi (2) New India
L
22. The Indian constitution has been borrowed from (3) Discovery of India
(i) Ideas from French Revolution (4) The Wonder That Was India
L
(ii) The British Constitution 29. In the Constituent Assembly, the first captain of the
(iii) The Bill of Rights of the US national hockey team also had a role.Who was he?
(iv) Israeli Constitution (1) Baldev Singh (2) Somnath Lahiri
(1) i, ii, iv (2) i, ii, iii, (3) Jaipal Singh (4) K.M. Munshi
A
(3) ii, iii, iv (4) i, ii, iv 30. Congress session of 1931 was held at :
23. The Constituent Assembly met for how many days? (1) Karachi (2) Lucknow
(1) 114 (2) 280 (3) Kanpur (4) Madras, now Chennai
(3) 365 (4) 150
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 4 2 3 3 4 1 2 4 3 1 3 2 4
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 2 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1
53
54
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A L L
Important Notes
E N
ALLEN

Social Science
ALLEN
12. INDIA'S PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY
n A Government Order
An order announces a major policy decision taken by the government for immediate implementation.
n The decision makers
l President is the head of the state and is the highest formal authority in the country.
l Prime Minister is the head of the government and actually exercisesall governmental powers. He takes most
of the decisions in the Cabinet meetings.
l Parliament consists of two Houses,Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The parliament makes important laws to be
followed by everyone.
n A long chain of events before the passing of Government Order for OBC reservation
l The Government of India had appointed the Second Backward Classes Commission in 1979. It was headed by
B.P. Mandal. Hence it was popularly called the Mandal Commission.
N
l The Commission gave its Report in 1980 and made many recommendations. One of these was that 27 per cent
of government jobs be reserved for the socially and economically backward classes.
E
l For several years, many parliamentarians and parties kept demanding the implementation of the Commission’s
recommendations.
l Then came the Lok Sabha electionof 1989. In its election manifesto, the Janata Dal promised that if voted to
L
power, it would implement the Mandal Commission report.
l The Janata Dal did form the government after this election. Its leader V. P.Singh became the Prime Ministerand
L
he implemented it.
n Involvement of several political institutions in implementing OBC reservation (Mandal Commission
recommendations):
A
l The President of India in his address to the Parliament announced the intention of the government to implement
the recommendations of the Mandal Commission.
} On 6 August 1990, the Union Cabinet took a formal decision to implement the recommendations.
} Next day Prime Minister V.P. Singh informed the Parliament about this decision through a statement in both
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\12.India's Parliamentary Democracy.p65
the Houses of Parliament.

} The decision of the Cabinet was sent to the Department of Personnel and Training. The senior officers of the
Department drafted an order inline with the Cabinet decision and took the minister’s approval.
} Anofficer signed the order on behalf ofthe Union Government. This was how OBC reservation bill was born
on August 13, 1990. Many approached the Supreme Court and the Supreme Court judges in 1992
declared that this order of the Government of India was valid.
l What are political Institutions? Need for Political Institutions in India
Several arrangements to provide social security, education, health and basic needs are made inall modern
democracies. Such arrangements are called institutions.A democracy works well when these institutions per-
form functions assigned to them.
} The Parliament makes important laws for the entire nation.
} The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are institutions that take all important policy decisions.
} The Civil Servants, working together, are responsible for taking steps to implement the ministers’decisions.
} Supreme Court is an institution where disputes between citizens and the government are finally settled.
55
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l What is Parliament?Why do we need a Parliament?
An assembly of elected representatives which exercises supreme political authority on behalf of the people. In
India such a national assembly of elected representatives is called Parliament.
} Parliament is the final authority for making laws in any country.Parliaments all over the world can make new
laws, change existing laws, or abolish existing laws and make new ones in their place.
} Parliaments all over the world exercise some control over those who run the government. In some countries
like India this control is direct and full.
} Parliaments control all the money that governments have. In most countries the public money can be spent
only when the Parliament sanctions it.
} Parliament is the highest forum of discussion and debate on public issues and national policy in any country.
Parliament can seek information about any matter.
l Two Houses of Parliament
} Most large countries divide the role and powers of the Parliament in two parts. They are called Chambers or
Houses.
N
} In our country, the Parliament consists of two Houses. The two Houses are known as the Council of States
(Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).
E
} The President of India is a part of the Parliament, although he is not a member of the either House.
} Our Constitution does give the Rajya Sabha some special powers over the states. But on most matters, the
Lok Sabha exercises supreme power.
L
l How does Lok Sabha exercise supreme power than Rajya Sabha?
} Any ordinary law needs to be passed by both the Houses. But if there is a difference between the two
L
Houses, the final decision is taken in a joint session in which the view of the Lok Sabha is likely to prevail.
} LokSabha exercises more powers in money matters. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget of the govern-
ment or any other money related law, the Rajya Sabha cannot reject but can only delay it by 14 days.
A
} Most importantly, the Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. Only a person who enjoys the support of
the majority of the members in the LokSabha is appointed the Prime Minister.
} If the majority of the Lok Sabha members say they have ‘no confidence’ in the Council of Ministers, all
ministers including the Prime Minister, have to quit. The Rajya Sabha does not have this power.
Executive

n
At different levels of any government we find functionarie swho take day-to-day decisions and implement those
decisions on behalf of the people. All those functionaries are collectively knownas the executive.
l Political and Permanent Executive
} Politician who is elected by the people for a specific period is called the political executive. Political leaders
who take the big decisions fall in this category.
} Officers who are appointed on a long-term basis based on their qualification and experience. They are called
the permanent executive or civil servants. They remain in office even when the ruling party changes.
l Why does the political executive have more power than the non-political executive?
OR
Why is the minister more powerful than the civil servant?
} In a democracy the will of the people is supreme. The minister is elected by the people and thus empowered
to exercise the will of the people on their behalf.
} The Minister is finally answerable to the people for all the consequences of her decision. That is why the
minister takes all the final decisions.
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} The minister decides the overall framework and objectives in which decisions on policy should be made.
} The minister is not expected to be an expert in the matters of her ministry. The minister takes the advice of
experts on all technical matters.
} The experts can tell the route, but the minister with a larger view decides the destination.
l Council of Ministers and Types of ministers: Council of Ministers is the official name for the body that
includes allthe Ministers. It usually has 60 to 80 Ministers of different ranks.
} Cabinet Ministers are usually top-level leaders of the ruling party or parties who are in charge of the
major ministries. Usually the Cabinet Ministers meet to take decisions in the name of the Council of Ministers.
} Ministers of State with independentcharge are usually in-chargeof smaller Ministries. They participate
in the Cabinet meetings only when specially invited.
} Ministers of State or Deputy ministers are attached to and required to assist Cabinet Ministers in their work.
l Prime Minister and Powers of the Prime Minister : Prime Minister is the most important political
institution in the country.The President appoints the leader of the majority party or the coalition of parties that
N
commands a majority in the Lok Sabha, as Prime Minister.
} A shead of the government, the Prime Minister has wide ranging powers.
E
} He chairs Cabinet meetings. He coordinates the work of different Departments. His decisions are finalin
case disagreements arise between Departments.
L
} He exercises general supervision of different ministries. All ministers work under his leadership.
} The Prime Minister distributes and redistributes work to the ministers. He also has the power to dismiss ministers.
} When the Prime Minister quits, the entire ministry quits.The Cabinet is the most powerful institution in India
L
and with in the Cabinet the Prime Minister who is the most powerful.
n Prime Ministerial form of government
A
However, in recent years the rise of coalition politics has imposed certain constraints on the power of the Prime
Minister. The Prime Minister of a coalition government cannot take decisions as he likes. He has to accommodate
different groups and factions in his party as well as among alliance partners.
l The President and Powers of the President : The President is the head of the State. The Presidentof India
is like the Queen of Britain whose functions are to a large extent ceremonial. The President is elected by all the
Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of State Legislative Assemblies (MLAs).

} The President supervises the overall functioning of all the political institutions in the country so that they
operate in harmony to achieve the objectives of the state.
} All governmental activities take place in the name of the President. All laws and major policy decisions of the
government are issued in her name.
} All major appointments are made in the name of the President. These include the appointment of the Chief
Justice of India, the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts, the Governors, the Election Commis-
sioners, ambassadors to other countries, etc.
} All international treaties and agreements are made in the name of the President.
} The President is the supreme commander of the defence forces of India. President exercises all these
powers only on the advice of the Council of Ministers.
What is Judiciary?
All the courts at different levels in a country put together are called the judiciary.The Indian judiciary consists of
a Supreme Court for the entire nation,High Courts in the states, District Courts and the courts at local level.
57
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l Types of cases or disputes handled by the courts:
} Cases Between citizens of the country.
} Cases between citizens and government.
} Cases between two or more state governments, and
} Cases between governments at the union and state level.
l Powers of the Supreme Court and High Court
} Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in civil and criminal cases. It can hear appeals against the
decisions of the High Courts.
} The Supreme Court and the High Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution of the country.
Theycan declare invalid any law of the legislature if they find such a law or action is against the Constitution.
} The Supreme Court can determine the Constitutional validity of any legislation or action of the executive in
the country, when it is challenged before them. This is known as the judicial review.
} The powers and the independence of the Indian judiciary allow it to act as the guardian of the Fundamental
N
Rights. We shall see in the next chapter that the citizens have a right to approach the courts to seek remedy
in case of any violation of their rights
} Courts have given several judgments and directives to protect public interest and human rights. Anyone can
E
approach the courts if public interest is hurt by the actionsof government. This is called public interest
litigation.
Independence of the judiciary
L
l
} Independence of the judiciary means that it is not under the control of the legislature or the executive. The
judges do not act on the direction of the government or according to the wishes of the party in power.
L
} The judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts are appointed by the President on the advice of the
Prime Minister and in consultation with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Once aperson is appointed as
judge of the Supreme Court or the High Court it is nearly impossible to remove him or her from that position.
A
} A judge can be removed only by an impeachment motion passed separately by two-thirds members of the
two Houses of the Parliament.
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INDIA'S PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY EXERCISE
1. “ Indira Sawhnay and others vs Union of India” case 9. Head of the government in India is
was related to the (1) President (2) Prime Minister
(1) Centre and state relations (3) Governor (4) Chief Minister
(2) Reservations of SEBC 10. All important policy decisions of the government are
taken by the
(3) Electoral Reforms
(1) opposition party.
(4) Economic Policies (2) civil servants.
2. The president of India may have a choice in the (3) prime minister and cabinet ministers.
appointment of the Prime Minister when (4) citizens
(1) one party has an overwhelming majority in the 11. No-confidence motion is passed in the Lok Sabha
lok sabha. against the
(2) one party has an absolute majority in the lok (1) independent candidate (2) prime minister
N
sabha. (3) opposition party (4) president.
(3) no party is having a minority in the lok sabha. 12. Cabinet meetings are held by the
(1) people (2) speaker
E
(4) no single party is having an absolute majority
(3) Prime Minister (4) Supreme Court
in the lok sabha.
13. The first session of the Lok Sabha was held in
3. The Mandal Commission was established in
L
(1) 1947 (2) 1948
(1) 1979 (2) 1989
(3) 1950 (4) 1952
(3) 1990 (4) 1995
L
14. The presiding officer of the Lok Sabha is the
4. The institution that enforces the laws made by the (1) President (2) Prime Minister
legislature is (3) Speaker (4) Deputy speaker
A
(1) Planning Commission (2) Election commissioner 15. In Ind ia, a nation al a ssembly of elected
(3) Executive (4) Judiciary representatives is called
(1) Judiciary.
5. The President can be removed from office by a
procedure known as (2) Parliament.
(3) Local self government.
(1) impeachment (2) secret ballot
(4) Committees of Supreme Court.

(3) open discussion (4) Chief Minister
16. Lok Sabha exercises more powers than Rajya
6. Government collect taxes to spend money on the Sabha in the matters related to
(1) leaders (2) welfare programmes (1) President impeachment
(3) political parties (4) elections (2) President elections
7. The judges of the Supreme Court are appointed (3) money
by the (4) agriculture
(1) Parliament 17. What is ‘Zero Hour?’
(2) Prime Minister (1) When the proposals of the opposition are
(3) President on the advice of Prime Minister considered.
(4) Governor (2) When the matters of utmost importance are

raised.
8. Permanent executive is also known as
(3) When money bill is introduced in the Lok Sabha
(1) Prime Minister’s office (2) President
(4) Interval between the morning and the evening
(3) Civil Servants (4) Political Parties session.
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18. Which of the following statements is not true? 24. When a Bill is presented at the table of Lok Sabha,
(1) The Judiciary safeguards the laws who decides its a Money Bill or not?
(1) The Prime Minister
(2) The Legislature implements the laws
(2) The President
(3) The political executives are more powerful than (3) The Parliamentary Selection Committee
the permanent executives (4) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha
(4) The permanent executives comprises the civil 25. How many members are nominated by the president
servants in Lok Sabha
19. The president of India is elected by (1) 2 members (2) 3 members
(3) 12 members (4) 6 members
(1) Direct Election by citizens ... 18 years of age
26. Who holds the power of judicial review in India?
(2) Indirect Election by the Electoral College (1) Parliament
(3) The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers (2) Law minister
(3) Supreme court and High court
(4) None of the above
(4) Only supreme court
N
20. President of India is :
27. The Indian Parliament consists of
(1) Head of the Government (1) Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha
E
(2) Head of the State (2) Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, Prime Minister
(3) Speaker, Lok Sabha
(3) Head of the parliament
(4) Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, President
L
(4) None of the above 28. What is the duration (Time limit) for the member
21. Who is the highest formal authority of India? of the Rajya Sabha?
(1) President (2) Prime Minister (1) 4 Years (2) 5 Years
L
(3) Governor (4) Chief Minister (3) 6 Years (4) 10 Years
22. Who discharges the responsibility of Chairman of 29. How many members in the Rajya Sabha can be
the Council of States? nominated by the President of India?
A
(1) The President of India (1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 6 (4) 12
(2) The Vice President of India 30. Which of the following is NOT under concurrent
(3) The Prime Minister of India list?
(4) None of the above (1) Trade Unions
(2) Agriculture

23. The Chief Election Commissioner of lndia is
appointed by- (3) Marriage
(4) Adoption and Succession
(1) President
(2) Prime Minister
(3) Governor
(4) Speaker of Lok Sabha
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 4 1 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 4 3 2 3 2 2 2 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 1 2 1 4 1 3 4 3 4 2
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13. DEMOCRACY AND ELECTION PROCESS
n Why Elections?
l Assembly elections in Haryana : In the State assembly election in Haryana in 1987, Chaudharty Devy lal
led a movement called Nyaya Yudh and formed a new party, Lok Dal. He promised to waive the loans of
farmers and small businessmen if his party wins the election. He won the election, and as soon as he became
Chief Minister, his government issued a Government Order waiving the outstanding loans of small farmers,
agricultural labourers and small businessmen.
l Why do we need elections?
In large communities its not possible to sit together and take all the decisions. In most democracies people rule
through their representatives. Elections provide the mechanism by which people can choose their representa-
tives.
l What makes elections democratic?
Simple list of the minimum conditions of a democratic election :
N
} Everyone should be able to choose.
} There should be something to choose from
E
} The choice should be offered at regular intervals.
} The candidate preferred by the people should get elected
L
} Elections should be conducted in a free and fair manner.
l Is it good to have polticial competition?
L
If there is no competition, elections wil become pointless.
} Demerits of an electoral competition
} When our Constitution makers were aware of problems related to electoral competition, why they opted for
A
free competition?
} Ways to deal with this situation
n System of Elections in India
l Types of elections
} General Election : When elections are held in all constituencies at the same time, either on the same day
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\13.Democracy and Election Process.p65
or within a few days. This is called a General Election.

} By-Election : By-election is held to choose a member of the Lok Sabha or that of State legislature "to
replace a previous member who has resigned suddenly or died*'. At times, certain seats may also fall vacant.
} Mid-term Election : The Lok Sabha or the State Assembly may be dissolved before its term is over. As a
result, a mid-term poll is required to constitute a new House.
l Electoral constituencies : The country is divided into different areas for purposes of elections. These areas
are called electoral constituencies. For Lok Sabha elections, representative elected from each constituency is
called a Member of Parliament. Each state is divided into a specific number of Assmebly constituencies. Each
village or town is divided into several wards for Panchayat and Municipal elections.
l Reserved Constituencies
} The Constitution makers, however, were worried that in an open electoral competition, certain weaker
sections may not stand a good chance to get elected to the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies.
} The makers of our Constitution thought of a special system of reserved constituencies for the weaker sections.
Some constituencies are reserved for people who belong to the Scheduled Castes [SC] and Scheduled Tribes
[ST].
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} Currently, in the Lok Sabha, 84 seats are reserved for the Scheduled Castes and 47 seats for the Scheduled
Tribes.
} One - third of the seats are reserved in rural and urban local bodies for women candidates.
n Voters' List
} In a democratic election, the list of those who are eligible to vote is prepared much before the election and
given to everyone. This list is officially called the Electoral Roll and is commonly known as the Voters' List.
} Some criminals and persons with unsound mind can be denied the right to vote, but only in rare situations.
} In the last few years a new system of Election Photo Identity Card [EPIC] has been introduced.
n Nominations of Candidates
} Political parties nominate their candidates who get the party symbol and support. Party's nomination is often
called party 'ticket'.
} Every person who wishes to contest an election has to fill a 'nomination form' and give some money as
'security deposit'.
N
} Recently, a new system of declaration has been introduced on direction from the Supreme Court. Every
candidate has to make a legal declaration, giving full details of :
(i) Serious criminal cases pending against the candidate
E
(ii) Details of the asset and liabilities of the candidate and his or her family; and
(iii) Educational qualifications of the candidate.
L
n Election Campaign
} In our country such campaigns take place for a two week period between the announcement of the final list
L
of candidates and the date of polling.
} During this period the candidates contact their voters, political leaders address election meetings and political
parties mobilise their supporters.
A
l Let us look at some of the successful slogans given by different political parties in various elections.
} The Congress party led by Indira Gandhi gave the slogan of Garibi Hatao (Remove poverty) in the Lok Sabha
elections of 1971.
} Save Democracy was the slogan given by Janata Party in the next Lok Sabha election held in 1977.

