06 - Fibre Net Intern'l Academy - Prof. Micelli

STRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES WITH FRP:

DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND GOOD PRACTICES
FRANCESCO MICELLI
Full Professor, Ph.D , P.E., M.B.A.
May 27th, 2024
FRP COMPOSITES IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
WHAT IS A COMPOSITE MATERIAL ?
• Composite material: any combination of two or

more materials (macro-phases), producing
properties which are better than the properties of
the single materials themselves.
• Fiber reinforced composites: a composite

material made by short/long fibers
(reinforcement phase) immersed in matrix.
LONG FIBERS: WHEN THEIR LENGTH IS THE LENGTH OF THE

COMPOSITE STRUCTURAL ELEMENT
COMPOSITE MATERIAL = REINFORCEMENT + MATRIX + FIBER/MATRIX INTERFACE
MATRIX
• The matrix has lower mechanical
properties respect to the reinforcement. Its
role is to protect the fibers, take them
together by transferring the mechanical
stresses. Composites are engineered with:
thermoplastic
− Polymeric matrix
thermoset
− Metallic matrix
− Ceramic matrix
FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS
Composite materials with long fibers and
polymeric matrix are known as FRP (Fiber
Reinforced Polymers).
FIBER REINFORCED POLYMERS LAMINATES
FRP are often engineered as a combinations of laminas
FINAL PROPERTIES OF FRP MATERIALS
Mechanical properties of a composite material depend

on the following variables:
• Mechanical properties of the constituents

• Length of the fibers
• Amount of fibers embedded in the matrix
• Orientation of the fibers
• Chemical protection provided by the matrix
• Interface properties
FINAL PROPERTIES OF FRP MATERIALS
ROLE OF THE INTERFACE
IN NEW CIVIL CONSTRUCTION

IN EXISTING CONSTRUCTION
«TRADITIONAL» MATERIALS
The elastic properties able to define an homogeneous and
isotropic materials are only two:
E = Longitudinal elastic modulus
G = Shear elastic modulus
«TRADITIONAL» MATERIALS
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FRP MATERIALS
2
FIBER
MATRIX
1
HOMOGENEOUS MATERIAL ?
ISOTROPY?
E, G +………
MICROMECHANICS
Composite materials should respect a strain
compatibility at micromechanical level !
Composite action is maintained when the strain of

matrix and fibers is the same
IS CONCRETE A COMPOSITE MATERIAL?
CONCRETE RESPECTS THE DEFINITION OF COMPOSITE
MATERIAL
BUT….
CONCRETE IS NOT FRP

THE REINFORCEMENT (LARGE SIZE AGGREGATES) ARE NOT
IN FORMS OF FIBERS
SO…
AT CIVIL ENGINEERING SCALE IT IS CONSIDERED AS A

HOMEGENEOUS ISOTROPIC MATERIAL
IS WOOD A COMPOSITE MATERIAL?
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FRP MATERIALS
ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL (FRP LAMINA OR PULTRUDED)

MECHANICS OF FRP
For a unidirectional FRP we need five independent

elastic properties in order to define the stress vs strain
behaviour of the material.
The strain in the direction at 90° respect to the fiber

orientation is:
MECHANICS OF FRP
Assumed that
Ef is the elastic modulus of the fibres
Em is the elastic modulus of the matrix
Vf is the fraction in volume of the fibres
Vm is the fraction in volume of the fibres
The elastic modulus of the FRP (pultruded or unidirectional lamina)

in the direction of the fibers is:
E1 = E f ⋅ V f + E m ⋅ Vm
MECHANICS OF FRP
Pultruded GFRP bar:
Ef = 79 000 N/mm2 elastic modulus of glass fibres

Em = 3 500 N/mm2 elastic modulus of the matrix
Vf = 0.65 fraction in volume of the fibres
Vm = 1-0.65 = 0.35 fraction in volume of the matrix
The longitudinal elastic modulus of the bar (we use this for
design!) is computed equal to:
EGFRP = 53 000 N/mm2

MECHANICS OF FRP
Pultruded CFRP bar:
Ef = 240 000 N/mm2 elastic modulus of carbon fibres

ECFRP = 157 000 N/mm2

MECHANICS OF FRP
Assumed that
The elastic modulus of the FRP (pultruded or unidirectional lamina)

in the directions perpendicular to the fibers orientation is:
MECHANICS OF FRP
Assumed that :
The Poisson modulus ν12 is computed as:

