Anatomy Compilation of Past Papers

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anatomy compilation of past papers
Anatomy (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)
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University ofthe Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
Course or topic No(s) ANAT 2020 ]
)
HUMAN ANATOMY MORPnOLOG{CAL , HISTOLOGY
Course or topic nmne(s) AND EMBRYOLOGY
Paper Number & title SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION
Exammation to be NOVEMBER 2009

Held diuing month of
SECOND
Year of Study
(Arts & Science leave blank)
BACHELOR OF MEDICINE & BACHELOR OF SURGERY

DegreeA)iplomas for which
This couxse is prescribed
BACHELOR OF HEALTH SCIENCES & BSc (BIOMEDICAL
ENGINEENG)
Faculty/ies presenting FACULTY OF HEALTH SCENCES

Candidates
Intemal examiner(s) PROFESSOR M HOSIE (011717 - 2018)

And telephone extension DR A IHtJNWO (011717 - 2767)
Number(s)
Emmal examiner(s) PROFESSOR M VAWDA / DR S PRINCE
Special materials required

(grapMnusic/drawing paper)
maps, diagrmns, tables,
computer cards, etc.
l
l Course ANAT 2020 Hours THREE
Time a)lowance
Nos.
r
Instructions to candidates ANSWERALLQUESTIONS. RELEVANTAND
(Examiners may wish to use CORRECTLY LABELLED DIAGRAMS MAY BE USED TO
this space to indicate, inter alia, the ENHANCE YOUR ANSWERS. ONLY SCRIPTS WRITTEN
contribution made by this examination IN BLUE OR BLACK INK WrLL BE MARKED. PENCIL
or test towards the year mark, if MAY BE USED ONLY FOR DRAWINGS.
appropriate)
r
Internal Examiners or Heads of Department are rejuesjed t-o sign the declaration overleaf.

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UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG

SCHOOL OF ANATOMICAL SCIENCES
MBBChn/ BHSc II BSc Biomedical Eng (ANAT 2020)

SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION : NOVEMBER 2009
TOTAL MARKS: 200
?:3 Hours
Instructions:
1. Answer all questions.

2. Write your Anatomy number on each answer book/MCQ sheet.
100 MARKS
3. PAPER I: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
i) Write your name, the degree for which you are registered, your student number,
and anatomy test number on the ?Faculty of Health Sciences" side of the
computer sheet.
ii) On the ?circles" side of the computer sheet in the block headed ?student
number? write your student number. Fill in the circles with a soft pencil.
f
iii) Of the five statements (a, b, c, d, e) in each question, at least one is correct and at
least one incorrect.
iv) MARK BOTH THE CORRECT AND THE '[NCORRECT STATEMENTS on

the computer sheet. Leave the circle(s) blank if you do not know the answer
- marks will be deducted for statements incorrectly answered.
v) DO NOT use CORRECTION FLUID on your MCQ sheet. You may use an
eraser with care.
vi) DO NOT fold or bend the computer card.

vii) The computer sheet MUST be filled in during the examination time. NO
TIME WILL BE ALLO WED after the end of the examination for filling in the
sheet.
4. PAPER II: WRITTEN ANSWER QUESTIONS : 100 MARKS
i) Section A: Answer Questions l- 4 in the BLUE book; s-7 in the GREEN

ii) Section B: Answer all questions in the WHITE book.
iii) Relevant and correctly labelled diagrams may be used to enhance your answers.
iv) ONLY scripts written in blue or black ink will be marked.
Pencil may be used ONLY for drawings.

:
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100 MARKS
PAPER l: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs)
MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY 70 MARKS

SECTION A:
1. The components of the levator am muscle are:

F
a. Coccygeus
b.
C.
Puborectalis
Obturator internus
:b 'ruLc-cc9f T
F
T
d. Iliococcygeus
F
e. Piriformis
2, Components of the pelvic inlet include the

T
Pubic crest
Pectineal line
$ 4. .€ sqTh > T
<m 11"?' Arcuate line

Ischial tuberosities
T
F
T
e. Promontory of the sacrum
3, Relations of the urinary bladder
a. Peritoneum, sigmoid colon & coils of ileum superiorly

b. Prostate gland inferiorly in the male
oni,,) tp41> oa'. RUe'Vesicouterine

ecrtuusmsuppoesrte'orirolyrly'niInhbeonthulrnHpaalreosuasnfdemfeamleales??:"':?'J:?"-':iu?"f i??s-?":'t-" TF
pouch posteriorly in females T
4. The branches of the internal iliac artery in the females include:

a.
!? rectal artery. F
F
b. Inferior vesical.
C. Vaginal artery. ,? T
F
d. Superior gluteal.?' .a Y T
e. Internal pudendal.
s, The knee joint:
U 1.,.,%
T
Is a synovial joint of the modified hinge variety.
:5 k rh'rLtH9
a.
b. Permits flexion and extension.

T?-?r' l'l
Is stabilized laterally by the fibular collateral ?igament. /
C.
d. Has a medial meniscus which is adherent to the=$'collateral colla{@ra!!!HamenlFF

ligament?P ?N?r'- ?lo'?.'
o J??'-"?
r)'7li.l?l I .?
e. Is only supplied by the obturator nerve. -xiF>t-, ;€A'!Aoiac,
ul, ?pa ,, n brar
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l?llcw'
m,B;(1, U 4fflqy) lmcbn o'ol-f1'-
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6. The following structures exit the pelvis inferior to the piriformis
a. Superior gluteal artery F

b. Pudendal nerve T
c. Inferior gluteal artery T

d. Internal pudendal artery T
e. Inferior vesical artery F
7. The sciatic nerve
a. Innervates muscles of posterior compartment of thigh T

b. Superior gluteal nerve is not a branch of scii'.aiiq nerye ? T
C. Gives innervations to gluteal muscles - N))y.}4 +'llrql il ' :jciau2 F

d. Exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen a?e the piriformis F
e. Its a?r component is common fibular F

- ?-'
8. With regard to the fibrous capsule of the hip joint
a. It is firmly attached to the intertrochanteric crest of the femur F

b. It is firmly attached to the intertrochanteric line of the femur T
c. The ligaments of the hip joint are thickenings of this capsule T
d. Fibres are arranged in a manner that tighten and restrict flexion at the hip joint F
e. Bursa for the tendon of obturator internus muscle protmdes through it F
9. With respect to the gluteal region
a. The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments both attach to the ischium T
e. The posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh emerges medial to the sciatic nerve
along the inferior border of piriformis T
10. When considering the anterior compartment of the thigh
a. The femoral nerve (L2,L3,L4) is considered the primary nerve to this

compartment T
b. Sartorius and vastus intermedius extend over both the hip and knee joints F
c. Illiopsoas flexes the hip joint T
d. The femoral artery is the primary source of blood supply to the thigh F
e. The femoral artery descends medial to the quadriceps muscle group T

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?. i<1l?s
i
0?
l('h
'bl
11. Structures forming the stomach bed include:
T
a. Diaphragm
b, ? of Pancreas
c. ?t suprarenal gland
.uprarenat
g?lan; le*' $ ieu &%
gtana it,
F
F
d. Spleen 13'ae)'i:t,- or<s5,) T

T
e. Tranverse mesocolon
-*e,'Hb-u'ilc ';lleyx3'?-
12. The inferior vena cava:
%'ia c?aD
a. 4nfi?)f
%eaethe azy;'gous Veln
r)4)D .
iit$p <? F
.
b. Lies on
on the
the-mt
'4a'side
S] of the abdominal aorta F
c. Has among its tributaries, renal, hepatic, and superior mesenteric veins F
d. Pierces the tendinous part of the diaphragm at the level of T8 T
e. Is formed by the union of the common iliac veins. T
13. The ureters are constricted at the following sites:

T
a. Origin at junction between renal pelvis and ureters
b. Where they are crossed by the seminal vesicles in males F
c. At the pelvic brim where they are crossed by iliac vessels T
d. Point of entrance into the urinary bladder T
e. At lateral fornix of vagina in females F
14. The following are branches of the lumbar plexus:

T
a. Ilioinguinal
T
b. Iliohypogastric
c. Genitofemoral nerve T
T
d. Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
F
e. Saphenous nerve
15. The following structures are posterior relations of the right kidney:
th th- F
a. Thell andl2 ribs
b. Subcostal vein T
c. Quadratus lumborum muscle T
d. Liver F
T
e. Diaphragm

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16. Structures in the posterior triangle of the neck include:

T
a. Part of the brachial plexus
F
b. Common carotid artery
T
C. External jugular vein
F
d. Digastric muscle
T
e. Accessory nerve
17. The scalp:

T
a. Consist of five layers.
b. The motor innervation is from the Facial nerve (CN VII). T
C. Sensory innervation of the amerior part is by branches of the trigeminal nerve

(CNV). T
d. The aponeurotic layer has no muscles. F
e. Is highly vascularised which leads to faster healing of lacerations and wounds of
thescalp. T
18. The following structures form the roof of the nasal cavity
T
a. Nasal part of frontal bone.
F
b. Palatine process of maxilla.
Vomer bone. F
C.
T
d. Cribrifortn plate of ethmoid.
T
e. Body of sphenoid.
19. The larynx

F
a. Paired cartilages are thyroid, cricoid and epiglottic.
b. Anterior boundary of the inlet of larynx is the upper edge of epiglottis. T
C. Cricothyroid muscle is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve. T

T
d. The vocal folds cover the vocal ligaments (vocal cords).
e. Laryngeal prominence is more prominent in females. F
20. The following extraocular muscles are supplied by the oculomotor nerve:
T
a. Levator palpebrae superioris.
F
b. Superior oblique.
C. Lateral rectus. F
d. Medial rectus . T
e. Inferior rectus. T

?
I
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21. With regard to the dura mater and dural folds, th.e
a.
(z4ral?the ?emispheres. F
Falx cerebri occupies the clefts between
b. Inferior sagittal sinus is located at the attachment of the falx cerebri to the
tentoriumcerebelli. F
C. Falx cerebri attaches anteriorly to the crista galli. T
d. Dura mater has no sensory nerve supply. F
e. Potential space between the dura mater and the endosteum of the skull is called
theepiduralspace. T
22. The interpeduncular fossa
a. Is an area located between the middle cerebellar peduncles. F
b. Contains the tuber cinereum and the staJk of the hypophysis cerebri. T
F
C. Has the trochlear nerves emerging from it.
F
d. Has the optic nerves as part of its boundaries.
T
e. Contains the mammillary bodies.
23. The deep nuclei of the cerebellum incJude

F
a. Edinger-Westphal nucleus
T
b Fastigial nucleus
Emboliform nucleus T
c.
F
d. Salivatory nucleus
Dentate nucleus T
e.
24. Concerning the vessels of the upper limb, the

F
a. Median cubital vein is not useful for venepunture.
b. Pulse of the radial artery is felt immediately lateral to the tendon of the flexor
carpiradialismuscle. T
C. Ulnar artery is the major contributor of the deep palmar arterial arch. F
d. Brachial artery lies lateral to the median nerve in the cubita? fossa. T
e. Cephalic vein drains into the axillary vein. T
25. If the ulnar nerve is injured following a fracture at the medial epicondyle of
the humerus:
a. There is muscle wasting and flattening of the thenar eminence of thumb. F
b. Skin sensation is altered over the terminal phalanx of the index finger. F
T
C. The adductor pollicis is paralysed.
d. Skin sensation is altered over the terminal phalanx of the little finger. T
e. There is muscle wasting and flattening of the hypothenar eminence. T

l
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26, With regard to the cubital fossa, the
a. Roof is made up of the bicipital aponeurosis and fascia. T

b. Contents include the terminal part of the axillary artery. F
C. Median nerve passes anterior and superficial to the cubital fossa. F

d. Lateral border is formed by the brachioradialis muscle. T
e. Medial border is formed by the pronator teres muscle. T
27, The following muscles are flexors at the shoulder joint:

F
a. Trapezius
b. Coraco-brachialis T
c. Deltoid T
T
d. Biceps brachii
e. Latissimus dorsi F
28. With regard to the corollary arteries:
a. Left corollary supplies the sinoatrial nodal branch in 60% of people. F

b. Anterior interventricular branch supplies anterior interventricular septum. T
C. Right corollary arises from the left aortic sinus. F
d. The circumflex branch travels in the atrioventricular groove. T
e. Left corollary supplies the atrioventricular node. F
29. The surface marking of the pleural limit is at the
a. 5'h rib in the mid-clavicular line. F
b. 4fh .intercostal space on left cardiac notch. T
c. 10" rib in the mid-axillary line. T

th-- -- T
d. 12 rib in the paravertebral line.
e. 6fh costal cartijage and deviates laterally on both sides. T
30. The following may occur at the plane of the sternal angle
a. Bifurcation of the trachea. T

b. Bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk into pulmonary veins. F
c. Location of the cardiac plexus. T

d. Opening of the azygos vein into the superior vena cava. T
e. Thoracic duct passes from the right to the left of the oesophagus. T
31. In the right atrium, the

a. Fossa ovalis is on the interatrial septum. T
b. Sulcus terminalis externally corresponds to the crista terminalis internally. T

C. Right auricle extends anterior?y around the pulmonary trunk. F
d. Pectinate muscles are on the posterior wall. F
e. Orifice of the inferior vena cava occupies the superior end. F

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32, Cerebrospinal fluid
F
a. Is found in the subdural space.
b. Is produced by the arachnoid villi and the arachnoid granulations. F
c. Surrounds the brain and the spinal cord . T
d. Reaches the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct. T
e. Is absorbed in the cerebellomedullary cistern (cisterna magna). F
33. With regard to the functional areas of the cerebrum:
a. All sensory input (general and special) synapse in the thalamus before relay to the
cerebralcortex. F
b. Primary somatomotor area is located in the precentral gyrus. T

c. Primary visual area is located around the calcarine sulcus (fissure). T
d. There are two separate speech areas in the cortex; a motor speech area and a
sensoryspeecharea. T
e. Primary auditory area is located in the pre-frontal cortex. F
34. With regard to the cranial nerves:
a. All the cranial nerves emerge from the brainstem. F
b. Oculomotor nerve emerges from the medial side of the cerebral peduncle (crus
cerebri). T
c. Trigeminal nerve has a parasympathetic component. F
d. Facial nerve passes through the stylomastoid foramen to reach the face. T
e. Olfactory nerves pass through the inferior orbital fissure. F
35. With regard to branches of the abdominal aorta, the
a. Coeliac trunk is an unpaired visceral branch at the level of Tl2. T
b. Inferior mesenteric artery is an unpaired visceral branch. T
c. Renal artery is a paired visceral branch at the level of Ll. T
d. Gonada} artery is a paired parietal branch at the level of L2. F
e. Inferior phrenic artery is an unpaired parietal branch. F

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Paper 2: SECTION A: HISTOLOGY & EMBRYOLOGY: (MCQs) 30 MARKS
1. Regarding the interatrial septum:
a. it closes before birth F

b. it is made up of the septum primum and the pars membranacea F
C. the foramen ovale is indicated by the fossa ovalis in the adult T
d. it directs blood from left to right F
e. it is made up of the septum primum and the septum secundum T
2. Fenestrated capillaries:
a. have small pores between adjacent endothelial cells F

b. have fenestrations within the plasma membrane of an endothelial cell T
C. are found in the renal glomerulus without being closed by diaphragms T
d. have large diameters (3-4 um) F
e. are found in endocrine glands T
3. The dermis:
a. consists of dense regular connective tissue F

b. is separated from the epidermis by a basement membrane T
c. contains epidermal derivitaves T
d. contains smooth muscle T
l
e. forms the rete pegs F
4. The cortex of a lymph node housesH
a. follicular dendritic cells T

b. only primary lymphatic nodules F
C. post-capillary venules T
d. macrophages T
e. the white pulp F
s. Hyaline cartilage:
a. has a well developed blood supply F

b. contains collagen type I fibres F
C. has isogenous nests of lacunae T
d. is a component of embryonic flat bones F
e. contains proteoglycans T

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6. Arterioles:
a. have a tunica media made up to 20 layers of smooth muscle cells F

b. have no external elastic lamina T
C. have a reduced tunica adventitia T
d. have a subendothelial layer of elastic fibres T
e. regulate systemic blood pressure T
7. Regarding the submandibular gland:
a. it is a compound gland T
b. myoepithelial cells are absent in the walls of acini F
c. it produces both serous and mucous secretions T
d. its intercalated ducts are lined with stratified cuboidal epithelium F
e. the ?striations? of the striated ducts are due to the presence of cilia F
8. Tight junctions (zonula occludentes)
a. are found at the basal region of the lateral membranes of epithelial cells F
b. occur as an apical band around epithelial cells T
C. join the basal surfaces of the cell to the basal lamina F
d. prevent the flow of substances between epithelial cells T
e. define membrane domains in epithelial cells T
9. With regards to the development of the stomach:

a. the epithelium develops from endoderm T
b. is a derivative of foregut T
c. the ventral mesogastrium attaches the stomach and duodenum to the
developing spleen F
d. the dorsal border of the stomach becomes the lesser curvature of the
stomach F
e. the stomach rotates 90o in an anticlockwise direction F
10. Derivatives of the second pharyngeal arch include:
a. the stapes T
b. muscles of facial expression F
c. the cricothyroid carilage F
d. the styloid process of the temporal bone T
e. the lesser comu of the hyoid bone T

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11. During spermatogenesis:
a. spermatids differentiate into spermatozoa T

b. the spermatids are found in the lumen of the epididymis T
C. secondary spermatocytes contain 4n amount of DNA F
d. the spermatogenic cells are supported by Sertoli cells T
e. the spermatogonia undergo mitosis to form primary sperrnatocytes F
12 Myoepithelial cells:
a. are found in connective tissue F
b. are modified fibroblasts F
c. are found outside the basement membrane of secretory endpieces F
d. contain actin and myosin T
e. are found in pancreatic acini F
13 Primitive streak formation:
a. starts on day 21 of intra-uterine life F

b. is equivalent to gastrulation T
C. converts the hypoblast into epiblast F
d. converts the bilaminar embryonic disc into a trilaminar structure T
e. begins at the caudal pole of the embryonic disc T
14 Oligodendrocytes:
a. form myelin in the central nervous system T

b. are phagocytic F
C. are derived from mesoderrn F
d. are found in both gray and white matter F
e. surround blood vessels F
15, Endochondral ossification:
a. starts with the condensation of mesenchymal cells F

b. has a zone of maturation where the chondrocytes have accumulated
glycogen and are vocuolated T
C. has both primary and secondary ossification centres T
d. is responsible for the formation of the cranial flat bones F
e. starts with the formation of a bony collar by intramembranous ossification
T

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PAPER 2: SHORT ESSAY QUESTIONS (SEQs) (100 marks)
SECTION A: MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY (65 marks)
UPPER LIMB
la. What would be the consequence of injury to the ulnar nerve at the elbow?
(4 marks)
?: diminished flexion of the ring and little fingers (no flexion at the DIPJ). Loss of
ulnar deviation of the wrist. Diminished flexion of the little finger, loss of abduction and
opposition of the little finger. Loss of abduction and adduction of the digits (except
thumb). Loss of adduction of the thumb. Loss of extension of the interphalangeal joints
with flexion of the MCPJ's - all give rise to the clm hand: extension of the MCPJ with
flexion of the PIPJ of the ring and little finger.
?: loss of sensation on the skin of the medial 1 'A digits - palmar arxd dorsal
aspects.
lb. Give the boundaries and contents of the quadrangular space? (3 Mark)
Boundaries
'?Superiorly- Subscapularis and teres minor (' i'2 for any correct one)
Inferiorly - Teres majorli'2
Laterally - Long head of triceps'b
Medially - Surgical neck of the humerus.l/,-i
Contents: Axillary nerve 112 and posterior circumflex humeral vessels't'2
THORAX
2a. Define the mediastinum and its subdivisions, and name the organ contained
in the anterior mediastinum at puberty (4 marks)
B)) definition a complete and total separation between the left and right thoracic cavities
l 1, The mediastinum is arbitrarily divided into superior 112 a;id inferior ]/2 by a horizontal
line through the sternal angle (T4)'/?= , The inferior mediastinum is fiirther subdivided
into anterior l/2 middle l/2 and posterior mediastinal;'2
Organ in anterior mediastinum at puberty : The thymus gland'/2 .