} The Left Front used the slogan of Land to the Tiller in the West Bengal Assembly elections held in 1977.
} 'Protect the Self-Respect of the Telugus' was the slogan used by N. T. Rama Rao, the leader of the Telugu
Desam Party in Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections in 1983.
l All the political parties in our country have agreed to a Model Code of Conduct for election campaigns. According
to this no party or candidate can :
} Use any place of worship for election propaganda;
} Use government vehicles, aircrafts and officials for elections; and
} Once elections are announced, Ministers shall not lay foundation stones of any projects, take any big policy
decisions or make any promises of providing public facilities.
n Polling and Counting of Votes
} The final stage of an election is the day when the voters cast or 'poll' their vote. That day is usually called the
election day.
} Now a days electronic voting machines (EVM) are used to record votes.
} A few days later, on a fixed date, all the EVMs from a constituency are opened and the votes secured by each
candidate are counted. The candidate who secures the highest number of votes from a constituency is
declared elected.
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n What makes elections in India democratic?
l Election Commission
} Thus, to make sure that elections are free and fair, the Constitution of India provides for an Election Commission.
It consists of a Chief Election Commissioner and some other members (at present, there are two other
members). They are appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Cabinet.
l Function of Election Commission
} The supervision, direction and control of elections.
} To prepare electoral rolls and get them revised before every election.
} To supervise the machinery of elections throughout the country so that the elections are held in a free and
fair manner.
} Delimitation of Constituencies.
} To allot symbols of various political parties and independent candidates. It hears and settles all the disputes
with regard to symbols.
N
} To cancel polls in case of mass scale rigging, irregularities or violence.
} Very few Election Commission in the world have such wide ranging powers as the Election Commission in
India.
E
} Now, it is very common for the Election Commission to reprimand the governments and the adminstration
for their lapses and negligence. If the Election Commission feels that the election in a particular constituency
L
was not fair, it often cancels the polling and order a re-poll in some polling booths or even in the entire
constituency and order for fresh polls.
L
l Popular participation
} In India voter turnout has either remained stable or actually gone up.
} The poor, iliterate and underprivileged people vote in larger proportion to the rich and privileged sections.
A
} Common people in India attach a lot of importance to elections.
} The interest of voters in election related activities has been increasing over the years.
l Acceptance of election outcome
} The ruling parties routinely lose elections in India both at the national and state level.
} In India about half of the sitting MPs or MLAs lose elections.
} Candidates who are known to have spent a lot of money on ‘buying votes’ and those with known criminal
connections often lose elections.
} Barring verty few disputed elections, the electoral outcomes are usually accepted as ‘people’ verdict’ by the
defeated party.
l Challenges to free and fair Elections
} Candidates and parties with a lot of money do enjoy a big and unfair advantage over smaller parties and
independents.
} Candidates with criminal connection have been able to push others out of the electoral race and to secure a
‘ticket’ from major parties.
} Some families tend to dominate politics, tickets are distributed to relatives from these families.
} Very often elections offer little choice to ordinary citizens
} Smaller parties and independent candidates suffer a huge disadvantage compared to bigger parties.
63
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DEMOCRACY AND ELECTION PROCESS EXERCISE
1. Identify the incorrect statement related to the elec- 8. The party which was formed by Chaudhary Devi Lal is
tions in a democracy. (1) Congress
(1) elections are important in all representative (2) Communist party
democracy (3) Lok Dal
(2) people choose their representatives at regular (4) Bahujan Samaj Dal.
intervals
9. In India, the symbols to Political Parties are decided
(3) people can also remove them if they are by the
unhappy with their rule (1) Vice President of India
(4) only few representatives are elected by the people. (2) Election commission
2. The authority that conducts elections to Parliament is (3) Electoral committee of political party
(1) Speaker (4) Chief Justice of India
(2) President
N
10. Mark out the correct meaning of an electoral roll
(3) Election Commission of India (1) election competition
(4) Attorney General (2) politices of campaining
E
3. The authority that implements the Code of Conduct (3) voters list.
in the elections is (4) universal adult suffrage
L
(1) President 11. The correct meaning of EPlC is
(2) Prime Minister (1) equal power in council
L
(3) Election Commission (2) election photo identity card
(4) Delimiation Officer (3) elections power index card
4. The famous slogan “Protect the Self Respect of the (4) electronic power Identity crisis
A
Telegus” was given by 12. The two houses of the Indian Parliament are
(1) Alluri Sitaramaraju (2) P Chidambaram (1) Senate and House of representatives
(3) N.T. Rama Rao (4) D. Rama Naidu (2) Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha
5. The democratic system in India is based on the prin- (3) House of Lords and House of commons

ciple of (4) Assembly house of the Parliament
(1) universal male suffrage 13. The General Elections take place in India after every
(2) one man two votes (1) three years (2) four years
(3) universal adult suffrage (3) five years (4) six years.
(4) one man four votes 14. A ballot paper is a sheet of paper which contains
6. ‘Poling booth’ means the names of the:
(1) voting place-a school or government office (1) voters
(2) government departments (2) contesting candidates
(3) political parties office (3) polling officials
(4) counting of votes (4) party workers
7. Vidhan Sabha is the 15. One of the correct features of a democracy is
(1) Constituencies (1) freedom to change the polling booth.
(2) State Assembly. (2) free and fair election.
(3) District (3) singel party contesting in election.
(4) Upper house (4) campaign during election.

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16. A set of norms and guidelines to be followed by 22. Reserved Constituencies ensures:
political parties and candidates during elections is
(1) Right to equality
called:
(1) Constituency (2) Rigging (2) Proper representation to all religious groups
(3) Code of conduct (4) Turnout (3) Proper representation to the weaker sections
17. The correct meaning of the term electoral of society
constituency is (4) None of these
(1) Assembly seats in Haryana.
23. Which of the following has the largest Lok Sabha
(2) Lok Sabha area. constituency in India?
(3) Area of the Vidhan Sabha.
(1) Maharashtra (2) U.P.
(4) Area based system of representation.
(3) Himachal Pradesh (4) Bihar
18. The boundaries of a constituency is decided on the
basis of: 24. Who has given the slogan 'Garibi Hatao'?
N
(1) population (2) culture (1) Indira Gandhi (2) Rajiv Gandhi
(3) language (4) number of villages (3) Sonia Gandhi (4) Pt. Nehru
19. Which of the following is not allowed while carrying
E
25. The number of Lok Sabha constituencies at present
out election campaign?
is :
(1) Giving money to voters to cast vote for candi-
L
dates (1) 541 (2) 546
(2) Using TV channels (3) 543 (4) 540
(3) Door to door canvassing
L
26. Who appoints the Chief Election Commissioner of
(4) Contacting voters on phone India?
20. Which one of the following provisions fails to en-
(1) The Chief Justice of India
sure fair and equal chance to compete to candi-
A
dates and political parties? (2) The Prime Minister of India
(1) No party or candidate can bribe or threaten (3) The President of India
voters
(4) The people of India
(2) No party or candidate is bound by the model
27. Which of the following statements about the rea-
code of conduct
sons for conducting elections is false?
(3) No party of candidates can use government re-
sources for election campaign (1) Elections enable people to judge the perfor-
(4) Nobody can appeal to voters in the name of mance of the government
caste or religion (2) People select the representatatives of their
21. Which of the following statements is against the choice in an election
democratic process of elections?
(3) Elections enable people to evaluate the per-
(1) Parties and candidates should be free to con-
formance of the judiciary
test elections
(2) Elections must be held regularly immediately (4) People can indicate which policies they prefer
after the term is over 28. The number of seats reserved for Scheduled Castes
(3) The right to vote should be given to the selected in the Lok Sabha is:
people only
(1) 59 (2) 84
(4) Elections should be conducted in a free and fair
(3) 89 (4) 99
manner
65
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29. The number of 'Reserved Seats' for Scheduled 30. Which of these is not a feature of Universal Adult
Castes and Tribes in the Lok Sabha is according to Franchise in India?
(1) their population share (1) Every citizen should have one vote
(2) the decision of the Election Commission (2) Each vote should have equal value
(3) the decision of all political parties (3) Every adult citizen has the right to vote
(4) None of these (4) Every voter should be educated upto primary level
E N
L L
A CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\13.Democracy and Election Process.p65
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 3 3 3 3 1 2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 4 1 1 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 3 3 2 1 3 3 3 2 1 4
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14. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT'S OF CITIZENS
n Life Without Rights
l Prison in Guantanamo Bay
} About 600 people were secretly picked up by the US forces from all over the world and put in a prison in
Guantanamo Bay, an area near Cuba controlled by Amercian Navy.
} The American government said that they were enemies of the US and linked to the attack on New York on
11 September 2001.
} There was no trial before any magistrate in the US. Nor could these prisoners approach courts in their own
country.
l Amnesty International
Amnesty International, an international human rights organisation, collected information on the condition of the
prisoners in Guantanamo Bay and reported that the prisoners were being tortured in ways that violated the US
laws.
N
l Citizen's Rights in Saudi Arabia
} The country is ruled by a hereditary king and the people have no role in electing or changing their rulers.
} Citizens cannot form political parties or any political organisations.
E
} There is no freedom of religion. Every citizen is required to be Muslim.
} Women are subjected to many public restrictions.
L
l Ethnic massacre in Kosovo
} Kosovo was a province of Yugoslavia before its split. In this province, the population was overwhelmingly
L
ethnic Albanian. But in the entire country, Serbs were in majority.
} A narrow minded Serb nationalist Milosevic (pronounced Miloshevich) had won the election. His government
was very hostile to the Kosovo Albanians. He wanted the Serbs to dominate the country.
A
} To get their objectives, the massacre of Albanians was done.
} Finally several other countries intervened to stop this massacre. Milosevic lost power and was tried by the
International Court of Justice for Crime against Humanity.
n Rights in a Democracy
} Rights are a must to ensure the dignity, security and fair play to all the citizens.
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\14.Fundamental Right's of Citizens.p65
} Democracy is a system in which maximum rights are guaranteed to its citizens.

n What are Rights?
} Rights are reasonable claims of persons recognised by society and sanctioned by law.
n Why do We Need Rights in a Democracy?
} Rights sustain a democracy.
} They give to every citizen a right to vote and the right to be elected to government.
} They allow citizens to express their views freely, form parties and take part in political activities.
} Rights are guarantees when things go wrong. They do not allow the majority to dominate the minority.
} Some rights are placed higher than the government, so that the government does not violate them.
n Rights in the Indian Constitution
The Indian Constitution has given us six Fundamental Rights. They are the basic features of India’s
Constitution.
l Fundamental Rights are : (i) Right to Equality (ii) Right to Freedom (iii) Right against Exploitation (iv) Right to
Freedom of Religion (v) Cultural and Educational Rights (vi) Right to Constitutional Remedies.
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} Right to Equality : It grants equality to all its citizens in the eyes of law. No discrimination can be made
against any citizen on ground of birth, castse religion and gender. Untouchability is made a cognisable
offence. Equal opportunity is guaranteed to all the citizens.
} Right to Freedom : It grants (i) freedom of speech and expression, (ii) freedom to assemble in a peaceful
manner, (iii) freedom to form associations, (iv) freedom to move freely in any part of the country, (v) freedom
to reside in any part of the country and (vi) Practice any profession, carry out any occupation for trade,
} Right against Exploitation : The constitution prohibits (i) traffic in human beings. (ii) Prohibits forced
labour or begar and (iii) prohibits child labour.
} Right to Freedom of Religion : There is no state religion in India. All religions are given equal respect.
Every person has a right to profess, practice and propagate his own religion.
} Cultural and Educational Rights : Minorities have the right to conserve their language and culture. They
have the right to establish their own educational institutions.
} Right to Constitutional Remedies : This is the right that makes all rights effective. If a citizen’s funda-
mental rights are violated or taken away, he/she can seek remedy through courts. The courts can issue write
N
or order for the protection of Fundamental Rights.
} National Human Rights Commission is an independent organisation established in 1993. Its main work
is to focus on human rights and help the victims, whose rights are violated.
E
n Expanding Scope of Rights
Over the years, the scope of rights has expanded. Now school education has become a right for Indian citizens.
The governments are responsible for providing free and compulsory education to all the children up to the age
L
of 14 years. Parliament has enacted a law giving the right to information to the citizens. This Act was made
under the Fundamental Right to freedom of thought and expression. We have a right to seek information from
L
government offices. Recently, the Supreme Court has expanded the meaning of the right to life to include the
right to food. Right to property is not a Fundamental Right but it is a constitutional right. Right to vote in
elections is an important constitutional right.
A
The Constitution of South Africa guarantees its citizens several kinds of new rights:
} Right to privacy
} Right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or wellbeing
} Right to have access to adequate housing
} Right to have access to health care services, sufficient food and water; no one may be refused emergency

medical treatment
l International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
This international covenant recognises many rights These include:
right to work, right to safe and healthy working conditions, right to adequate standard of living, right to social
security and insurance, right to health and right to education:
68
Social Science
ALLEN
FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT'S OF CITIZENS EXERCISE
1. Guantanamo Bay was controlled by the naval power 10. The Right to freedom that is mentioned in the
of Indian Constitution is
(1) India (2) America (1) freedom to forms association and union.
(3) Cuba (4) Poland (2) ban trade unions
2. Abolition of untouchability belongs to (3) reside in one part of the country
(1) fundamental duties (4) practice of single profession
(2) legal rights 11. A secular state is one that

(1) does not have official religion.
(3) fundamental rights
(2) has one official religion.
(4) directive principles of state policy
(3) is ruled by priest.
3. The meaning of “traffic” is
(4) is governed by rigid religious beliefs.
(1) crowd
12. The Right Against Exploitation has been included
(2) assembly
in the fundamental right to prevent.
N
(3) vehicle
(1) Richer sections.
(4) selling and buying of human beings (2) Forced labour.
E
4. The fundamental right that is regarded as “heart (3) Freedom to travel.
and soul” of our Constitution is (4) People to hold meetings.
(1) Right to Equality 13. Under the Constitution of India, the factories are not
L
(2) Right to Constitutional Remedies allowed to employ children below the age of
(3) Right to Religion (1) 10 (2) 11 (3) 13 (4) 14
L
(4) Right to Cultural and Educational Freedom 14. The meaning of ‘Begar’ is
5. The victims of untouchability are the (1) free service to the master.
(1) Dalits (2) Barbers (2) non-governmental organisation.
A
(3) Brahmins (4) Politicians (3) factory worker.
6. The number of imprisoned people in Guantanamo (4) life-long service
Bay were 15. Which among the following cannot be challenged
(1) 300 (2) 400 in a court?
(1) Directive principles of state policy
(3) 536 (4) 600

(2) Fundamental Rights
7. Freedom to hold meetings is important to
(3) Freedom to choose any profession or busines
(1) mobilize public support to a cause.
(4) Right to move freely to any part of the country.
(2) lead public disorder
16. Cultural and Educational Rights are safeguarded
(3) motivate leaders
mainly for :
(4) resolve personal issues
(1) Women (2) minorities
8. Some rights, are mentioned in the Constitution, are (3) children (4) Men
fundamental to
17. Which of the following is not a Fundamental Right?
(1) democracy (2) foreigners (1) Right to Freedom
(3) our life (4) prisoners (2) Right to Vote
9. Saudi Arabia is ruled by a (3) Right to Equality
(1) republican government. (4) Right Against Exploitation
(2) hereditary king 18. Civil Rights are given to the individual by:
(3) semi-presidential government (1) Nature (2) God
(4) plural government (3) The State (4) The people
69
Class X
ALLEN
19. The Indian Constitution prescribes Fundamental 25. Which of the following freedoms is not available to
Rights in : an Indian citizen?
(1) part III (2) part VII (1) Freedom to criticise the government
(3) part V (4) part IV (2) Freedom to participate in armed rebellion
20. Who called the right to constitutional remedies as (3) Freedom to reside in any part of the country
the heart and soul of the constitution? (4) All the above
(1) J.L. Nehru 26. Which of these is not allowed under the Culture
(2) B. R. Ambedkar and Educational Right in India?
(3) Mahatma Gandhi (1) Every cultural group has the right to protect its
language and culture.
(4) Rajendra Prasad
(2) Admissions can be denied on the basis of
21. Which of the following Fundamental Rights prohib-
religion and culture in government aided
its traffic in human beings?
educational organisations set up by cultural
(1) Right against exploitation
groups.
(2) Right to equality (3) All minority groups have the right to establish
N
(3) Right to freedom of religion educational institutions of their choice.
(4) Right to freedom (4) None of these
22. Which of these is not a freedom available under 27. Which one of the following is not a Political Right?
E
the 'Right to Freedom' in India? (1) Right to contest election
(1) Freedom of speech and expression (2) Right to vote
L
(2) Freedom to incite people to rebel against the (3) Right to seek any political office
government (4) Right to freedom
(3) Freedom to assemble in a peaceful manner 28. Which of the following practices is against the secu-
L
(4) Freedom to form associations and unions lar philosophy of the country?
23. Which among the following is correct regarding PIL? (1) To propagate one's religion
(1) Public Interest Legislature (2) To change one's religion
A
(2) Public Interest Litigation (3) To offer religious instruction in government
(3) Public Information Litigation schools
(4) To practice a religion of choice
(4) Public Information Legislature
29. If anyone violates our Fundamental Rights we can
24. Which one of the following is not true regarding the
directly approach the :

Fundamental Rights?
(1) Prime Minister (2) Supreme Court
(1) Men and women government employees get
(3) President (4) Vice President
the same salary.
30. Which fundamental rights ensures the ban on
(2) Christian missionaries set up a chain of mis-
bonded labour?
sionary schools
(1) Right against exploitation
(3) Workers from Uttar Pradesh go to Punjab to
(2) Right to freedom
work on the farms.
(3) Right to constitutional remedies
(4) Parents property is inherited by the children.
(4) Right to equality
ANSWER KEY
Q ue. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 3 4 2 1 4 1 3 2 1 1 2 4 1 1 2 2 3 1 2
Q ue. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 1 2 2 4 2 2 4 3 2 1
70
Social Science
ALLEN
15. INDIA-SIZE AND LOCATION
n Location & Extent
l India is the world’s seventh largest country, with an area of about 3.28 million square kilometers. India's total
area accounts for about 2.4 per cent of the total geographical area of the world. The Tropic of Cancer runs
about midway through the country. North to South, from 37° 6' N to 8° 4' N the mainland of India stretches over
3,214 km. It lies entirely in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere.The southernmost
point of the Indian Union-‘Indira Point’ got submerged under the sea water in 2004 during the Tsunami.
l West to east, India stretches for about 2,933 km from 68° 7' E to 97° 25'E. The local time changes by 4 minutes
for every 1° difference in longitude. So, the time difference between the western most point in Gujarat and the
easternmost point in Arunachal Pradesh is about two hours. However, for the sake of uniformity, the local time
of 82°30'E longitude is taken as the Indian Standard Time (IST). The 82°30' E longitude is called the Standard
Meridian of India passing through Mirzapur (U.P.).
l To the west of the Indian peninsula lies the Arabian Sea and to the east, the Bay of Bengal to the south is the
N
Indian Ocean. The length of India coasts (lands bordering the sea) including Andaman and Nicobar and
Lakshadweep is 7,516.6 k.m. India has a land boundary of about 15200 km.
l Impact of the longitudinal extent of India : The earth takes 24 hours to complete one rotation (360°) about its
E
axis which means the earth rotates at the pace of 15° per hour (360°/24). As the longitudinal extent of India is
about 30° longitude (i.e., 97°25' - 68°7'), the time lag between easternmost and westernmost points of India is of
L
two hours.
l Impact of the latitudinal extent of India : Kanyakumari is situated near Equator. Here days and nights are almost
L
equal, the maximum difference is 45 minutes only. But as we move farther towards north or south of the Equator,
the difference between the length of the day and night becomes progressively larger. In North Kashmir, it is as
much as 5 hours, as it is far away from the equator.
India and the world :
A
n
} The Indian landmass has a central location between the East and the West Asia.
} India is a southward extension of the Asian continent. The trans Indian Ocean routes which connect the countries
of Europe in the West and the countries of East Asia provide a strategic central location to India.
} The Deccan Peninsula protrudes into the Indian Ocean, thus helping India to establish close contact with West
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\3-Geography\15.India-Size And Location.p65
Asia, Africa and Europe from the western coast and with Southeast and East Asia from the eastern coast.
} India’s contacts with the world have continued through the ages but her relationships through the land routes
are much older than her maritime contacts.
} These routes have contributed in the exchange of ideas and commodities since ancient times.
} Since the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. India's distance from Europe has been reduced by 7,000 km.
} Before 1947, there were two types of states in India - the provinces and the Princely states. Provinces were
ruled directly by British officials. Princely states were ruled by local, hereditary rulers.
n Neighbour
To the north of India are China, Nepal and Bhutan, and to the east, Bangladesh and Myanmar, To the west and
north-west are Pakistan and Afghanistan. In the south, separated from India by the Palk Strait, lies the island
country of Sri Lanka. To the south of Lakshadweep lies Maldives.
71
Class X
ALLEN
INDIA-SIZE AND LOCATION EXERCISE
1. Match the following: 8. The southernmost point of Indian mainland is known
State Neighbouring Country as
A. Uttaranchal i. Myanmar (1) Kanyakumari (2) Indira Point