MECHANICS OF FRP
Assumed that
The Shear modulus G12 is computed as:

MECHANICS OF FRP
The ultimate tensile strength in the direction of the fibers

for FRP materials is computed as
Where:
σfmax is the tensile strength of the fibres
σmεfmax is the stress in the ultimate tensile strain of the fibres
WHAT ABOUT FRP NOW…
In FRP materials we can design the reinforcement

according to the principal stress that are expected from
design !
Structural properties can be engineered in accordance

to the service conditions, by using the amount of fiber
and orientation, as required by the specific application.
In this perspective FRP materials can be considered

mechanically smart, respect to traditional materials.
FRP VS STEEL
Composite materials are elastic up to failure.
The failure is brittle !
σp
fpu
εpu εp
FRP TENSILE FAILURE
FRP TENSILE FAILURE
FIBERS (USED IN CIVIL ENGINEERING)
GLASS
Longitudinal properties
E (GPa) 72-187
Strength (MPa) 2800-4000
Strain at rupture 2.0-4.0

(%)
Different types of GLASS FIBRES are in the market. They can be very
different In terms of performances. It depends on their chemical
composition and From the level of quality control during industrial
production. Low-cost E-glass fibres have important problems of
DURABILITY in civil engineering structural applications.
GLASS
FIBERS (REINFORCEMENT PHASE)
AR Glass fibers from Scanning Electronic Microscopy

CARBON
E (GPa) 200-1400

(%)
CARBON
Carbon fibers from Scanning Electronic Microscopy

ARAMIDIC (KevlarTM type)

E (GPa) 62-142

(%)
MECHANICS OF FRP
Pultruded GFRP bar:
Ef = 79 000 N/mm2 elastic modulus of glass fibres

EGFRP 90° = 9 000 N/mm2

MECHANICS OF FRP
Pultruded CFRP bar:
Ef = 240 000 N/mm2 elastic modulus of carbon fibres

ECFRP 90° = 10 000 N/mm2

MECHANICS OF FRP
Assumed the elastic properties already reported the tensile
strength values are:
fult GFRP = 1 625 N/mm2
fult GFRP = 2 925 N/mm2

FRP LABELS
CFRP = CARBON Fiber Reinforced Polymers
GFRP = Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers
AFRP = Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymers

FRP LABELS
CFRP = CARBON Fiber Reinforced Polymers
GFRP = Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers
AFRP = Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymers

FRP POLYMERIC MATRIX
Thermoset matrix properties

MATRIX – Glass Transition Temperature
FRP should ALWAYS work at temperatures lower than Tg

STRUCTURAL STRENGTHENING, WHEN ?
• Damage due to corrosion of steel reinforcement

(concrete carbonation; sea water; deicing salts etc.)
• Repair after shocks (impact; fire; earthquake; blast)
• New code requirements
• Upgraded performance required by the owner
• Design mistakes
• Construction mistakes
• Expansion of the building (i.e. new floor)
• Damage due to weathering after long time without
manteinance
• Etc…..
FRP PRODUCTS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
IN-FIELD CURING
FRP PRODUCTS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
PRE-CURED PRODUCTS
FRP PULTRUDED PRODUCTS
PULTRUSION = pull + extrusion
1. Dry Fibres 5. Curing (heat provided)

2. Roll 6. Pulling rolls
3. Resin impregnation bath 7. Composite material
4. Impregnated fibers
PRE-CURED PRODUCTS FRP-REINFORCEMENT

FOR CONCRETE
VOLUME FRACTION OF FIBERS

AROUND 70%
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
PULTRUDED STEEL ALUMINIUM