2b. List the differences between the right and left ventricle. (3 marks)
LVwalls: 2-3 times thicker than the RV;

Trabeculae carnae thinner (finer) and more numerous than R V
Conical cav'dy, longer than RV
Papillary muscles larger than R V
3 papillary muscles in R Vand 2 in LV
Bicuspid valve in the atrioventricular orifice vs a tricuspid valve in the R V

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HEAD & NECK

3a. Describe the lymphatic drainage of the tongue (5 marks)
Posterior 1/3 € superior deep cervical lymph nodes (1)

Medial part of the anterior 2/3 € inferior deep cervical lymph nodes (1)
Lateral part of the anterior 2/3 € submandibular lymph nodes (1)
Apex & frenulum € submental lymph nodes (1)
Posterior 1/3 and medial anterior 2/3 drain bilaterally (1)
3b. Name the arteries that supply the thyroid with their corresponding origin
(3 marks)
Superior thyroid artery. 112 from the external carotid artery'/2
Inferior thyroid artery 72 from thyrocervical trunkl/2 of subclmian
Thyroidea' ima artery li'2"from the arch of aorta or Brachiocephalic trunk (' /2 for any
correct orze)
NEUROANATOMY
4a. Define the boundaries of the fourth ventricle (4 marks)
Roof (Dorsal wall) - superior peduncle, superior medullary velum, inferior medullary
velum, the tceniay of the fourth ventricle, and ;he obex. ( ]/2 each j;or cm)i correct4)
Floor'(rhomboid fossa)-dorsal surfaces of the pons 112 and medulla oblongata7/2.
Lateral wall - superior cerebellar peduncle, the inferior cerebellar peduncle and cuneate
and gracile tubercles'/2 eachfor a:z)i correct two)
4b. What are the characteristic features of the floor of the fourth ventricle
(Rhomboidfossa)? (5marks)
Median sulcus, medial eminence (facial colliculus), locus coeruleus, sulcus limitans,
superior fovea, vestibular area, inferior fovea, vagal triangle, hypoglossal triangle,
medullary striae, calamus scriptorius, gracile and cuneate tubercles & obex.
(]/,i each for 10 points)
ABDOMEN
5a. Use a table to provide the information on the vertebral level and structures
passing through the 3 maior openings of the diaphragm (5 marks)
Opening Vertebral level Structures passing through

Vena caval T8'/2 4erior vena cava8 and right phrenic nerve'b
Oesophageal TO'/, Oesophagus,'/2 anterior and posterior vagal trunksl/2
Aortic T12]i'2 Descending thoracic aorta, 'r/2 azygos veinl/2 and
thoracic ductl/2, [R & L ascending lumbar vessels

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5b. What are the relations of the spleen and which ribs form its surface
marking? (3marks)
Diaphragmatic surface is related to diaphragml/2

Visceral surface is-related to the Stomach (gastric area),1/2 lefl kidney (renal impression)
112 & tail ofpancreas at its hilum li'2 Left colic (splenic) flexu;e, inferi:orlyli'2
Left Ribs 9-111/2
5c List any four sites of the porto-systemic venous anastomosis including the
names of the two vessels inyolyed (4 marks)
Oesophagus - oesophageal tributaries of Lt gastric (portal) with oesophageal tributaries

of accessory hemiazygos vein (systemic)
Anal canal - superior rectal vein (portal) with middle & inferior rectal veins (systemic)
Umbilicus - Lt branch of portal vein via paraumbilical veins (portal) with veins of the
anterior abdominal wall (systemic)
Bare are of liver - hepatic vein (portal) with inferior phrenic & intercostal veins
(systemic)
Posterior abdominal wall - venous radical of duodenum, ascending & descending colon
(poi
(portal) with retroperitoneal veins of renal capsule & abdominal wall (systemic)
['i, each of the8 iiessels?
PELVIS & PERINEUM
6a. Give the boundaries, contents in males and clinical importance of the
superficialperinealspace. (6marks)
Boundaries (2 marks)
Superiorly: perineal membrane
?4eriorly: membranous fascia of the perineum (colle's fascia)
Laterally: ischiopubic rami
Contents of this space in the male (3 marks)

Root (bulb and crura) of the penis,
ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles
Proximal part of the spongy urethra
Superficial trarisverse perineal muscles
Neurovascular structures
Clinical importance of this space (1 mark)

Continuous with the space beneath scarpa's fascia on the anterior abdominal wall
important for spread of infections.

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
6b. What are the features present in the interior of the urinary bladder (4
marks)
Mucosa is sm'ooth .when distended 112 but folds into ruggae when emptyl/2, Triangular
area called trigonel/2 between ureteric orifices'/2 and internal urethral meatus l/2.
Uvulal/2 - slight
slightelevation close to internal urethral meatusl/2 & caused by median
prostatic lobi'el/i
LOWER LIMB
7a. Describe the adductor canal. (6 marks)

(112 mark each)
- Is a trough-shaped intermuscular tunnel occupying the 2/3'd of the medial aspect
of thigh; Starts at the apex offemoral triangle and extends to the adductor hiatus
within the adductor magnus
Boundaries: anterolaterally by vastus medialis
o Posteriormedially by adductor longus and adductor magnus more distally
o Anteromedially (rooJ) by strong fascia connecting vastus medialis to
adductor longus (often called subsartorial fascia)
Contents: femoral artery, femoral vein, descending genicular and muscular
branches of femoral artery with their corresponding venous tributaries, the
saphenous nerve, and nerve to vastus medialis
7b. Describe the boundaries and contents of the femoral triangle. (6 marks)
Eoundaries of the Femoral Triangle
Superiorly by the inguinal ligament.
Medially by the medial border ofthe adductor longus muscle.
Laterally by the medial border of the sartorius muscle.
Floor is formed from medial to lateral by adductor longus, pectirxeus, and the
iliopsoas.
Roof of the femoral triangle is formed by the fascia lata, which includes the
cribiform fascia.
Contems of the Femoral Triangle
femoral artery and its branches,
* femoral vein and its tributaries,
* femoral nerve and its branches,
* lateral cutaneous nerve,
* femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve,
lymphatic vessels, and some inguinal lymph nodes.

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
SECTION B: HISTOLOGY & EMBRYOLOGY SHORT ESSAYS (35 MARKS)
Question 1
Describe the histological structure of the thoracic part of the oesophagus. Give the main
function of this structure. (10 marks)
Question 2
Describe the histological structure of the components of the JG apparatus found in the
cortex of the kidney. In your answer give the main function for each component. Add a
diagram to show the relationships between the components. (6 marks)
Question 3
Explain the following terms in detail:
a) Merocrine (2)
b) Holocrine (2)
c) Apocrine (2)
(6 marks)
Question 4
Describe the embryonic development of the human urinary bladder. Include 2

abnormalities associated with this development. (8 marks)
Question s
Write notes on the histological structure of the epidermis of thick skin. (5 marks)

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
MODEL ANSWERS
Question 1
Describe the histological structure of the thoracic part of the oesophagus Give the main
function of this structure. (10 marks)
Oesophagus (l)
Pass food from mouth to stomach
Mucosa: %
@ Stratified squamous Non-
keratinized epi (1)
* CT?/2
* Cardiac oesophegeal
glands (l/2)
* Mucous (1/2)
* muscularis mucosa-
longitudinally arranged
m
Submucosa '/2
@ CT '/S
* Meisners plexus !4
* Lymphoid tissue - small
follicles 1/2
* Deep oesophegeal glands
* Mucous (l)
Muscularis externa %
* 2 layers inner circular
/outer longitudinal l/2
* upper third - striated '/ffi
* middle l/3 mixed !4
* lower l/3 smooth !/!
* aubachs plexus !/2
Adventitia %
@ Loose ct !4

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
Question 2 (6 marks)
Describe the histological structure of the components of the JG apparatus found in the
cortex of the kidney . In your answer give the main function for each component. Add a
diagram to show the relationships between the components.
Composed of three parts:

Macula densa (l/2)
Juxtaplomerular cells (l/2)
Lasic cells (l/2)
The macula densa consists of columnar cells (l/2) of the distal straight tubule (l/2) which
lies close to the afferent arteriole at the vascular pole of the parent nephron (l/2). Cells
are sensitive to Na concentrations and regulate renin in a paracrine manner ( l/2) resulting
in the activation of the angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism (l/2)- inducing sodium and
water retention in the collecting tubules (l/2).
Modified smooth muscle cells (l/2) of tunica media of the afferent arteriole (l/2) make
up the JG cells. These cells contain granules that contain renin (l/2) which acts on
angiotensinogen, which is converted to angiotensin II a potent vasoconstrictor.
Lacis, mesangial cells are pale staining and located in the angle between the efferent and
afferent arterioles (I/2), whose function in not well known (l/2)
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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
Question 3
Explain the following terms in detail
d) Merocrine. Mode of secretion for all endocrine glands and some exocrine glands.
Excretion with no loss of cytoplasm - exocytosis. Product, often protein, is synthesed
RER, golgi, granules or vesicles accumulated in the cell and then exocytosed.
Exarnples ecrine sweat glands, pancreas. (2)
e) Holocrine. Secretion where the whole cell is released as the secretion, by extrusion of
the cell. As the cell fills with fatty secretion it simultaneously undergoes progressive
disruption and finally necrosis - then is extruded. Eg. Sebaceous gland. (2)
f) Apocrine. Secretion where small amounts of apical cytoplasm and plasma membrane
are lost with the secretion - which is often lipid. Lipid droplets in the cytoplasm move
to the apical membrane - bulge into the lumen, are enclosed in membrane and
released with membrane and small rim of cytoplasm. These glands eg. mammary
usually have a protein secretion as well which is a merocrine secretion - exocytosis.
(2)
(6 marks)
Question 4
Describe the embryonic development of the human urinary bladder. Include 2
abnormalities associated with this development. (8 marks)
@ During the fourth and seventh weeks of development, the urorectal septum
divides the cloaca into the anorectal canal and primitive urogenital sinus.
* The cloacal membrane is then divided into the urogenital membrane, anteriorly,
and the anal membrane, posteriorly.
* Three portions of the primitive urogenital sinus can be distinguished:
* The upper and largest part is the urinary bladder.
* Initially, the bladder is continuous with the allantois,
* When the lumen of the allantois is obliterated, a thick fibrous cord, the urachus,
forms and connects the apex of the bladder with the umbilicus.
* In the adult, the ligament is known as the median umbilical ligament
* The next part of the urogenital sinus is the pelvic part of the urogenital sinus,
which in the male gives rise to the prostatic and membranous parts of the urethra
* The last patt is the definitive urogenital sinus, also known as the phallic part of
the urogenital sinus.

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
,}, ,
tr
The students will talk about the following abnormalities: Urachal fistula, Urachal cyst
and the Urachal sinus
Question s
Write notes on the histological structure of the epidermis of thick skin. (5 marks)
Epiderrnis consisting of stratified squamous keratinized epithelium (l/2).
Resting on a basement membrane (1/2)
The epithelium dips down into the underlying ct, (derrnis) forming the typical pegs
rete of this tissue (l/2)
The five layers of cells are:
A single layer of cuboidal cells at the base of the epidermis, the stratum basale ( 1/2),
cell division occurs here (l/2). Melanocytes are interspersed among the basal cells
(l/2).
Quite a few layers of polygonal cells the stratum spinosum or prickle cell layer(1/2)
with processes extending from cell to cell - held together by desmosomes (l/2)
The stratum granulosum; l-3 cells thick, flattened where the cells contain
keratohyalin basophilic granules (l)
The stratum lucidum - flattened eosinophilic cells that are refractile (l/2)
Thick stratum corinum on the uppermost surface of the epithelium. The cells are
flattened and contain only keratin filaments, tonofibrils and no nucleus. (l l/2)

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANA.T 2020 AUGUST2011 TEST 3
ANAT2020: HUMAN ANATOMY FOR MBBCH ll, BHSc & BSc (Biomed Eng)
TEST 3 AUGUST2011
TOTAL TIME:3 hrs TOTAL MARKS: 150
Instructions:

2. Write your Anatomy number on each answer book.
3. Relevantandcorrectlylabelleddiagramsmaybeusedtoenhanceyouranswers
4. ONLY scripts written in blue or black ink will be marked.
s. Pencil may be used ONLY for drawings.
SECTION A : MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY 90 MARKS
1. Answer all Morphological Anatomy questions No l-3 in the ? books and No 4-7
in the PINK books
11. Begin your answer to a question on a fresh page.
SECTION B : HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 60 MARKS
1. Histology and Embryology questions in the YELLOW book.

Page 1 of 14

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANA.T 2020 AUGUST2011 TEST 3
SECTION A MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY 90 MARKS
UPPER LIMB
1.
a. Describe the consequence of injury to C5 and co spinal nerve roots (or the
upper trunk of the brachial plexus)? [5 marks?
Motor
Upper Iimb would be held at the individual's side

Abduction and adduction antagonism: the injury would result in Ioss of innervation to
the supraspinatus (abduction initiator) and deltoid (principal abductor). Therefore
there would be an unopposed action of adductors of the shoulder joint (Pectoralis
Major, Latissimus Dorsi, Teres Major) [1 mark]
The arm would be medially rotated

Medial and lateral rotation antagonism: the injury would result in the loss of
innervation to lateral rotators, i.e. deltoid (posterior fibres), infraspinatus, teres minor.
Therefore there would be an unopposed action of the medial rotators of the shoulder
joint i.e. Pectoralis Major, Latissimus Dorsi [1 mark?
The forearm would be extended at the elbow joint

Flexion and extension antagonism: the injury would result in Ioss of innervation to the
flexors of the forearm at the elbow joint, i.e. biceps brachii and brachialis. Therefore
there would unopposed action of the extensors of the forearm at the elbow joint, i.e.
triceps. ['lmark]
The hand would be pronated

Pronation and Supination antagonism: the injury would result in loss of innervation to
the supinators of the hand, i.e. the biceps brachi and supinator (C5, 6 through the
radial nerve). There would be an unopposed action of the pronator of the hand, i.e.
pronatorteres [lmark?
Page 2 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 AUGUST2011 TEST 3
Muscles covering the shoulder joint would show significant wasting

Loss of innervation, i.e. the suprascapular nerve, the nerve to the subclavius, the
musculocutaneous nerve (C5, 6, 7), and the axillary nerve (C5, 6) are made
functionless. [1 mark?
Sensory
Parasthesia of the lateral aspect of the arm (superior and inferior lateral cutaneous
nerve of arm) and forearm (Iateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm). [1 mark]
[Max s marks?
b. Write a note on the factors stabilizing the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint.

