111

[·: h ➔ O~¾ ➔ -~e ' ➔-~ ) h ➔ OJ

 limits 2.13

IILLU■TIIATIDN :Z,45J [ILLU■TIIATIDN :Z,48]

If [x) denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then Evaluate lim (-1)"- 1 sin(1rJ11 2 + 0.511 + t), where n eN
evaluate ......

}~m- ~3 ([1'x] 2
+ [2 x] + [3 x]
2
+ .•. + [n x]).
2
1
- l = (-l)"- limsin(irJn +0.5n+tj
2
......

l 2
[r x)
1
l 2 2
r x-{r x} = lim (-l)"- 1(-1}"- 1 sin(111r - 1rJn2 + !!.. + 1)
n-+• 2
- Wehave, ......
lim _n_
'" 3_ lim -'"-'-~--

l
• n-+• n3
where {· l denotes the fractional pan function

n(n+ 1)(2n + I)
I 2 l
. · l(n-FP)(n+FP)j
= n-+•
hmsm,r n J
n+ n2 + + I
X. •
= lim 3
6 - L~3 2
n-+• [ n r•I n

= -x hm

=
6n-+•

!_o
6
I )( 2+-
• ( I+-
n
I ) - hm
n
• • (r x}
n-+•r•I n
3
r-- 2

......

l l n
• nm,;,. ("2 -•2 -,-, ])
I
n I+ l + - + -2
2n n
I

(ILLU■TIIATIDN :Z,48)

If lim { -
x-+- x+I
2
x +
-t -(ax+ b)} • 0, then find the values of a and b.
lim sin,r
......

= lim sin,r[
l ~ n(t+ I+

-½- ]•
_!!.._,
2
I
211
I
+~)

sin(-!) • - ~
...... I I 4 v2
I+ l + - + -
2 2n n2
x +I }
- Wchave lim { ---(ax+b) =O
x-+• x+I
STANDARD FORMULA FOR LIMITS
2 Recall the binomial expansion for any rational index
. {x
hm - -(t-a)-x(a+b)+t-b}
'--'---'--'-- = 0
or
x-+• x+l •_ n(n-1) 2 n(n-l)(n-2) 3 where
( I+ x ) -1 +nx + - - -x + x ...,
21 31
Since the limit of the given expression is zero, the degree of
numerator is less than that of denominator. Denominator on L.H.S. lxl< I
is a polynomial ofdegree one. So, numerator must be a constant. For When x is infinitely small (approaching to zero), we can
this, we must have ignore higher powers of x,
coeff. of x2 = 0 and coeff. of x = 0 So, (I + x)" = I + nx (approximately)
or 1-a=Oanda+b=O xn - a"
Let us use this fact to find the value of lim - - -
or a= l,b=-1 x-+a x-a
Let x=a+h
hLLU■TIIATIDN :Z,471 xn -a" (a+h)"-an
lim - - - - lim -'---'--
nP sin 2 (n 1) x-+a x-a h-+0 a+h-a
Evaluate lim • , where O< p < I.
n-+• n+ I

-Wehave
= lim
. nP sin 2 (n!) h-,O h
I,m---'----'-
n+I
{t+n..!!}-t
• 2( I) = a" lim a
= lim sm n.
h-,O h
n➔•,,i-p(I+~)
= some number between Oand I =
0 (asO<p< I)
-xi
 lim xn - a" = nan-I (x+ 2)5/J - (a+ 2)5/J
r
x-+u x- a = .~ (x+2)-(a+2)
lim (l+x)" -I =n l/J -bl/J
Also. Y
• lim---, wherex+ 2 • yanda +2 •b
X-+0 X r•h y-b
[LLU■TIIATIDN 2,!!J = ! bl/J - I ! c bm = ! (a + 2)2/J
3 3 3
. x 10 -I024
Evaluate !~ xl _
32 [ILLU■TIIATIDN 2,53]

- . x -102410
h m5- - - -
x➔lx -32

.
10 210

x10 -210
hm---
"" .,...2 x-2
. Xl -25
hm--
x10 - i'o
---
lim .::........:.__ = lim ____!.=1..._
x➔2 x 5 - 25 x➔2 x 5 -2 5

IOx 210-1
5X 2l-l
x-2
. Jex+ 7) - 3J(2x- 3)
Eva Iuatc I1m -',.-==--~~---·
x➔2 ~(x + 6) - 2~(3x - S)

r ~-3~
-Wehavel= .~ ~{x+6)-2~{3x-5)
Let x - 2 = I such that when x -+ 2, I -+ 0. Then
I I
(or. )
0 onn