FRP
Density [g/cm3] 1,80 7,85 2,80
Tensile strength [MPa] 350 - 400 370 - 500 200 - 400
Flexural strength[MPa] 400 - 450 330 - 500 200 - 400
Longitudinal elastic modulus [GPa] 25 - 30 210 70
Flexural modulus [GPa] 15 - 20 210 70
Ultimate tensile strain [%] 1.5 – 2.0 13 - 35 5 - 35
Thermal conductivity [W/m°C] 0.25 – 0.35 100 - 230 100 - 230
FRP-STRENGTHENING STRATEGIES
IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES
ITALIAN
GUIDELINES
CNR DT200
R1/2013
A RATIONAL USE OF FRP IN STRENGTHENING OF RC
Different applications are related to different failure modes
BOND-CONTROLLED APPLICATIONS
The ultimate strain of the fibers is
prevented by delamination when
adequate anchoring is not provided
STRENGTH-CONTROLLED APPLICATIONS
The ultimate limit state corresponds
to the ultimate tensile strain of the
Fibers.
PREMATURE FRP DEBONDING
BOND-CONTROLLED APPLICATIONS:
Flexural and Shear strengthening
FRP DEBONDING MECHANISM BY LAP SHEAR TEST
INNOVATIVE MATERIALS - FRP
Bond failure mechanism: brittle

Substrate
Adhesive
FRP sheet
Bond stresses
Substrate
Adhesive
Tangential stresses FRP sheet

Bond stresses
Bond stresses
Bond stresses
DEBONDING
In the substrate
At the interface substrate/FRP
Inside the adhesive
At the interface adhesive/FRP
Intralaminar inside the FRP
Bond stresses
Bond stresses
Bond stresses
FRP DEBONDING IN RC BEAMS
In this case the bond transfer mechanisms are those that govern the
possible failure modes
Typical failure of RC beams with Externally Bonded Reinforcement (EBR) in FRP

STRENGTHENING OF
CONCRETE STRUCTURES WITH
FRP:
DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND GOOD
PRACTICES
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING
Peeling:
When an adhesive type
failure is found.
No concrete cover is
attached to the
debonded strip
Debonding at FRP - concrete interface

Typical failure of reinforced concrete beam with bonded plates without anchors
FRP DEBONDING IN RC BEAMS
Concrete cover delamination

A consistent concrete thickness is attached to the debonded strip
WRONG APPLICATION
Do not bond where the concrete cover delamination is already
existing or starting because of the oxidation of steel reinforcement
CNR DT ITALIAN GUIDELINES
Debonding can manifest itself in different ways depending on the

type of materials used, the reinforcement configuration, the crack
state, the loading mode and any bonding defects
Anchorage length
The maximum design strain of the fibers is limited due to the

possible premature failures caused by debonding
The maximum design strain of the fibers is limited due to the

possible premature failures caused by debonding
A CRITICAL APPROACH FOR
FRP-STRENGTHENING OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS
(BEAMS AND COLUMNS)
RATIONAL FRP-STRENGTHENING
Structural performance is measured in terms of variables that govern the

mechanical behaviour
STIFFNESS
RIGIDEZZA
I
N
P STRENGTH
RESISTENZA STRUCTURAL
RISPOSTA
STRUTTURALE
RESPONSE
U
T
DUTTILITA'
DUCTILITY
The final structure can be seen (ideally) as a coupling

of two models:
Struttura primaria
Primary structure
Auxiliary structure
Struttura ausiliaria
The auxiliary structure can be designed for:
– Strength increase with or without effects on ductility

– Strength and stiffness increase
– Ductility increase
Auxiliary structure
Struttura ausiliaria
resistente
Strength increase
Auxiliary ausiliaria
Struttura structure
dissipitativa
Dissipation capacity
Strengthening of beams and pillars
FRP flexural strengthening allows to considerably increase the ultimate capacity
(flexural moment). This is possible when the RC section has a longitudinal
reinforcement ratio lower than the one corresponding to the balanced failure.
In this case, due to the brittle behavior of FRP, the ductility of the cross section
decreases as the amount of reinforcement increases. Therefore FRP-
strengthening may be well studied in seismic regions by taking into account
the structural system.
Appropriate use of FRP (confinement) can be useful for ductility.

FLEXURAL FRP-STRENGTHENING
Load
Heavy FRP Reinf.

Strength
Moderate FRP Reinf.

Light FRP Reinf.
Unstrengthened
RC Beam
Ductility
Deflection
Load
FRP Rupture
g th ened
en
Str
Unstrengthened
Steel Yielding
Deflection
FRP-CONFINEMENT
Strengthening of beams and pillars
Appropriate use of FRP (confinement) can be useful for ductility.