[5 marks?
Shape of bones
The shallowness of the glenoid fossa of the scapula make this joint an unstable
structure%. However, the glenoid fossa is deepened slightly by the glenoid labrum,
which is the fibrocartilaginous ringlike structure attached to the margins of the
glenoid fossa%.
Ligaments
Ligaments provide weak support to this unstable joint.
The glenohumeral ligaments are three weak bands of fibrous tissue that strengthen
the front of the capsule%.
The transverse humeral ligament strengthens the capsule and bridges the gap
between the two tuberosities%.
The coracohumeral Iigament strengthens the capsule above and stretches from the
root of the coracoid process to the greater tuberosity of the humerus%.
Accessory ligaments: The coracoacromial ligament extends between the coracoid
process and the acromion. Its function is to protect the superior aspect of the jo!nt!/i.
Muscles
The shoulder joint's strength almost entirely depends on the tone of the short
muscles that bind the upper end of the humerus to the scapula, the subscapularis
ameriorlY%i the supraspinatus superiorly%, and the infraspina?us% and '(eres minor
Page 3 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
AN4T 2020 AUGUST2011 TEST 3
posteriorly%. The tendons of these muscles are fused to the underlying capsule of
the shoulder loint. Together, these tendons form the rotator cuT'T!/i.
The least supported part of the joint lies in the inferior location, where it is
unprotected by muscles%.
(Maximum of s marks)
Page 4 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
THORAX
2.
a. Describe the surface markings of the pleura and the fissures of the right lung.
[6 marks?
Cervical pleura and apices of the lung pass through the superior thoracic aperture
into the supraclavicular fossa%, located posterior & superior to the clavicle and
Iateral to tendon of sternocleidomastoid muscle%.
Anterior border of lung lie adjacent to anterior line of reflection of parietal pleura
between 2nd and 4'h costal cartilages!/i. The pleural reflection continues inferiorly
from 4fh to 6'h costal cartilage, paralleled closely by anterior border of right lung%.
Both pleural reflections and anterior lung borders pass laterally at 6fh costal
cartilage%. The pleural reflections reach midclavicular line at level of 8'h costal
cartilage%, 'l O'h rib at midaxillary line%, and 12fh rib at scapular line%; however the
inferior margins of lungs reach the midclavicualar line at level of 6'h rib%, midaxillary
Iine at 8fh rib "/zand scapular line at 1 0fh rib%, proceeding toward spinous process of
T10 vertebra%, then they proceed ?oward spinous process of T12 vertebra%.
The horizontal fissure of right tung extends from oblique fissure along 4''h rib and
costal cartilage anteriorlyK
The oblique fissure extends from Ievel of spinous process T2 vertebra posteriorly to
6th costal cartilage anteriorly, coinciding with medial border of scapula when upper
limb is elevated above head%. [6 marks?
b. What is the ?, ? and branches of the Ieft corollary artery?

[4 marks?
Arises from Ieft aortic sinus%. Lies between infundibulum and left auricle% Gives off
the foliowing branches at the atrioventricular groove %Viz. Anterior interventricular%

and the circumflex artery% which gives off the diagonal% and left margina! branches
%respectively. It also gives off atrial branches'!/i [4 marks?
Page s of 14

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
HEAD AND NECK
3.
a. Describe the anatomy of the submandibular triangle of the neck under the
following headings: boundaries, floor, and contents. [5 marks?
Boundaries:
Superior: inferior border of the mandible !'!

Inferoanterior: anterior belly of digastric m. %
lnferoposterior: posterior belly of digastric m. %
Floor:
Mylohyoid m. %
Hyoglossus m. '/.
Middle pharyngeal constrictor m. %
Contents:
Submandibular salivary gland and submandibular ganglion %

Submandibular lymph nodes %
Hypoglossal nerve '/,!
Mylohyoid nerve %
Facial artery and vein '/!
Submental artery % 12/2 Max: s marks
b. Use the table below to Iist the extrinsic muscles of the tongue, their main
actions (bilateral activity only) and their nerve supply. [6 marks]
W lMain actions W 1
Page 6 of 14

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
Muscle Main action Nerve supply l

Genioglossus m. '!/2 Depress and protrude Hypoglossal nerve (CN
tongue % Xll)'!,=
Hyoglosmus m. % Depress (especially the Hypoglossal rierve ((5N

sides) and retrude ' Xll) %
(shorten) the tongue '/.
, Styloglossus m. '/2 Retrude and elevate sides Hypoglossal netve (CN

% Xll) %
Palatoglossus m. % Can elevate posterior part Pharyngeal plexus %

of tongue/ constrict fauces
[12/2 = 6 marks]
c. Name the parts of the thyroid gland and their relations to the trachea and
larynx. [2 marks]
d. Describe the arterial blood supply to the thyroid gland, including the origins of
the arteries and their areas of supply. [4 marks]
[Total 6 marks?
c. Right and leff Iobes with superior and inferior poles !/! anterolateral to the
trachea and larynx %
Isthmus % uniting the lobes across the trachea anterior to the second and
third tracheal rings !/!
[2 marks]
d. Superior ?h)/r0id arteries '!/2 from ex(ernal caro?id aa. % reach ?he superior
poles and supply mainly the anterosuperior aspect of the gland %
Page 7 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
lnfer!or ?fl7r0!d ader!es % from '(h7rocerV!cal ?runk (subclav!an) % reach the

posterior aspect and supply mainly the posteroinferior aspect of the gland %
In approximitely 1 0% of people a small unpaired thyroid ima artery % from
brachiocephalic trunk % (or arch of aorta/right common
carotid/subclavian/internal thoracic) that ascends on the anterior surface of
the trachea to supply the isthmus % [9/2 = Max 4)
[Total:6 marks]
Page 8 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
NEUROANATOMY
4.
a. Provide a well-labelled diagram of the arterial circle of Willis and give a clinical
significance of this anastomosis. [3 marks?
Model Answer
anterior cerebral a
Anterlor communlation A
Intemal canotid A
Q
Q
€ r ??
[7
F'oskarloy communlca}Ion A
Pos{eyby cerebral A
L,'
T
i
i
%
Clinical significance: Serves to equalise blood flow to various parts of brain by

*
maintaining a constant supply of oxygen & glucose even when a
contributing artery is narrowed or in head movements
* Furnishes collateral circulation in cases of occlusion of one or more of
arteries contributing to cirde

(% mark for each correct label and the significance).
b. Describe the formation and circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid. [4 marks]
Model Answer
Formation: Choroid p!exus

Circulation: From Lateral ventricle ->Interventricular foramen -+ 3'd Ventricle -=,
cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius -q 4fh Ventricle -> Foramina of Magendie (medial) and
Lushcka (lateral) -+ Subarachnoid space
[% each = 4 marks]
Page 9 of 14

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
c. Use the table below to answer the questions on the four cranial nerves with
parasympathetic functions. [8 marks?
Name and Nucleus of origin Foramen of exit Structures

Number of Cranial for from the skull supplied with
Nerve parasympathetic parasympathetic
fibres fibres
Model Answer
Narne and Nucleus of origin Forarnen of exit Structures supplied with

Number of for from the skull parasympathetic fibres
Cranial Nerve parasyrnpathetic
fibres
Oculomotor (111) Edinger-Westphal Superior orbital Sphincter pupillae muscle of

fissure iris &
Ciliary muscle (constricts

pupil & accommodates lens)
Facial (Vll) Superior salivatory Stylomastoid Lacrimal, nasal, palatine,

& Lacrimal Nuclei foramen submandibular & sublingual
glands
Glossopharyngeal Inferior salivatory Jugutar foramen Parotid gland
(IX) Nucleus
Vagus (X) Dorsal Nucleus of Jugular foramen Smooth muscles of trachea,
Vagus bronchi, Gl tract, heart
'/2 mark each box
Page 10 of 14

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
AUGUST2011 TEST 3
ANAT 2020
ABDOMEN
s.
a. Knowledge of oesophageal constrictions is important when passing

instruments through the oesophagus into the stomach and viewing
radiographs. What are the sites of the constrictions, what structures bring
about these constrictions and at what distance can one expect to find these
constrictions, from the incisor teeth?
[5 marks?
Cervical constriction or upper oesophageal sphincter (!/!) - at pharyngoesophageal

junction caused by cricopharyngeus muscle (%). At -1 5cm ('/!)
Thorac!C (broncho-aortic) constriction (!/i) - arch of aorta (!/i) a? -22.5 cm (1/2) & leff
ma!n bronchus(%) at -27.5 cm ('/2)
Diaphragmatic constriction (%) - wt?iere it passes through oesophageal hiatus of
diaphragm (3/2) at -40 cm (%).
b. Draw a labelled diagram illustrating the portal venous system.

[8 marks?
Le%utrbvbti? 1/
?Shm (Hik: mn V/
i r
Oysba.vam? i{l
aa
-l
=.J-.-%;iE-a:
Maximum of 8 marks
Page 11 of 14

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
c. Write concise notes on the gall bladder. [5 marks?
The gall bladder is a small hollow/sac-like organ that is located in the fossa/bed at
the junction between the leff and right robes of the liver(%). It is made up of a body
(%)ifundus (%) and neck (%) wh!ch has an S-shaped culVed Ieading into ?he c7st!c
duct (!/i). The cystic duct has a spiral arrangement preventing it from collapsing, and
joins up with the common hepatic duct to form the bile duct. The gall bladder's
function is to store and concentrate bile which is made in the liver (%).
Vascular supply
Arterial supply: cystic artery from the right hepatic artery (%)
Venous drainage: cystic veins. Veins draining neck and biliary ducts empty into
portal vein(%). Veins draining the body and fundus drain directly into the liver (%).
The Lymph drains to the hepatic nodes(%).
The nervous supply:

Sympathetic from the celiac plexus ('!/i)
Parasympathetic from the vagus nerve (CN X) (%)
Sensory innervation is from the right phrenic nerve (!"!)
Page 12 of 14

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 AUGUST20li TEST 3
PELVIS AND PERINEUM
6.
a. Describe the boundaries of the pelvic inlet (pelvic brim). [3 marksl
Model Answer
Anteriorly: Superior margin of the pubic symphysis, posterior border of the pubic
crest, pecten pubis,
Laterally: arcuate line of the ilium, anterior border of the alar of the sacrum,
Posteriorly: sacral promontory
b. List the posterior relations of the female urinary bladder. [2 marks?
Model Answer
uterovesical pouch, Body of uterus, Cervix, anterior wall of vagina
c. Write concise notes on the supports of the uterus. [5 marks?
Model Answer
ligaments to the cervix

transverse (cardinal) cervical Iigaments % (lateral cervical !igaments) attaches the
cervix and lateral fornices '/! to the Iateral walls of the pelvis
Uterosacral ligaments (rectouterine Iigament) attach sides of the cervix to the
sacrum'/i
Principal supports of the uterus- pelvic floor (muscles of the urogenital diaphragm)
%, perineal body%, broad ligament of the uterus attaches the uterus to the pelvic
walls%, surrounding viscera the urinary bladder attached to the uterus through
uterovesical fold (anterior ligament) of peritoneum % and to the rectum posterior
through the posterior ligamentK
Round l!gamen? of f(le uferus% - attaches the uterus to the labia majora!/i affer
passing through the inguinal canal
Page 13 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
AF2AT 2020 AUGUST 2011 TEST 3
d. Describe the arterial blood supply to the rectum including their origins.
[3 marks?
Model Answer
superior rectal artery from the inferior mesenteric artery supply the proximal part,
middle rectal arteries from the inferior vesical arteries supply the middle and inferior
parts of the rectum, inferior rectal arteries arising from the internal pudental artery
supply the anorectal junction
7.
a. Briefly describe the location and contents of the deep perineal pouch in the
females. [5 marks?
Model answer
Space between the endopelvic fascia or superior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm
(deep) % & perineal membrane or inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm
(superficial) !/!
Anteriorly, the two layers of fascia fuse, leaving a small gap beneath the symphysis
pubis %
Contents
*
sphincter urethrae/ Compressor urethrae mm. %
t
*
deep transverse perineal muscles %
*
membranous part of the urethra %
@
internal pudendal vessels and their branches %
*
part of the vagina %
*
the internal pudendal vessels and their branches %
@ dorsal nerves of the clitoris %
@
Sphincter urethrovaginalis %
b. List the contents of the pudendal canal. [2 marks]
internal pudendal artery & vein, pudendal nerve, and nerve to the obturator internus
Page 14 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
uNIVERsITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG

ANAT 2020 TEST 3 AUGUST 2010 TIME: 3 hours
PAPER 1 MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY j60 marksJ

Instructions :
2. Write your Anatomy number on each exam book.
3. Answer ALL Morphological Anatomy Questions in the WHITE BOOK MARKED l and all
Histology/Embryology Questions in the WHITE BOOK MARKED ll.
4.
Relevant and correctly labelled diagrams may be used to enhance your answers.
s.
ONLY scripts written in blue or black ink will be marked. Pencil may be used ONLY for
drawings.
UPPER LIMB
1. Use a table to list the rotator cuff muscles, their attachments to the humerus and
their nerve supply.
Muscle Attachment Nerve supply
Ar3?
Muscle ' Attachment Nerve supply i
g9praspinatus Superior ?ace-t of greater tubercle of humerus Suprascapular nerve %
% %
lnfraspinatus % Middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus % Suprascapular nerve %
Teres rninor % lnferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus-'A Axillary perve % l
Subscapularis Lesser tubercle of humerus % Upper and lower
%
subscapular nerves %
[12/2= max 5mks?
THORAX
2. Describe the boundaries and contents of the superior mediastinum. (5 marks)

Boundaries
*
Superior - superior thoracic aperture ('A)
*
Inferior - transverse thoracic plane ('A)
*
Anterior - sternum & costal cartilages (Ye)
*
Posteriorly - bodies of thoracic vertebrae (!A)
*
Laterally - mediastinal pleura ("jA)
Contents
*
Brachiocephalic veins ("A) & SVC ('A)
*
Pulmonary trunk & pulmonary arteries ('A)
*
Arch of aorta & its branches (%)
*
Trachea ('A), vagusnerve(!A)
*
Oesophagus (3A)
[12/2= max 5mks?

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
!?
HEAD & NECK
3. Provide a well labelled diagram of the horizontal section of the eyeball. (5 marks)
vitreous iiumor
conjundHiva
retina
ciliary body j!
iris
aqueot?
ffumor ?
pupil 1 inacula
% mark each for at least 10 correctly labelled structures.

NEUROANATOMY
4. a. What are the branches of the facial nerve as it exits the stylomastoid foramen?
(4 marks)
Answers ('A mark each)

Posterior auricular, Digastric, Stylohyoid
Terminal branches - Temporal, Zygomatic, Buccal, Marginal mandibular and cervical
b. Provide a well-labelled diagram of the arterial circle of Willis and give the
clinical significance of this anastomosis. (4 marks)
Ankerior cerebral A
An{erlor c6mmunlca}ion A
'Inrernal camtid A
?
b n s ::Q
Posterlor communication A
Pos}edoy cerebral A

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
Clinical significance
* Serves to equalise blood flow to various parts of brain by
@ maintaining a constant supply of oxygen & glucose even when a contributing arter5r
is narrowed or in head movements
*
Furnishes collateral circulation in cases of occlusion of one or more of arteries
contributing to cirde
(% for the diagram, each correct label and each of the significance)
[Total: 8 marks?
ABDOMEN
s. Draw clearly labelled diagrams illustrating the formation of the rectus sheath above
the costal margin, at a point midway between the costal margin and the umbilicus
and half-way between the umbilicus and the pubic symphysis. (6 marks)
Model Answer
? 4
r-====,=-')'
€
LThe -reaus Sheath abave the €OStal margIn (% fOr tItle and Carrect dIagram, 1 far Iabelx as aboVe}
I :=,:.=:;:- '7 ??
I =:',::,':-t
(-::::,:-)
Transverseabdominal
musclaaponeurosls
! ?
, .
The reetus sheath between the umbillcus and pubic symphysis
(M for title and correct dla@rarn. 2 for Iabels 85 aboVe}
6. Give the origin, immediate relations and branches of the superior mesenteric artery.
(6 marks)
Answer
?: Abdominal aorta ('A)

Immediate relations:
SMA js posterior to: the neck of the pancreas'A; the splenic Vejn %
SMA is anterior to: the left renal Vein !A; the uncjnate process of the pancreas'A; the third part Of
the duodenum %
Branches
(b) inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. 'A; jejunal branches % ; ileal branches'A; ileocolic a. %; right
colic a. %; middle colic a. %

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
7. Give the locations of portaf-systemic anastomoses and indicate the veins that are
involved at each Iocation. (6 marks)
Answer
They occur at 4 locations:
at the umbiljcus % between the p8raumbHjc81 Vejns of the portal s!/stem % and the
epigastric veins of the systemic system %
at the anal mucosa % between the superior rectal Vejn of the portal s5!stem % and the
middle and inferior rectal veins of the systemic system %
at the oesophageal mucosa % between the Ieft gastric Vejn of the portal s'lstem % and the
oesophogeal veins of the systemic system %
af fhe colon % befween fhe coljc Vejns of the porfal s)!sfem % and fhe retropeWfoneal Vejns
of the systemic system %
PELVIS & PERINEUM
8. a. Describe the location and ,boundaries of the ovarian fossae (3 marks)

Answer
Location: In the lesser pelvis'A
Boundaries
Anterior - medial umbilical ligament (obliterated umbilical artery) %
Posterior - ureter % and internal jliac arter)!'A
Laterally - obturator vessels and nerves covered by parietal peritoneum %
Superiorly- external iliac vein'A
b. Detail the component parts of the fallopian tube in their sequential order from
the uterus to the ovary. (3 marks)
Answer
Intramural part- passes into the wall of the uterus, surrounded by myometrium'A
]sthmus- narrow and short, % thjck walled and jojns the horns of the uterus%
Ampulla- widest and longest allows fertilization'A
hfundibulum- funnel shaped distal end opening into the peritoneum, its margins have frimbrae'A
(Award % point for correct order from the uterus%)

t
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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
9. Describe the 3? and blood supply and one clinical significance of the prostate
gland. (7marks)
Lobes
Anterior lobe (isthmus) - lies in front of the urethra ('A); lacks glandular tissue but consists
mostly of fibromuscular tissue ('A)
Posterior lobe - lies behind the ejaculatory ducts above, ('A) and the distal portion of the
prostatic urethra below ("A); it is often considered the postero-medial part of the lateral lobes; it
can be palpated through the rectum during digital rectal exam (DRE) ('A)
Right and Left lateral lobes on either side of prostatic urethra ('A); they form the main mass of
gland (%)
kddle (medjan) lobe js cone-shaped ('A), ljes behjnd fhe prostatjc urefhra (!A) and befween fhe
two ejaculator5r ducts ("A)
Blood supply
Arterial - prostatic arteries from the inferior vesical arteries (from anterior division of internal iliac
artery) AND from the middle rectal artery ('A)
Venous - prostatic venous plexus which drains into the internal iliac vein ('A)
Clinical Significance
Any clinical significance (1mark)
10. Describe the vascular supply, lymphatic drainage, and nerve supply to the anal
canal. (6 marks)
Answer
Supply Above Pectinate Line Below Pectinate Line