(3) Pondicherry (4) Cochin
B. Rajasthan ii. Pakistan
9. The most recently formed state of India is
C. Meghalaya iii. China
(1) Jharkhand (2) Telangana
D. Nagaland iv. Bangladesh
(3) Chattisgarh (4) Uttaranchal
(1) A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i (2) A-iii, B-ii, C-iv, D-i
10. The easternmost state of India is
(3) A-i, B-iii, C-ii, D-iv (4) A-ii, B-iv, C-i, D-iii (1) Arunachal Pradesh (2) Manipur
2. A major latitude dividing Indian mainland into two (3) Mizoram (4) Nagaland
equal halves is 11. Smallest state in India is
(1) Arctic circle (2) Equator (1) Goa (2) Kerela
N
(3) Tropic of Capricorn (4) Tropic of Cancer (3) Mizoram (4) Sikkim
3. India shares longest international boundary with 12. In which year ‘Indira Point’ submerged under the
(1) China (2) Nepal sea water?
E
(3) Pakistan (4) Bangladesh (1) 2000 (2) 2002
(3) 1998 (4) 2004
4. India’s mainland extension lies between:
L
13. India’s total area accounts______ per cent of the
(1) 8° 4' N-37° 6' N latitudes, 68° 7' E – 97° 25' E
geographical area of the world.
longitude
(1) 5.0 (2) 4.0
L
(2) 8° 3' N-38° 5' N latitudes, 65° 5' E – 97° 21' E
(3) 238 (4) 2.4
longitude
14. Which of the following countries is not in Indian
(3) 7° 9' N-37° 5' N latitudes, 65° 5' E – 97° 21' E
subcontinent?
A
longitude
(1) Maldives (2) Pakistan
(4) 8° 4' N-37° 6' N latitudes, 69° 7' E – 97° 24' E
(3) Bangladesh (4) Nepal
longitude
15. Areawise what is the position of India in the world?
5. An example of Union Territory is
(1) Third (2) Fourth
(1) Haryana (2) Punjab
(3) Sixth (4) Seventh

(3) Chandigarh (4) Kerala 16. The Tropic of Cancer does not pass through :
6. Suez Canal has reduced India’s distance from (1) Rajasthan (2) Tripura
Europe by (3) Jharkhand (4) Bihar
(1) 6,000 km (2) 7,000 km 17. Which meridian is fixed as a Standard Meridian of
(3) 8,000 km (4) 9,000 km India?
7. The difference between the duration of day and (1) 82½
°E (2) 84½
°E
night is hardly felt at Kanyakumari but not so at (3) 86° E (4) 81° E
Kashmir. Why? 18. Daman and Diu is a
(1) Because Kashmir is a cold place. (1) union territory of India (2) state of India
(2) Because Kashmir comes under the shadow of (3) district of India (4) city of India
the Himalayan mountains. 19. Which one of the following routes are the oldest and
(3) Because sunlight is reflected off the sea water provided India relationsh ips with oth er
around Kanyakumari. countries?
(4) Because Kanyakumari is nearer to the (1) Land routes (2) Sea routes
Equator than Kashmir. (3) Air routes (4) Rail routes
72
Social Science
ALLEN
20. India has land boundary of about 25. A narrow channel of sea separating two land-masses
(1) 18,200 km (2) 7516.6 km is called :
(3) 15,200 km (4) 2458 km (1) Gulf (2) Strait
21. The Princely states and Provinces were two types of (3) Isthmus (4) Bay
(1) districts in India 26. Which of the following states does not share any
(2) Administrative divisions in India. (During the international boundary?
British Period) (1) Rajasthan (2) West Bengal
(3) cities in India (3) Uttarakhand (4) Madhya Pradesh
(4) towns in India 27. The four states which are situated along the
22. Which neighbouring country would you reach if you Himalayas are :
were to sail across the Palk Strait? (1) Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh,
(1) Myanmar (2) Maldives Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh
(3) Bangladesh (4) Sri Lanka (2) Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana, Rajasthan
23. The neighbouring countries that share their (3) Gujarat, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Jharkhand
N
boundaries with India are : (4) Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh
(1) Pakistan and Afghanistan 28. What is the length of Indian coastline?
(2) Myanmar and Bangladesh (1) 8716 km (2) 7165 km
E
(3) China and Nepal (3) 9515 km (4) 7516.6 km
(4) All the above 29. Which of these countries do not share land borders
L
24. Which one of the following Indian states does not with India?
share its boundary with Pakistan? (1) Russia (2) Bhutan
(1) Jammu and Kashmir (3) Myanmar (4) Pakistan
L
(2) Rajasthan 30. In India, Tropic of Cancer passes through the state
(3) Gujarat of
(4) Haryana (1) Bihar (2) Uttar Pradesh
A
(3) Jharkhand (4) None of these
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 4 4 1 3 2 4 1 2 1 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 1 1 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 2 4 4 4 2 4 1 4 1 3
73
74
Class X
A L L
Important Notes
E N
ALLEN

Social Science
ALLEN
16. PUNJAB SIZE AND LOCATION
n Introduction
Punjab is a land of five rivers. Its geographical location has a special importance for Indian sub-continent. Punjab
has remained a gateway to the foreigners. Aryans, Greeks, Kushans, Ghaznavi, Taimoors, Mughals, Afghans
entered India through Punjab
n Geographical History of Punjab
Word ‘Punjab’ is formed by the combination of two Persian words ‘Punj’ which means five and ‘Aab’ which means
water. So the word ‘Punjab’ means land of five rivers. In Rigveda Punjab is mentioned as ‘Sapt Sindhu’ or ‘Land
of Seven rivers’. In Puranas, Punjab is mentioned as ‘Panchand’ and ‘Pantapotamia’ the name was given to this
land by Greeks According to a great historian, Alexander Cunningham, ‘Tak’ Tribe was once living in Punjab
and therefore it was also known as ‘Tak’ Pradesh’ During the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh,
After the partition in 1947, most of the fertile part of Punjab went to Pakistan. Only 34% part of undivided
N
punjab became the part of India and moreover the large network of canal irrigation system also went to Pakistan.
On 15th 1948, the princely state of Punjab which included Patiala, Nabha, Malerkotla, Jind, Kapurthala, Faridkot,
Nalagarh and Kalsia, were combined and a new state PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab States Union) was formed.
E
In 1956 Indian States were reorganised and ‘PEPSU’ was merged to form united Punjab.
On 1st November, 1966, Punjab was again divided on the linguistic basis, and two new states Himachal Pradesh
L
and Harayana were carve out of it.
n Punjab : Present Status
L
Punjab is situated in North-West of India. Punjab extents from the latitudes 29°.30' North to 32°.32' North and
longitudes 73°.55' East to 76°.50' East. Its total area is 50,362 square kilometer. It consists of 1.6% of total land
area of India. First District of Punjab, Amritsar, literally means, the pool of nector. The old name of this place
A
was ‘Chakk Ramdas’ Gurdaspur city was established in 16th centunary. District of Pathankot was carved out of
Gurdaspur in 2011. This district in the foothill of Shiwaliks is smallest district of Punjab. District Tarn Taran was
carved out of Amritsar in 2006, and was established by Guru Arjan Dev Ji. District Hoshiarpur has a mixed
topography. Most of its area is mountainous, while some part is plain. Jallandhur, another historical city of Punjab
is major Media centre. A village in this district, Sansarpur, is known as nursery of Hockey. Kapurthala is a former
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\3-Geography\16.Punjab Size and Location.p65
princely city where, J.C.T. Mills and Pushpa Gujral Science city have given it a new identity after 1947. Saheed
Bhagat Singh Nagar, also known as Nawashahar was made district in 1995.
Faridkot was formed as district in 1972 and named after sufi saint, Baba Sheikh Farid Ji. District Fazilka of
Punjab which lies in cotton producing belt and is known for production of kinow and other citrus fruits. The climate
of this region to also similer to Mediterranean climate. Ludhiana was inhabited by rulers of Lodhi Dynasty in
1480 and is famous for hosiery industry and Punjab Agriculture University. Mansa came up as a district in 1992
and is better known as ‘Land of white gold’ for lying in rich cotton growing region.
Fatehgarh Sahib, named at the youngest Sahibzada of Guru Gobind singh Ji, Baba Fateh Singh, came up as
district in 1992. Patiala is former princely state and has remained capital of PEPSU (Patiala and East Punjab
States Union) till 1955. Known 20 Social Science-IX (Part-I) educational hub, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar came
up as a district is 2006 and is still better known as Mohali.
Ancient names for Punjab had been Sapt Sindhu, Panchnad, Pantopotamia and Tuk Pradesh. Smallest district
of Punjab is Pathankot.
75
Class X
ALLEN
PUNJAB SIZE AND LOCATION EXERCISE
1. Which of the following foreigner not entered India 8. Which city of Punjab, lies in cotton producing belt
through Punjab? and is known for production of kinow and other
(1) Aryans (2) Greeks citrus fruits?
(1) Fazilka (2) Faridkot
(3) Taimoors (4) British
(3) Kapurthala (4) Ferozepur
2. Word 'Punjab' is formed by the combination
of______ words. 9. Which District was inhabited by rulers of Lodhi
Dynasty in 1480 and is famous for hosiery industry
(1) Urdu (2) Persian
and Punjab Agriculture University.
(3) Panjabi (4) Sanskrit (1) Fatehgarh Sahib (2) Ludhiana
3. 'Panchand' and 'Pantapotamia' the name was given (3) Patiala (4) Barnala
to Punjab by______.
10. Which district of Punjab is better known as 'Land of
(1) Greeks (2) Mughals white gold' for lying in rich cotton growing region?
N
(3) Afghans (4) Persians (1) Tarn Taran (2) Jalandhar
4. Which of following name given by Greeks to the land (3) Mansa (4) Hoshiarpur
of Punjab?
E
11. Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar came up as a district is
(1) Panchand (2) Pantapotamia 2006 and is still better known as_____.
(3) PUNJ (4) Both (1) and (2) (1) Roopnagar (2) Mohali
L
(3) Ferozepur (4) Sangrur
5. On 1st November, 1966, Punjab was divided on the
linguistic basis. 12. In punjab which of the following district boundaries,
L
touch the boundaries of 7 other districts.
Which of following new states carve out of it?
(1) Roopnagar (2) Ludhiana
(1) Himachal Pradesh (2) Delhi
(3) Ferozepur (4) Sangrur
A
(3) Rajasthan (4) None of these
13. Punjab consists of _____of total land area of India.
6. First District of Punjab, literally means, the pool of
(1) 0.06% (2) 1.6% (3) 2.6% (4) 3.6%
nector.
14. Punjab extents from the latitudes ____ North to
(1) Amritsar (2) Gurdaspur ______ North.
(3) Sri Mukatsar Sahib (4) Faridkot (1) 09° 30', 12° 32' (2) 19° 30', 22° 32'
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\3-Geography\16.Punjab Size and Location.p65

7. Which of the following district is smallest district of (3) 29° 30' 32° 32' (4) 39° 30', 42° 32'
Punjab? 15. Punjab extents from the longitudes ______ East to
(1) Amristar (2) Hoshiarpur _____ East
(3) Patiala (4) Pathankot (1) 73° 55', 78° 50' (2) 73° 55', 76° 50'
(3) 62° 55', 76° 50' (4) 83° 55', 86° 50'
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 4 2 1 4 1 1 4 1 2 3 2 2 2 3 2
76
Social Science
ALLEN
17. INDIA PHYSIOGRAPHIC UNITS
n Major Physiographic Division
The physical features of India can be grouped under the following physiographic divisions:
The Himalayan Mountains, The Northern Plains, The Peninsular Plateau, The Indian Desert, The Coastal Plains,
The Islands
n Himalayan Mountains
} The Himalayas represent the loftiest and one of the most rugged mountain barriers of the world. They form
an arc, which covers a distance of about 2,400 km. Their width varies from 400 km in Kashmir to 150 km
in Arunachal Pradesh.
} The Himalaya consists of three parallel ranges in its longitudinal extent.
} The northern-most range is known as the Great or Inner Himalayas or the ‘Himadri’. It is the most
continuous range consisting of the loftiest peaks with an average height of 6,000 metres. The folds of Great
Himalayas are asymmetrical in nature. The core of this part of Himalayas is composed of granite. It is
N
perennially snow bound
} The range lying to the south of the Himadri forms the most rugged mountain system and is known as Himachal
or lesser Himalayas. These are made up of highly compressed and altered rocks. The altitude varies
E
between 3,700 and 4,500 metres and the average width is of 50 Km. While the Pir Panjal range forms the
longest and the most important range, the Dhaula Dhar and the Mahabharat ranges are also prominent
L
ones. This range consists of the famous valley of Kashmir, the Kangra and Kullu valley in Himachal Pradesh.
} The outer-most range of the Himalayas is called the Shiwaliks. They extend over a width of 10-50 km and
have an altitude varying between 900 and 1100 metres. These ranges are composed of unconsolidated
L
sediments brought down by the rivers. The longitudinal valley lying between lesser Himalaya and the Shiwaliks
are known as Duns. Dehra Dun, Kotli Dun and Patli Dun are some of the well-known Duns.
} Himalayas have been divided on the basis of regions from west to east. These divisions have been demarcated
A
by river valleys. For example, the part of Himalayas lying between Indus and Satluj has been traditionally
known as Punjab Himalayas but it is also known regionally as Kashmir and Himachal Himalayas from west to
east respectively. The part of the Himalayas lying between Satluj and Kali rivers is known as Kumaon Himalayas.
The Kali and Teesta rivers demarcate the Nepal Himalayas and the part lying between Teesta and Dihang
rivers is known as Assam Hiamalayas.
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\3-Geography\17.India Physiographic Units.p65
} Beyond the Dihang gorge, the Himalayas bend sharply to the south and spread along the eastern boundary
of India. They are known as the Purvanchal or the Eastern hills and mountains. The Purvanchal comprises
the Patkai hills, the Naga hills, the Manipur hills and the Mizo hills.
n The Northern Plains
} The northern plain has been formed by the interplay of the three major river systems, namely — the Indus,
the Ganga and the Brahmaputra along with their tributaries. This plain is formed of alluvial soil.
} It spreads over an area of 7 lakh sq. km. The plain being about 2400 km long and 240 to 320 km broad,
is a densely populated physiographic division.
} The Western part of the Northern Plain is referred to as the Punjab Plains. Formed by the Indus and its
tributaries, The Indus and its tributaries — the Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi, the Beas and the Satluj originate
in the Himalaya. This section of the plain is dominated by the doabs
} The Ganga plain extends between Ghaggar and Teesta rivers. It is spread over the states of North India,
Haryana, Delhi, U.P., Bihar, partly Jharkhand and West Bengal to its East, particularly in Assam lies the
Brahmaputra plain.
77
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ALLEN
} According to the variations in relief features, the Northern plains can be divided into four regions: Bhabar is
a narrow belt ranging between 8-16 km parallel to the Shiwalik foothills at the break-up of the slope.
} South of the Bhabar most of the streams and rivers re-emerge creating marshy and swampy conditions known
as the Terai. This has a luxurious growth of natural vegetation and houses of varied wildlife.
} The largest part of the northern plain is formed of older alluvium. They lie above the flood plains of the
rivers and present a terrace like feature. This part is known as bhangar. The soil in this region contains
calcareous deposits, locally known as kankar. The newer, younger deposits of the flood plain are called
khadar. They are renewed almost every year and so are fertile, thus, ideal for intensive agriculture.
n The Peninsular Plateau
The Peninsular plateau is a tableland composed of the old crystalline, igneous and metamorphic rocks.The plateau
has broad and shallow valleys and rounded hills. This plateau consists of two broad divisions :
l The Central Highlands
} The part of the Peninsular plateau lying to the north of the Narmada river, covering a major area of the
Malwa plateau, is known as the Central Highlands.
N
} The Vindhyan range is bounded by the Satpura range on the south and the Aravalis on the northwest. The
further westward extension gradually merges with the sandy and rocky desert of Rajasthan.
} The Central Highlands are wider in the west but narrower in the east. The eastward extensions of this plateau
E
are locally known as the Bundelkhand and Baghelkhand.
} The Chotanagpur plateau marks the further eastward extension, drained by the Damodar river.
L
l The Deccan Plateau
} The Deccan Plateau is a triangular landmass that lies to the south of the river Narmada. The Satpura range
L
flanks its broad base in the north, while the Mahadev, the Kaimur hills and the Maikal range form its eastern
extensions.
} The Deccan Plateau is higher in the west and slopes gently eastwards. An extension of the Plateau is also
A
visible in the northeast, locally known as the Meghalaya, Karbi-Anglong Plateau and North Cachar Hills.
} Three prominent hill ranges from the west to the east are the Garo, the Khasi and the Jaintia Hills.
l The Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats mark the western and the eastern edges of the Deccan Plateau
respectively.
} The Western Ghats are higher than the Eastern Ghats. Their average elevation is 900– 1600 metres as

against 600 metres of the Eastern Ghats.
} The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous and irregular and dissected by rivers draining into the Bay of Bengal.
The Western Ghats cause orographic rainfall.
} The highest peaks include the Anai Mudi (2,695 metres) and the Doda Betta (2,637 metres).
} Mahendragiri (1,501 metres) is the highest peak in the Eastern Ghats. Shevroy Hills and the Javadi Hills are
located to the southeast of the Eastern Ghats.
} One of the distinct features of the Peninsular plateau is the black soil area known as Decean Trap.
n The Indian Desert
} The Indian desert lies towards the western margins of the Aravali Hills. It is an undulating sandy plain covered
with sand dunes.
} This region receives very low rainfall below 150 mm per year. It has arid climate with low vegetation cover.
} Luni is the only large river in this region.
} Barchans (crescent-shaped dunes) cover larger areas but longitudinal dunes become more prominent near
the Indo-Pakistan boundary.
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n The Coastal Plains
India has a long coastline, it can be broadly divided into two parts
l The western coastal plains, The eastern coastal plains.
} The western coast, sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, is a narrow plain. It consists
of three sections. The northern part of the coast is called the Konkan (Mumbai – Goa), the central stretch is
called the Kannad Plain, while the southern stretch is referred to as the Malabar coast.
} The plains along the Bay of Bengal are wide and level. In the northern part, it is referred to as the Northern
Circar, while the southern part is known as the Coromandel Coast.
} Lake Chilika is an important feature along the eastern coast and is the largest salt water lake in India. It lies
in the state of Odisha, to the south of the Mahanadi delta.
n The Islands
There are two major island groups in India-one in the Bay of Bengal and the other in the Arabian Sea.
} The Lakshadweep Islands group lying close to the Malabar coast of Kerala. This group of islands is composed
of small coral isalnds. Earlier they were known as Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive.
N
} In 1973, these were named as Lakshadweep. It covers small area of 32 sq km. Kavaratti island is the
administrative headquarters of Lakshadweep.
E
} The Pitti island, which is uninhabited, has a bird sanctuary.
} The entire group of islands in the Bay of Bengal is divided into two broad categories – The Andaman in the
north and the Nicobar in the south.
L
} It is believed that these islands are an elevated portion of submarine mountains.
} India’s only active volcano is found on Barren island in Andaman and Nicobar group of Islands.
A L
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INDIA PHYSIOGRAPHIC UNITS EXERCISE
1. The Himalayan range also known as lesser 12. Which one of the following is the correct explana-
Himalayas is tion of the word, ‘Corals’?
(1) Himadri (2) Shiwalik (1) They are group of islands
(3) Himachal (4) Hindukush (2) It is a Peninsula
2. The longest and the important range of the Lesser (3) Short living micro organism
Himalayas is
(4) They are rocks
(1) Mahabharat range (2) Pir Panjal range
13. The north eastward extensions of the Peninsular
(3) Zaskar range (4) Kailash range
plateau are locally known as the
3. Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindive are together
known as the (1) Gondwanaland (2) Bundelkhand
(1) Lakshadweep (2) Malabar (3) Malwa Plateau (4) Karbi-Anlong
(3) Kannad (4) Konkan 14. The height of Doda Betta is
N
4. The old alluvium on the slightly elevated terraces is (1) 2,695 meters (2) 2,637 meters
known as
(3) 1,501 meters (4) 2,680 meters
(1) bhangar (2) terai
15. The region which is famous for the Barchan or
E
(3) khadar (4) bhabar crescent shaped dunes is India is
5. A place from where Brahmaputra enters India is
(1) Western Ghats (2) Indian desert
L
(1) Dihang (2) Nathula
(3) Northern Plains (4) Southern plains
(3) Digboi (4) Namcha Barwa
16. The salt lakes of India are
6. A triangular landmass that lies to the south of the
L
river Narmada is known as (1) Wular, Dal (2) Luni, Mahi
(1) Malwa (3) Krishna, Kaveri (4) Chilika, Sambhar
(2) Chotanagpur plateau 17. The Central Highlands and the Deccan plateau is a
A
(3) Deccan plateau broad division of the
(4) Meghalaya plateau (1) Peninsular plateau (2) Northern plains
7. The part lying between Teesta and Dihang river is (3) Coastal plains (4) Himalayan Mountains
the ________.
18. The Dhaula Dhar range is in
(1) Nepal Himalayas (2) Assam Himalayas