FRP-CONFINEMENT
FRP jackets produces an elastic pressure against lateral dilation
FRP-CONFINEMENT
FRP jackets produces an elastic pressure against lateral dilation
FRP-CONFINEMENT
FRP-Confined strength
f = f + k1 ⋅ f l (k H ⋅ kV )
'
cc c
'
FRP-confined axial strain at ultimate
ε = ε co + k 2 ⋅ ε l
'
cc
FRP-CONFINEMENT
The lateral confining pressure is
1
fl = ρ f ⋅ E f ⋅ ε f
2
For rectangualr sections (b x h) it is:
2 ⋅ n ⋅ t f ⋅ (b + h )
ρf =
b⋅h
n = number of FRP layers

tf = thickness of each FRP layer
FRP-CONFINEMENT ITALIAN CODE CNR DT200
CNR (DT 200) provides the ultimate axial strain of FRP- confined concrete as:
FRP-CONFINEMENT OF COLUMNS
COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT GUIDELINES
Kaeseberg, S.; Messerer, D.; Holschemacher, K. Assessment of Standards and Codes

Dedicated to CFRP Confinement of RC Columns. Materials 2019, 12, 2390.
CONSIDER A RC SECTION WITH M+N
Concrete Steel FRP
A's
M
N
h d
As
IN FLEXURAL BEAMS TYPICALLY N=0
εc σc σc
A's ε's
xc xc
σs
H n n N n n
H
As εs σs As εs σs
b b
RC BEAM RC COLUMN
As f sd
q= mechanical amount of longitudinal steel
Ac f cd
Ac = bh cross section area
M
m= adimensional moment
f cd bh 2
N
n= Adimensional axial force (positive in compression)
f cd bh
In a flexural beam the ultimate curvature is given by:
εs + εc
χu =
d
Where εs and εc are the strain in longitudinal steel (in tension) and in compressed
concrete, ath ultimate limit state ; d is the effective depth of the cross section
For flexural beams the ultimate curvature of the cross section is considered a measure of
the ductility capacity. Thus it can be assumed as a sort of DUCTILITY INDEX
The presence of FRP-confinement increases the ultimate strain of concrete, thus in the
beam it produces a small increase in strength and a significant increase in ductility :
In presence of FRP confinement

The graph shows the dimensionless curvature increase as a function of the ultimate
deformation of concrete, having assumed a final deformation of the steel equal to 0.01.
0,0155
Xu (adimensional ultimate curvature)
0,0150
0,0145
0,0140
0,0135
0,0130
X= χ·H
0,0125
3,00 3,50 4,00 4,50 5,00 5,50
3
ultimate concrete strain ε cu x 10
The graph of the figure shows the increase of the dimensionless

ultimate moment obtainable for a rectangular section with
balanced reinforcement
0,3000
0,2500
0,2000
mbal
0,1500
0,1000
0,0500
0,0000
3,00 3,50 4,00 4,50 5,00 5,50
3
The figure shows the mechanical reinforcement ratio as not to

exceed the balanced section.
0,3500
0,3000
0,2500
0,2000
q bal
0,1500
0,1000 As f ys
qs = percentuale m
0,0500 bHf c
0,0000
3,00 3,50 4,00 4,50 5,00 5,50
3
Moment curvature diagram for εcu=0.005 (FRP-confined concrete)

e εcu=0.003 (unconfined)
0,01600
X u (adimensional ultimate curvature)
0,01400
0,01200
0,01000
0,00800
0,00600
0,00400
FRP-confined concrete
0,00200
Unconfined concrete
0,00000
0,0500 0,1000 0,1500 0,2000 0,2500 0,3000 0,3500 0,4000
m u (adimensional ultimate moment)
For FRP-confined elements (strengthening only for axial