;Arter7al- Superior rectal artery % Inferior rectal arteries %
?l'
..j
Venous Internal plexus drains to superior rectal Internal venous plexus drains to
vein !A and portal system 3/> inferior rectal veins % and caval
system 'A
Lymphatic ', To internal iliac and common iliac and ', To superficial inguinal nodes %
lumbar nodes 'A
Nerve Frominferiorhypogastric(pelvic)plexus:Frominferiorrectalnerves'A,
% (both sympathetic and branches of the pudendal nerves
arasympathetic; sensitive to stretching ',(sensitive to pain, temperature and
only) 'A touch) %
ANAT 2020 TEST 3 23 AUGUST, 2010

PAPER 1 MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY 60 MARKS

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
PAPER 2 HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 40 MARKS

1. Describe the normal embryonic development of the interatrial septum. Identify and briefly
describe one abnormality which may occur during this development. (9 marks)
Septation of the atrium begins with a first septum (septum primum) growing from the roof of the
atrium towards the intermediate bar. The septum has a crescentic lower edge and as it advances
towards the intermediate bar, the ever-decreasing space between it and the bar is known as the
foramen primum. As the septum primum reaches and fuses with the intermediate bar, the upper
part becomes fenestrated so that the septum becomes deficient in its upper part. This deficiency
is called the foramen secundum. Since in the embryo and fetus the lungs are not functional, it is
important that an aperture be maintained between the right and left sides of the atrium so that
oxygenated, placental blood reaches the left side of the heart.
Simultaneously with the fenestration of septum primum, a second septum (septum secundum)
appearing on the right side of the first septum, grows from the roof of the atrium towards the
intermediate bar. Septum secundum also has a crescentic lower edge which is directed somewhat
dorsally. When this septum reaches and fuses with the intermediate bar there is a crescentic
deficiency at its dorsal edge and, coupled with the bulging dorsal wall of the right atrtum, the
opening is oval in shape and is called the foramen ovale. The double septum arrangement
produces an incomplete separation of the original embryonic atrium into two smaller right and Ieft
atria. This arrangement allows blood from the right side to reach the left side by passing under the
crescentic edge of the septum secundum (foramen ovale) and through the aperture in the septum
primum (foramen secundum). During embryonic and fetal life, the septum primum acts as a
valvular flap, preventing reflux of blood from the left atrium into the right atrium via the foramen
ovale.
At birth, when the lungs become functional and the pressure in the lefl atrium rises because of the
venous inflow from the lungs as a result of aeration, the septum primum is forced against septum
secundum, obliterating the 'right-to-left shunt'. The two septa normally fuse to form a definitive
interatrial septum, thus effectively preventing the admixture of deoxygenated (from the body) and
oxygenated blood (from the lungs). (8 marks). 1 mark for an abnormality.
2. Utilising a description of the normal development of the pancreas, explain how the
pancreas and the bile duct open into the Ieft side of the duodenum in the adult. (6 marks)
The pancreas arises from two diverticula which originate from the caudal part of the foregut close
to the origin of the hepatic diverticulum. The first or dorsal diverticulum arises at approximately the
same time as the hepatic diverticulum (4'h week pf) and slightly cranial to it but from the dorsal
aspect of the duodenal tube. This diverticulum is known as the dorsal pancreatic bud. It grows
into the dorsal mesentery. The second diverticulum originates slightly later than the dorsal
pancreatic bud and from the ventral surface of the duodenum, just caudal to the hepatic
diverticulum and is known as the ventral pancreatic bud. As the hepatic diverticulum elongates,
the ventral pancreatic bud is pulled away from the duodenum and appears to come directly off the
bile duct. The ventral pancreatic bud now begins to migrate around the right side of the duodenum
and as it does so, it pulls the bile duct around with it. The ventral pancreatic bud (and the bile duct)

l
lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ar
now come to lie on the dorsal sutface of the duodenum, a short distance below the position of the
dorsal pancreatic bud, and between the layers of the dorsal mesentery of the duodenum
(mesoduodenum). Thus, the ventral pancreatic bud and bile duct have migrated through 180P
from ventral to dorsal. The ventral and dorsal buds now fuse. At this time, the stomach has begun
its rotation through 90o (along its longitudinal axis) and, as a result, the duodenum 'flops' over to
the right. Thus, the pancreatic buds and the bile duct now come to open on to the lefl side of the
duodenum
3. a. List the layers starting with the mucosa, that constitute the histological pattern of the GIT
using the duodenum as an example. (2 1/2) marks)
b. Describe the cells found in the epithelium (not transient cells) and give the main function
of each. (7 1/2)
(Total: 10 Marks)
o Mucosa
o Lamina propria (3A)
o Muscularis mucosa ('A)
Submucosa ('A)
Muscularis extema ('A)
Aventitia/ Serosa (1/2)
Enterocytes, columnar cells with apical microvilli (1); absorption of nutrients (1/2)
Goblet cells, uni-cellular mucous secreting glands (1) mucous - protection of the epithelium(1/2)
Paneth cells; columnar cells at the base of the glands with zymogen granules (1) secrete
enzymes that digest harmful bacteria (1/2)
Enteroendocrine cells (1 ) secretion of hormones needed for digestion (1/2)
M (microfold cells) modified enterocytes (1 ) antigen transporting cells (1/2)
4. Relate the role of a multipolar neuron as a protein-producing cell with the histological
structure and staining of its cell body including the nucleus. (5 marks)
Large euchromatic nucleus ('A)
o Pale (little) staining (%)
o Chromatin is stretched out so DNA can be read and transcribed (3A)
Prominent nucleolus (3A)
o Stains basophilically (%)
o Surrounds transcriptionally active rRNA genes ('A)
Large amounts of RER and free ribosomes (Nissl bodies) (3A)
o Basophilic staining (3A)
o Involved in protein synthesis ("A)
Perinuclear cytoplasm with large Golgi apparatus (!A)
o No staining ('A)
o Functions in
posttranslational modification, sorting and
(,-=-':. "ffl'
basal
UU?, packaging of proteins (3A)
Numerous mitochondria ('A)
'.m?
o GenerationofATP(3A)
s. Describe the histology of the
"'@7)€ inter-alveolar septum, linking structure

with function. Use a labelled diagram
?
=M=='l
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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
to support your answer. (5 marks)
Pneumocyte type / is squamous cell with flattened nuclei (3A). They are included in blood
air exchange of oxygen and carbon-dioxide as the main component of blood air barrier ()A)
Pneumocyte type // cells are cuboidal to round cells, which occupy grooves in the
alveolar wall or bulge into the alveolar lumen ('A). They secretory cells which contain small
membrane-bound bodies called lamellar bodies containing surfactant, a phospholipid
wetting agent, which upon release from the cell spreads along the alveolar epithelium
thereby reducing surface tension and preventing collapse of the alveoli (3A).
Connective tissue cells and collagen and elastic fibers function in recovery from the
expansjon required during jnspiratjon ('A). Thej also surround 8nd protect (3A) the
smallest blood vessels-capillaries (%), have the main role in the exchange of oxygen for
carbon dioxide and vice versa (%).
Dust cells or alveolar macrophages are mobile cells which may occur anywhere in the
lung but are also part of the interalveolar septum (!A). The function of these cells is
phagocytosis of foreign particles and dust (%).
6. Draw a detailed diagram showing the ultrastructure (Transmission electron micrograph)

of a filtration barrier of a kidney nephron. In addition, with the aid of an arrow, show the
direction of flow of the filtrate. (5 marks)
r urinary space 1
r Pedicel ]
Filtration slit ]
' ! '*"=:' a5"a'5 ' jJ

'i%a '
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i-'
i::"al?.i+?-;','§:'?.'J':)'.', %T?';.',,:'l?,'.":;:'.
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(aillAFlY LUMEN
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?uld add : podoc5rte cell/nucleus (1/2); negative charge (1/2,
(%) for each Iabel provided.

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
('A) for the direction of flow

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2010
Paper l: MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 30 MARKS
SHORT ESSAY QUESTIONS 60 MARKS
1. A fracture of the humerus:
a. at the surgical neck may result in damage to the median nerve. F
b. in the region of the radial groove may result in injury to the radial nerve. T
c. at the distal end may result in damage to the axillary nerve. F
d. at the medial epicondyle may injure the ulnar nerve. T
e. at the proximal end may injure the upper subscapular nerve. F
2. The following may occur at the plane of the sternal angle

a. bifurcation of the trachea. T
b. bifurcation of the pulmonary tmnk into pulmonary veins. F
C. location of the cardiac plexus. T

d. opening of the azygos vein into the superior vena cava. T
e. thoracic duct passes from the right to the left of the oesophagus, T
3. The facial nerves
a. Have a parasympathetic component. T

b. Emerge from the anterior surface of the midbrain. F
C. Pass through the lateral walls of the cavernous sinuses. F

d. Convey sensation from the skin of the face. F
e. Leave the cranial cavity through the internal acoustic (auditory) meatuses. T
4. The temporomandibular joint
a. Is a modified hinge type of synovial joint T
b. Has the sphenomandibular ligament that provides passive support for the mandible.T
c. Has the lateral pterygoid muscle that retracts the mandible. F
d. Has the temporalis muscle allows for elevation of the mandible. T
e. Has the medial pterygoid muscle as the main muscle that allows for biting. F
s. Components of the pelvic inlet include the
a. Pubic crest T
b. Pectineal line T
c. Arcuate line T
d. Ischial tuberosities F
e. Promontory of the sacrum T

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
6. The prostate
a. is comprised of only glandular tissue. F

b. is supplied by the inferior vesical arteries. T
C. consists of four lobes. F
d. surrounds the prostatic urethra T
e. receives the ejaculatory ducts. T
7. The sciatic nerve:
a. emerges from the pelvis through the greater lesser sciatic foramen. T
b. lies on the quadratus femoris, superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus
andadductormagnus T
C. terminates by dividing into superficial and deep fibular nerves F
d. may be damaged in dislocation of the hip, ' T
e. passes through the midpoint between the posterior superior iliac spine and the ischial
tuberosity. F
8. Concerning the structures in the foot:
a. The dense superficial fascia is loosely bound to the deep fascia of the sole. F
b. The synovial sheath of peroneus longus lies deep in the sole of the foot T
C. Flexor digitorurn brevis and Flexor hallucis brevis are in the same layer F
d. Plantar aponeurosis is attached to the medial process of the calcaneal tuber T
e. Lumbricals of the foot arise from the tendon of the Flexor digitorum brevis F
9. The ear:
a. The cavity of the middle ear lies between the external ear and the inner ear T
b. The external acoustic meatus is a straight canal F
c. The three auditory ossicles are contained in the inner ear F
d. The membranous labyrinth lies in the bony labyrinth T
e. The cochlear duct does not contain the organ of Corti F
10. The meninges
a. Is made up of dura mater, archnoid mater and pia mater T

b. Leptomeninges refers to the dura and arachnoid mater only. F
C. Surrounds only the brain, F
d. Subarachnoid space lies between arachnoid and pia mater. T
e. Cerebrospinal fluid is found in the subdural space F

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
A-TYPE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 2 MARKS EACH
Instruction: Choose the most correct answer
MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
1. Appendicitis refers to an inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Classically this

condition starts as a para-umbilical pain which then moves to the region of
McBurney's point in the right iliac fossa owing to parietal peritoneal irritation. What
is the commotxest location of the vermiform appendix?
A. Subcaecal (pelvic)
B. Retro-caecal
C. Retro-ileal
D. Pre-ileal
E, Retro-colic
Answer B
2. The attending physician asks you to auscultate the aortic valve, a patient who is now
being examined in the ward. Where will you place your stethoscope to best evaluate
the valve?
A. Left 5th intercostal space, just below the nipple

B. Right lower part of the body of the sternum
C. Right 2nd intercostal space, near the lateral border of the sternum
D. Directly over the middle of the manubriurn
E. Left 2nd intercostal space, near the lateral border of the sternum
Answer C
3. Philip, a 27-year-old male, had suffered a machete injury to the side of his leg from a
fellow worker. He was admitted to the Trauma Unit with severe bleeding. MRI
examination reveals that the machete cut partially through the nerve that passes
around the neck of the fibula. Which of the following muscles are expected to be
paralysed?
A. Tibialis anterior
B. Peroneus (fibularis) tertius
C. Peroneus (fibularis) brevis
D. Tibialis anterior and peroneus (fibularis) tertius
E. Tibialis anterior and peroneus (fibularis) brevis
Answer E

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
R-TYPE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1 MARK EACH
Use the options A - H to answer the following question l- 4

A - Internal carotid artery
B - Corticospinal tract
C - Internal capsule
D - Inferior colliculus of the midbrain
E - Corpus callosum
F - Basilar artery
G - Anterior cerebral artery
H - Superior colliculus of the midbrain
1. This structure is associated with function of hearing (D)
2. This vessel supplies the cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum (F)
3. This structure is contained in the internal capsule (B)
4. Which structure represents the level where the occulomotor nerve nucleus is located
(H)

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
1. With the aid of a well labelled diagram, show the different components and
branches of the brachial plexus. (6 marks)
CORDS DMSIONS
'dorsisil s?pul6r n@irv6'

'(='-(UNKSI ROOTS
/
:C5
rwve
rwarste to
C7
'?;*wed peicicini) heryes 'S., ?ong.thorj?

nlli?
61
r?xl0?
axfflary.
medial pectoral
n*rve
%. I
upper subscapular nerve
klioracodors@'rstve
r)arVe Iofver subscapular netve

r?!an- medml culaneous nervh of
=..? ? kssr' hsei 6rm
"' iiiedlal ajlsneous rs*rve of'the 16iearm
['rA mark for any 12 correct labels?
2. Use a table to list the tributaries of the corollary sinus of the heart and their
areas of drainage. (6 marks)
Tributary Area of drainage
Great cardiac vein'A Anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum 'A and adjacent right
ventricle and left ventricle 'A , left ventricle at left heart border
(oblique border) and left atrium'A
Middle cardiac vein'A Posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum 'A and adjacent parts of
right ventricle and left ventricle 54
Small cardiac vein'A Right atrium and right ventricle at right heart border 'A
Oblique vein of the left Posterior part of the left atrium 'rA
atrium 'A
Posterior vein of left Posterior part of left ventride 'A

ventricle 'A
Any 12 correct answers

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
3. Using the table format below, describe the innervation of the tongue. (6 marks)
General Sensation
Taste (special Motor
Tongue Region
sensation)
Taste (special Motor

Tongue Region General Sensation
sensation)
Anterior two-thirds Chorda tympani Hypoglossal n. (XII)
Lingual n. (V) ('A)
('A) (VII) ('A) to extrinsic(%) and
Posterior one-third Glossopharyngeal n. Glossopharyngeal n. intrinsic(%) muscles
('A) (IX) ('A) (IX) ('A) except palatoglossus
Epiglottic region of Superior laryngeal n. Superior laryngeal n. (pharyngeal plexus)
tongue (!A) (X) ('A) (X) ('A) ('A)
4. Describe the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from its production to
absorption. (6marks)
'A mark per point

CSF is secreted (produced) by the choroid plexuses('A) in the lateral, third, and fourth
ventricles.
CSF Ieaves the lateral ventricles ('A) through the interventricular foramina('A) and
enters the third ventricle. ('A)
From there CSF passes through the cerebral aqueduct('A) into the fourth ventricle('A)
It leaves this ventricle through its median and lateral apertures('A) and enters the
subarachnoid space, ('A) which is continuous around the spinal cord and brain.
The arachnoid forms various spaces around the brain called cisterns, filled with CSF,
such as the interpeduncular and quadrigeminal cisterns. ('A)
CSF passes into the extensions of the subarachnoid space around the optic nerves ('A)
Absorption of CSF: the main site of CSF absorption is into the venous system through
arachnoid granulations. ('A) which in turn project upward through the dura into the
superior sagittal sinus('A).
s. What is the o? branches and structures supplied by the coeliac trunk

(5 marks)
? Abdominal aorta just below the level of T12 vertebra('jg)

Branches: Left gastric, splenic & common hepatic ('A each = 1'A)
Structures supplied('A for any 6 = 3)

Lower part of oesophagus(abdominal oesophagus)
1 s' ?(superior) part of duodenum
2nd'(descending) part of duodenum up to opening of common bile duct.
Liver & Gall bladder
Spleen
Greater part ofpancreas
[Total = 6 marks?