(1) Himadri (2) Shiwaliks
(3) Punjab Himalayas (4) Kumoun Himalayas
(3) Aravali (4) Himachal
8. Satpura hills lie in which of the following states?
(1) Madhya Pradesh (2) Bihar 19. Mountain ranges in the eastern part of India forming
boundary with Myanmar are collectively called as :
(3) Malabar coast (4) Gujarat
(1) Himachal (2) Purvanchal
9. Karbi-Anglong is located in the state of
(1) Manipur (2) Mizoram (3) Uttaranchal (4) Shiwalk
(3) Assam (4) Arunachal Pradesh 20. In the ancient times, all of the landmass was aggre-
gated together in the form of the super
10. The only bird sanctuary located in the Lakshadweep
continent______.
Island in India is
(1) Chilka (2) Pulicut (1) Tethys (2) Gondwanaland
(3) Pitli (4) Kollam (3) Pangea (4) Angaraland

11. A pass of Himalaya that lies in the state of Himachal 21. The only large river in the Indian Desert is the
Pradesh. (1) Narmada (2) Tapi
(1) Kavaratti (2) Shipki La (3) Mahi (4) Luni
(3) Bumla (4) Bondila
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22. The part of the Himalayas lying between Satluj and 27. A narrow gap in a mountain range providing ac-
Kali rivers is known as cess to the other side is :
(1) Kumaon Himalayas (2) Assam Himalayas (1) Mound (2) Pass
(3) Punjab Himalayas (4) Kashmir Himalayas (3) Strait (4) Valley
23. Ooty is also known as 28. The wet and swampy belt of the Northern Region
(1) Baghelkhand (2) Bundelkhand locally known as :
(3) Central Highlands (4) Udagamandalam (1) Bhabar (2) Terai
24. The new alluvium soil is called (3) Doab (4) Bhangar
(1) Bhangar (2) Terai 29. Find the odd one out :
(3) Khadar (4) Bhabar (1) Kanchenjunga (2) Nanga Parbat
25. Which two hills are located in the south-east por- (3) Namcha Barwa (4) Anai Mudi
tion of Eastern Ghats? 30. Due to the deposition of silt, the river in their lower
(1) Mizo Hills and Naga Hills course split into numerous channels, known as
(2) Javadi Hills and Shevroy Hills ______.
N
(3) Patkai Hills and Manipuri Hills (1) Drainage (2) Tributaries
(4) Mizo Hills and Patkai Hills (3) Distributaries (4) Bhabar
E
26. Which islands of India are called Coral Islands?
(1) Lakshdweep
L
(2) Andman and Nikobar
(3) Both (1) and (2)
L
(4) None of these
A
ANSWER KEY
Q ue . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans . 3 2 1 1 4 3 2 1 3 3 2 3 4 2 2 4 1 4 2 3
Q ue . 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans . 4 1 4 3 2 1 2 2 4 3
81
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18. PUNJAB PHYSICAL FEATURES
n Introduction
Plains of Punjab are one of the most fertile plains of the world. If we look at geographical map of Punjab, most
of its area seem to be plains. Relief is vertical and horizontal dimension of land surface. It is the difference in
height in a landscape; how flat or undulating the surface is.
Relief of Punjab may be divided into following categories :
n The Shiwalik Hills : These hills are further divided into three parts : Pathankot Shiwalik (Portion between Ravi
and Beas), Hoshiarpur Shiwalik (portion between Satluj and Beas), Ropar Shiwalik (Portion between Satluj and
Ghaggar) Shiwalik hills are the part of middle Himalayas. These hills run along the border of Himachal Pradesh
in the east of Punjab. These are 280 kilometer long and their average width is 5 to 12 kilometer. Their average
height from the sea level is 600 to 1500 meter.
} Gurdaspur-Pathankot Shiwalik : The average height of these hills is around 1000 meter. The slopes of hills
became gullied because of fast flowing water.
N
} Hoshiarpur-Shiwalik Range : This range is between Beas and Satluj rivers. It is 130 km long and 5-8 kilometers
wide Talwara is the highest block in this range and it is high upto 744 meter. These hills have been also
affected by gully erosion and are badly dissected. In south Hoshiarpur this range is known as 'Katar Dhar'.
E
} Ropar Shiwalik : runs along the border of Himachal Pradesh from North-West to South-East. It is 90 km
longLike other Shiwalik ranges, this range also has various choes (seasonal drain). In this range these are
L
known as Rao or Ghar also.
n The Kandi Area : The Shiwalik Hills on their west and to the east degrade into a dissected, rolling and porous
and coarse grained material formed upland plain called the Kandi. It extends in the form of a narrow and long
L
belt along the entire length of the Shiwalik Hills under different names, such as KandI, Ghaarh, and Changar.
The total area is four lakh hectares, extend to five districts and 22 blocks of Punjab. It covers 10% area of the
total land area of Punjab. Kandi area near Anandpur Sahib is known as 'Changar' and in the region near Sarsa
A
river it is known as ‘Ghar’. Approximately 70% area of Punjab is covered by plains. These may be divided into
three major geographical units.
n Plains of Punjab : The area between Ravi and Beas in known as ‘Bari Doab’. This is known as area of 'Majha'
Bist Doab is the area between Satluj and Beas. Malwa is the largest region of Punjab. The Origin of Punjab
Plains : Plains of Punjab are the part of Indus-Ganga plains.
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\3-Geography\18.Punjab Physical Features.p65
l Bet and Khadar Plains : In plains, rivers change their route with the passage of time. Because of this Bluffs
(Dhahais) are formed on the banks of river The area near the banks of rivers is called Bet or Khadar. Because
of the floods in this area, new soil is deposited every year. These areas are known as Mand, Bet, Tilla, Changar
and Ghaarh in Punjabi. Such area is known as ‘Bela’ near Anandpur Sahib. High areas which are situated far
from rivers are known as ‘Bangar’. These are madeup of old alluvial soil.
Geographically, plains of Punjab are divided into five parts :
Plains of area having choes : These are situated in Shiwalik foothills. Stones are found in the soil of these areas
and the underground water level is also very low.
} Flood plain :These are also known as ‘Plains of Bet’. In Punjab, Phillaur Bet, Anandpur Bet, Nakodar Bet,
Ferozpur Bet are the examples of such bet plains.
} Nally : Alluvial plains formed by Ghaggar river in the South-East of Punjab are known as ‘Nally’. These areas
face floods during rainy reason. Ghuram, Samana and Mansa area are the examples of Nally.
} Alluvial Plain : Areas of Bari and Bist Doab are made of alluvial soil. Both Khadar and Bangar soils are found
in these areas.
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n Sand dunes in Alluvial plains : At some places sand dunes have been formed by the flow of water during
floods. Drains have been constructed in these areas as a precautionary measure. The sand dunes have been
converted into agricultural land.
l South-Western sand dunes : In the south-west part of Punjab sand dunes are commonly found along the
Rajasthan border. Sand dunes are found in Bathinda, Mansa, Fazilka, Faridkot, Sangrur, Muktsar, The slope of
the sand dunes is assymetrical. Hardwoking farmers of Punjab have converted these sand dunes into agricultural
land by flattening them and with the help of irrigation system.
E N
L L
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PUNJAB PHYSICAL FEATURES EXERCISE
1. __________is vertical and horizontal dimension of 8. The Shiwalik Hills on their west and to the east,
land surface. degrade into a dissected, rolling and porous and
(1) Relief (2) Plain coarse grained material formed upland plain called
the Kandi.
(3) Rough terrain (4) None of these
(1) The Kudi (2) Dalley ki Khadd
2. In Punjab the Shiwalik Hills are further divided into
(3) The Kandi (4) Kot Mairaan
______.
9. The area between Ravi and Beas is known as -
(1) Pathankot Shiwalik
(1) BARI Doab (2) BIST Doab
(2) Hoshiarpur Shiwalik
(3) SUJ Doab (4) None of these
(3) Roper Shiwalik
10. The BIST doab is the area between which of the
(4) All of these following rivers?
3. The Pathankot Shiwalik portion spread between (1) Satluj and Jamuna (2) Satluj and Beas
which of the following rivers? (3) Ravi and Beas (4) None of these
N
(1) Satluj and Ghaqqar 11. Geographically, Plains of Punjab are divided
(2) Satluj and Beas into______
E
(3) Ravi and Beas (1) Two Parts (2) Three Parts
(4) None of these (3) Five Parts (4) Ten Parts
12. Flood plains of rivers Ravi, Beas and Satluj are
L
4. The average height of Shiwalik hills in Punjab is -
included, These are also known as ______.
(1) 600-1500 m (2) 1600-2500 m
(1) The Kudi (2) Dalley ki Khadd
L
(3) 2600-3500 m (4) None of these
(3) Plains of Bet (4) Kot Mairaan
5. In Gurdaspur-Pathankot Shiwalik range the slopes
13. Alluvial plains formed by Ghaggar river in the South-
of hills became gullied because of -
East of Punjab are known as '_______'.
A
(1) High speed Wind (2) Low Rainfall (1) Nally (2) Dalley ki Khadd
(3) Fast Flowing Water (4) Heavy Glacier (3) Plains of Bet (4) Kot Mairaan
6. Which of the following range is also known as 'Katar 14. In the south-west part of Punjab ________ are
Dhar' in Punjab? commonly found along the Rajasthan border.
(1) Pathankot Shiwalik range (1) Mountain hills (2) Sand dunes
(2) Hoshiarpur Shiwalik range (3) Plains of Bet (4) Marshy land
(3) Roper Shiwalik range 15. Which of the following option is wrong or not suitable
according to given statement. "Hardworking
(4) All of these
farmers of Punjab have converted theses and dunes
7. Which of the following range is also known as 'Rao
into ______________"
or Ghar' in Punjab?
(1) Agricultural land by flattening them
(1) Pathankot Shiwalik range
(2) With the help of irrigation system
(2) Hoshiarpur Shiwalik range (3) However, the geographical trait has vanishe
(3) Roper Shiwalik range (4) None of these
(4) All of these
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 4 3 1 3 2 3 3 1 2 3 3 1 2 4
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19. INDIA DRAINAGE
n Definitions
} Drainage : The flow of water through well defined channels is known as drainage and the network of such
channels is called as drainage system.
} Drainage Basin: The area drained by single river system is called as a drainage basin. The world's largest
drainage basin is of Amazon river.
} Water divide: Mountain or an upland which separates two drainage basin is known as a water divide.
n Drainage System in India
l The Himalayan drainage
It mainly includes the Ganga, the Indus and the Brahmaputra river basins. Since these are fed both by melting
of snow and precipitation, rivers of this system are perennial. These rivers pass through the giant gorges also
form V-shaped valleys, rapids and waterfalls in their mountainous course. While entering the plains, they form
N
depositional features like flat valleys, ox- bow lakes, flood plains, braided channels, and deltas near the river
mouth.
} The Indus System : It originates Tibetan region in the Kailash Mountain range near Mansarover Lake.
E
Flowing west, it enters India in the Ladakh district of J & K. The Indus receives a number of Himalayan tributaries
such as the Shyok, the Zaskar, the Hunza and the Nubra. It finally emerges out of the hills near Attock The
L
Satluj, the Beas, the Ravi, the Chenab and the Jhelum join together to enter the Indus near Mithankot in
Pakistan. It finally discharges into the Arabian Sea, east of Karachi. According to the regulations of the Indus
Water Treaty (1960). India can use only 20 per cent of the total water carried by Indus river system.
L
} The Ganga System : It rises in the Gangotri glacier cultural significance. It rises in the Gangotri glacier near
Gaumukh (3,900 m) in the Uttarkashi Here, it is known as the Bhagirathi. At Devprayag, the Bhagirathi
meets the Alaknanda; hereafter, it is known as the Ganga. The Ganga enters the plains at Haridwar. From
A
here, it flows first to the south, then to the south-east and east before splitting into two distributaries, namely
the Bhagirathi and the Hugli. The Ganga flows eastwards till Farakka in West Bengal. The river bifurcates
here, the Bhagirathi-Hooghly (a distributary) flows southwards through the deltaic plains to the Bay of Bengal.
The mainstream, flows southwards into Bangladesh and is joined by the Brahmaputra. Further down stream,
it is known as the Meghna. The delta formed by these rivers is known as the Sunderban delta. It is the world's
largest and fastest growing delta. It is also the home of Royal Bengal tiger.
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\3-Geography\19.India Drainage.p65
} The Brahmaputra System : Kailash range near the Mansarovar lake. It is known as the Tsangpo. It flows
eastwards parallel to the Himalayas. On reaching the Namcha Barwa (7757 in), it takes a U turn and enters
India in Arunachal Pradesh through a gorge. Here, it is called the Dihang and it is joined by, the Lohit, and
many other tributaries to form the Brahmaputra in Assam. The Brahmaputra is well-known for floods, channel
shifting and bank erosion.
n The Peninsular Drainage System
The Peninsular drainage system is older than the Himalayan one. This is evident from the broad, largely-graded
shallow valleys, and the maturity of the rivers. Most of the major Peninsular rivers except Narmada and Tapi
flow from west to east.
l Rivers systems of the peninsular drainage :
There are a large number of river systems in the Peninsular drainage.
} The Mahanadi rises in the high lands of Chhattisgarh and runs through Odisha to discharge its water into the
Bay of Bengal.
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} The Godavari is the largest Peninsular river system. It is also called the Dakshin Ganga. It rises in the Nasik
district of Maharashtra. Its tributaries run through the states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. The Penganga, the Indravati, the Pranhita, and the Manjra are its principle
tributaries.
} The Krishna is the second largest east-flowing Peninsular river which rises near Mahabaleshwar in Sahyadri.
Its total length is 1,400 km. The Koyna, the Tungbhadra and the Bhima are its major tributaries.
} The Kaveri rises in Brahmagiri hills of Western Ghats. Its important tributaries are the Kabini, the Bhavani
and the Amravati. The river Kaveri makes the second biggest waterfall in India. It is known as Sivasamudram.
} The Narmada originates on the western flank of the Amarkantak hills in M.P Flowing in a rift valley. The
‘Marble rocks', near Jabalpur where the Narmada flows through a deep gorge, and the Dhuadhar falls, where
the river plunges over steep rocks, are some of the notable ones.
} The Tapi is originates in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh. It also flows in a rift valley parallel to the Narmada
but it is much shorter in length. Its basin covers parts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
N
n Lakes in India
l Sambhar lake is the largest inland salt lake of India situated in Rajasthan, other salt lakes are Didwana, Degana,
Pachpadra, Kuchaman, Lunkaransar.
E
l Chilka lake (Lagoon) situated in Puri district of Odisha and south of the Mahanadi delta is the biggest salt water
lake of the country.
L
l Kolleru lake is deltaic lake of Andhra Pradesh
l Pulicat lake situated in the north of Chennai is a shallow lagoon.
L
l Vembanad lake is a lagoon is Kerala
l Wular lake tectonic lakes formed by faulting activities in J & K.
Apart from natural lakes, the damming of the rivers for the generation of hydel power has also led to the formation
A
of lakes such as Guru Gobind Sagar [Bhakra Nangal Project].
n River Pollution
l Rapidly growing domestic, municipal, industrial and agricultural demand for water from naturally affects the
quality of water.
l Today more and more water is drained out of the rivers. It has resulted in reducing their volume.
l A heavy load of untreated sewage and industrial effluents is emptied into the rivers.
n National River Conservation Plan (NRCP)
l The activities of Ganga Action Plan (GAP) Phase-I were started in 1985.
l The Ganga Action Plan (GAP) Phase-II has been merged with the NRCP in 1995.
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INDIA DRAINAGE EXERCISE
1. Which one of the following is the correct sequence 10. A natural fresh water lake in India is
of rivers of India from north to south?
(1) Dal lake
A. Godavari B. The Ganga
(2) Gobind Sagar
C. Narmada D. Kaveri
(3) Indira Gandhi Reservior
(1) B,C,A,D (2) D,B,C,A
(4) Hussain sagar
(3) A,C,B,D (4) D,A,C,B
2. _____drainage pattern develops where hard and 11. The Sundarban Delta derived its name from the
soft rocks exist parallel to each other. (1) pine tree (2) sundari tree
(1) Dendritic (2) Rectangular (3) peepal tree (4) sal tree
(3) Trellis (4) Radial
12. The Bhakra Nangal hydel power project has led to
3. Majuli, the largest inhabited riverine island is found the formation of
in the ______ river.
N
(1) Gandhi Sagar lake
(1) Ganga (2) Brahmaputra
(2) Bhimtal lake
(3) Sutlej (4) Yamuna
E
4. River known as Dakshin Ganga is (3) Guru Gobind Sagar lake
(1) River Krishna (2) River Mahanadi (4) Barapani lake
L
(3) River Kaveri (4) River Godavari 13. One of the main habitats of Royal Bengal Tiger in
5. The way in which tributaries and rivers branch in India is
different directions is known as (1) Sunderban delta (2) Indus delta
L
(1) water divide (3) Godavari delta (4) Kaveri delta
(2) drainage basin
14. The largest peninsular river is
(3) river system
A
(1) Narmada (2) Godavari
(4) drainage pattern
(3) Mahanadi (4) Krishna
6. Kolleru Lake is located in the state of
15. Wainganga and Penganga are the tributaries of
(1) Arunachal Pradesh
(1) Godavari river (2) Tapi river
(2) Uttar Pradesh
(3) Narmada river (4) Krishna river
(3) Madhya Pradesh
16. River Yamuna rises in the
(4) Andhra Pradesh