forces), an improvement in ductility is obtained
0
,
0
0
5
5
N
O
N
C
O
N
F
I
N
A
T
O
UNCONFINED
0
,
0
0
30
8,
0
0
3
5
0
,
0
0
3
0
C
O
N
F
I
N
A
T
O
0
. CONFINED
C
O
N
F
I
N
A
T
O
1
7 CONFINED
6
. 1
0 5
.
0 8
3
.
0
N
=
0
.
7
N
N
5 5 8 1
d
u
c
1
.
2
u
c
1
.
5
5 2 1 1 ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
0
, 0
, 0
, 0
,
0 0 0 0
= = = =
E E E E
When the section is strengthened for flexure in tension side a
reduction in ductility is found.
The phenomenon is also enhanced when the fibers have a limited
strain at rupture, so that, even increasing the value of the last
moment, the energy dissipation does not increase.
R
I
N
F
O
R
Z
A
T
O
A
F
L
E
S
S
I
O
N
E
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENED
R
I
N
F
O
R
Z
A
T
O
A
F
L
E
S
S
I
O
N
E
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENED
0
,
0
0
40
3,
0
,
0
0
3
9
0
0
4
1
5
.
1
N
O
N
R
I
N
F
O
R
Z
A
T
O
2
. UNSTRENGTHENED
1
0
.
1
8
.
0
NU
N
4 3 1
3 3 3
0 0 0
0
, 0
, 0
,
0 0 0
= = =
E E E
FRP-STRENGTHENED COLUMNS
Red (unconfined) – Green and Ciano (confined) :
the ultimate curvature remains the same even if the compression strength is enhanced
1,5
ε .0055
ε .005
ε .0045
.0055
1,0
q=1,4 .004
.005
1,2
.0035
1,0 .0045 .005
.0055 .0045
0,9 .004
.004
.0035
0,8
0,5 0,7 .003
0,6
0,5 .002
0,4
.0015
0,3
0,2
0,1
-2,0 -1,0 0,0 1,0 2,0 3,0

n
DUCTILITY INDEX
DUCTILITY INDEX
Thus the adimensional plastic energy is defined as:
E pl =
M
(χu − χ 0.2% ) = m ⋅ X pl
b ⋅ H ⋅ fc
2
Where χu and χ0.2% are respectively the ultimate curvature

and the curvature at plasticization of compressed concrete. M
and m are respectively the dimensional and adimensional
values of flexural moment; the values of fc are those of
compressive strength of plain and confined concrete
according to the particular case in exam .
FRP-STRENGTHENED CONCRETE
APPLICATION ISSUES
MANUAL INSTALLATION OF FRP-CONFINEMENT
Operations
Remove the detached concrete cover and cleaning.

Recover the geometry of the column
Operations
Apply the expoxy primer

Operations
Apply the expoxy adhesive and place the FRP sheet

Press the FRP sheet in order to impregnate it
Operations
Apply the second layer of expoxy upon the FRP

Operations
Spread some sand on the wet resin in

order to promote the adhesion with the
plaster or external coatings
FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE

Structural strengthening with CFRP
composite materials
The case of the Upper East Stand of the

Lecce Municipal Stadium
The building stadium of Lecce (ITALY), a sports facility located
in the city of Lecce, serving the first division in the Italian
Football Championship. The case study will concern only the
upper East Stand, also referred to as the ‘CRESCENT’.
CRESCENT
Pre-cast RC stands supported by
cast-in-place reinforced concrete
frames made by columns,
horizontal beams and diagonal
ribs.
There is also an intermediate slab
used for crowd outflow,
accessible from external
stairwells, independent of the rest
of the structure;.
RC STRUCTURES – LECCE STADIUM
The tribune has plan dimensions of about 113 m and an overall width of about 27
m of the Crescent frames. There are 24 frames spaced 5.50 m apart and rotated
relatively at an angle of about 1.20°.
The Crescent rises approx. 15.50 m above street level, while the intermediate
floor for access to the tiers of seats is located at approx. 6 m (extrados height).
The main load-bearing frame is divided into the following

constituent elements: Diagonal Strut (Inclined Pillar); Step-bearing
beam; Floor-bearing beam; Vertical pillar; Prefabricated step; 20 +
5 cm thick concrete slab.
Dimensions in m
Dimensions in cm
Pre-cast RC stands
Load tests on RC stands

Visual inspection
Rebars corrosion and concrete degradation
Visual inspection
Visual inspection
Visual inspection
Visual inspection
Visual inspection
Visual inspection
Results of the visual inspection
With reference to all concrete parts exposed to air, typical oxidation phenomena
of the reinforcement were observed. The main problems encountered are listed
below: Carbonation of the concrete; Advanced corrosion of the reinforcement
bars; Absence or inadequate execution of ordinary maintenance; Consequent
reduction in the load-bearing capacity of the structural elements.
Experimental tests and measurements
Concrete core
extraction
Concrete core
extraction
Experimental tests and measurements (SON-REB)
Experimental tests and measurements
Load tests were performed between 2018 and 2021 in different regions of the stands
Materials properties for modeling and analysis
Form the results of the tests and the original design assumptions it was
considered:
Concrete C28/35 ; fck=28 MPa
Steel – FeB 38k fyk= 375 MPa