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
6. Give the locations of portal-systemic anastomoses and indicate the veins that are
involved at each location. (6 marks)
They occur at 4 locations:
at the umbilicus ('rA) between the paraumbilical veins of the portal system ('A) and the
epigastric veins of the systemic system ('A)
at the anal mucosa ('A) between the superior rectal vein of the portal system ('A) and
the middle and inferior rectal veins of the systemic system ('A)
at the oesophageal mucosa ('A) between the left gastric vein of the portal system ('A)
and the oesophogeal veins of the systemic system ('A)
at the colon ('A) between the colic veins of the portal system ('A) and the
retroperitoneal veins of the systemic system ('A)
7. Describe the vascular supply, lymphatic drainage, and nerve supply to the anal
canal. (6 marks)
Supply Above Pectinate Lim Eelow Pectinate Litxe

'Arterial ' Superior rectal artery'A Inferxor rectal arterxes'A
Venous Internalplexus drams to super;or - Internal venous-plexus dram;to mferxor
lumbar nodes 'A

'erve inferior hypogastric (pelvic) From inferior rectal nerves'r4, branches
'A (both sympathetic and of the pudendal nerves (sensitive to pain,
aasympathetic; sensitive to temperature and touch)'A
stretching only) 'A
8. Describe the components, attachments and functions of the levator am muscle

(6 marks)
Components - puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus (1 'A)
Attachments: Anteriorly - ischiopubic ramus ('A)
Posteriorly - Anococcygeal ligament: median fibrous intersection ('A)
Laterally - Tendinous Arch : thickened line offascia over obturator internus muscle (5A)
Functions:
Acting together, the muscles of both sides raise the pelvic floor to increase abdominal
pressure ('A), e.g. during coughing, forced inspiration, sneezing, urinating, defecating, lifting
heavy objects. (1 for any 2 examples)
It supports pelvic contents e. g. viscera (pubovaginalis, levator prostatae) ('A)
It supports head offetus during parturition ('A)
It controls defeacation at the anorectal junction ('A)

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
9. Describe the hip joint under the following headings: i) Type of joint, ii)
Articulation, iii) Ligaments, iv) any 4 factors contributing to stability (7 marks)
Answers:
Type ofJoint: Synovial ball and socket joirtt ('A)
Articulation: the spherical head of the femur ('A) and lunate surface of the acetabulum of
the pelvic bones('A)
Ligaments: Anteriorlythelliofemoral('A)andPubofemoral('A)
Posteriorly the Ischiofemoral ('A)
Others ligaments: transverse acetabular ligament('A) and ligamentum teres
(ligament of head offemur) ('rA)
Factors maintaining stability: ('A each max of 3 marks)

Femoral head is tightly fitted to the acetabulum, Suction or vacuum 4ect
Thick capsule re-enforced by three ligaments; iliofemoral (strongest)
Pubofemoral, ischiofemoral,
other ligaments also contributing to stability are the transverse acetabular ligament
and ligament of head offemur
lOa. Write short notes on the great saphenous vein.

a. Longest in the body, (A) begins at the medial end of the dorsal venous arch of
the foot, (%) passes anterior to the medial malleolus, ascends on the medial
aspect of the tibia, (!/i) lies medial to the knee joint, (!/2) ascends in the femoral
triangle to rich the saphenous opening, ('/i) pierces the deep fascia and end as
tributary to the femoral vein(A), along its course it anastomose with deep vein
through perforating veins( !/!)
lOb. What is the cause of varicosity of this vein
b. Cause of varicosity: Incompetence of the valves that prevent blood flow from
deep veins into the long saphenous veins (1)
lOc. Why is the great sapheneous vein commonly used in corollary arterial bypass.
C. Readily accessible, ('A) useable length ('A) and higher percentage of muscular
& elastic fibres than other superficial veins ('/i)
(Total = 6 marks)

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 FINAL EXAMINATION OCTOBER 2010
Paper 1: MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 30 MARKS
SHORT ESSAY QUESTIONS '-, 60 MARKS
X-TYPE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs) 20 MARKS
1. Concerning the female breast
a. Cancer of the breast may spread

spread to the opposite breast by lymphatics. T
b. It extends from the 2nd to the
the 66'h
th
rib in the-mid-clavicular line.- T
c. Cancer of the male breast never occurs. F
d. Suspensory ligaments suspend the b.reast in young adults. T
e. The nipples lie at the level of the 2nd intercostal space in nulliparous females. F
2. The right ventricle differs from the left ventricle in that the right ventricle:
a. has a thicker wall than the left ventricle. F

b. is a conical chamber. F
c. has three atrioventricular valves. T
d. has a moderator (septomarginal) band. T
e. has an infundibulum leading to the pulmonary artery. T
3, With regard to the tongue
a. Chorda tympani nerve carries taste sensation from the posterior '/i. F
b. Hyoglossus is responsible for elevating the tongue. F
c. The vertical intrinsic muscles of the tongue are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve. T
d. Lymph from the apex of the tongue drain into the submental lymph nodes. T
e. The CN XI and CN X are responsible for the gag reflex. F
4. With regard to the functional areas of the cerebrum:
a. All sensory input (general and special) synapse in the thalamus before relay to the
cerebralcortex. F
b. The primary somatomotor area is located in the precentral gyrus. T
c. The primary visual area is located around the calcarine sulcus (fissure). T
d. The motor speech area is located in the inferior frontal gyrus. T
e. The primary auditory area is located in the pre-frontal cortex. F

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
s. The common bile duct
a. Lies in the free edge of the lesser omentum T

b. Lies anterior to the portal vein T
C. Lies to the right of the hepatic artery T
d. Opens into the horizontal part of the duodenum F
e. Transmits bile from the liver directly into the duodenum F
6. The branches of the internal iliac artery include the:

a. Superior rectal artery. F
b. Superior vesical. T
c. Vaginal artery. T
d. Inferior gluteal. T
e. Internal pudendal. T
7. Injury to the common peroneal nerve
a. Can occur following a fracture of the neck of the fibular T

b. Causes loss of extension of the big toe T
C. Causes a characteristic foot drop T
d. Causes loss of inversion of the foot F
e. Produces loss of sensation of the sole of the foot F
8. Regarding the femoral triangle of the thigh

a. The femoral artery begins at the mid inguinal point behind the inguinal ligament. T
b. The femoral canal has no structure that goes through it. F
c. The femoral sheath encloses the femoral artery, vein, and canal. T
d. The femoral hernia traverses the femoral canal. T
e. The medial border of sartorius forms the medial boundary of the triangle. F
9. With regard to the female external genitalia, the

a. Mons pubis usually bears a lot of hairs in the adult. T
b. Clitoris has similar three erectile tissues as the penis. F
c. Urethra passes through the clitoris. F
d. Greater vestibular gland (of Bartholin) opens on the labia minora. T
e. Vaginal vestibule is the space between the labia minora. T

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
10. With regard to the branches of the abdominal aorta, the

a. Coeliac tmnk is an unpaired visceral branch at the level of Tl2. T
b. Inferior mesenteric artery supplies the foregut. F
c. Renal artery is a paired visceral branch at the level of L 1. T
d. Gonadal artery is a paired parietal branch at the level of L2. F
e. Median sacral artery is an unpaired parietal branch at the level of T 12. F
A-TYPE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 2 MARKS EACH
Instruction: Choose the most correct answer

MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY
1. A 72-year-old man who was a lifetime smoker had been keeping quite well until he
suddenly developed, with no warning, weakness of his right arm and right leg. This lasted
12 hours and then improved spontaneously. On examination in hospital, after 24 hours,
the weakness had gone completely and he was back to normal health. His physicians
thought he may have a 'transient ischaemic attack', caused by temporary blockage to the
flow of blood in the middle cerebral artery. What part of the brain is supplied by the
middle cerebral artery ?
a) Lateral ventricles
b) Cerebellar hemispheres
c) internal capsule and lateral aspects of the cerebral hemispheres
d) medial surface of the cerebrum
e) inferior aspects of the cerebrum Answer : C
2. During the examination of a full-term male infant, you discovered that his right testis did
not descend into the scrotum. One year later the testis remained undescended. The infant
was diagnosed with cryptorchidism and an orchiopexy was performed. ?ich is the most
frequent location of a cryptorchid testis?
a) Pelvic canal
b) Anal canal
c) Obturator canal
d) Inguinal canal
e) Femoral canal Answer: D
3. A 45-year-old woman is admitted to the hospital due to severe acute abdominal pain.
Radiographic examination reveals a perforated stomach ulcer in her abdominal cavity. In
addition to her abdominal pain, she experiences pain over her left shoulder. Which nerve
carries the sensation over her lefl shoulder to the central nervous system?
a) Vagus
b) Least Splanchnic
c) Greater Splanchnic
d) Phrenic
e) Sympathetictrunk AnswerD

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
R-TYPE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1 MARK EACH
B
A
<ffi
l
+V# %
'%
i%jl H- ('l
li-
"!
'-'W
:==J &2? - c
b i?';t "- J
W" E
-J
a
bb'?
>
D
1. The diaphragm is in direct contact with this area (B)

2. This stmcture contains the remnants of the umbilical vein (F)
3. The hepatic flexure of the large intestine is responsible for this impression (D)
4. This structure carries nutrients to the liver (G)

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
la. Use a table to list the rotator cuff muscles, their attachments to the humerus and
theirnervesupply. (6marks)
Supraspinatus 'A Superior facet of greater tubercle of Suprascapular nerve 'A

humerus 'A
Infraspinatus 'A Middle facet of greater tubercle of humerus Suprascapular nerve 'A
%
Teres minor 'A Inferior facet of greater tubercle of Axillary nerve 'A
humerus 'A
Subscapularis 'A Lesser tubercle of humerus'A Upper and lower subscapular

nerves 'A
lb. List the branches of the axillary artery according to its 3 parts. (3 marks)
ls'.part
part ? - Superior thoracic%
.n4
2na part - Lateral thoracic 'A and thoracoacromial 'A arteries
. part
td.??-
3ra part - Subscapular artery, 'A Anterior 'A and posterior 'A circumflex humeral arteries
[Total 9 marks]
2. Describe the anatomy of the trachea under the following headings: vertebral level of
bifurcation, anterior and posterior relations, arterial supply, venous drainage and
nerve supply. (7 marks)
Vertebral level of bifurcation is at T4/5 ('A)

Anterior relations:
(Start of) aortic arch'A; Manubrium sterni'A; Left brachiocephalic vein'A
(start of) brachiocephalic trunk, 'A start of left common carotid, 'A inferior thyroid veins,
'A superior cardiac plexus'r4
Posterior relations: Oesophagus 'A
Arterial supply: Inferior thyroid aa 'A Bronchial aa 'A
Venous drainage: Inferior thyroid venous plexus'A
Nerve su(yly: Vagus n 'A, recurrent laiyngeal n 'A Sympathetic trunks'A

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
3. With the aid of a table, enumerate the ? of each of the extraocular muscles
that move the eyeball (5 marks)
lName of Muscle 4 1
Answer
Name of Muscle Action

Superior Rectus Elevates, adducts, medial rotation [ary 2 = 1]
4erior rectus Depresses, Adducts, Lateral rotation [any 2 =1]
Medial Rectus Adducts [.5]
Lateral Rectus Abducts [.5]
Inferior Oblique Elevates, Abducts (Up & Out)[1]
Superior Obl:que Depress, Abducts (Down & Out) [1]
4. Assign any r.y35, function to ? of the 12 cranial nerves (6 marks)
Cranial nerve Function
I - Olfactory Special sensation of smell from nasal mucosa

II - Optic Special sensation of vision from retina
III - Oculomotor Mgjgy to some extraocular muscles (Superior, inferior, medial recti, inferior
oblique, levator palpebral superioris
Paras m athetic Autonomic to Sphincter pupillae muscle of iris & ciliary
muscle which constricts pupil & accommodates lens
IV - Trochlear Motor to Superior oblique musde
V- Trigeminal - muscles of mastication, periodontal ligaments of teeth, reflex for
control offorce of bite, skin offace, mucous membrane of middle ear,
pharyngotympanic tube, pharynx and larymc.
- muscles of mastication, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatine, mylohyoid,
anterior belly of digastric.
V - Abducens Motor to Lateral rectus
V - Facial Mgjy - muscles offacial expression, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of
digastric.
S ecial sense of Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue
General senso from skin of external acoustic meatus, mucous membrane of
nasopharynx and palate.
Paras m athetic Autonomic to lacrimal, nasal, palatine, submandibular and
sublingual glands.
V - Special sensory from ear: Organ of Corti for hearing and Semicircular canals
Vestibulocochlear for balance and posture.
ff- to 5dylopharyngeus,
Glossopha'ryngeal Para m athetic Autonomic toParotidgland
from carotid body & sinus, pharynx external & middle ear.
S ecial sense of Taste fiom posterior 1/3 of tongue.

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
X - Vagus Mgjg to pharyngeal constrictor musdes, intrinsic muscles of larynx, musdes of

palate.
Para m athetic to smooth mm. of trachea, bronchi, GIT heart
from tongue, pharynx, larynx, thoracoabdominal viscera, auricle,
external auditory meatus, meninges of post cranial fossa.
S ecial sense of taste firom tongue
X - Accessory Motor to sternocleidomastoid & trapezius muscles.
X - Hypoglossal Motor to Intrinsic musdes and Extrinsic musdes (genioglossus, styloglossus,
hyoglossus) of tongue
('A mark for each function. For cranial nerves with multiple functions, any one functiorx will do)
s. Draw a table, set out like the example below, listing the boundaries of the inguinal
canal. (8marks)
Lateral third Middle third Medial third

Anterior wall
Posterior wall
Roof
Floor

Anterior Internal oblique ('A) and External oblique external oblique
wall external oblique aponeurosis ('A) aponeurosis('A)
aponeurosis ('A)
Posterior transversalis fascia (!A) transversalis fascia ('A) transversalis fascia ('A)
wall and the conjoint
tendon('A)
Roof transversalis fascia ('A) arches of internal medial crus of
oblique ('A) external oblique
and transverse aponeurosis (!A)
abdominal ('A)
Floor iliopubic tract ('A) inguinal ligament ('A) inguinal ligament ('A)
(thickened inferior margin and lacunar ligament ('A)
of the transversalis fiscia)

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
6. Describe the ?, surfaces, arterial supply, venous drainage and innervation of the
urinarybladder (6marks)
%: when empl: pyramidal 'A when full: ovoid or spherical'A

%: Superior sudace: covered with parieta7 peritoneum'A Inferolateral surfaces (two) 'A
Arterial supply: Superior veside arteries supply apex and superior part of bladder'A
Inferior vesical arteries supply fundus and neck in males'A
Vaginal arteries (from uterine arteries) replace the inferior vesical arteries in females to
supply fundus and neck. 'A
Obturator arteries (from internal iliac artery) provide arterial twigs'A
Venous drainage: Vesical venous plexus drains to internal iliac plexus via inferior vesical veins
'A Communicates with prostatic venous plexus in males and uterovaginal venous plexus in
females 'A
Innervation: Sympathetic: from [T11-12, Ll-2], synapse in the inferior hypogastric plexus'A
Parasympathetic: pelvic splanchnic nerves [8 2,3,4]'A
7. Write a note on the arterial supply, venous drainage, lymph drainage and ?
? of the penis (5 marks)
Arteries
corpora cavernosa - deep arteries of the penis %
corpus spongiosum - artery of the bulb 'A
skin - the dorsal artery of the penis'A
Veins
The veins drain into the internal pudendal veins 'A
Lymph Drainage
Slan & subcutaneous tissue !4 - superficial inguinal nodes'A
deep structures of the penis (corpora) 'A are drained into the internal iliac nodes'A
Nerve Supply
The nerve supply is from the pudendal nerve 'A and the inferior hypogastric plexus'A
8a. The piriformis muscle is an important landmark in the gluteal region. List the
structures which pass ? and !!!!2!! this muscle from the pelvic cavity.
(5 marks)
Structures above Piriformis ('A each)
superior gluteal nerve, superior gluteal artery, superior gluteal vein
Structures below Piriformis ('A each)

sciatic nerve, posterior cutamous nerve of the thigh, pudendal nerve, internal pudendal
artery, internal pudendal vein, inferior gluteal nerve, and inferior gluteal vessels

l
lOMoARcPSD|28265101
8b. What are the contents of the popliteal fossa (4 marks)
Tibial nerve, Common fibular nerve, Popliteal artery and vein, popliteal lymph nodes, Fats,
Collapsed bursa sacs,
Structures tri the roof: Small saphenous vein, Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
[Total 9 marks]
9a. Draw and label a diagram showing the distribution of cutaneous innervation
(dermatomes) on the plantar surface of the foot (2.5 marks)
9b. List the four (4) extrinsic muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg with their
nervesupply (2.5marks)
[Total mark = 5]
Model answers
Dermatomes ofplantar sudace offoot ['A per 4 labels?
,J
41
t<,Lb
twtr
.kk? ?
mW
? @u=bu.
ffl
Sa?m*
1 r
haarws-!A
+" l J
M*mm&?
bM ?ti ;0 ? ;r*'s
5?aa d?tloai
Anterior group of extrinsic muscles that insert on the foot

Tibialis anterior'A - }
Extensor digitorum longus'/.. } Deep peroneal ]'yTmie'A
Extensor hallucis longus'A }
Fibularis (peroneus) tertius 'i'= }

l
lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 OCTOBER 2012 END OF YEAR EXAMINATION
END OF YEAR EXAM?NATION OCTOBER 2012
TOTAL TIME: 3 hrs TOTAL MARKS: 150
Instructions:

3. SECTION A : MCQ's 50 MARKS

i) Write your name, the degree for which you are registered, your student number, and
anatomy test number on the ?Faculty of Health Sciences? side of the computer sheet.
ii) On the ?circles" side of the computer sheet in the block headed ?student number"
write your student number. Fill in the circles with a soft HB pencil.
iii) There are five (5) options each must be marked as either CORRECT or
INCORRECT. For each question at least one of the options will be correct and one
incorrect. You need to have an answer for each of the five (5) statements.
iv) DO NOT use CORRECTION FLUID on your MCQ sheet. You may use an eraser
with care.
v) DO NOT fold or bend the computer card.
vi) The computer sheet MUST be filled in during the examination time. NO TIME
WILL BE ALLO WED after the end of the examination for filling in the sheet.
4 SECTION B : WRITTEN ANSWER QUESTIONS : 100 MARKS
1. Answer all Gross Anatomy questions No l-3 in the ?, No 4-"] in thej?

books and all Histology and Embryology questions in the YELLOW book.
11. Relevant and correctly labelled diagrams may be used to enhance your answers.
Page 1 of 17