(1) Gangotri glacier
7. The Ganga River is fed by
(2) Siachen glacier
(1) Yamunotri glacier (2) Siachen glacier
(3) Baltoro glacier
(3) Gangotri glacier (4) Baltoro glacier
(4) Yamunotri glacier
8. Ganga emerges from the mountains into the plains at
(1) Badrinath (2) Gangotri 17. Which place is located on the water divide be-
tween the Indus and the Ganga river system?
(3) Haridwar (4) Rishikesh
(1) Ambala (2) Nainital
9. A river joined by its tributaries, at approximately
(3) Haridwar (4) Allahabad
right angles forms
18. At which place do the Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab
(1) trellis pattern
and the Jhelum rivers goin together with Indus?
(2) dendritic pattern
(1) Ambala (2) Mithankot
(3) radial pattern
(3) Pathankot (4) Haridwar
(4) rectangular pattern
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19. In which of the following states is Sambhar Lake 26. Which of the following is not a tributary of Godavari?
situated?
(1) Purna (2) Wardha
(1) Rajasthan (2) Uttar Pradesh
(3) Bihar (4) Jammu and Kashmir (3) Wainganga (4) Lohit
20. The river Mahanadi rises from which one of the
following states? 27. Which one of the following is a southern tributary
of the Ganga?
(1) Madhya Pradesh (2) Chhattisgarh
(3) Jharkhand (4) West Bengal (1) Ghaggar (2) Son
21. What is an area drained by a single river system
(3) Kosi (4) Gandak
called?
(1) Drainage basin (2) Water divide 28. The Brahmaputra (Tsangpo) river rises in :
(3) Drainage (4) Doab
(1) Sikkim (2) Tibet
22. Which river in the following does not make a Delta?
(1) Narmada (2) Kaveri (3) Bhutan (4) Nepal
N
(3) Godavari (4) Mahanadi
29. Alaknanda and Bhagirathi converge to be called as
23. Which one of the following rivers flows towards the
Ganga at :
west in a rift valley?
E
(1) Godavari (2) Narmada (1) Haridwar (2) Kedarnath
(3) Kaveri (4) Krishna
(3) Badrinath (4) Devprayag
24. The river Indus originates in :
L
(1) Nepal (2) Bhutan 30. Which one of the following rivers is the largest river
(3) Tibet (4) Bangladesh in India?
L
25. Which of these is a freshwater lake of India? (1) The Indus (2) The Ganga
(1) Sambhar (2) Wular
(3) The Brahamaputra (4) The Mahanadi
(3) Chilika (4) Pulicat
A CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\3-Geography\19.India Drainage.p65
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 3 2 4 4 4 3 3 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 4 1 2 1 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 1 1 2 3 2 4 2 2 4 2
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20. PUNJAB DRAINAGE
n Introduction
Word ‘Punjab’ is made with the combination of two persian words Punj (Five) + Aab (Water) which means land
of five rivers. After partition, east Punjab got three rivers i.e. Satluj. Beas and Ravi. Jhelum, Chenab, Indus and
large canal network was left in Pakistan. The rivers. Ghaggar, Kali Bein Chitti Bein, Sakki Kiran are the seasonal
rivers of Punjab.
n Drainage System of Punjab
Detailed information about major rivers of Punjab is given below : Ravi : The Ravi River originates in the Himalayas
in the Multhan tehsil of Kangra district of Himachal Pradesh, India. A perennial river. It is the smallest of the five
Punjab rivers that rises from glacier fields at an elevation of 14,000 feet (4,300 m), Ravi river flows through
Pathankot, Gurdapur and Amritsar districts and is acts as international border between India and Pakistan. It
enters Pakistan at village Kakkar in Pakistan and confluences with Chenab at, Bahawalpur.
l Tributaries of Ravi : The Ujjh river
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} Four headworks have been built on River Ravi.
} Dhana or Basantpur near Shahpur Kandi
} Katar Dhar
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} Madhopur Headworks
} Madhopur Beas Link or Kathua Feeder
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l Ranjit Sagar Dam / Theen Dam : This Dam was approved in 1981 and it was completed in 2001. It is
producing 600 Mega Watt electricity.
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l River Beas : This river originates from Beas kund which is at the height of 4,361 meter above sea level, near
Rohtang pass in Himachal Pradesh. In Himachal Pradesh Pandoh dam is built on this river and in Punjab, Pong
dam is built at Talwara. In Punjab after flowing for 100 kilometers it confluences with Satluj at Harike at Tarn
Taran–Ferozpur Border and from here, Rajasthan feeder canal has been built it is also known Indira Gandhi
A
command canal.
Tributaries of Beas : Parbati, Sukantari, Uhl, Sohan and Kali Bein are the major tributaries of Beas.
Satluj : Satluj river originates at west of Lake Rakshastal in Tibet, as springs in an epherral stream channel
descending from this lake, situated at the height 4,575 meters near Mansarokar Lake in Tibet. It entres into
plains at Bhakra, where the famous Bhakra dam is built. Ganguwal, Bhakra Dam, Nathpa-Jhakri, Nangal, are
the major dams built on this river. Soan, Beas and Chitti vain are the major tributries of Satluj.
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\3-Geography\20.Punjab Drainage.p65
Ghaggar River : Ghaggar is remnant of ancient Saraswati river, Ghaggar is a seasonal stream. After passing
through Patiala,Ghanour, and Haryana, it enters into Rajasthan and disappears in the desert.
Choes: Kandi area of Punjab is full of seasonal streams or channels called Choes. These choes orginate from
Katardhar and Solasinghi hills. In order to control the choes, the government has initiated ‘Kandi area development
project’.
n Canal System of Punjab : Canal system of Punjab is good.Sirhind canal, Bist Doab canals, Bari Doab canal,
Bhakra main line (BML), Firozepur / Sirhind Feeder system, Makkhu canal, Shahnehar Canal, Kashmir canal,
Rajasthan feeder and Bikaner canal are major canals. Eight among ten canals are most important.
n Pollution in Punjab Rivers :
Almost all the rivers in Punjab are highly polluted. Punjab Pollution Control Board, Central Pollution Control
Board, and Bhabha Atomic Research Centre have admitted that the water in rivers in Punjab and underground
aquifers has become highly toxic, and these toxins are entering in our food chain and spreading deadly diseases
like cancer, and many other diseases too. We should protect the environment and judicious use of water is the
need of the hour.
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PUNJAB DRAINAGE EXERCISE
1. How many major perennial rivers are there in 9. Which of the following river is not a tributary of River
Punjab? Beas?
(1)Three (2) Four (1) Parbati (2) Sukantari
(3) Five (4) Seven (3) Chambal (4) Kali Bein
2. Which of the following river not flow in Punjab? 10. River Satluj originates from _______.
(1) Satluj (2) Beas (1) Kashmir (2) Tibet
(3) Jhelum (4) Ravi (3) Himachal Pradesh (4) Laddakh
3. Which of the following river not a Seasonal river of 11. The famous Bhakra Dam built on which of the
Punjab? following river?
(1) Ghaggar (2) Chitti Bein (1) Chenab (2) Beas
(3) Kali Bein (4) Ravi (3) Jhelum (4) Satluj
4. Ravi River originates in which of the following state? 12. Which of the following Dam are not built on Satluj
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(1) Kashmir (2) Punjab River?
(3) Himachal Pradesh (4) Laddakh (1) Ganguwal Dam (2) Ranjit Sagar Dam
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5. Which is the smallest river of Punjab rivers that rises (3) Nathp(1)Jhakri Dam (4) Nangal Dam
from glacier fields? 13. Which river _____ is remnant of ancient Saraswati
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(1) Satluj (2) Beas river?
(3) Jhelum (4) Ravi (1) Chenab (2)Ghaggar (3) Jhelum (4)Satluj
14. Kandi area of Punjab is full of seasonal streams or
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6. Ravi enters Pakistan at village Kakkar and
confluences with______ at Bahawalpur. channels called______.
(1) Chenab (2)Beas (1) Basin (2) Choes
(3) Confluence (4) Gullies
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(3) Jhelum (4) Ravi
7. Beas River originates from _____. 15. Which of the following institution have admitted that
the water in rivers in Punjab and underground
(1) Kashmir (2) Tibet
aquifers has become highly toxic and highly
(3) Himachal Pradesh (4) Laddakh
polluted?
8. Which Dam is built on River Beas at Talwara in
(1) Punjab Pollution Control Board
Punjab?
(2) Central Pollution Control Board
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\3-Geography\20.Punjab Drainage.p65
(1) Pandoh Dam (2) Ranjit Sagar Dam
(3) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
(3) Pong Dam (4) Bhakra Dam
(4) All of these
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. 1 3 4 3 4 1 3 3 3 2 4 2 2 2 4
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21. CLIMATE
n Climate
Refers to the sum total of weather conditions and variations over a large area for a long period of time
n Weather
Refers to state of the atmosphere over an area at any point of time
The climate of India is described as the ‘monsoon’ type. This type of climate is found mainly in the south and
Southeast Asia.
n Climatic Controls
There are six major controls of the climate of any place. They are latitude, altitude, pressure and wind system,
distance from the sea, ocean currents and relief features.
n Factors Affecting India’s Climate
l Latitude : The Tropic of Cancer passes through the middle of the country from the Rann of Kuchchh in the west
to Mizoram in the east. Therefore, India's climate has characteristics of tropical as well as subtropical climates.
Altitude : India has mountains to the north, which have an average height of about 6,000 meters. It is because
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l
of these mountains that this subcontinent experiences comparatively milder winters as compared to central
Asia.
l Pressure and Winds :
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} Pressure and surface wind : The pressure and wind conditions over India are unique. During winter, Cold
dry winds blow from this region to the low-pressure areas over the oceans to the south. In summer, a low-
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pressure area develops over interior Asia as well as over northwestern India. This causes a complete reversal
of the direction of winds during summer. Air moves from the high-pressure area over the southern Indian
Ocean, in a south-easterly direction, crosses the equator, and turns right towards the low-pressure areas over
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the Indian subcontinent due to the Coriolis force. These are known as the Southwest Monsoon winds.
} Coriolis force : The Coriolis force is responsible for deflecting winds towards the right in the northern
hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere. This is also known as 'Ferrel's Law'.
n Jet Stream
A
These are a narrow belt of high altitude westerly winds in the troposphere. Their speed varies from about 110
km/h in summer to about 184 km/h in winter
} Subtropical westerly jet streams
} Tropical easterly jet streams
} Western cyclonic disturbances and tropical cyclones : The western cyclonic distrubances are weather
phenomena of the winter months brought in by the westerly flow from the Mediterranean region. They
usually influence the weather of the north and north western regions of India.
n The Indian Monsoon
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\3-Geography\21.Climate.p65
Facts important for understanding the mechanism of the monsoons

} The differential heating and cooling of land and water
} The shift of the position of lnter Tropical Convergence Zone
} The presence of the high-presure area, east of Madagascar
} Tibetan plateau gets intensely heated
} Movement of the westerly jet stream to the north of the Himalayas and the presence of the tropical easterly
jet stream over the Indian peninsula.
} Inter Tropical Convergence Zone :The Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is a broad trough of low
pressure in equatorial latitudes. This is where the northeast and the southeast trade winds converge. This
convergence zone lies more or less parallel to the equator but moves north or south with the apparent
movement of the sun.
} El Nino : This is a name given to the periodic development of a warm ocean current along the coast of Peru
as a temporary replacement of the cold Peruvian current. 'El Nino' Is a Spanish word meaning the child' and
refers to the baby Christ, as this current starts flowing during Christmas.
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n Southern Oscillation
Changes in the pressure conditions over the southern oceans also affect the monsoons. Normally when the
tropical eastern south Pacific Ocean experiences high pressure, the tropical eastern Indian ocean eastern
Pacific has lower pressure in comparison to the eastern Indian ocean. This periodic change in pressure condi-
tions is known as Southern Oscillation.
n The onset of the monsoon and withdrawal
l Onset of the Monsoon
The monsoon arrives at the southern tip of the Indian peninsula generally by the first week of June, Around the
time of its arrival, the normal rainfall increases suddenly and continues constantly for several days. This is known
as the ‘burst’ of the monsoon
Arabian Sea Branch
} Entering from the Western Ghats
} Entering from the Rann of Kuchchh
Bay of Bengal Branch
} Entering into the North-east region
} Entering into the Ganga Valley region.
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l Withdrawal of the Monsoon
Begins in the northwestern states of India by early September. By mid-October, it withdraws completely from
the northern half of the peninsula.
E
The withdrawal of the monsoon begins in northwestern states of India by early September. By mid-October, it
withdraws completely from the northern half of the peninsula. By early December, the monsoon has withdrawn
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from the rest of the country. In the islands withdrawal takes place progressively from north to south from the
first week of December to the first week of January. By this time the rest of the country is already under the
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influence of the Winter Monsoon or Northeast Monsoon.
n The Seasons
l The Cold Weather Season : The cold weather season begins from mid-November in northern India and stays
A
till February. December and January are the coldest months in the northern part of India. The temperature
decreases as one moves from south to the north. Days are warm and the nights are cold. Frost is common in the
north and the higher slopes of the Himalayas experience snowfall. The northeast trade winds prevail over the
country. They blow from land to sea and hence, for most part of the country, it is a dry season. In the northern
part of the country a feeble high-pressure region develops, with light winds moving outwards from this area. The
weather is normally marked by clear sky, low temperatures and low humidity and feeble variable winds.
l The Hot Weather Season : Due to the apparent movement of the sun, the global heat belt shifts northward.
As such from March to May, it is hot weather season in India. Temperature increases from south to north. In
peninsular India, temperature remains lower. High temperature between 38° C and 48° C in the plains. Local
dust storms accompanied with light rains. Hot dry winds, ‘loo’ is common in May and June. Kerala and Karnatake
coast receive pre-monsoon showers (Mango showers). West Bengal and Assam are affected by northwesterly
winds, (Kalbaisakhi).
l Advancing Monsoon : By early June, the low-pressure condition over the northern plains intensifies which
attracts the trade winds of the southern hemisphere. These winds cross the equator and blow in south westerly
direction entering the Indian peninsula as the south-west monsoon.
Monsoon has a tendency to have ‘breaks’ in rainfall. It has wet and dry spells. The monsoon rains take place only
for a few days at a time. They are interspersed with rainless intervals. These breaks in monsoon are related to
the movement of the monsoon trough.
The monsoon is known for its uncertainties. The alternation of dry and wet spells vary in intensity, frequency and
duration.
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l Retreating Monsoon : During October-November, with the apparent movement of the sun towards the south,
the monsoon trough or the low-pressure trough over the northern plains becomes weaker. This is gradually
replaced by a high-pressure system. The south west monsoon winds weaken and start withdrawing gradually. By
the beginning of October, the monsoon withdraws from the Northern Plains.
Owing to the conditions of high temperature and humidity, the weather becomes rather oppressive during the
day. This is commonly known as ‘October heat.’
The low-presure conditions, over north-western India, get transferred to the Bay of Bengal by early November.
This shift is associated with the occurrence of cyclonic depressions, which originate over the Andaman Sea.
n Distribution of Rainfall
The western coast and northeastern India receive over about 400 cm of rainfall annually, it is less than 60 cm in
western Rajasthan and adjoining part of Gujarat, Haryana and Punjab. Rainfall is equally low in the interior of
the Deccan plateau and east of the Sahyadris. A third area of low precipitation is around Leh in Jammu and
Kashmir. The rest of the country receives moderate rainfall.
n Monsoon as a Unifying Bond
N
There is great diversity in the climatic conditions due to location, extent and relief features. But these diversities
are subdued by the monsoons. These monsoons are active for just three to four months and rest of the year India
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remains almost thirsty. This water scarcity is felt all over the country. Thus the arrival of the monsoon is most
welcome, it changes the Indian landscape, gives impetus to agricultural activities, the total life of the Indian
people revolves around the monsoons, including festivals.
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CLIMATE EXERCISE
1. The phenomenon of continuous rainfall and increase 9. When gentle winds scrape across the ocean surface
in rain is particularly known as (1) clouds are formed (2) glaciers are formed
(1) burst (2) snow fall (3) waves are formed (4) mountains are formed
(3) thundering (4) pre-shower 10. Climate of India is greatly influenced by
2. An apparent force caused by the earth’s rotation is (1) monsoon winds (2) westerlies
called (3) easterlies (4) north-western winds
(1) gravitational force 11. When winds move back from the mainland to the
(2) magnetic force Bay of Bengal, it is known as
(3) coriolis force (1) the burst of monsoon (2) retreating monsoon
(4) centripetal force (3) pre-monsoon showers (4) mango showers
3. The factor responsible for the rainfall in months of 12. Which one of the following place in India have cooler
winter in northern India is climate even during summers?
N
(1) Tropical easterly jets (1) Jaislamer (2) Surat
(2) Tropical westerly jets (3) Mussoorie (4) All of these
E
(3) Western cyclonic disturbances 13. The season that is marked by the onset and advance
(4) Trade winds of monsoon is known as
(1) cold weather season
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4. The place that receives highest rainfall in the world is
(1) Silchar (2) Cherrapunji (2) hot weather season
(3) the season of retreating monsoon
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(3) Mawsynram (4) Guwahati
5. The ‘Mahawat’ or local winter rainfall is significant (4) south west monsoon season
for 14. Day and night temperature is almost equal in
(1) Uttar Pradesh
A
(1) Kharif crop (2) Rabi crop
(3) Mango cultivation (4) Zaid crop (2) Andaman and Nicobar
6. Main cause behind peninsular India not having well (3) Chandigarh
defined cold season is (4) Rajasthan
(1) Monsoon 15. Annual rainfall in the Western Coast and northeast-
(2) low pressure ern India is over
(3) moderate sea weather (1) 500cms (2) 600cms

(3) 800cms (4) 400cms
(4) high pressure

7. One of the factors influencing climate of any place is 16. The word ‘mausim’ is derived from
(1) human beings (1) Greek language (2) Latin language
(2) ocean currents (3) Arabic language (4) English language
(3) light 17. The south west monsoons start retreating from north
to south in winter in India. The phenomenon involved
(4) soil
in this is :
8. Jet streams located approximately over 27°-30°
(1) Winds blow from hot regions to cold regions.
north latitude, is known as
(2) Monsoons always move downwards.
(1) easterly jet stream
(3) Winds blow from a high pressure area to a low
(2) subtropical westerly jet streams
pressure area
(3) north-westerly jet streams
(4) Wind blow from the a low pressure area to a
(4) south-easterly jet streams high pressure area
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18. Which one of the following causes rainfall during 24. Which is the coldest place in India?
winter in the north-western part of India? (1) Drass (2) Srinagar
(1) Cyclonic depression (2) Western disturbances (3) Shillong (4) Bikaner
(3) Retreating monsson (4) South west monsoon 25. Which area is not an area of low precipitation?
19. Winter rainfall is very important for the cultivation of (1) Western Rajasthan and Gujarat
(1) zaid crop (2) kharif crop (2) Leh in Jammu and Kashmir
(3) rabi crop (4) commercial crop (3) Deccan plateau
20. In peninsular India, temperature is generally low due (4) Assam
to 26. In winter the western cyclonic disturbances origi-
(1) latitude nate from which sea?
(2) the moderating influence of oceans (1) Mediterranean Sea (2) Indian Ocean
(3) relief features (3) Caspian Sea (4) Arabian Sea

27. Which one of the following states suffers from loo?
(4) ocean currents
N
(1) Tamil Nadu (2) Uttar Pradesh
21. In which month the transition season changes
the hot rainy season to dry winter season? (3) Gujarat (4) None of these
E
(1) December to February 28. Around the time of its arrival, the normal rainfall
increases suddenly and continues constantly for
(2) February to March
serveral days. This is called _______.
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(3) June to July
(1) North Easterlies (2) Jet Stream
(4) October to November (3) South West Monsson. (4) Burst of Monsoon
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22. Kal Baisakhi is associated with 29. In which of the following stations of India’s main-
(1) Punjab (2) Kashmir land do the monsoon arrive first?
(3) Karnataka (4) Bengal (1) Thiruvananthapuram (2) Kolkata
A
23. Mango showers occur in which one of the following (3) Chennai (4) Delhi
group of two states? 30. Which of the following prevents the south west
(1) Bihar and West Bengal monsoon winds from escaping from India?
(2) Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh (1) The Himalayas
(3) Karnataka and Kerala (2) The sea
(4) Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh (3) Low pressure over central Asia
(4) The Indian Desert
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 4 2 4 3 3 2 3 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 4 4 3 1 4 1 3 4 1 1
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Important Notes
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Social Science
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22. NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE
n Introduction
} Natural Vegetation : A plant community which has grown naturally without human aid and has been left
undisturbed by humans for a long time. This is also known as virgin vegetation.
} The virgin vegetation types which are purely Indian are known as endemic or indigenous species but those
which have come from outside India are termed as exotic plants (species).
} Flora : The term flora denotes plants of a particular region or period.
} Fauna : Species of animals are referred to as 'fauna'.
} Ecosystem : Interdependence is an essential phenomena in an area where plants and animals coexist. Each
depends a lot on its physical environment. This is what forms an ecosystem.
} A biome is a very large ecosystem on land which has distinct vegetation and animals typical only to that area.
} With about 47,000 plant species, India occupies tenth place in the world and fourth in Asia in plant diversity.
N
India has also 90,000 species of animals as well as, a rich variety of fish. According to India State of Forest
Report 2011, the forest cover in India is 21.05 percent.
n Factors Which Affect the Natural Vegetation
E
} Temperature : Temperature mainly determines the character and extent of vegetation.
} Sunlight : Adequate sunlight in summer causes trees to grow faster.
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} Precipitation : Areas of heavy rainfall have more dense vegetation than the area of scanty rainfall.
} Land : Land affects the natural vegetation directly and indirectly. The fertile land is generally devoted to
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agriculture. The undulating and rough terrains are areas where grassland and woodlands develop and give
shelter to a variety of wild life.
} Soil : The sandy soils of the desert support cactus and thorny bushes while wet, marshy, deltaic soils support
A
mangroves and deltaic vegetation.
n Types of Forest
l Tropical Evergreen or Tropical rain forests
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\3-Geography\22.Natural Vegetation And Wildlife.p65
} Found in the western slope of the Western Ghats, hills of the northeastern region, Lakshdweep, the Andaman
and Nicobar Islands, upper parts of Assam and Tamil Nadu coast.
} They are found in areas with an annual precipitation of more than 200 cm with a short dry season.
} In these forests, trees reach great heights up to 60 m or above. There is no definite time for trees to shed
their leaves. Main varieties of forests include rosewood, mahogany, ebony, rubber and cinchona.
l Tropical Deciduous forests
} These are the most widespread forests in India. They are also called the monsoon forests. They spread over
regions which receive rainfall between 70-200 cm.
} The Moist deciduous forests are found in the regions which record rainfall between 100–200 cm. Teak is the
dominants species of this forest. Sal, Shisham, Mahua, Amla, Kusum , Khair, Arjun, Mulberry and Sandalwood
etc. are the other important species of these forests.
} Dry deciduous forest covers vast areas of the country, where rainfall ranges between 70–100 cm.
} Tendu, Palas, Amaltas, Ber, Khair, etc. are the common trees of these forests.
} In these forests, the common animals found are lion, tiger, pig, deer and elephant. A huge variety of birds,
lizards, snakes and tortoises are also found here.
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l Tropical Thorn forests and Scrubs
} Tropical thorn forests occur in the areas which receive rainfall less than 70 cm. These consists of a variety of
grasses and shrubs.
} Important species found are Babool, Ber, Wild date palm, Khair, Khejri, Cacti, etc. Succulant stem plants
are found.
} In these forests, the common animals are rats, mice, rabbits, fox, wolf, tiger, lion, wild ass, horses and camels.
l Mountain forests or Montane forest
} In mountainous area, the decrease in temperature with increasing altitude leads to the corresponding change
in natural vegetation.
} The wet temperate type of forest are found between a height of 1000 and 2000 meters. Evergreen broad-
leaf tress such as oaks and chestnuts predominate.
} Between 1500 and 3000 meters, temperate forests containing coniferous trees like pine, deoder, silver fir,
spruce and cedar, are found. These forests cover mostly the southern slopes of the Himalayas, Places having
N
high attitude in southern and noth-east India. At higher elevations, temperate grasslands are common.
} At high altitudes, generally more than 3,600 meters above sea-level, temperate forests and grasslands give
way to the Alpine vegetation. Silver fir, junipers, pines and birches are the common trees of these forest.
E
} Above Alpine vegetation Alpine grasslands are found. These are used extensively for grazing by nomadic
tribes like the Gujjars and the Bakarwals. At higher altitudes, mosses and lichens form part of tundra vegetation.
L
} The common animals found in these forests are Kashmir stag, spotted dear, wild sheep, jack rabbit, Tibetan
antelope, yak, snow leopard squirrels, Shaggy horn wild ibex, bear and rare red panda, sheep and goats
L
with thick hair.
l Mangrove forests
} They are the most important forests found in the area where coasts are affected by tides. Dense mangrove
A
are the common varieties with their roots submerged in water.
} In the Ganga- Brahmaputra delta, sundari trees are found, which provide durable hard timber. Palm, coconut,
keora, agar, etc., also grow in some parts of the delta. Royal Bengal Tiger is the famous animal in these
forests. Turtles, crocodiles, gharials and snakes are also found in these forests.