Material properties
αcc = 0.85 is the reductive coefficient of strength, for long-term actions, of

concrete;
fcm is the mean cylindrical compressive strength of concrete.
For the concrete class Rbk 350, this is 36 MPa;
γc = 1.5 is the partial safety factor for concrete;
fym is the mean yield strength of steel;
γs = 1.15 is the partial safety factor for steel;
FC = 1,20 is the confidence factor that takes into account the age of the
building
Numerical analysis – Linear Static /Linear Dynamic
The computational analysis involves the structure in its three-dimensionality, with the loads acting on
it and any interacting sub-systems.
Once the evaluation of the relevant actions has been carried out, it is necessary to identify the general
scheme of the structure with its constraints, create a numerical model (discretisation in finite
elements) and define the stress-strain links of the materials used.
Each frame was checked by considering the ‘beam’ elements that form the primary structure; in
particular the following were identified:
vertical pillar; inclined pillar; floor support beam; step beam; a connecting rod element to simulate the
existing rigid node without modeling the joints panels with shell elements.
Numerical analysis – Linear Static /Linear Dynamic
At the first step safety checks were

Axial forces Shear 2-2
performed by considering the entire cross
sections, disregarding the materials
degradation and cross section reductions.
Shear 3-3 Flexural Moment 2-2
Then the real conditions were inserted as

input of the problem, by considering the
reductions of the structural cross sections.
Flexural Moment 3-3 Torque
SAFETY CHECKS WITH INCORPORATED DAMAGE
STEEL
Damage index related to the ultimate strain δε,su :
Damage law (from experimental tests) :
Change of the steel yielding strength
Damage index:
Reduction of the cross section
in which:
A(s0 ) is the initial area of the steel rebar;
δAs is the damage index related to the reduction of the steel
Effect of corrosion on elongation at break of reinforcement
rebars area; it varies from 0 to 1 (total damage).
bars (Apostolopoulos e Papadakis, 2008)
CONCRETE
The degradation of concrete is modelled in such a way that the main consequences on the overall
behaviour of the section can be grasped quite easily. In particular, material damage is considered in
the area surrounding the reinforcement bars that corrode with a decrease in compressive strength.
The model used (Coronelli et al., 2004), envisages that only the elements included in a surrounding of
the bar with a radius equal to the concrete cover (measured from the centre of the bar) are subject to
degradation.
The following figure shows the identification of the concrete elements that suffer damage as a result
of corrosion of the closely spaced reinforcement (Vergani et.al 2010).
For elements identified in

this way, a damage
parameter δfc is defined to
be applied to the
compressive strength of
the concrete, such that:
CONCRETE
The degradation of compressive strength for cracked concrete elements is
modeled with reference to the report in (Coronelli et al., 2004):
where:
K is a coefficient related to the roughness and diameter of the bars (it can be assumed to be 0.1 for
medium-diameter ribbed bars);
fc is the peak value of the compressive stress, to which the deformation corresponds εc0;
fcm=fc+8 (Mpa), the strain εc0 can be computed as:
εt represents the transverse swelling deformation of the section and can be calculated as :
Where bi is the width of the section considered and w the average crack width for each bar;
nbarre is the number of bars contained within bi.
Safety verification
SAFETY CHECKS WITH

INCORPORATED DAMAGE
AN EXAMPLE
SEZ. INTEGRA
Type of degradation and Crack width
SEZ. DANNEGGIATA
Ratio of area of degraded bars to

initial area Cracked concrete properties
Area of degraded bars as a function

of degradation coeff. (x)
STRENGTHENING STRATEGY
Some RC elements with reduced section properties resulted unsafe due to a lack of
steel reinforcement. From this the strenghtening strategy was conceived as follows.
RC Frame Element Strengthening