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS TOTAL: 50 MARKS
Questions 1-25 below are X-type MCQs (2 marks each)
1. Blood vessels of the forearm and hand:

a. Radial and ulnar arteries are contents of the cubital fossa
b. Common interosseous artery is a branch of the ulnar artery
c. Radial and ulnar recurrent arteries continue as collateral arteries
d. Median cubital vein connects radial and ulnar veins
e. The dorsal venous network of the hand empties into deep veins of forearm
tuFF
2. Nerve supply to the hand:

a. Median nerve innervates most of the skin of the palm of the hand
b. Median nerve supplies adductor pollicis muscle
c. Radial nerve does not supply any intrinsic hand muscle
d. Supeficial branch of ulnar nerve supplies the lumbrical muscles
e. Deep branch of ulnar nerve supplies the thenar muscles
TFTFF
3. Concerning the right ventricle of the heart:

a. The inflow part of the chamber has a smooth wall
b. The papillary muscles contract at the same time as the ventricular walls
forcing the cusps of the tricuspid valve closed
c. It contains a septomarginal trabecula that connects the anterior papillary
muscle to the interventricular septum
d. Ventricular contraction may be termed systolic.
e. It occupies the largest part of the anterior surface of the heart
FFm
4. Concerning the right lung:

a. The impression for the oesophagus lies posterior to the pulmonary ligament
b. It has a Iingula on its anterior border
c. It has an inferior surface that is more concave than the leff Iung
d. It has a shorter, wider and more vertical main bronchus
e. The horizontal fissure runs along the 5'h intercostal space.
TFnF
Page 2 of 17

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
s. With regard to the orbit:

a. Superior orbital fissure provides communication between the orbit and
posterior cranial fossa.
b. The inferior division of the oculomotor nerve provides preganglionic general
visceral efferent fibers to the ciliary ganglion.
c. The frontal bone forms the roof.
d. The inferior oblique muscle receives innervation from the trochlear nerve.
e. The levator palpebral superioris raises the upper eyelid.
FTTFT
6. With regard to the neck:

a. The retropharyngeal space is located between the prevertebral fascia and the
alar layer of prevertebral fascia.
b. The inferior limit of the pretracheal fascia is at the posterior mediastinum.
c. The axillary sheath is continuous with the prevertebral fascia.
d. The phrenic nerve is located within the prevertebral fascia
e. The suprascapular nerve passes through the middle scalene muscle
FmF
7. With regard to the lentiform nucleus:

a. It is separated from the thalamus by the posterior limb of the internal capsule.
b. The lateral part consists of the globus pallidus.
c. It is one of the nuclei involved in control of posture and movement.
d. It is part of the Iimbic system.
e. It has a head, body and tail.
TFTFF
8. With regard to the dura mater and dural folds:

a. The falx cerebri occupies the clefts between the cerebellar hemispheres.
b. The inferior sagittal sinus is Iocated at the attachment of the falx cerebri to the
tentorium cerebelli.
c. The falx cerebri attaches anteriorly to the crista galli.
d. The dura mater has no sensory nerve supply.
e. The potential space between the dura mater and the endosteum of the skull is
called the epidural space.
FFTFT
9. Regarding the peritoneal cavity.

a. It is a space containing all intra-abdominal organs
b. Can be subdivided into a greater and Iesser sac
c. Parts of the duodenum, the pancreas, ascending colon, descending colon and
rectum are all considered secondarily retroperitoneal
d. The 4'h part of the duodenum is considered intraperitoneal
e. lnnervation of the peritoneum is via the phrenic nerve
Page 3 of 17

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
FTTFF
lO.About the portal venous system:

a. The portal vein is formed by the union of the splenic and inferior mesenteric
veins
b. The cystic vein drains into the right portal vein

c. An anastomoses is formed between the superior and middle rectal veins of
the portal system, and the inferior rectal veins of the systemic venous system
d. Venous drainage of the descending colon is primarily through the left colic
and inferior mesenteric veins
e. Portal hypertension can result in dilation of pert-umbilical veins, forming what
is called caput medusa
FTFTT
1 1.Concerning the ovaries

a. They are Iocated above the pelvic inlet
b. Suspensory Iigament attaches them to the posterior layer of the broad
ligament
c. The left ovarian vein drains directly into the inferior vena cava
d. The obturator nerve Iies superior to them in the ovarian fossa
e. Can be sites for ectopic pregnancies
FFFFT
12.Regarding the male internal genitalia

a. The membranous urethra is most dilatable
b. Ejaculatory ducts open into the prostatic utricle
c. The ductus deferens receives arterial blood from the testicular artery
d. The middle lobe of the prostate gland lies below the ejaculatory ducts and
behind the urethra
e. Bulbo urethral glands open into the spongy urethra
FTFFT
13.With regards to the hip joint:

a. It is a cartilaginous joint.
b. The synovial membrane covers the articulating surfaces of the bones.
c. The pubofemoral Iigament prevents over-abduction.
d. The ischiofemoral ligament is the weakest Iigament.
e. It receives blood supply via the genicular anastomoses.
FFTTF
14.With regards to the Iateral compartment of the lower leg:

a. It consists of fibularis longus, fibularis brevis, fibularis tertius
b. The muscles are innervated by the deep fibular nerve
c. The muscles work together to mainly evert the foot
Page 4 of 17

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 OCTOBER 2012 END OF YEAR EXAMINAT?ON
d. The muscles can also act to dorsiflex the foot

e. The artery that course through this compartment is the anterior tibial artery
FFTFF
15.With regards to the foot:

a. The medial compartment contains abductor halluces, flexor halluces brevis
and flexor digiti minimi brevis
b. The forth layer of muscles of the sole of the foot are innervated by the lateral
plantar nerve
c. The dosral interossei muscles adduct the digits
d. The dorsalis pedis artery unite with the lateral plantar artery to form the deep
plantar arch
e. The medial plantar nerve is found in the central compartment of the sole of
the foot
FTFTF
l6.Osteoclasts:
a. Are bone cells which produce osteoid
b. Are multinucleated cells
c. Function in bone resorption
d. Are found within Iacunae
e. Have Iong cytoplasmic processes
FmF
17.With regard to the placenta:

a. The foetal portion is formed by the chorion
b. The maternal portion is formed by the decidua
c. "Primary chorionic villi" are formed by cytotrophoblast
d. It has kupffer cells
e. Secondary villi have an outer Iayer of syncytiotrophoblast
TnFT
18. Fibrocartilage:
- ---'(l-
a. Has a perichondrium
b. Is found in the menisci of joints
c. Has osteocytes housed in lacunae
d. Has abundant ground substance
e. Resists compression
FTFFT
19.With regard to a peripheral nerve:

a. All axons are myelinated
b. Nodes of Ranvier are unmyelinated
c. The endoneurium is composed of a Ioose connective tissue
Page s of 17

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
d. The epineurium surrounds a nerve fascicle

e. Schwann cells are responsible for myelination
FTTFT
20.With regard to the mucosa of the colon:

a. Hasvilli
b. It contains 'simple tubular glands'
c. It contain an abundance of lymphocytes
d. It has tenia colt
e. It contains Peyer's patches
FTTFF
21.White pulp of spleen exhibits the following histological characteristics:

a. A periarteriolar Iymphatic sheath
b. Hassall's corpuscles
c. Medullary sinuses
d. Central artery/arteriole
e. Subcapsular sinus
TFFTF
22.With regard to the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney:

a. It is part of the "ascending limb of the Ioop of Henle"
l
b. It is found in the pars convoluta
c. Cells have a brush border
d. Mitochondria are situated in the apical region of cells
e. Cells have basal striations
FTFFT
23. Eosinophils
a. have a vesicular nucleus
b. have a Barr body
c. are derived from T Iymphocytes
d. have Iarge cytoplasmic granules
e. release histamine
FFFTT
24.The bulbus cordis forms the following structures in the ventricles

a. conus arteriosus
b. corollary sinus
c. Sinuatrial (SA) node
d. Opening of the superior vena cava
e. Aortic vestibule
TFFFT
Page 6 of 17

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 OCTOBER2012 END OF YEAR EXAMINATION
25.The following structures/organs are the derivatives of the foregut

a. the distal duodenum
b. the esophagus
c. the caecum
d. the ascending colon
e. the stomach
FTFFT
Page 7 of 17

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
SECTION B: SHORT ESSAY QUESTIONS 100 MARKS
UPPER LIMB
Question 1
Describe the factors that stabilize the shoulder joint. (5 marks)
Answer
Glenoid labrum - increases the concavity of glenoid cavity (1)
Coracoacromial arch; coracoid process, coracoacromial Iigament & acromion which
prevent upward dislocation (1)
Tendon of long head of biceps for additional superior support. Long head of triceps
for inferior support during abduction [full 1 mark for any correct one?
Rotator cuff (SITS) muscles that provide strong lateral stability, stabilizes head of
humerus in glenoid cavity & prevent dislocation (1)
Ligament of the joint (1)
THORAX
Question 2
The trachea bifurcates at the transverse thoracic plane into a single right and
Ieft main bronchus. Describe the progression of the tracheobronchial tree
from this point to its termination as the pulmonary alveolus. Where applicable
give the number of structures involved. (5 marks)
Answer
3Lobar bronchi (secondary bmnchi) on the right and 2 on the leff (1).
Several segmental bronchi (tertiary bronchi) (3A). '
20-25 generations of branches ending in terminal bronchioles (1).
Several generations of respiratory bronchioles (%).
2-11 alveolar ducts (1).
s-6 alveolar sacs (1).
Page 8 of 17

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
HEAD AND NECK
Question 3
A. Define the pterion. Specify the relationships and the importance of the
pterion. (5marks)
Answer
The pterion is a unique site on the skull where four major bones come together ('A).
Those bones and their relationships are: the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
antMorl!j (3A), the frontal bone anteriorl)/ (3A) and superjorl)/ ('A), the parjetal bone
posferjorl!j ('A) and superjo% ('A), and fhe fempora( bone posfenorl[ ('A) and lnfeWorl[
(3A). This area is clinically important as it is more suscepbble to trauma owing to its
relative thinness (%). It also happens to have an important relationship with the
middle meningeal artery after it has coursed into the cranial vault (3A). A blow to the
pterion can often result in damage to this artery as it lies behind it (3A). This often
results in an epidural hematoma and if Ieft untreated can result in death ('A).
B. Draw a diagram (transverse section) indicating the topographical

relations of the parotid gland (5 marks)
Answer
(3A for each label)
superior constrk!or of pharynx vagus nerve

%=.1
carotid sJmlh kl gnternal carot<i grtery
'Sa
k?-
internaj ju@ular vein la. slytoglossus

:A
r-IA-
glossopharyngeal nerve aurieuloternporal nerve

!
?"l,; %h
asessory nerve ::, '0%l-? >>i'7 faselal apsule

hypog!ossal nerw ? fibrous eapsuka
styk?ryngeus slyk>rnandibutar Iigament
,'f%4
stylokj pro? div!smn of exteriml
4ohyoid - ? 'W
?.' r ' !l aa mrotid artery
?
poster!or auricutar artery l
? rnedial pierygoki
poatsmor beliy ai<l'..#
' .;
J ::*? ,g';; ff forrnaUon
N? .. ttsrmaNtsrsof
ts{
of &gasl:tnc ko?" ?o "' ?'a';a'a4a" ?- '- --s'twx:=r:.7 retrorriandibular yin
7 '7 t&muf> of n!andfbm

mastoid process
5@.aa @.?
skin frnaaseter
?. , : ..'. ..., ,a ', ',' o..: . ' l:, :,.., ?l :
facial nerw' ri ?aa'?' ? !T?'- doep part of parotd gband
sternociekjornastokl
'C:r'a
??.-'
pamtld Iymph nodes 7 'l
superficial part of parotid gland
great aurmlar nerve
B
Page 9 of 17

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
NEUROANATOMY
Question 4
A. Describe the anatomy of the central (main) part of the lateral ventricle.
(5 marks)
Answer
Extends from interventricular foramen to splenium of corpus callosum.'
Medial wall' consists of septum pellucidum' with the body of the fomix lying
inferior to it.'
The roof' is formed by the body of the corpus callosum."
The roof and the floor meet laterally.'2
The floor' consists of the following structures (from medial to lateral):
Choroid plexus (with choroidal vein)'2
(Superior surface of) the thalamus'2
Thalamostriate vein"
Stria terminalis'2
Body of the caudate nucleus'
(Also acceptable: body of fornix is the most medial structure of the floor)
B. Tabulate the white fibres of the cerebrum and give an example of each.
(3 marks)
Answer
White fibres Example
Commisural fibres O. 5 Corpus callosum, fornix, anterior and posterior
commisure, habenular commisure O. 5
Association fibres O.5 Short and long association fibres
Uncinate fasciculus, superior and inferior
fasciculus, Fronto-occipital fasciculus
0.5
Pmjection Fibres O.5 Internal capsule, optic radiation, 0.5
C. Draw an annotated cross section to show the formation of a spinal

nerVe. (2 marks)
Dorsal horrv !!Vhite matter
% )or,sal,root of Centralcanal -Dorsalroot

spinal nerve l . %
; ganglion
% Spinal netve
Lateral horn
Page 10 of 17
Gntms1 Ventral horn

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
OCTOBER 2012 END OF YEAR EXAMINATION

ANAT 2020
ABDOMEN
,Question s
A. Describe the boundaries of the deep inguinal ring. (4 marks)
Answer
Posterior wall (3A) - transversalis fascia ('A)

Anterior wall ('A) - internal oblique (!A) & Iateral crus of external oblique (!A)
r-
Roof (3A) - transversalis fascia (3A)

Floor (!A) - iliopubic tract (!A)
B. Describe the lymphatic drainage of the large intestine, (6 marks)
Answer
The caecum & appendix drains into the appendicular (3A) & ileocolic lymph nodes
('A) then into the superior mesenteric Iymph nodes ('A).
The ascending colon drains into epicolic & paracolic lymph nodes (!A), then the right
colic lymph nodes (!A) and again the superior mesenteric lymph nodes (!A).
The transverse colon drains into epicolic & pamcolic lymph nodes ('A), the middle
colic lymph nodes (3A) and also the superior mesenteric lymph nodes ('A).
The descending & sigmoid colons drain into epicolic & paracolic lymph nodes ('A) to
the leff colic lymph nodes (3A) and then the inferior mesenteric lymph nodes ('A)
PELVIS AND PERINEUM
Question 6
A. Describe the anatomy of the anal sphincters and give their nerve supply
(5 marks)
Answer
internal anal sphincter (%)

made of circular layer of the smooth muscle of the large intestine, (3A)
Upper % of the anal canal (%)
Involuntary ( circular smooth muscle) (%)
Paras)/mpafheflc sflmulaflon (relaxaflon) (3A) and S)/mpathetlc (conlractjon) (%)
Page 11 of 17

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
External anal sphincter (3A)

Surround the lower end of the anal canal in the perineum (3A)
Three parts:
1. Subcutaneous = no bony attachment (3A)
2. Superficial part= tip of coccyx to perineal body (3A)
3. Deep part = fuse with puborectalis, Superficial Transverse Perineal muscle; arise
from perineal body ('A)
Nerve: Perineal branch of 84, inferior rectal nerves (1)
B. Describe the boundaries and contents of the deep perineal pouch in

males (You may use a sketch diagram to explain your answer) (5 marks)
Answer
boundanes: Enclosed by supenor ('A) and inferior fascia (perineal membrane) of the
urogenital diaphragm (3A)
contents:
Membranous urethra (3A)
External sphincter urethrae ('A)
Bulbourethral glands (!A)
Deep transverse perineal muscles ('A)
Perineal branches of pudendal nerve (%)
Dorsal nerve of the penis ('A)
Penneal branches of Infernal pudendal arfenes (3A) and Velns (3A)
LOWER LIMB
Question 7
A. Briefly describe the borders and contents of the adductor canal.

(4 marks)
Answer
Borders of the adductor canal

Anteriorly - Vastus medialis ('A)
Posteriorly - Adductor longus and Adductor magnus (!A)
Medially (Roof) - Sartorius ("A)
Laterally - Vastus medialis ('A)
The contents of the adductor canal
Page 12 of 17

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 OCTOBER 2012 END OF YEAR EXAMINAT?ON
Femoral artery (3/?)