n Wildlife
} India has more than 90,000 animal species. India has 2000 species of birds that make up 13% of the world’s
total. The country has 2546 species of fish that make up 12% of the world’s stock. The amphibians, reptiles
and mammals of India comprise between 5% to 8% of the world’s counts.
} The elephants are huge, yet majestic land creatures.live in the hot wet forests of Kerala, Karnataka and
Assam. Assam and West Bengal have swamps and marshlands that provide homes for the one-horned rhinos.
Many parts of the Thar Desert and the Rann of Kachchh are the places where the camels and wild ass live
respectively.
} Indian lions live in their natural habitats that are in the dense Gir forests of Gujarat.
} The cold freezing Ladakh’s environment is the home of the kiang (Tibetan wild ass), wild sheep, bharal (blue
sheep), the Tibetan antelope, the yak and the one tonne heavy shaggy horned ox.
n Conserving Biodiversity
Due to uncurtailed, continuous and abundant abuse of plant and animal resources in India. Many of the plant
and animal species have become extinct. Nearly 1300 plant species are in the endangered list while 20 others
are most probably extinct. This can be inferred because some species have not been seen in the last 60 to 100
years.
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l Wildlife conservation in India
} Eighteen biosphere reserves have been set up in the country to protect flora and fauna. Ten out of these, the
Sunderbans in the West Bengal, Nanda Devi in Uttarakhand, the Gulf of Mannar in Tamil Nadu, Nilgiris
(Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) Nokrek, Great Nicobar, Manas, Simlipal, Pachmarhi and Achanakmar-
Amarkantak have been included in the world's network of Biosphere reserves.
} Financial and technical assistance is provided to many Botanical Gardens by the government since 1992.
(i) Kachchh (ii) Cold desert (iii) Seshachalam (iv) Panna.
} Project Tiger, Project Rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard and many other eco-development projects have
been introduced.
} 103 National Parks, 535 Wildlife sanctuaries and Zoological gardens are set up to take care of natural heritage.
} Wildlife Protection Act was implemented in India in 1972.
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A
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NATURAL VEGETATION AND WILD LIFE EXERCISE
1. The correct definition of the exotic is plants 10. Teak, Sal and Neem trees are grown in which type
(1) large forest cover of the following forests?
(2) which have come from outside India (1) Deciduous forest (2) Tropical rainforest
(3) enough water on land (3) Tropical thorn forest (4) Coniferous forest
(4) only animal population 11. At which of the following places are Royal Bengal
2. To cure cough and cold we use : tigers found?
(1) arjun (2) neem (1) Mahanadi delta (2) Godawari delta
(3) babool (4) tulsi (3) Kaveri delta (4) Sunderban delta
3. The entire rainfall in India is brought in by the 12. Ebony and rosewood trees are found in the areas
(1) north-east monsoon of rainfall
(2) retreating monsoon (1) more than 200 cm
(3) western disturbances (2) more than 100 cm
N
(4) south-west monsoon (3) more than 70 cm
4. Which of the following trees is used for treating (4) less than 50 cm
blood pressure? 13. Where in India do flamingos migrate to nest in large
E
numbers?
(1) Jamun (2) Tidal
(1) Thar (2) Rann of Kachchh
(3) Neem (4) Sarpagandha
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(3) Coastal areas (4) Himalayas
5. Which of the following forests is found in heavy rain-
fall areas of the Western Ghats, island groups and 14. Which forest is affected by tides in coastal areas?
L
upper parts of Assam? (1) Alpine (2) Coniferous
(1) Tropical evergreen (2) Tropical deciduous (3) Deciduous (4) Mangroves
(3) Mountain forest (4) Tidal forests 15. Plant community which has grown naturally
A
without human aid and has been left undis-
6. One of the commercially important trees of tropi-
turbed by humans for long time, is termed as :
cal rain forest is
(1) Tundra vegetation (2) Virgin vegetation
(1) silver fir (2) junipers
(3) Taiga plants (4) None of the above
(3) cedar (4) mahogany

16. In which of the following parts of India evergreen
7. Some of the eco-developental projects in India are forests are found?
Project Rhino, Project Great Indian Bustard and
(1) Assam (2) Rajasthan
(1) Project Tiger (2) Project Deer
(3) Odisha (4) Uttar Pradesh
(3) Project Leopard (4) Project Lion
17. Which parts of Himalayas are covered with dense
8. The natural habitat of the Indian lion is the forest?
(1) Sundarbans forest (1) Northern (2) Eastern
(2) Kaziranga national park
(3) Western (4) Southern
(3) Gir forest
18. How many types of plant species are found in In-
(4) Manas sanctuary dia?
9. Leaves are mostly thick and small to minimize (1) About 45,000 (2) About 40,000
evaporation in
(3) About 47,000 (4) About 20,000
(1) thorn forest and scrubs.
19. Tropical rainforests grow well in areas receiving
(2) tropical deciduous forest
rainfall, more than :
(3) montane forest
(1) 200 cm (2) 150 cm
(4) mangrove forest
(3) 100 cm (4) 70 cm
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20. Conical trees are found in the 25. Which medicinal plant has high antibiotic and anti-
(1) deserts (2) hill slopes bacterial properties?
(3) coastal areas (4) plains (1) Sarpagandha (2) Neem

21. The elephants are found in the hot-wet forests of (3) Kachnar (4) Babool
(1) Punjab and Haryana 26. The Yak (ox) and the Bharal are found in.
(2) Rajasthan and Gujarat (1) Uttarakhand (2) Himachal Pradesh
(3) West Bengal and Jharkhand (3) Jammu and Kashmir (4) Ladakh
(4) Assam and Karnataka 27. Silver fir is found in the following type of vegetation
22. In which year Wildlife Protection Act was imple- zone :
mented in India? (1) Mangrove forests (2) Thorn forests
(1) 1952 (2) 1962 (3) Montane (4) Decidous forest
(3) 1972 (4) 1982 28. Trees in a thorn forest are :
23. Which one of the following animals lives in the (1) Tall (2) dense
N
swampy and marshy lands of Assam and West (3) scattered (4) None of these
Bengal? 29. Most widespread vegetation in India is
E
(1) Tiger (2) Lion (1) Coniferous forests
(3) One-horned Rhino (4) Elephants (2) Tropical rainforests
L
24. How many biosphere reserves have beet set up in (3) Tropical deciduous forests
the country?
(4) Mangrove forests
(1) 14 (2) 18 (3) 20 (4) 24
L
30. How many plant species are endangered?
(1) 1400 (2) 1300 (3) 1200 (4) 1100
A
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 4 4 4 1 4 1 3 1 1 4 1 2 4 2 1 4 3 1 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 4 3 3 2 2 4 3 3 3 3
103
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A L L
Important Notes
E N
ALLEN

Social Science
ALLEN
23. POPULATION
n Introduction
Population is the total number of persons in a political or geographical area at a particular time. The Census of
India provides us with information regarding the population of our country.
Census provide information about population. First census was done in 1872, however first complete census
was done in 1881.
n Population Size & Distribution by Numbers and Density
} India’s population as on March 2011 stood at 1210.6 million, which accounted for 17.5 per cent of the
world’s population.
} The 2011 Census data reveals that Uttar Pradesh with a population size of 199 million people is the most
populous state of India. On the other hand, the Himalayan state of Sikkim has a population of just about 0.6
million and Lakshadweep has only 64,429 people.
N
} Almost half of India’s population lives in are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, and Andhra
Pradesh.
} Population density is calculated as the number of persons per unit area.
E
} The population density of India in the year 2011 was 382 persons per sq km. Densities vary from 1102
persons per sq km in Bihar to only 17 persons per sq km in Arunachal Pradesh.
L
l Population growth
} Growth of population refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of a country/territory during a specific
L
period of time.
} The absolute numbers added each year or decade is the magnitude of increase.
} The pace of population increase studied in per cent per annum e.g. a rate of increase of 2 percent per
A
annum means that in a given year, there was an increase of two persons for every 100 persons in the base
population. This is referred to as the annual growth rate.
} India's population has been steadily increasing from 361 million in 1951 to 1,210 million in 2011.
l Processes of population change
} Births are usually measured using the birth rate i.e. the number of live births per 1,000 people in a year.
Deaths are usually measured using the death rate i.e. the number of deaths per 1,000 people in a year.
Migration is the movement of people in and out of an area.The difference between the birth rate and the
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\3-Geography\23.Population.p65
death rate of a country is called the natural growth rate.

} Migration is another way by which population size changes. Emigrants are people who leave a country and
immigrants are those who arrive in a country.
} The general trend of international migrations is from the less developed nations to the more developed nations
in search of better employment opportunities. Within countries large number of people may move from the
rural to urban areas in search of employment, education and health facilities.
n Age Composition
Age composition of a population is the number of people in different age groups in a country. According to age
composition, population of a nation is grouped into three broad groups.
} Children (generally below 15 years) — 34.4%
They are economically unproductive.
They need food, clothing, education and medical care.
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Class X
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} Working age (15-59 years) — 58.7%
They are economically productive.
They are biologically reproductive.
They comprise the working population.
} Aged (above 59 years) — 6.9%
They are mostly economically unproductive but some of them are still economically productive. They need
medical care.
} Dependency ratio : The percentage of children and the aged affect the dependency ratio because they are
not producers.
n Sex Ratio
Sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males in the population.The sex ratio in the country has
always remained unfavourable to females.
} In 1951, the sex ratio of India was 946 : 1000.
N
} In 2011, it was 943 : 1000.
} Kerala has a sex ratio of 1084 females per 1000 males.
} Puducherry has 1038 females per 1000 males, while Delhi has only 866 females per thousand males and
E
Haryana has just 877.
n Literacy
L
According to the Census 2011, a person aged 7 years and above, who can read and write with understanding
in any language, is treated as literate. The literacy rate in the country as per the Census of 2011 is 73 per cent;
80.9 per cent for males and 64.6 per cent for females.
L
n Occupational Structure
Distribution of population according to different types of occupations is defined as the occupational structure.
Developing countries have a higher proportion of their work force engaged in primary activities. In India, about
A
64 per cent of the population is engaged only in agriculture. The proportion of population dependent on secondary
and tertiary sectors is about 13 and 20 per cent respectively. There has been an occupational shift in favour of
secondary and tertiary sectors because of growing industrialisation and urbanisation in recent times.
n Health
Health is an important component of population composition. Death rates have declined from 25 per 1000
population in 1951 to 7.2 per 1000 in 2011. Life expectancies at birth have increased from 36.7 years in
1951 to 67.9 years in 2012.
n National Population Policy (NPP)

l Major features of NPP 2000
} The NPP 2000 provides a policy framework for imparting free and compulsory school education to the children
up to 14 years of age.
} It aims at reducing infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1000 live births. Its another aim is to achieve universal
immunisation of children against all vaccine preventable diseases.
} Promotion of delayed marriage for girls.
} It also aims at making family welfare, a people centered programme.
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POPULATION EXERCISE
1. Secondary activity means 9. Activity that involves agriculture, fishing and gath-
(1) extraction of natural resoures ering is called
(2) Manufacturing (1) secondary activity (2) tertiary activity
(3) banking (3) primary activity (4) quaternary activity
(4) collection of information 10. Lakshadweep has only about

(1) 50,000 population (2) 64,429 population
2. How many millionplus cities in India in 2011?
(3) 70,000 population (4) 80,000 population
(1) 34 (2) 38 (3) 53 (4) 95
11. Developed nations have higher proportion of
3. Number of deaths per thousand persons in a year
people in ___________.
is called the
(1) Primary sector (2) Secondary sector
(1) death rate (2) birth rate
(3) Tertiary sector (4) Both (2) and (3)
(3) migration rate (4) annual growth rate
12. Civil services is a part of
N
4. Number of years that an average person survives
(1) tertiary sector (2) primary sector
is called
(3) secondary sector (4) industrial sector
(1) population density (2) life expectancy
E
13. Density of population in Arunachal Pradesh is
(3) birth rate (4) death rate
(1) 17 persons per sq km.
5. Primary activities include
L
(1) Construction work
(2) Mining
L
(3) Communications
14. Almost half of India’s population lives in
(4) Administration services
(1) six states (2) five states
6. The correct definition of ‘birth rate’ is
(3) seven states (4) eight states
A
(1) Movement of people across regions and
15. Which among the following is included in the policy
territories
framework of NPP 2000?
(2) No. of live births per thousand persons in a year.
(1) imparting free and compulsory education upto
(3) Number of person increased in per 100 of the 14 years of age
base population. (2) reducing infant mortality rate
(4) No. of deaths per thousand persons in a year. (3) acheiving universal immunisation of children
7. According to the census 2011, a ‘Literate’ person against all vaccine preventable diseases
is one (4) all of these

(1) who can read his/her name 16. What is the rank of India among the population of
(2) who can write any language different countries of the world?
(3) who can read and write his/her name (1) First (2) Second
(4) who is 7 years old and can read and write any (3) Third (4) Fourth
one language with understanding 17. What is the average sex ratio of India as per 2011
8. The census describes census?
(1) only counts of number of people (1) 900 (2) 943
(2) only migration in states (3) 923 (4) None of these
(3) holistic approach towards counting, professions 18. 16% of Inda’s population is present in the state of
economic and social conditions of people. (1) West Bengal (2) Maharashtra
(4) only deaths in a population of contry. (3) Uttar Pradesh (4) Bihar
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19. India may overtake China in population growth in 25. Which of the following is an important social indica-
the year tor to measure the extent of equality between males
(1) 2035 (2) 2045 and females in a society at a given time?
(3) 2050 (4) 2020 (1) Age Composition (2) Literacy Rate
20. What was the population density of India according (3) Sex Ratio (4) Death Rate
to 2011? 26. Which of the following factors are responsible for
(1) 124 person/km2 (2) 224 person/km2 sparse population?
(3) 382 person/km2 (4) 24 person/km2 (1) Flat plains and abundant rainfall
21. A large proportion of children in a population is a (2) Rugged terrain and unfavourable climate
result of : (3) Fertile soil and abundant rainfall
(1) High birth rate (4) Rugged terrain and favourable climate
(2) High death rate 27. The Himalayan state, Sikkim, has a population of
(3) High life expectancies about
N
(4) More married couples (1) 0.3 million (2) 0.6 million
22. The number of people in different age groups is (3) 0.2 million (4) 0.5 million
referred as : 28. Which of the following countries have higher aver-
E
(1) Sex ratio age population densities than India?
(2) Age composition (1) Bangladesh (2) Japan
L
(3) Adolescent population (3) Both (1) and (2) (4) None of these
(4) Occupational structure 29. The total area of India accounts for how much per-
cent of the world's area?
L
23. Which is the most populous country of the world?
(1) 2.4 percent (2) 16.7 percent
(1) India (2) United States
(3) 3.28 percent (4) 1.02 percent
(3) China (4) Russia
A
30. Which of the following migration of population
24. In how many years is the official enumeration of
does not change the size of the population?
population carried out for census?
(1) External migration (2) Internal migration
(1) 1 year (2) 5 years
(3) International migration (4) None of these
(3) 10 years (4) 2 years
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 3 1 2 2 2 4 3 3 2 4 1 1 2 4 2 2 3 2 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 2
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Social Science
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24. THE STORY OF A VILLAGE
n Overview
} Farming is the main activity, other activities are small scale manufacturing, dairy, transport etc.
} Transport is well developed. Bullock carts, tongas bogeys to motor vehicles like motorcycles, jeeps, tractors
and trucks.
} Society - has about 450 families. 80 upper caste families owns majority of land, their houses are pucca. The
SCs comprise one third of population have kuchha houses, made up of mud and straw.
} Infrastructures - have electricity connections used for powering tubewells, for small business. Two primary
schools, a primary health centre and one private dispensary.
n Organisation of production
Four requirements for production of goods and services. Every production is organised by combining land,
labour physical capital and human capital, these are known factors of production.
} Land - natural resources such as water, forests minerals
N
} Labour - workers who can do manual work
} Physical capital - (a) Tools, machines, buildings that can be used in production over many years.
E
(b) Raw materials and money in hand are called working capital, these are used up in production.
} Human capital - Knowledge and enterprise put together land, labour and physical capital and produce an
output.
L
n Farming in village
l Land is fixed : Since 1960, there has been no expansion in land area under cultivation. By then, some of the
L
wastelands in the village had been converted to cultivable land. Now there is no land left to be brought under
cultivation.
l Is there a way one can grow more from the same land?
A
} Multiple Cropping — To grow more than one crop on a piece of land during the year.
} Crop rotation – Growing one crop with another crop can increase the fertility of the soil, and thus, increase
production from a farm.
} Using HYV seed, chemical fertilizers and pesticides in farming to increase production. This strategy has been
used in green revolution.
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\4-Economics\24.The Story of a Village.p65
l Green Revolution
The great increase in the production of foodgrain crops, especially the wheat crop, in our country during the last
30 years is called Green Revolution. It is because of the green revolution that our country has become self
sufficient in food production
Limitations of Green Revolution
} HYV seeds need plenty of water and also chemical fertilizer.
} Higher production is possible only from a combination of HYV seeds, irrigation, chemical fertilizers, pesticides
etc which are not affordable by large number of farmers.
} Also continuous use of ground water for tubewell irrigation has reduced the water table below the ground.
l Distribution of land between the farmers
} About one third of the 450 families are landless. i.e. 150 families, most of them dalits, have no land for
cultivation.
} 240 families cultivate small plots of land less than 2 hectares in size.
} About 60 families of medium and large farmers cultivate more than 5 hectares of land. A few of the large
farmers have land extending over 10 hectares or more.
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Class X
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l Who will provide the labour?
Farm labourers come either from landless families or families cultivating small plots of land. They are paid
wages by the farmer in cash or in kind. Wages vary widely from region to region, from crop to crop, from one
farm activity to another.
The minimum wages for a farm labourer set by the government is Rs 300 per day, but labourets get only Rs.
160. This is due to heavy competition for work among the farm labourers in a village, so people agree to work
for lower wages.
l The capital needed in Farming
} Small farmers borrow capital from large farmers or the village moneylenders or the traders, the rate of
interest is very high, and other undue conditions are also to be fulfilled.
} Medium and large farmers have their own savings from farming. They are thus able to arrange for the
capital needed.
l Sale of surplus farm products
Small farmers have little surplus because their total production is small and from this a substantial share is kept
N
for their own family needs. Large farmers have surplus production which they sell in the market. They put the
money in their banks. They use the saving for lending to small farmers to arrange for the working capital for
farming in the next season.
E
n Non-Farm activities in a village
} Dairy - Dairy is a common activity in many families in a village. People feed their buffaloes on various kinds
L
of grass and the jowar and bajra that grows during the rainy season. The milk is sold in Raiganj, the near by
large village.
L
} Small Scale Manufacturing - At present, less than fifty people are engaged in manufacturing in a village.
} The Shopkeepers - The traders of a village are shopkeepers who buy various goods from wholesale
markets in the cities and sell them in the village.
A
} Transport - There are variety of vehicles on the road connecting a village to near by villages. Rickshawallahs,
tongawallahs, jeep, tractor, truck drivers and people driving the traditional bullock cart and bogey are
people in the transport services.
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Social Science
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THE STORY OF A VILLAGE EXERCISE
1. Machines are called fixed capital 9. Workers engaged in non-farm activities in rural areas
(1) because without machines production is not on an average are
possible. (1) 12% (2) 13% (3) 18% (4) 25%
(2) because it can be used in production for many 10. Land, labour, capital and entreprenuership together
years. are called
(3) because machines are made by human beings. (1) parts of production
(4) because machines are not the working capital. (2) factors of production
2. The first requirement of factor of production is (3) process of production
(1) land (2) labour (4) features of production
(3) entrepreneurship (4) capital 11. Green revolution encouraged
3. Surplus produce in the market is supplied by (1) plantation of more trees