Shear strengthening by external continuous CFRP-
Vertical Pilars
confinement
Flexural strengthening by CFRP bonded sheets.
Beams
Shear strengthening by applying CFRP U-wraps in
(supporting the slab)
those regions with inadequate shear strength
Flexural strengthening by CFRP bonded sheets.
Beams Shear strengthening by applying CFRP U-wraps in
(supporting the stands)
those regions with inadequate shear strength
Shear strengthening of the nodal regions by CFRP-
Joints
wrapping and X-shape bonding.
STRENGTHENING
STRATEGY
Condizione ANTE operam Condizione POST operam Miglioramento
SAFETY CHECK AND NEW is,max is,max %
PERFORMANCE LEVELS NM T NM T NM T
Travi (generico) 1,52 1,21 0,92 0,99 65% 22%
Pilastri verticali -- 1,22 -- 0,72 -- 69%
Before After Increase %
N+M Shear (beams) Shear (pilars)

FRP-STRENGTHENING PROCESS
1. Demolitions and surface preparation
2. Cleaning and concrete cover repair

3. FRP Strengthening operations CFRP Anchorage systems
CFRP-wrapped columns
3. FRP Strengthening operations Strengthening of RC Beams
CFRP-Wrapped joints
4. Humidity control – surface restoration Surface restoration
AUGUST 20th, 2023 – return to 100% capacity
Lecce, May 13th 2024 – LECCE vs UDINESE

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS
Always know what they do…
MERCI POR
VOUTRE
ATTENTION
…do only what they know.

francesco.micelli@unisalento.it

06 - Fibre Net Intern'l Academy - Prof. Micelli

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06 - Fibre Net Intern'l Academy - Prof. Micelli

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STRENGTHENING OF CONCRETE

STRUCTURES WITH FRP:

• Composite material: any combination of two or

• Fiber reinforced composites: a composite

LONG FIBERS: WHEN THEIR LENGTH IS THE LENGTH OF THE

Mechanical properties of a composite material depend

• Mechanical properties of the constituents

IN NEW CIVIL CONSTRUCTION

Composite action is maintained when the strain of

CONCRETE IS NOT FRP

AT CIVIL ENGINEERING SCALE IT IS CONSIDERED AS A

ORTHOTROPIC MATERIAL (FRP LAMINA OR PULTRUDED)

For a unidirectional FRP we need five independent

The strain in the direction at 90° respect to the fiber

The elastic modulus of the FRP (pultruded or unidirectional lamina)

Pultruded GFRP bar:

Ef = 79 000 N/mm2 elastic modulus of glass fibres

EGFRP = 53 000 N/mm2

Pultruded CFRP bar:

Ef = 240 000 N/mm2 elastic modulus of carbon fibres

ECFRP = 157 000 N/mm2

The elastic modulus of the FRP (pultruded or unidirectional lamina)

The Poisson modulus ν12 is computed as:

The Shear modulus G12 is computed as:

The ultimate tensile strength in the direction of the fibers

In FRP materials we can design the reinforcement

Structural properties can be engineered in accordance

In this perspective FRP materials can be considered

Strength (MPa) 2800-4000

Strain at rupture 2.0-4.0

AR Glass fibers from Scanning Electronic Microscopy

Strength (MPa) 2400-5700

Strain at rupture 0.3-2.0

Carbon fibers from Scanning Electronic Microscopy

ARAMIDIC (KevlarTM type)

Strength (MPa) 2410-3150

Strain at rupture 1.5-4.4

Pultruded GFRP bar:

Ef = 79 000 N/mm2 elastic modulus of glass fibres

EGFRP 90° = 9 000 N/mm2

Pultruded CFRP bar:

Ef = 240 000 N/mm2 elastic modulus of carbon fibres

ECFRP 90° = 10 000 N/mm2

fult GFRP = 1 625 N/mm2

fult GFRP = 2 925 N/mm2

GFRP = Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers

AFRP = Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymers

GFRP = Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymers

AFRP = Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymers

Thermoset matrix properties

FRP should ALWAYS work at temperatures lower than Tg

• Damage due to corrosion of steel reinforcement

PULTRUSION = pull + extrusion

1. Dry Fibres 5. Curing (heat provided)

PRE-CURED PRODUCTS FRP-REINFORCEMENT

VOLUME FRACTION OF FIBERS

PULTRUDED STEEL ALUMINIUM

Different applications are related to different failure modes

Bond failure mechanism: brittle

Tangential stresses FRP sheet

Typical failure of RC beams with Externally Bonded Reinforcement (EBR) in FRP

Debonding at FRP - concrete interface

Concrete cover delamination