Femoral vein ('A)
Saphenous nerve (%)
Nerve to vastus medialis ('A)
B. A patient suffered severe damage to the common fibular nerve. Name

the muscles and the movements affected. (5 marks)
Answer
Muscles
Tibialis anterior ('A)
Extensor hallucis longus ('A)
Extensor digitorum longus ('A)
Fibularis tertius (%)
Fibularis longus (!A)
Fibularis brevis ('A)
Extensor digitomm brevis (%)
Extensor hallucis brevis ('A)
Movements
Inability to extend/dorsiflex foot/ankle (!A)
Inability to evert foot (%)
C. Name (from anterior to posterior) the muscle tendons found in the tarsal
tunnel. (lmark)
Answer
Tendon of tibialis posterior (%)

Tendon of flexor digitorum longus ('A)
Tendon of flexor hallucis longus ('A)
Page 13 of ?17

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
aANAT 2020 OCTOBER 2012 END OF YEAR EXAMINATION
HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 40 MARKS
Questjon 1
a. In thick skin identify the different stages of the cell progression of the
keratinocytes and give the histological structure of each.
(5 marks)
b. Identify the other three cell types and either give a main function for
each or state the embryonic origin of each.
(3 marks)
The five Iayers of cells are :
A single layer of cuboidal cells at the base of the epidermis, the stratum basale
(1/2), cell division occurs here (1/2).
Quite a few Iayers of polygonal cells the stratum spinosum or prickle cell layer
(1/2) with processes extending from cell to cell - held together by desmosomes
(1/2) forming the bulk of the tissue.
The stratum granulosum; 1-3 cells thick, flattened where the cells contain kerato
hyalin basophilic granules (1)
The stratum lucidum - flattened eosinophilic cells that are refractile (1/2)
Thick stratum corneum on the uppermost suface of the epithelium. The cells are
flattened and contain only keratin filaments, tonofibrils and no nucleus. (1 1/2)
Melanocytes are interspersed among the basal cells. Dendritic cells from neural
crest involved in pigmentation of the skin
Langerhans are found in the stratum spinosum bone marrow derived present
antigens to lymphocytes
Merkel cells also in the basal layer also neural crest derived and mechano receptors
mostly in the finger tips
Question 2
Describe the histological structure and function of the thyroid gland. (8 marks)
The thyroid is an endocrine gland (!'i) that is surrounded by a connective
tissue capsule ('2)
Trabeculae from the capsule partially divide the parenchyma into irregular
Iobes and Iobules (!/i)
Thyroid follicles are the functional unit (!4)
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'ANAT 2020 OCTOBER 2012 END OF YEAR EXAM?NATION
Thyroid follicles are Iined by simple cuboidal or Iow columnar epithelium

(%) (he!gtl? var!es based on ac?!Vi?7 (!/i)) of which 'u1ere are t'!/Vo ?7pes:
o Follicular cells exhibit slight basal basophilia (!/i) and produce
thyroid hormones, T3 and T4 (!4) - influence growth and
development / regulate cell metabolism (%). These hormones are
however stored in the inactive form known as thyroglobulin (%) -
this eosiniophilically stained colloid is contained within the follicle
(!'i)
o Parafollicular cells located at the periphery of the follicular cells
within the basal Iamina (!/i) and secrete calcitonin (%) - suppresses
osteoclast activity / promotes calcium deposition (%)
Interfolllicular connective tissue contain fenestrated capillaries (!/i) and
blind-ended lymphatic capillaries (%)
Question 3
a. Use a well Iabelled diagram to illustrate the histological structure of a

seminiferous tubule.
(5 marks)
Model answer
% mark for each Iabel
l' Spermatogonium (Type Ap)
# % Spermatogonium (Type Ad)
@> Spermatogonium (Type B)
al @)2 *
Primary spermatocyte
* *
*
-d%
(* * @b Early sperrnatid
@ Late sperrnatid
e'l A ?? Sertoli cell
%"'o
- .=-?d=9R
Basement membrane
Myoid cel}3
marks)
Leydig ce}l
.%) 49 Lumen
?
Model Answer
Any six of the below - 1/2 mark each
s
Create 2 separate testicular compartments - Junctions separate the 2
compartments Spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes restricted to basal
compartment and more mature spermatocytes and spermatids to the luminal
compartment
Page 15 of 17

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 OCTOBER 2012 END OF YEAR EXAM?NATION
W
Create the blood-testis barrier - physiologic barrier with respect to tonic, amino
acid, carbohydrate and protein composition - result is different fluid in the S
tubule compared to plasma and testicular lymph.
W
"Nurse Cells"- exchange of metabolic substances and waste between developing
spermatogenic cells and circulatory system
s
Phagocytose residual bodies produced in the last stages of spermiogenesis; also
cells that fail to develop completely.
m
Secretion of androgen binding protein - binds DHT and testosterone and helps to
maintain high testosterone in the Iumen favorable for the differentiating
spermatogenic cells.
w
Antigens specific to sperm and produced by sperm are prevented from reaching
the systemic circulation and the developing spermatogenic cells
m
Secret fluid to facilitate the passage of sperm
w
Endocrine - inhibin - inhibits FSH secretion and GnRH like peptides stimulates
the Leydig cells to produce testosterone
Question 4
Discuss the cyclical changes of the taking place within endometrium during
the normal 28 days cycle. In your answer include the details of the histological
changes and relate these to the follicular formation and hormonal events
happening simultaneously within the ovary
(8 marks)
The menstmation phase (1 rst to the 4th day) distinguishes the beginning of each
menstrual cycle (1/2 mark). When an implantation does not occur, the formation of
the yellow body (corpus luteum) in the ovary lowers the amounts of circulating
oestradiol and progesterone hormones, which Ieads to the sloughing off of the
functional Iayer of the endometrium which causes menstrual bleeding (1/2 mark).
During the proliferative or follicular phase (4th to 14th day) (1/2 mark) the
secretion of oestrogen (1/2 mark) from the growing ovarian follicle (1/2 mark) is
responsible for the proliferation of the endometrium (intensive mitosis in the
glandular epithelium and stroma) (1/2 mark). The uterine epithelium is slowly re-
established. The glands grow longer (1/2 mark) and the spiral arteries wind
themselves Iightly into the stroma (1/2 mark). At the end of the proliferative phase
the oestradiol peak (released by the growing follicles) triggers a positive feedback
mechanism at the Ievel of the pituitary and the ovulation commences 35 to 44 hours
after the initial LH increase (1/2 mark).
Page 16 of 17

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
-ANAT 2020 OCTOBER 2012 END OF YEAR EXAMINATION
During the secretoiy or luteinizing phase (14th to 28th day) (1/2 mark) the
endometrium differentiates itself due to the influence of progesterone (from the
corpus Iuteum) (1/2 mark) and attains its full maturity. The glands and arteries begin
to entwine (1/2 mark). The connective tissue stroma becomes the place of
oedematous changes (decidua) in preparation to accept implanting embryo if
pregnancy occurs (1/2 mark). The time period of the maximal reception ability for
the blastocyst Iies between the 20th and the 23rd day. This phase of the
endometrium Iasts 4 days and is usually termed the "the implantation window" (1/2
mark).lf pregnancy does not happen the secretion of oestrogen and progesterone
decreases and corpus Iuteum degenerates which causes the new menstrual phase
and the beginning of the new cycle (1/2 mark).
Question s
Describe the embryonic development of the midgut loop 8 marks
*
Development of the midgut is characterized by rapid elongation of the gut and
its mesentery, resulting in the formation of the primary intestinal loop. 1.5
marks
*
As a result of the rapid growth and expansion of the liver, the abdominal
cavity becomes too small to contain a// the intestinal Ioopsl mark
*
The Ioops enter the extraembryonic umbilical cord during the sixth week of
development 1 mark
*
The primary intestinal Ioop rotates around an axis formed by the superior
mesenteric artery. 1 mark
*
When viewed from the front, this rotation is counterclockwise and amounts to
270 degrees when it's completed. 1 mark
@
Rotation occurs during herniation (90 degrees) as well as during the return of
the intestinal Ioops into the abdominal cavity (1 80 degrees). 1 mark
*
During the tenth week, hemiated intestinal loops begin to return to the
abdominal cavity. 1 mark
@
The proximal portion of the jejunum is the first part to reenter the abdominal
cavity and comes to lie on the left side. 1 mark
*
The later returning loops come to settle more to the right.0.5 marks
Page 17 of 17

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 SEPTEMBER 2013 TEST 3
HUMAN ANATOMY FOR MBBCH ll, BHSc & BSc (Biomed Eng) (ANAT 2020):
TEST 3 SEPTEMBER 2013
TOTAL TIME: 2 Hours TOTAL MARKS: 100
lnstriictions:
1 . Answer all questions.

3. Relevant and correctly labelled diagrams may be used to enhance your
answers

s. Pencil may be used ONLY for drawings.
SECTION A : MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY 60 MARKS
1. Answer all Morphological Anatomy questions No 1-4 in the ? books and

No s-6 in the WHITE books
il. Begin your answer to a question on a fresh page.
SECTION B: HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 40 MARKS
1. Answer all Histology and Embryology questions in the ? book.

it. Begin your answer to a question on a fresh page.
Page 1 of 9

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
A!NAT 2020 SEPTEMBER 2013 TEST 3
UPPER LIMB
Question 1
a.
Describe the c5? of the median nerve from the cubital fossa to its entry
into the hand at the wrist. (2 marks)
Model Answer
The median nerve enters the cubital fossa medial to the brachial artery. %
It exits between the two heads of pronator teres. %
It descends the forearm between flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus. %
Deep to palmaris Iongus tendon it enters the carpal tunnel. %
b. Name the origin and root value of the median nerve? (1 mark)
Model Answer
Lateral cord of the brachial plexus (C6-C7) and Medial cord of the brachial plexus
(CB-T1). %
Root value (C6-C8 & T 1) %
C.
Describe the ? of injury to the median nerve at the cubital fossa.
(2 Marks)
Model Answer
Motor effects
*
The pronator muscles of the forearm and the long flexor muscles of the wrist
and fingers, with the exception of the flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of
the flexor digitorum profundus, will be paralyzed.
*
As a result, the forearm is kept in the supine position;
*
wrist flexion is weak and is accompanied by adduction .
*
The latter deviation is caused by the paralysis of the flexor carpi radialis and
the strength of the flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of the flexor
digitorum profundus
*
The muscles of the thenar eminence are paralyzed and wasted so that the
eminence is flattened. The thumb is laterally rotated and adducted %.
Page 2 of 9

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
Sensory Effects
* Skin sensation is lost on the lateral half or less of the palm of the hand and
the palmar aspect of the lateral three and a half fingers.
* Sensory loss also occurs on the skin of the distal part of the dorsal surfaces of
the lateral three and a half fingers.
* The area of total anesthesia is considerably Iess because of the overlap of
adjacent nerves
(8 points giving a maximum of 2 marks)
Page 3 of 9

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
THORAX
Question 2
a. By means of a well annotated diagram draw the hilum of the right lung.
(3 marks)
Model Answer
.-7-1.
r-'
+- Right upper lobe

l bronchus
?lnter Iobar bronchus
-J
Pulmonary veins
Posteri5r ' Anter{or
Pulmonary
Iigament
Right root of lung
% mark for each labelled structure in the root = 3'A (max 3)

% mark for correct arrangement of structures at the hilum
PS: acceptable answers for the bronchus is also: Eparterial and Hyparterial,
(max 3 marks)
b. Explain why most lung abscesses occur in the right lung? (2 marks)
Model Answer
The right main bronchus is wider'A, shorter'A and more vertical !Athan the Ieft
bronchus!A, and aspirated infective agents gain easier access to the right lung
(2marks)
Page 4 of 9

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
HEAD AND NECK
Question 3
a. Write short notes on the structiirps that stabilize the temporomandibular
joint. (5marks)
Model Answer
o Lateral temporomandibular ligament %
i
Lateral thickened parts of articular capsule %
x
Prevent posterior dislocation of joint %
o Sphenomandibular ligament %
i
Primary passive support %
{
Runs from spine of sphenoid to lingula of mandible %
i
Serves as swinging hinge and check Iigament %
o Stylomandibular ligament %
%/
Thickening of the capsule of pamtid gland %
{
Runs from styloid process to angle of mandible %
Award % mark for each of articular disc and capsule of the joint if mentioned.
b. Describe the course and branches of the mandibular division of the

trigeminal nerve. (5 marks)
Model Answer
Course
* sensor5r root lies above motor root & both pass out of the skull through foramen
ovale to enter infratemporal fossa 3/=
*
the 2 roots unite just below the foramen to form a single main trunk
- lies on tensor palatini, deep to lateral pterygoid %
*
the main trunk soon divides into a small ant & Iarge post division %
Branches
1. From Main Trunk
1. meningeal branch 'A
2. n to med pterygoid!A
From Sensory Motor

2. Anterior Trunk / buccal n % 1. masseteric n-!A
Division 2. deep temporal n %
3. n to lat pterygoid %
3. Posterior 7runk / 1. auriculotemporal n inferior alveolar n %
Division %
2. lingual n %
Page s of 9

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
NEUROANATOMY
Question 4
a. Describe the cavernous sinus under the following headings:

i. Nerves that run into the lateral wall of the sinus (2!/i marks)
it. The drainage of the sinus (2% marks)
Model Answer
i. The occulomotor!A, trochlear'A, the ophthalmic!A and maxillary% divisions of
the trigeminal nerve'A run into the lateral wall of the sinus.
it. The sinuses drain posteriorly!A via the superior petrosal sinus3A into
transverse sinus'A and via the inferior petrosal'A sinus into the internal jugular
vein%.
iii. basal plexus draining to extradural space in vertebral canal %
b. Use the table below to answer the questions on the four cranial nerves
with parasympathetic functions. The names and the numbers of the nerves
must correspond.
(6 marks)
Cranial nerve Cranial nerve Nucleus of origin for parasympathetic

number name fibres
Model Answer
Cranial nerve Cranial nerve Nucleus of origin for

number name parasympathetic fibres
C/V/// - - Oculomotor Edinger-Westphal
CN V// Facial Superior salivary and lacrimal nucleus
CN IX Glossopharyngeal lnferior salivaryr nucleus -

CNX Vagus Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus
1 mark for each name and number that corresponds. % mark for each correct
nucleus. (Max 6)
Page 6 of 9

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ABDOMEN
Question s
a. Describe the arterial supply of the stomach. Give the origins of the arteries
involved. (5 marks)
Model Answer
Along the lesser curvature
Left gastric arteQ! % from the celjac truck %
Right gastric artery % from the common hepatic artery %
Along the greater curvature

Left gastro-omental (or gastroepiploic) artery 3/2 from the splenic artery %
Right gastro-omental (or gastroepiploic) artery % from the superior
pancreaticoduodenal arteryr %
Fundus and upper part of body

Short gastric arteries % and posterior gastric arteries % from splenic artery %
Pylorus
P)/Iorjc arleries % from right gastric arter[ % and right gastro-omental arter!/ %
(Max s marks)
b. Describe the boimdaries of the omental (epiploic) foramen (of Winslow).

(4 marks)
Model Answer
Boundaries
* Anteriorly: Free border of the lesser omentum, the bile duct, the hepatic
artery, and the portal vein (1 mark)
* Posteriorly: Inferior vena cava (1 mark)
@ Superiorly: Caudate process of the caudate lobe of the liver (1 mark)
* Inferiorly: First part of the duodenum (1 mark)
Page 7 of 9

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020
m
SEPTEMBER 2013 TEST 3
PELVIS AND PERINEUM
Question 6
a. Name five (5) external ligaments of the sacroiliac region and give a brief
descriptionofeach. (5marks)
Model Answer
ANTERIOR SACRO-IL?AC LIGAMENT

Covers the anterior aspect of the sacral alae and posterior margins of the iliac fossa
POSTERIOR SACRO-ILIAC LIGAMENT

Also known as the long posterior ligament and arises from the entire posterior aspect
of the sacrum and covers the interosseous ligament at its posterior aspect
LUMBO-SACRAL LIGAMENT
Arises from the inferior margins of the transverse processes of L5 and inserts
triangularly on to the sacral alae
SACRO-TUBEROUS LIGAMENT
Occupies the interval between the sacrum and the Os coxae and arises from the
posterior inferior spine of the ischium and lateral margins of the posterior spines of
the 3rd - 5th sacral vertebrae and descends to insert on to the medial aspect of the
ischial tuberosity
SACRO-SPINOUS LIGAMENT
Is triangular in form and arises from the anterior aspects of the 4th and 5th sacral
and 1st coccygeal vertebrae and inserts onto the ischial spine
(1 mark for each ligament and brief description)
Page 8 of 9

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
b. Describe the structure of the pelvic diaphragm (10 marks)
Model Answer
General Anatomy
Bowl-shaped, funnel-shaped, or gutter-shaped [0.5 marks?, Bi-lateral muscular
sheath /0. s marksl, broad origin on the pubis [0. s marks? and arcuate line [0. s
marksl of the internal ilium /0. s marks? and completely encloses the rectum [0. s
marks? in its posteriorrnost aspect. Inserts onto the sacrum and coccyx /0. s marksl.
Anteriorly lies the urogenital hiatus /0. s marks?.
Comprises the LevatorAni /0. s marks? which has three distinct components [0.5
marks? from lateral to medial /0. s marks (or vice versa)]: lliococcygeus [0. s marks?,
Pubococcygeus [0.5 marksl, Puborectalis [0.5 marksl. The other muscle is
Coccygeus /0. s marks? which is the most posterior and laterally oriented /0. s marks?
and lies inferior to Piriformis [0. s marks?. /s perforated posteriorly by the anal canal
and sphincter /0. s marks? and anteriorly by the vagina in women /0. s marks? and the
urethra [0.5 marks?.
(l0marks)
C. Describe the boundaries of the ischiorectal (ischioanal) fossa. (5 marks)
Model Answer
Boundaries
Base skin & fascia %
Apex meeting of medial & lateral walls 3A
Medial Wall 1. levator ani with anal fascia superiorly %
2. ext anal sphincter with fascia inferiorly %
Lateral Wall is vertical
1. obturator intemus with fascia & obturator foramen %
2. medial surface of ischial tuberosity below affachment of
obturator fascia %
Anteriorly posterior border of perineal membrane'A & body of pubis %
Posteriody 1. gluteus maximus %
2. sacrotuberous ligament %
Page 9 of 9

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG

MBBChII/ BHSc II BSc Biomedical Eng (ANT 2020)
FINAL EXAMINATION : OCTOBER 2009
TIME: 3 Hours TOTAL MARKS: 200
Instructions:

3. PAPER I: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 100 MARKS

i) Write your name, the degree for which you are registered, your student number,
and anatomy test number on the G'Faculty of Health Sciences" side of the
computer sheet.
ii) On the ?circles" side of the computer sheet in the block headed ?student
number" write your student number. Fill in the circles with a soft pencil.
iii) Of the five statements (a, b, c, d, e) in each question, at least one is correct and at
least one incorrect.
iv) MARK BOTH THE CORRECT AND THE INCORRECT STATEMENTS on

the computer sheet. Leave the circle(s) blank if you do not know the answer
- marks will be deducted for statements incorrectly answered.
v) DO NOT use CORRECTION FLUID on your MCQ sheet. You may use an
eraser with care.
vi) DO NOT fold or bend the computer card.
vii) The computer sheet MUST be filled in during the examination time. NO
TIME WILL BE ALLOWED after the end of the examination for filling in the
sheet.
4. PAPER II: WRITTEN ANSWER QUESTIONS : 100 MARKS
i) Section A: Answer Questions l- 4 in the BLUE book; s-7 in the GREEN

ii) Section B: Answer all questions in the WHITE book.
iii) Relevant and correctly labelled diagrams may be used to enhance your answers.
iv) ONLY scripts written in blue or black ink will be marked.