,l'.... 2 x-2
r (1+9)2 -3(21+1)2
l= ,~ ! !
-64 (I +8)l - 2(3/ + l)l

l!,LLU■TIIATIDN Z,5Dl
( 1+:.)½-(21+1)½
-2"xn
If lim-- • 80 and II e N, then find the value of 11. s I2 lim ~ -9~! - - - -I
t-+0
x-+2 x-2
(1+i)3-(31+1)3
x" -2"
- We have lim - - =80
.r-+2 x-2 .!.:._(2/).!. _.!.__,
or n2•- 80 1= = Ilim 29 2 I.!!_=~
2 t➔0 :__!._(3I)_!. 2 ...!__ 1 23
or n2•- 1 = S x 21--1 83 3 24
or n= S
tlLLU■TIIATIDN 2,54)
[LLU■TIIATIDN z.:!.!)
I
. (4x-l)l +a+bx I
Evaluate lim J; + lfx + .Jffx + .fJJj; - 4 . If hm - - - - - = - then find the values of a and b.
x➔O X )
x-+I x-1
I
3_+_a_+_b_x
. ---'-(l_-_4--'x)'-- I
. fx+ffx+Wx +J./ffx-4
hm----~--~---
We have I1m
x➔O X 3
.r ➔I X-J
-
- . x"2 + xii• + xus + x1116 - 4 -[1-ix]+a+bx
3
= hm-------- lim I
.r➔I x-1 .r➔O X 3
112 114 118 1116
. (-
= hm x -- + I x- - - I
+x ---1+x ---I)
(a-l)+(i+b)x I
x➔I X - I X - I X- I X - I 3
lim =-
.r-+O X 3
= .!+!.+.!.+_.!._ = 8+4+2+1 = ~
2 4 8 16 16 16 For limit to exist, a - I = 0 or a = I
l1LLU■T11U1.T1aN z.sz)
. (i+b)x I
513
. (x+2) -(a+2)513 ~ hm---=-
.r➔O 3
Evaluate hm -'---'---'---'-- X
x-+a x-a
i+b=.!.
( 2)5/J ( 2)5/J 3 3
- lim x+ - a+ b=-1
x➔u x-a
 CONCEPT APPLICATION EXERCISE 2,3

. (2x-3)(✓ x-1)
1. EI
va uate Itm 2
.
x-+I 2x + X - 3

. x 4 -3x3 +2
2. Evaluate hm 3 .
x-+lx -5x 2 +3x+I
. I-sin 2x
3. Evaluate hm - - - •
x-+!!: I+ cos4x
4

4. Evaluate lim
I - cot 3x
x-+1rt 4 2 - cot x - cot3x

,,J3x -a - ,Jx + a
5. Evaluate Jim ~ - - ~ - - .
x-+a X - a

. ✓2 -,JJ + COSX
6. Evaluate hm . .
x-+O sm 2x

. -h+2x -<.Js + ✓2>

7. EvaIuate )1m 2
.
x-+M X -10

. (1 2 -2 2 +3 2 -42 +5 2 +···n tenns)

8. Evaluate hm
11-+00 n2

9. Evaluate lim [✓a 2x2 +ax+ I - ✓a 2x2 + 1].

x-+-
10. If [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x,
then evaluate lim ~([I· x] + [2 •x] + [3 •x]+ ... +[n •x]).
n➔ oo n

x'

7x2 +J)t-x'
12. Evaluate Jim - 2-
(
x-+- 5x -I

13. Evaluate Jim cos(1e✓n 2 + n) when n is an integer.

n-+-

100
I/-100
14. Evaluate lim~*=~1- - -
x-+t x-1

15. Evaluate lim [ </ I _ .!_] .

h-+0 h 8+h 2h

ANSWERS

1. -1/10 2. 5/4 3. 1/4

4. 3/4 5. 11-.na 6. 1/4--12
I
7. 8. 1/2 or-1/2 9. 1/2
2✓ 10(✓5 +✓2)
10. x/2 11. 114--12 12. 0
13. 0 14. 5050 15. -1/48
Exercise 2.3
. (2x - 3) ( ✓x x (✓x+
1. hm---~-~----,-'~--=--=-
-1 -1 - I) I)
x-+I (x-1}(2x+3)x(✓ x+l) 5x2 10

. x 4 -3x 3 +2
2. We have L = h m 3
- -2 - - - -
x-+I x - 5x + 3x + l
Clearly x = I is zero ofNr. and Dr..
So, factorizing, we get
. (x-l)(x3 - 2x2 -2x-2)
L = hm...;._--'--'--------'--
2
x➔1 (x-l)(x -4x-l)
. x 3 - 2x2 - 2x - 2 I- 2 - 2 - 2 5
= h m 2- - - - - -
.t-+I x -4x-l 1-4-1 4

. l-sin2x
3. I1 m - - -
x-+.!. l + cos4x
(%form)
4

. (sinx-cosx)2
= I1 m - -2- - -
x-+.!. 2cos 2x
(%form)
4

. (sinx-cosx)2
= Il m - - - ' -2- - - - - -2 ' -2-
x➔.!. 2(cos x - sin x) (%form)
4