(2) organic farming
N
(1) small and landless farmers.
(2) small and medium farmers (3) use of HYV’ seeds
(3) large and medium farmers. (4) more use of machinery
E
12. Small farmer borrow money for cultivation from
(4) farmers having land holdings.
(1) landless farmer
4. Main objective of Green revolution was to
L
(2) family members
(1) make everything green.
(3) banks
(2) increase greenery in village.
L
(4) money lenders
(3) increase cultivation of wheat and rice.
13. The major benefits of the Green Revolution were
(4) increase use of bullocks carts.
experienced mainly in
5. The water table is reduced below the ground water
A
(1) northern India (2) southern India
level due to
(3) western India (4) eastern India
(1) continuous use of groundwater.
14. Multiple cropping is
(2) increase in rainfall.
(1) to grow more than one leguminous crop only.
(3) construction of amusement parks.
(2) to grow more than three crops on a piece of
(4) increase in pollution. land during a year.
6. Payment to labour for his services in cash or kind is (3) to grow more than one crop on a piece of land
called during a year.
(1) rent (2) interest (4) to grow more than two crops on a piece of land
(3) profit (4) wages during a year.
7. The main production activity related with agricul- 15. Example of fixed capital is
ture is (1) raw materials (2) building
(1) fishing (2) farming (3) money (4) All of these
(3) manufacturing (4) repairing 16. Wages are paid to the workers in the form of cash
and
8. Human resources are superior to other resources
(1) benefits (2) incentive
because
(3) bonus (4) kind
(1) human resource can make use of land and capital
17. Crop produced basically to feed cattle is
(2) human beings are gift of God
(1) bajra (2) channa
(3) human resources make a firm profitable
(3) wheat (4) sugarcane
(4) human beings are more productive
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18. Tubewell irrigation on agricultural land is responsi 25. Which of the following transformed the system of
ble for irrigation in Palampur?
(1) decrease in agricultural output (1) Tubewells (2) Persian wheel
(2) reduction of ground water table
(3) Rainwater harvesting (4) None of these
(3) loss of capital
26. How many families live in village Palampur?
(4) loss of soil fertility
19. Which sector includes Agriculture and Animal Hus- (1) 150 (2) 250
bandry? (3) 350 (4) 450
(1) Primary Sector 27. Which one among the following is a non-farming
(2) Secondary Sector activity?
(3) Tertiary Sector (1) Multiple croppping (2) Crop rotation
(4) None of these
(3) Dairy farming (4) Modern farming
20. People of Palampur sell milk in the nearby large
28. Which one of the following is not an effect of the
village named
modern farming?
(1) Pitampura (2) Siliguri
N
(3) Shahpur (4) Raiganj (1) Soil degradation
21. Out of the total cultivated area in the country, how (2) Deforestation
much area is irrigated today? (3) Decrease in groundwater
E
(1) less than 40% (2) less than 30% (4) Water pollution
(3) less than 60% (4) less than 70%
29. Working capital stands for :
L
22. 'Operation Flood' is related to :
(1) tools, machines and buildings
(1) control flood (2) produce fish
(2) raw materials and money in hand
L
(3) milk production (4) grain production
(3) total share capital
23. Green Revolution is related to :
(4) fixed deposits in financial institutions
(1) Milk Production
30. The use of high yields with combinations of
A
(2) Grain production HYV (High Yielding Varieties) seeds, irrigation,
(3) Fish production chemical fertilisers, pesticides etc. refers to :
(4) none of these (1) modern cropping
24. Which one of the following terms is used for mea- (2) mixed cropping
suring crop produced on a given piece of land dur-
(3) multiple cropping
ing a single season?
(4) mega cropping
(1) Yield (2) Productivity
(3) Cultivation (4) Output
ANSWER KEY
Q ue. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 1 3 3 1 4 2 1 4 2 3 4 1 3 2 4 1 2 1 4
Q ue. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 1 3 2 1 1 4 3 2 2 1
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25. HUMAN RESOURCES
n People As Resource
‘People as a Resource’ is a way of referring to a country’s working capital in terms of their existing productive
skills and abilities. Like various other resources people or population is a resource commonly termed as -
‘Human Resource’.
There are some people who regard population as liability rather than an asset. But it is not true, people can be
turned into a productive asset if we make investment on them in the form of education, training and medical
care. For example, Japan did not have any natural resource. They made investments on their people especially
in the fields of education and health. Ultimately, these people after efficient use of their resources made their
country rich and developed.
l How is human resource different from other resources like land and physical capital?
Human resource superior to other resources like land and physical capital because human resources can make
use of land and capital. Land and physical capital can not become useful of their own.
Role of education in Human Capital Formation
N
n
Educated parents are found to invest more heavily on the education of their child. This is because they have
realised the importance of education for themselves. They are also conscious of proper nutrition and hygiene.
E
They accordingly look after their children's needs for education at school and good health. A virtuous cycle is,
thus, created in this case. In contrast, a vicious cycle may be created by disadvantaged parents, who themselves
uneducated and lacking in hygiene, keep their children in a similarly disadvantaged state.
L
n Education in India
l Literacy Rate — The expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP rose from 0.64% in 1951-52 to 3%
L
in 2015-16. As a result, the literacy rate has risen from 18% per cent in 1951 to 74% per cent in 2010-11.
Literacy among males is nearly 16.6% higher than females and it is about 16.1% higher in urban areas as
compared to the rural areas. In 2011 Literacy rates vary from 94% in Kerala to 62% in Bihar.
A
l School Education — In 2001, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) was launched to provide elementary education to
all children in the age group of 6-14 years by 2010. Along with it, bridge courses and back-to-school camps
have been initiated to increase the enrolment in elementary education. Mid-day meal scheme has been
implemented to encourage attendance and retention of children and improve their nutritional status. These
policies could add to the literate population of India.
A scheme for the establishment of residential schools called Navodaya Vidyalayas was launched in 1987-88 to
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\4-Economics\25.Human Resources.p65
provide modem good quality education to talented children mainly from the rural areas.
l The twelfth plan endeavoured to increase the Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education of the 18 to 23
years age group to 25.2% by 2017-18 and to reach the target of 30% by 2020-21, which would be broadly in
line with world average. The strategy focuses on increasing access, quality, adoption of states-specific curriculum
modification, vocationalisation and networking on the use of information technology.
n Health in India
l Death rate is the number of people per 1000 who die during a particular period of time. During 1941-51, the
death rate was as high as 30 per thousand per annum. It had declined to 6.4 per thousand in 2016.
l Infant mortality rate is the death of a child under one year of age (per thousand of live children). Infant
mortality rate has declined from 147 in 1951 to 34 in 2016.
l Life expectancy refers to the number of years that a person is expected to survive after his/her birth. The life
expectancy was 32 years. It has now gone up to 68.3 years in 2014.
l Birth rates is the number of babies born there for every 1,000 people during a particular period of time.
Crude birth rates have dropped to 20.4 in 2016.
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n Various activities undertaken in the primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector
Activities can be classified under the following three sectors on the basis of the nature of their products or
materials used:
l Primary Sector : Activities concerned with gathering or making available materials provided by nature are
included in Primary Sector like agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, poultry farming, fishing, mining etc.
l Secondary Sector : Such activities which transform raw materials or primary products into commodities more
useful to man are included under Secondary Sector. Some such activities are like manufacturing, quarrying.
l Tertiary Sector : This sector includes those activities which are a must for running modern industries or sup-
port the activities of the above two sectors. For example banking, transport, trade, education, insurance etc.
n Why are women employed in low paid work?
There is no gainsaying that women are generally employed in low paid work as compared to men. The reasons
of the same are as follows:
l Education is one of the major determinants of the earning of an individual in the market. As majority of the
N
women have meager education so they are paid less than men.
l Along with education, skill is also an important determinant which affects the pay of an individual. Women are
generally unskilled so they are employed in low paid work.
E
l It is also a fact that women can not do as much physical work as men can do. So naturally they are paid less than men.
l Women have generally an additional responsibility of bringing up their family and children and so they can not
L
be as regular as men in their duties. Hence, they are employed in low paid work and paid less as compared to men.
n Unemployment
L
The term 'unemployment' refers to a situation when all able and willing persons of a country do not get suitable
opportunities to work.
l Rural Unemployment
A
In our rural areas, seasonal unemployment and disguised unemployment widely exist.
} Agriculture is a seasonal occupation. Hence, our workers and farmers do not find work round the year. This forces
the rural people to remain out of work during the off-season. This feature is known as seasonal unemployment.
} Disguised unemployment refers to a situation where the number of workers engaged in a job is much more than
actually required to do the job.
l Urban Unemployment CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\4-Economics\25.Human Resources.p65
} Educated Unemployment : Educated unemployment refers to the unemployment among the educated people
which include matriculates and higher education. Some of these people do not find any job.
n Consequences of Unemployment
} Wastage of Productive Resources : The unemployment problem signifies the wastage of human resources.
} Increase in Economic Overload : Unemployment tends to increase economic overload. The dependence
of the unemployed on the working population reduces the per capita availability of goods and services for
others.
} Inequalities of Income : Unemployment is a source of income inequalities. Unemployed people are
generally poor.
} Social Effects: Unemployment is not only an economic evil, it is a social evil too. Unemployed people are
a frustrated class of the society.
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HUMAN RESOURCES EXERCISE
1. The activity in the tertiary sector is 10. ‘Sarva Siksha Abhiyan’ is related to
(1) trade (2) fishing (1) education (2) health
(3) mining (4) quarrying (3) technology (4) income
2. Some countries are more developed than India be-
11. In 2011, literacy rate of Kerala is
cause of
(1) scientific inventions and discoveries (1) 92% (2) 96% (3) 95% (4) 94%
(2) investment in eduction and health 12. Which one of the following cannot be regarded as
(3) abundance of raw material building of the human capital in a country?
(4) technology evolved by people (1) Spending resources on education
3. Large population can be turned into a productive (2) Providing training of industrial workers
asset through investment in
(3) Increasing salary of workers
(1) industrialisation
(4) Providing health to all
(2) urbanisation
N
(3) education and health for all 13. The literacy rate during 2010-11 was
(4) migration of people to urban areas (1) 64% (2) 74% (3) 70% (4) 80%
E
4. During a few months in a year, people are unable 14. Number of deaths for every 1000 people in a year
to find jobs in case of is called
(1) hidden unemployment (1) Death Rate (2) Birth Rate
L
(2) frictional unemployment (3) Decrease Rate (4) Population Decrease
(3) seasonal unemployment
15. PHC stands for
L
(4) disguised unemployment
(1) Public Health Club (2) Private Health Club
5. Activities like trade, transport, health, banking,
insurance etc. are included in the sector. (3) Primary Health Centre (4) None of these
(1) Secondary (2) Primary 16. In which of the following fields is disguised unem-
A
(3) Manufacturing (4) Tertiary ployment found?
6. To encourage attendance and retention of children (1) Industries (2) Agriculture
in schools, government has (3) Mining (4) Fisheries
(1) introduced mid day meal scheme
17. What is the major aim of Sarva Siksha Abhiyan?
(2) curtailed holidays
(1) To provide elementary education to women
(3) introduced late school scheme
(2) To provide elementary education to the rural

(4) established residential schools
poor
7. Earning of an individual depends on
(1) education and skill (2) urbanisation (3) To provide elementary education to all children
in the age group 6-14 years
(3) food production (4) migration
8. Number of babies born for every 1000 people (4) To provide elementary education to the urban
during a year is called poor
(1) Death rate (2) Birth rate 18. Unemployment leads to wastage of
(3) Growth rate (4) Population increase (1) national income (2) cultural richness
9. Main step taken by the government to promote (3) mineral resources (4) human resources
education is
19. Which one among the following is the most labour
(1) increase in literacy rate.
absorbing sector?
(2) providing universal access to elementary eduction.
(1) Agriculture (2) Fisheries
(3) establishing more schools in urban areas.
(4) enhancing social security scheme. (3) Poultry farming (4) Mining
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20. Which is an economic activity in the following? 26. At Rampur village, in an agricultural field 6 men
are required for weeding, but 10 people are doing
(1) Work of Nurse at her home
the work. This kind of employment is known as :
(2) Work of Doctor at their home
(1) Disguised unemployment
(3) Work of Teacher in the school (2) Seasonal unemployment
(4) None of the above (3) Rural unemployment
21. Which one of the following is considered important (4) All of these
to create a 'virtuous cycle' by the parents? 27. ________ have been developed to equip large num-
(1) To send their children to the factories ber of high school students with occupations related
to knowledge and skils.
(2) To provide food to their children
(1) Navodaya vidyalaya
(3) To join their children in corporate schools
(2) Sarva Siksha Abhiyan
(4) To take care of the health and education of (3) Bridge Course
their children
(4) Vocational Streams
22. Infant mortality rate in 2016 was :
N
28. Census refers to :
(1) 85 (2) 70 (1) Total no. of babies born
(3) 34 (4) 35 (2) Official counting of population done after
E
23. What is the life expectancy in India according to every ten years
the census of 2014? (3) Total no. of infants that are vaccinated
L
(1) 72 years (2) 53.9 years (4) Recording of Births and Deaths every year
(3) 68.3 years (4) 80 years 29. When there is investment made in the form of edu-
L
24. Strike the odd one out (with reference to population) cation, training and medical care, the population
becomes :
(1) Education (2) Medical Care
(1) Working capital (2) Human capital
(3) Training (4) Computers
(3) Fixed capital (4) Capital growth
A
25. The number of females per thousand males refers to:
30. The workforce population of India includes people
(1) Sex Ratio (2) Literacy Rate
from the age group of :
(3) Infant Mortality Rate (4) Birth Rate
(1) 10-59 years (2) 15-59 years
(3) 20-59 years (4) 25-59 years
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 2 3 3 4 1 1 2 2 1 4 3 2 1 3 2 3 4 1 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 4 3 3 4 1 1 4 2 2 2
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26. POVERTY CHALLENGE FACING INDIA
n Poverty
A situation when one is not able to fulfill even the minimum basic necessities (food, clothing and shelter) required
to sustain the life. When lots of people suffer from same situation it is termed as poverty. India has the largest
single concentration of the poor in the world. This illustrates the seriousness of the challenge.
n Poverty as seen by Social Scientists
Poverty is looked through other social indicators like illiteracy level, lack of general resistance due to malnutri-
tion, lack of access to healthcare, lack of job opportunities, lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation etc.
n Poverty Line
A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given “ minimum level”
necessary to fulfil basic needs. Poverty line may vary with time and place. While determining the poverty line in
India, a minimum level of food requirement, clothing, footwear, fuel and light, educational and medical require-
ment etc, are determined for subsistence. These physical quantities are multiplied by their prices in rupees. The
N
total equivalent amount is considered as poverty line. Daily minimum nutritional requirement for a person has
been fixed at 2400 calories per person/per/day in rural areas and 2100 calories per person/per day in urban
areas. On the basis of these calculations, for the year 2011-12, the poverty line for person was fixed at Rs. 816
E
per month in rural areas and Rs 1000 per month in urban areas.
For making comparisons between developing countries, many international organisations like the World Bank
use a uniform standard for the poverty line: minimum availabilty of the equivalent of $ 1.90 (2011) per person
L
per day.
l Social exclusion : According to this concept, poverty must be seen in terms of the poor and they live only in
L
a poor surrounding with other poor people, excluded from enjoying social equality of better-off people in better
surroundings. Social exclusion can be both a cause as well as a consequence of poverty in the usual sense.
l Vulnerability : Vulnerability to poverty is a measure, which describes the greater probability of certain
A
communities (say, members of a backward caste) or individuals (such as a widow or a physically handicapped
person) of becoming, or remaining, poor in the coming years. Vulnerability is determined by the options available
to different communities for finding an alternative living in terms of assets, education, health and job opportunities.
n Is present methodology of poverty estimation appropriate?
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\4-Economics\26.Poverty Challenge facing India.p65
No, the present methodology of poverty estimation is not appropriate. It is about a ‘minimum’ subsistence level
of living rather than a ‘reasonable’ level of living. Many scholars advocate that we must broaden the concept into
human poverty.
n Poverty Estimates
There is substantial decline in poverty ratios in India from about 45 percent in 1993-94 to 37.2 per cent in
2004-05. Although the percentage of people living under poverty declined in the earlier two decades (1973–
1993), the number of poor declined from 407 million in 2004–05 to 270 million in 2011–12 with an average
annual decline of 2.2 percentage points during 2004–05 to 2011–12.
n Vulnerable Groups
} Most vulnerable to poverty are scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households.
} Among the economic groups, the most vulnerable groups are the rural agricultural labour households and
the urban casual labour households.
} Some recent studies have shown that except for the scheduled tribe households, all the other three groups
i.e. scheduled castes, rural agricultural labourers and the urban casual labour households have seen a
decline in poverty in the 1990s.
} Women, elderly people and female infants are systematically denied equal access to resources available to
the family.
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n Inter State Disparities
} Recent estimates show while the all India Head Count Ratio (HCR) was 21.9 per cent in 2011-12 states like
Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pardesh, Bihar and Odisha had above all India poverty level. Bihar and
Odisha continue to be the two poorest states with poverty ratios of 33.7 and 32.6 per cent respectively.
} In comparison, there has been a significant decline in poverty in Kerala, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh,
Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and West Bengal. States like Punjab and Haryana have traditionally succeeded in
reducing poverty with the help of high agricultural growth rates. Kerala has focused more on human resource
development. In West Bengal, land reform measures have helped in reducing poverty. In Andhra Pradesh
and Tamil Nadu public distribution of food grains could have been responsible for the improvement.
n Global Poverty Scenario
} Poverty declined substantially in China and Southeast Asian countries as a result of rapid economic growth
and massive investments in human resource development.
} In the countries of South Asia (India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan) the decline has also
been rapid from 34 per cent in 2005 to 16.2% in 2013
N
} In Sub-Saharan Africa, poverty in fact declined from 51 percent in 2005 to 41 percent in 2015. In Latin
America, the ratio of poverty has also declined from 10 percent in 2005 to 4 percent in 2015.
E
n Causes of Poverty
} British Rule
} Rural Economy
L
} Heavy Pressure of Population
} Chronic Unemployment and Under-employment
L
} Lack of Proper Industrialisation
} Social factors
A
n Anti Poverty Measures
l Promotion of Economic Growth: Since the eighties, India’s economic growth has been one of the fastest in
the world. The higher growth rates have helped significantly in the reduction of poverty. it is becoming clear that
there is a strong link between economic growth and poverty reduction. Economic growth widens opportunities
and provides the resources needed to invest in human development. This also encourages people to send their