= Jim I =-
x➔.!. 2(cosx + sin x) 2 4
4

l-cot3x
4. Jim
x-+tc/4 2 - cotx - cot 3x
= lim (1-cotx) {l+cotx+cot2x)
x-+.!. (J-cotx) (cot 2x+cotx+2)
4
l+l+l 3
-----
2+1+1 4

. '13x -a - ✓x +a
5. h m ~ - - ~ - -
x➔o x-a

. '13x- a - '1x + a '13x-a + '1x +a

= hm ~--,--~-- x "'"""'===~==-
x-+a (x-a) '13x -a +'1x+a
. (3x - a) - (x + a)
I
= x~(x-a)('13x-a+'1x+a)
2 l
= 2,£a = ,£a
 . ./i-f+cosx 10. lim ...!...([I ,x)+[2·x]+(3·,t)+ ... +(n·x])
6. We have !~ sin2x 11➔-n2

• lim 2 - (I+ cos.t) x I

!,1rxJ
•-• sin' x Ji+ Ji+ cosx
• lim -n-,-
,.,
• lim I -cosx x lim 1
•-•(I+ cosx)(I - cosx) •-• Ji +Ji+ cosx
1 1
• lim--- - x
•-•(I+ cosx) N2
I • lim
·w
7. Ra1ionalizing Nr.. we gel
r
• ,..!'}.
7+2.t-(✓ S+.Ji>'
x' -10 ./7 + 2x+(Js + Ji)
• lim x.
,.__
[
n(n+I)
nl
- ~
~ nl
,.,
(rx}
l
I I' 2(x-./io)
• J,+2./io +(✓5 +.Ji),..!'J..(x-Jio)(x+Jio)
I I
• lim[x.(1+~) _
,.__ 2
~,.,
~ n2
(rx}]
- (Ts+Ji)+(Ts+Ji)'Jio
I
• 2Jio(Ts+Ji)
- .:!.-o-.:!.
2 2
8. When n is even:
Given series II. J~x'{Jx'+Ji+x' -x.Ji}
I2 - 22 + 32 - 42 + ... - n'
• (I 2 - 2') + (3 2 - 42 ) + ... [(n - I )2 - n'J 2 2
•-(I +2+3+4+•··+n) • I•1m :r'[ x + ~ - 2 x ]
• _ n(11+l)
•-• ✓x'+P +x./i
2 • lim x3 (I +x'-x')
Given l • lim- ll(II + I) • - .!.
,._.,_ 2n 2 2 •-•( Jx'+P u.Ji) (Pu')
When n is odd:
Given series • lim xl

I2- 22 + 32- 42 + ... + n 2 ,-•(Jx'+P +x.Ji)(P +x')

=-1(1 +2+3+ ..·+(11-l))+n2
• _ n(n - I) + n'
2
• n(n+I)
2

Given l • lim n(n+ I) • .!.

,,,_.,.. 2n 2 2 I
. 7x2 +I . ?+:;, 7
12 I,m 2 •hm--•-
x➔-
• x-+-Sx -I
5 _ _!_
x2
S

(Ra1ionalizing) XS Xl
lim-- • lim-- • -
x-+•1-x1 x-+-_!__ 1
0
• lim ~--...;; , . . . . _ ~ - -
x'
2 a I 2+...!...
a +;+7+ 0 xi
(Dividing numeralor and denominalor by x)

0
=Gr =
13. L= limcos{1r✓n2 +n}
n➔-

= lim(-ltcos{n,r-,r ✓n 2 +n}
n ➔-

= lim (-It cos

n-+-
-n,r
~
[ n+-yn2 +n
l
= (-It lim cos[ J,r )
n➔- n+ n 2 +n

= (-It n➔•
lim cos[ Rl
I
I+ l+-
n
n ,r
= (-1 ) cos-
2
=O

. [~x*]-100
14. I1 m ~ - ~ - -
x-+I (x -1)

. (x+x 2 +x3 +···+x100 )-IOO

=hm-'---------~-
x-+I (x-1)
2 3 100
. (x -1) + (x -1) + (x -1) +· ••+ (x -1)
=hm -'-------'-----'-----'-----'-----'----'-------'-
x-+I (x-1)
2 3 100
=x-+I
lim {(-
X --
x-1
I) + ( -
x --I) + ( -
x-1
x --I) +···+ ( -
x-1
x -- I)}
x-1
2 3
• (x-1)
= hm - - +hm• (x- -I) • (x
- +hm - -I)
- +···
X-+I X - I X-+I X - I X-+I X - I

. (x• 00
-I)
hm - - = I +2+3+···+ 100
x-+I x-1

= 100 x IOI
5050
2

2
- 3</S+h
(,+~r-,1
8
IS. lim
h-+O [2h~8+h ] = - lim ~.,..h-~ -
h-+o
8_ 8 +h v
r 8

48