children, including the girl child to schools in the hope of getting better economic returns from investing in
education.
l Targeted Anti-Poverty Programmes
} Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005 aims to provide 100 days of wage
employment to every household to ensure livelihood security in rural areas. One-third of the proposed jobs
have been reserved for women.
} Prime Minister Rozgar Yozana (PMRY) is another scheme which was started in 1993. The aim of the programme
is to create self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed youth in rural areas and small towns.
Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP) was launched in 1995. The aim of the programme is to
create selfemployment opportunities in rural areas and small towns.
} Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) was launched in 1999. The programme aims at bringing the
assisted poor families above the poverty line by organising them into self help groups
} Under the Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yozana (PMGY) launched in 2000, additional central assistance is
given to states for basic services
} Another important scheme is Antyodaya Anna Yozana (AAY).
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l Assessment of poverty-alleviation programmes : On the positive side, the incidence of poverty has de-
clined in India. On the negative side, poverty reduction remains India’s most compelling challenge.This shows
that the poverty alleviation programmers have not lived up to the expectations. The major weaknesses of these
programmes have been as follows:
} Lack of proper implementation.
} Lack of right targeting
} Overlapping of schemes.
} Non-delivery of benefits to the targeted groups.
n The Challenges Ahead
} Despite the progress, poverty reduction remains Indias most compelling challenge.
} The official definition of poverty captures only a limited part of what poverty really means to people. It is
about a “minimum” subsistence level of living rather than a “reasonable” level of living. We must broaden
the concept into human poverty.
} With development the divination of what constituted poverty also changes. Eradication of poverty is always
N
a moving target. Hope fully we will be able to provide the minimum “necessary” in terms of only income to
all people by the end of the next decade.
L E
A L
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POVERTY CHALLENGE FACING INDIA EXERCISE
1. The current anti-poverty programme consists of two 8. A measure describing the greater probability of
planks. They are: certain communities or individuals of remaining
(1) Socio-economic reasons and public distribution poor in the coming years is called
system. (1) absolute poverty (2) vulnerability
(2) Promotion of economic growth and targeted (3) untouchability (4) relative poverty
anti-poverty programme.
9. The social group most vulnerable to poverty is
(3) Anti-poverty programme and public distribu-
(1) educated unemployed
tion system.
(2) lower middle class
(4) None of the above.
(3) uneducated people
2. One historical reason for poverty in India is
(4) scheduled tribes
(1) impact of British rule.
10. According to World Bank, poverty is measured by:
(2) faulty economic policies.
N
(1) People living below Rs. 100 per day
(3) high growth rate of population.
(2) People living below $ 1.90 per day
(4) high level of unemployment.
E
3. AAY stands for (3) People living below Rs. 550 per month
(1) Anti Allergic Yojana (4) None of the above
L
(2) Antyodaya Anna Yojana 11. The poorest state in India is
(3) All Anna Yojana (1) Kerela (2) Odisha
L
(4) Anit Action Yojana (3) Assam (4) Tamil Nadu
4. NREGA is the scheme known as 12. How many people in India live below the poverty
line?
(1) National Rural Employment Guarantee Act.
A
(2) National Real Employment Guarantee Act. (1) 30 crores (2) 27 crores
(3) National Report Ensuring Guarantee Act. (3) 28 crores (4) 24 crores
(4) National Rural Ensuring Guarantee Act. 13. A person is considered poor if his
5. Poverty in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu has (1) income or consumption level fall below a given

declined due to minimum level.
(1) investment in human development (2) all needs are fulfilled easily.
(2) public distribution of food grains (3) desires are taken into consideration.
(3) generation of more employment opportunities. (4) income or consumption level is just above the
(4) none of these given minimum level.
6. In which state have the land reform measures helped 14. NSSO stands for
to reduce poverty? (1) National Sample Survery Organization.
(1) Tamil Nadu (2) Punjab (2) National Surety Sector Organization.
(3) West Bengal (4) Kerala (3) National Security System Organization.
7. By poverty we mean situation where in a person is (4) National Sympathy Society Organization.
(1) deprived basic necessities of life. 15. The basis for food requirement while estimating
(2) deprived proper clothes. poverty line is
(3) deprived higher education. (1) balanced weight (2) calorie intake
(4) deprived to live in houses. (3) fruits requirement (4) medical requirement
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16. Kerala has tried to control poverty by: 23. Who do not come under the category of urban poor?
(1) Investing in human resource (1) The casual workers (2) The unemployed
(2) Investing in medical science (3) The shopkeepers (4) Rickshawpullers
(3) Investing in infrastructure 24. Which scheme was started in 1993 to create self-
employment opportunities for educated unem-
(4) None of the above
ployed youth in rural areas and small towns?
17. What are accepted average calories required in
(1) Prime Minister Rojgar Yojana
India in urban areas?
(2) National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
(1) 2100 (2) 2400
(3) Rural Employment Generation Programme
(3) 2800 (4) 2500 (4) Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojana
18. Who is considered as poor? 25. For how many days NREGA provides employment?
(1) A rich landlord (2) A businessman (1) 70 (2) 80 (3) 90 (4) 100
(3) A landless labourer (4) A teacher 26. Increase in unemployment is an indicator of
19. Which among the following is the method to esti- (1) developed economy (2) stagnant economy
N
mate the poverty line? (3) depressed economy (4) growing economy
(1) Investment method (2) Income method 27. The calorie requirement is higher in the rural areas
(3) Capital method (4) Human method because :
E
(1) they do not enjoy as much as people in the ur-
20. Under social exclusion
ban areas.
(1) criminals are not accepted by the society
L
(2) food items are expensive.
(2) groups are excluded from facilities of society
(3) they are engaged in mental work.
(3) groups are termed as ‘untouchables’
(4) people are engaged in physical labour.
L
(4) individuals are given a sense of security 28. Which industry suffered the most during colonial
21. Who advocated that India would be truly indepen- period?
dent only when the poorest of its people become (1) Jute (2) Textile
A
free of human suffering? (3) Indigo (4) All the above
(1) Mahatma Gandhi 29. Which of the following is not considered a social
(2) Indira Gandhi indicator of poverty?
(3) Jawahar Lal Nehru (1) Less number of means of transport
(4) Subhash Chandra Bose (2) Illiteracy level

(3) Lack of access to health care
22. Which of the following programmes was launched
in the year 2000? (4) Lack of job opportunities
30. Which country of South-East Asia made rapid eco-
(1) National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
nomic growth resulting in a significant decline in
(2) Prime Minister Rojgar Yojana
poverty?
(3) Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojna (1) America (2) China
(4) Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (3) Canada (4) France
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 4 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 1 4 3 1 4 3 4 2 1 2
121
122
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A L L
Important Notes
E N
ALLEN

Social Science
ALLEN
27. FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA
n Concepts
l What is food security? Food security means availabilty, accessibility and affordabilty of food to all people at
all times.
l Why food security? The poorest section of the society remains food insecure all the time. People above
poverty line might also feel food insecure in times of natural calamity like earthquake, drought, flood, tsunami,
etc.
} The most devastating famine that occurred in India was the FAMINEOF bengal in 1943. This famine killed
thirty lakh people in the province of Bengal.
} Even today, there are places like Kalahandi and Kashipur in Odisha where famine-like conditions have been
existing for many years and where some starvation deaths have also been reported. Starvation deaths are
also reported in Baran district of Rajasthan, Palamau district of Jharkhand
l Who are food-insecure? In rural areas, the worst affected people are: landless and small farmers, traditional
N
artisans (weavers, potters blacksmith etc.) providers of services (e.g. barbers, washermen etc), petty self-em-
ployed workers and destitutes. In the urban areas, persons employed in ill-paid occupations and casual labour-
ers are food insecure
E
Large proportion of pregnant and nurshing mothers and children under the age of 5 years constitute an impor-
tant segment of the food insecure population.
L
l Hunger. Hunger has chronic and seasonal dimensions Poor people suffer from chronic hunger and are food
insecure all the times. Seasonal hunger is caused by the seasonal nature of agricultural activities in rural area, in
urban areas, seasonal hunger occurs because of the casual type of work. Thus, seasonal hunger exists when
L
people are unable to get work for the whole year.
n Self Sufficiency in Food Grains in India
l After independence, Indian policy makers adopted all measures to achieve self-sufficiency in food grains. India
A
adopted a new strategy in agriculture, which resulted in the ‘Green Revolution’ especially in the production of
wheat and rice. Indira Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India, officially recorded the impressive strides of
Green Revolution in agriculture by releasing a special stamp entitled ‘Wheat Revolution’ in July 1968.
l Since the advent of the Green revolution in the early 70s, the country has avoided famine even during adverse
weather conditions. India has become self-sufficient in foodgrains during the last thirty years
CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\4-Economics\27.Food Security In India.p65
l Food Security System in India : Since the advent of the Green Revolution in the 1960s the country has
avoided famine, even during adverse weather conditions. India has become self-sufficient in food grains during
the last 30 years because of the variety of crops grown all over the country. Also, we have developed a food
security system.
l Buffer stock is created by the government of foodgrains in the deficit areas and among the poorer strata of the
society at a price lower than the market price, which is also known as Issue Price.
l Public Distribution System (PDS)
} The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated ration shops among the poorer
section of the society. This is called the Public Distribution System (PDS).
} There are about 5.5 lakh ration shops all over the country. Ration shops, also known as Fair Price Shops,
keep stock of foodgrains, sugar and kerosene oil for cooking. These items are sold to people at a price lower
than the market price.
} There are three kinds of ration cards : (a) Antyodaya cards for the poorest of the poor; (b) BPL cards for
those below poverty line; and (c) APL cards for all the others.
} The introduction of Rationing in India dates back to the 1940s against the backdrop of the Bengal famine.
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l Three Important food Intervention Programmes
In the wake of high incidence of poverty in mid-1970s, three important food intervention programmes were
introduced:
(a) Public Distribution System (in existence earlier)
(b) Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) in 1975
(c) Food for work in 1977-78.
l Excessive Food Stocks : In July 2002, the stock of wheat and rice with FCI was 63 million tonnes which was
much than the minimum buffer norms of 24.3 million tonnes. The stock reduced thereafer but always remained
higher than the buffer norms.
l Paradox of Excess Stocks and Starvation: In fact, India has experienced a paradoxical situation in recent
years. While the granaries (godowns) of the government are overflowing with excess stock of food, we also find
people without food. The main reason for this unfortunate situation is that many poor families do not have
enough money or income to buy food.
l Criticism of PDS
N
} Instances of hunger are prevalent despite overflowing granaries. FCI godowns are overflowing with grains,
with some rotting away and some being eaten by rat.
E
} There is a general consensus that high level of buffer stock of foodgrains is very undesirable and can be
wasteful.
} PDS dealers are sometimes found resorting to malpractices like diverting the grains to open market to get
L
better margin, selling poor quality grains at ration shops, irregular opening of the shops, etc.
n Current Status of Public Distribution System
L
} In the beginning, the coverage of PDS was universal with no discrimination between the poor and the non-
poor.
} In 1992, Revamped Public Distribution System (RPDS) was introduced in 1700 blocks in the country. The
A
target was to provide the benefits of PDS to remote and backward areas.
} From June 1997, in a renewed attempt, Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS) was introduced to
adopt the principle of targeting the 'poor in all areas'.
} Further, in 2000, two special schemes were launched viz., Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and Annapurna
Scheme (APS) with special target groups of 'poorest of the poor' and 'indigent senior citizens', respectively.
n Role of Cooperatives in Food Security
} The cooperatives are also playing an important role in food security in India especially in the southern and
western parts of the country.
} In Delhi, Mother Dairy is making strides in provision of milk and vegetables to the consumers at controlled
rate decided by the Government of Delhi. Amul is another success story of cooperatives in milk and milk
products from Gujarat.
} In Maharashtra, Academy of Development Science (ADS) has facilitated a network of NGOs for setting up
grain banks in different regions.
} Grain Banks are now slowly taking shape in different parts of Maharashtra.
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FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA EXERCISE
1. After independence, Indian policy makers adopted 9. A massive starvation might take a turn of
all measures to achieve (1) drought (2) earthquake
(1) sufficiency in industrial production (3) famine (4) flood
(2) self sufficiency in foodgrains 10. Seasonal hunger is prevalent in rural areas because
(3) full employment (1) people with low income are unable to buy food.
(4) public distribution system (2) seasonal nature of agricultural activities.
2. The other name for Ration Shop is (3) shortage of food during adverse weather conditions.
(1) public shop. (4) inability to buy quality food.
(2) fair price shop. 11. The rising minimum support prices have raised the
maintenance cost of
(3) basic requirement shops.
(1) distribution of foodgrains.
(4) grocery shope.
(2) maintaining buffer stock.
N
3. The minimum support price declared by the
(3) procuring foodgrains by the government.
government every _______.
(4) agriculture production.
(1) Year (2) Four years
E
12. Employment programmes greatly contribute to food
(3) Five years (4) Ten years
security by
4. The stock of food grains, namely wheat and rice
(1) increasing the income of the people
L
procured by the government through Food
(2) increasing tax imposed by government
Corporation of India is called ________.
(3) decreasing tax imposed by government
(1) buffer stock (2) distribution of stock
L
(4) decreasing income of the people
(3) storage of stock (4) foodgrain stock
13. The most devastating famine occured in India in
5. Environment degradation and fall in the water level 1943, in the province of
threatening the sustainability of the agricultural de-
A
(1) Bengal (2) Maharashtra
velopment in some states is due to
(3) Odisha (4) Bihar
(1) intensive utilization of water in cultivation of wheat
14. FCl purchases and stores foodgrains and distributes
(2) intensive utilization of water in cultivation of rice it in deficit areas at a price less than the market
(3) intensive utilization of water in cultivation of cotton price known as
(4) intensive utilization of water in cultivation of jute (1) minimum support price
6. Rationing was introduced in India in (2) pre-announced price

(1) 1940s (2) 1920s (3) fixed price
(3) 1960s (4) 1970 (4) issue price
7. The function of Academy of Development Sciences 15. Agriculture is a seasonal activity because
(ADS) in Maharashtra is (1) specific crop requires specific environment.
(1) strengthening rationing system. (2) only one crop can be sown in a year.
(2) identifying poor families below poverty line. (3) fertility of land reduces
(3) facilitating network for setting up grain banks (4) inadequate irrigation facilities.
in different regions. 16. In which of the following states do we find the larg-
(4) fixing Minimum Support Price. est number of food in secure people?
8. Which of the following places of Jharkhand wit- (1) Bihar, Jharkhand and Odisha
nessed starvation death recently? (2) Bihar, Jharkhand and Gujarat
(1) Dhanbad (2) Ranchi (3) Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu
(3) Palamau (4) Puri (4) Bihar, Chhattisgarh and Karnataka
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Class X
ALLEN
17. Who released a special stamp entitled 'Wheat Revo- 24. Which among the following schemes was started in
lution' in July 1968? the year 2000 for the indigent senior citizens?
(1) Mahatma Gandhi (2) Indira Gandhi (1) PDS (2) NFWP
(3) Jawaharlal Nehru (4) Motilal Nehru (3) SGSY (4) APS
18. The price that is announced before the sowing sea- 25. Name the cooperative that provides milk and veg-
son is called: etables on controlled rates decided by the Govern-
(1) Issue price ment of Delhi :
(2) Fair price (1) Amul (2) Kendriya Bhandar
(3) Market price (3) Mother Dairy (4) None of these
(4) Minimum support price 26. NREGA provides :
19. To whom the yellow card is issued? (1) 200-days of assured work
(1) To shop keeper (2) 100-days of assured work
(2) To landlord's (3) No assured work
N
(3) To government employee (4) None of the above
(4) People below the poverty line 27. In which part of the country, grain banks have been
20. Which are the special target groups in Antyodaya
E
set up by NGOs?
Anna Yojana?
(1) Gujarat (2) Haryana
(1) Poorest of the poor (2) Poor and non-poor
(3) Punjab (4) Maharashtra
L
(3) Backward class (4) None of these
28. When was the Antyodaya Anna Yojana scheme
21. Kalahandi is situated in which of the following states? launched?
L
(1) Odisha (2) Punjab (1) In Jan 1999 (2) In May 2000
(3) Rajasthan (4) Bihar
(3) In Dec 2000 (4) In October 2005
22. The Mother Dairy is an important cooperative in.
29. Percentage of seasonal as well as chronic hunger
A
(1) Gujarat (2) Punjab in India over the years has
(3) Haryana (4) Delhi (1) increased (2) decreased
23. F.C.I. stands for (3) remained constant (4) None of these
(1) Foreign Co-operation with India 30. The concept of 'entitlements' was introduced by :
(2) Food Corporation of India
(1) Pranab Mukharjee (2) Amartya Sen
(3) Fossils Corporation of India
(3) Manmohan Singh (4) Sonia Gandhi
(4) Food Coming to India
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 3 3 2 3 1 1 4 1 1 2 4 4 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 1 4 2 4 3 2 4 3 2 2
126

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Social Science

and its main city was Sakla (Sialkot, now in Pakistan).

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\01.Punjab Physical Features and Its Impact.p65

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\01.Punjab Physical Features and Its Impact.p65

(Assam), Jagannath Puri, Dhaka, Bhopal, Chandiri and Mathura.

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\02.Guru Nanak Ji and Contemporary Society.p65

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\02.Guru Nanak Ji and Contemporary Society.p65

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\02.Guru Nanak Ji and Contemporary Society.p65

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\03.Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581 CE).p65

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\03.Development of Sikh Religion (1539-1581 CE).p65

n Guru Arjan Dev Ji

n Development of Sikhism under Guru Arian Devji (1581A.D.-1606A.D.)

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\05.The French Revolution.p65

was viewed as a war against the (3) Montesquieu

(3) Napoleon (4) Marat

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\05.The French Revolution.p65

n The Russian Empire in 1914

16. Socialist ideas were spread through Europe by

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\06.Russian Revolution.p65

n How Were the Lives of People Affected?

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\07.Forest Society And Colonialism.p65

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\07.Forest Society And Colonialism.p65

the following? 30. Java is famous for:

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\1-History\07.Forest Society And Colonialism.p65

(3) Brahmika Sarees 12. Which of the following refers to Khadi?

(2) A fashion style (4) None of the above

n Two features of democracy

l Only leaders elected by people should rule the country

n The changing map of democracy

l Democracy has expanded throughout the twentieth century.

n Phases in the Expansion of Democracy

} French Revolution of 1789

} American War of Independence - 1776

(2) Women to improve their social condition

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\09.History, Development and Expension of Modern Democracy.p65

(3) Finance Secretary (1) 17 (2) 20

(4) Secretary General (3) 25 (4) 10

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\10.Democracy Meaning and Importance.p65

(2) Leads to corruption

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\11.Establishment of Indian Democracy and Its Nature.p65

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\11.Establishment of Indian Democracy and Its Nature.p65

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\11.Establishment of Indian Democracy and Its Nature.p65

the Houses of Parliament.

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\12.India's Parliamentary Democracy.p65

Members of Parliament (MPs) and Members of State Legislative Assemblies (MLAs).

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\12.India's Parliamentary Democracy.p65

(4) Committees of Supreme Court.

(4) Governor (2) When the matters of utmost importance are

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\12.India's Parliamentary Democracy.p65

or within a few days. This is called a General Election.

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\13.Democracy and Election Process.p65

CBSE-2022\Module\DLP NTSE_Adv\Punjab\Social Science-2\2-Civics\13.Democracy and Election Process.p65

(3) political parties office (3) polling officials

(4) counting of votes (4) party workers

7. Vidhan Sabha is the 15. One of the correct features of a democracy is

(1) Constituencies (1) freedom to change the polling booth.

(2) State Assembly. (2) free and fair election.

(3) District (3) singel party contesting in election.