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
PAPERI: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (MCQs) 100 MARKS
SECTION A: MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY 70 MARKS
1. The prostate gland is immediately related

a. Superiorly to the fundus of the bladder F
b. Inferiorly to the deep perineal muscles T
C. Laterally to the levator am muscle T
d. Posteriorly to the ampulla of the rectum T
e. Anteriorly to the pubic symphysis and retropubic space T
2. The deep perineal space
a.
Is bounded inferiorly by the membranous layer of the superficial peririeal
fascia F
b. Is bounded superiorly by the inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm T
C. Contains the spongy urethra in the male F
d. Contains an extension of the ischioanal fat pad T
e. Contains the external urethral sphincter T
3. The bony pelvis:
a. Formed by the sacrum and a hip bone F

b. Pelvic brim demarcates false upper pelvic cavity from the lower true pelvic
cavity T
C. Subpubic angle is wider in the female pelvis T
d. Contains the internal genitalia in males and females T
e. The pubic symphysis does not forms the anterior boundary F
4. The female urethra

a. Has both excretory and reproductive functions F
b. Is about 20 cm long F
c. Is embedded in the anteror wall of the vagina T
d. External urethral orifice lies abut 2.5 cm behind the clitoris T
e. External urethral sphincter in middle third maintains continence T
s. The branches of the internal iliac artery:

a. Superior rectal artery. F
b. Superior vesical. T
C. Vaginal artery. T
d. Inferior gluteal, T
e. Internal pudendal. T

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
6. With regard to innervation of the lower limb:
a. The skin around the knee joint is innervated by the 4'h lumbar segment of the
spinalcord. F
b. Hamstring muscles are innervated by the sciatic nerve. T
C. Femoral nerve block only is sufficient for knee surgery. F
d. Foot drop results from injury to the common peroneal nerve. T
e. Babinski's sign (extension of the great toe) indicates an upper motor neuron
lesion. T
7. Concerning the structures in the foot:

a. The dense superficial fascia is loosely bound to the deep fascia of the sole. F
b. The synovial sheath of peroneus longus lies deep in the sole of the foot T
c. Flexor digitorum brevis and Flexor hallucis brevis are in the same layer F
d. Plantar aponeurosis is attached to the medial process of the calcaneal tuber T
e. Lumbricals of the foot arise from the tendon of the Flexor digitorum brevis F
8. The following structures exit the pelvis inferior to the piriformis;
a. Superior gluteal artery F

b. Pudendal nerve T
c. Inferior gluteal artery T
d. Internal pudendal artery T
e. Inferior vesical artery F
9. The sciatic nerve
a. Innervates muscles of posterior compartment of thigh T

b. Superior gluteal nerve is not a branch of sciatic nerve T
C. Gives innervations to gluteal muscles F
d. Exits the pelvis through the greater sciatic foramen above the piriformis
F
e. Its anterior component is common fibular F
10. The knee joint:
a. Are synovial joints of the modified hinge variety. T

b. Perrnits flexion and extension. T
C. Is stabilized laterally by the fibular collateral ligament. T
d. Medial meniscus is adherent to the fibular collateral ligament. F
e. Is only supplied by the obturator nerve. F

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
11. The popliteal fossa:
a. Plantaris and lateral head of gastrocnemius form the lower lateral

boundary. T
b. The poplitea? artery is the most anterior content T
c. Common finular nerve lies medial to the tibial nerve F
d. Popliteal aneurysm is the common peripheral aneurysm T
e. Femoral artery begins in this fossa F
12. Regarding the femoral triangle of the thigh

a. Femoral artery begins at mid inguinal point behind inguinal ligament. T
b. The femoral canal has no structure that goes through it. F
c. Femoral sheath encloses the femoral artery, vein, and canal. T
d. The femoral hernia traverses the femoral canal. T
e. Medial border of sartorius forms the medial boundary of the triangle. F
13. With regard to anterior abdominal wall, the
a. Skin around the umbilicus is innervated by the 10- thoracic segment of the
spinalcord . T
b. Point where the semilunar line crosses the 9' costal cartilage corresponds to
the position of the fundus of the gall bladder T
C. Fibres of the internal oblique muscle run antero-inferiorly F
d. Medial umbilical ligament represents the obliterated umbilical arteries T
e.
Round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres) represents the obliterated
umbilicalvein. T
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14. The epiploic foramen (of Winslow):
a. Has the que

qu4drate
nd
lobe forming its roof F
b. Has the 2na part of duodenum forming its floor
2 F
c.
Hepatoduodenal ligament (free edge of the lesser omentum) forms its
ligamentanteriorborder T
d. Has the inferior vena cava forming its posterior border T
e. Leads into the lesser sac. T
15. With regard to abdominal aorta:
a. It begins at vertebral level TIO F

b. Coeliac trunk gives rise to common hepatic, splenic and right gastric arteries
F
C. The inferior mesenteric branch is the artery for the hindgut T
d. It terminates at vertebral level L4 by dividing into internal and external iliac
arteries F
e. It is crossed anteriorly by the left renal vein. T

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
16. To differentiate between the jejunum and ileum:
a. The jejunum has greater vascularity and is a deeper red than the ileum T
b. The ileum has shorter vasa recta and many short arcades. T
C. There are fevver lymphoid nodules in the jejunum. T
d. There is greater fat in the mesentery of the ileum. T
e. The jejunum has a smaller diameter. F
17. Structures forming the stomach bed include:
a. Diaphragm T
b. Head of Pancreas F
c. Right suprarenal gland F
d. Spleen T
e. Transverse mesocolon T
18. The external oblique muscle
a. Is innervated by the thoraco-abdominal and subcostal nerves. T

b. Has muscle fibres running in a superomedial direction. F
C. Forms the inguinal ligament at its inferior free border. T
d. Forms the anterior layer of the rectus sheath below arcuate the line. T
e. Is supplied by the inferior epigastric artery and vein. F
19. The inferior vena cava:
a. Receives the azygous vein F

b. Lies on the left side of the abdominal aorta F
c. Has among its tributaries, renal, hepatic, and superior mesenteric veins F
d. Pierces the tendinous part of the diaphragm at the level of T8 T
e. Is formed by the union of the common iliac veins. T
20. Concerning the relations of the cavernous sinus, it is
a. Located in the body of the sphenoid bone T

b. Is situated above the pituitary gland F
c. Is posterior to the superior orbital fissure T
d. Is pierced by the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve T
e. Is pierced by the trochlear nerve T
21. Concerning the muscles of the eye:
a. Inferior oblique muscle moves the eyeball upwards and medially F

b. Superior oblique muscle is inserted anterior to the equator F
c. Superior rectus muscle is inserted to the sclera above centre of limbus T
d. Medial rectus has an origin from the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone F
e. Lateral rectus muscle is supplied by the trochlear nerve F

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
22. The temporomandibular joint:
a. Is a modified ball and socket joint F

b. Has the chorda tympani as the posterior relationship T
c.
Has the tendon of the medial pterygoid muscle attached its capsule and the
neckofthemandible F
d. Is supplied by the auriculotemporal nerve T
e. Is most stable with the teeth occluded T
23. The ear:
a. Cavity of the middle ear lies between the external ear and the inner ear T
b. External acoustic meatus is a straight canal F
c. The three auditory ossicles are contained in the inner ear F
d. Membranous labyrinth lies in the bony labyrinth T
e. Cochlear duct does not contain the organ of Corti F
24. The facial nerves
a. Have a parasympathetic component. T

b. Emerge from the anterior surface of the midbrain. F
C. Pass through the lateral walls of the cavernous sinuses. F
d. Convey sensation from the skin of the face. F
e.
Leave the cranial cavity through the internal acoustic (auditory) meatuses. T
25. The medulla oblongata
a.
Is connected to the cerebellum by the middle cerebellar peduncles. F
b. Has the pyramids and the olives on its posterior surface. F
c.
Has the trigeminal nerves emerging from its anterior surface. F
d. Forms the lower part of the floor of the fourth ventricle. T
e. Has the hypoglossal nuclei located in its substance. T
26. With regard to the deep nuclei of the cerebral hemispheres and the white
matter related to them; the
a. Anterior limb of the internal capsule is found between the head of the caudate
nucleus and the lentiform nucleus. T
b. Body of caudate nucleus arches over the superior surface of the thalamus. T
C.
Lateral (outer) part of the lentiform nucleus is called the globus pallidus. F
d. Claustrum is immediately lateral to the internal capsule. F
e.
Tail of the caudate nucleus is located in the roof of the temporal horn of the
lateralventricle. T

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27. The meninges
a.
Is made up of dura mater, archnoid mater and pia mater T
b. Leptomeninges refers to the dura and arachnoid mater only. F
C. Surrounds only the brain. F
d. Subarachnoid space lies between arachnoid and pia mater. T
e. Cerebrospinal fluid is found in the subdural space F
28. The interpeduncular fossa
a. Is an area located between the middle cerebellar peduncles. F

b. Contains the tuber cinereum and the stalk of the hypophysis cerebri. T
C. Has the trochlear nerves emerging from it. F
d. Has the optic nerves as part of its boundaries. F
e. Contains the mammillary bodies. T
29. Concerning the lungs:
a. The apex is covered by a suprapleural membrane. T

b. Sometimes there is an azygos lobe in the right lung T
C.
The oblique fissure is present only in thee right.lung.
right li
th
F
d. A chest tube is usually inserted into the 9 intercostal space in the mid-
axillary line. F
e.
The arch of the azygos vein makes an impression on the left lobe. F
30. Conducting system of the heart
a. Sinoatrial node is situated between the sulcus terrninalis and inferior vena
cava. F
b. Myogenic conduction occurs in the ventricles. F
C. The atrioventricular node is situated in the membranous interventricular
septum. F
d. The septomarginal trabeculae (moderator band) runs to the anterior papillary
muscle of the right ventricle. T
e.
The atrioventricular node is known as the pacemaker of the heart. F
31. The intercostal vessels and nerves:
a. Course between the transversus thoracis and internal intercostal muscles. T

b. Are arranged from above downwards: vein, artery and nerve. T
c.
All posterior intercostal arteries originate from the thoracic aorta. F
d.
Anterior intercostal veins on the right side drain into the azygos vein. T
e. Supply only the intercostal muscles. F

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32. Contents of the posterior mediastinum include the

a. Heart. F
b. Thymus. F
C. Posterior intercostal vessels. T
d. Arch of the aorta. F
e. Thoracic duct. T
33. The radial nerve:
a. Is a branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus. F

b. Passes anterior to the humerus in the radial groove. F
C.
Divides into superficial and deep radial nerves after entering the cubital fossa.
T
d. Supination of the forearm would be diminished by loss of radial nerve
function. T
e.
A patient with wrist-drop resulting from radial nerve injury may be unable to
performapowergrip. T
34. A fracture of the humerus at the
a. Surgical neck may result in damage to the axillary nerve. T

b. Region of the radial groove may result in the condition referred to as 'wrist
drop' T
c. Distal end may result in damage to the median nerve. T
d. Medial epicondyle may result in damage to the ulnar nerve. T
e. Proximal end, may injure the upper subscapular nerve. F
35. The female breast
a. Nipple usually overlying the th:,

4'n intercostal space in all females. F
b. Lymphatic drainage involves the lateral group of axillary lymph nodes.T
C. Lies over pectoralis major and serratus anterior muscles only T
d. Hypertrophy in females results in a condition known as gynaecomastia.F
e. May have up to 35 lobes during pregnancy and lactation. F

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
PAPER 2: SHORT ESSAY QUESTIONS (SEQs) (100 marks)
SECTION A: MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY (65 marks)
UPPER LIMB
1. Describe the lymphatic drainage of the female breast and its clinical
importance? (6marks)
Lymphatic drainage of the female breast is as follows:

A. 75 % of the lymph drains to the axillary group of lymph nodes ('A) which is divided into
s groups: lateral, pectoral, subscapular, central and apical lymph node. ('A)
Lateral (humeral) - on lateral wall of axilla. Not directly involved with lymphatic
drainage of the breast but those from the upper limb.
Pectoral (anterior) - medial wall of m:illa along inferior border of pectoralis minor.
Drains most of the breast (upper outer quadrant) ('A)
Subscapular (posterior) - along posterior axillary'yfoldo
fold and subscapular vessels ('A)
nd
? - deep to pectoralis minor associated with 2na th2 part
pi of axillary artery ('A)
Ap?iggj - along apex of axilla. ('A)
B. Lymph from medial side of the breast flows into parasternal (internal mammary) ('A)
lywiph nodes that accompany thoracic vessels. Drain medial quadrant & some aspects of
the lateral quadrant. ('A)
C. Lymph from the skin covering the breast drains into abdominal lymph nodes ('A)and
the opposite breast. Lymph vessels deep to the nipple and areola form the Sappey's
plexus. ('A)
Clinical importance
r Appreciation of lymph flow is important clinically because it is the primary route of
metastasis of breast cancer andfor performing and interpreting a node biopsy. (1)
THORAX
2. Define and describe the divisions of the mediastinum. (5 marks)
The mediastinum is the movable septum (partition) with all the anatomical
structures that lie between the two pleural cmities.
Divisions
It is divided into superior and inferior mediastina.
The superior mediastinum lies above the Ievel of the horizontal line that joins the
sternal angle to the lower border of the body of ;he 4'h thoracic vertebra.
The inferior mediastinum is subdivided into 3 parts:
* anterior mediastinum, the narro-w deft between the pericardium and the
sternum
middle mediastinum, constituted by the pericardium, the heart and the roots
of the great vessels that emerge from or enter it
posterior mediastinum, the interval between the vertebrae (posteriorly) and
the pericardium and diaphragm (anteriorly)

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
HEAD & NECK
3a. What are the functions of the larynx (2 marks)

Phonation - production of voice
Respiration - open for air passage
Valve to prevent food & foreign particles from entering trachea
Sphincter during cough reflex
3b. Classify the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, on the basis of those that act on
the inlet and focal fold. (3 marks)
Inlet Transverse arytenoid and Oblique arytenoid

Vocal folds Lateral cricoarytenoid, Posterjor cricoarytenoid, Cricothyroid,
Thyroatytenoid, Vocalis Thyroepiglotticus (accept any 4)
3c. What are dural venous sinuses? List any four (4) paired and any four (4)
unpairedsinuses. (5marks)
Dural venous sinuses are large, blood-filled spaces that drain blood from the brain and
transport it to the internal jugular veins which drain the head. They are formed by both
the meningeal & periosteal layers of the cranial dura
mater. (1)
Paired venous sinuses (Any 4x'A = Unpaired venous sinuses (Any 4x5A =
2marks) 2marks)
Carvenous siwses Superior sagittal sinus
Transverse sinuses Inferior sagittal sinus
Sigmoid sinuses Straight sinus
Sphenoparietal sinuses Occipital sinus
Superior petrosal sinuses Sinus confluens
Inferior petrosal sinuses
Marginal sinuses
10

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NEUROANATOMY
4a. Describe the anatomy of the central (main) part of the lateral ventricle.
(5 marks)
* Extends from interventricular foramen to splenium of corpus callosum. /?
* Medialwalll'Qconsistsofseptumpelluciduml/-'withthebodyofthefornixlyirxg
inferior to it.'A
* The rool 72 is formed by the body of the corpus callosum. !/'
* The roof and the floor meet laterally.'A
@ The floorl/2 consists of the follgwing structures (from medial to lateral):Choroid
plexus (with choroidal vein) ]/2a; (Superior surface of) the thalamus ,'2:
-Thalamostriate veinl'/2; Stria termi;alisl/2; Body of the caudate nucleusl/2
(Also acceptable: body of fornix is the most medial structure of the floor)
4b. Draw and fully label the cerebral arterial circle (of Willis). (3 marks)
Diagram to indicate the following arteries:

Posterior cerebral arteries, posterior communication arteries, internal carotid arteries,
anterior cerebral arteries and anterior communication artery. l/2j;or diagram and 1/2 for
each cory-ect artery labelled
ABDOMEN
5a. Draw and label the parts of the stomach including the borders and notches
(6 marks)
Diagram to include fundus, body, greater curvature, pyloric antrum, sulcus intermedius,
pyloric canal, pylorus, angular notch, lesser curvature, cardiac part (cardia) & cardiac
notch. 1/2for diagram and 112 jor (?(IC/? correct arteyy labeied (Fig 5.43, Prac Anat
textbook)
5b. List the branches of the abdominal aorta. (5 marks)
Coeliac artery; Superior mesenteric; Inferior mesenteric; Middle suprarenal; Renal;

Gonandal (Testicular or ovarian); Inferior phrenic; Lumbar; Median sacral; Common
iliac
11

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
PELVIS & PERINEUM
6a. List the boundaries and contents of the ischioanal fossa. (6 marks)
Inferiorly: Skin
Superomedially: Pelvic diaphragm,
Inferomedially: external anal sphincter
(medially: pelvic diaphragm and external anal sphincter)
Posteriorly: Sacrotuberous ligament, gluteus maximus
Laterally: Ischium, obturator fascia (and obturator internus)
Anteriorly: Pubic body (below the pelvic diaphragm)
Contents: External anal sphirxcter; Fat pad; Pudendal nerve and internal pudendal
vessels; Inferior rectal nerve and vessels
6b. Describe the features present in the interior of the urinary bladder(4 marks)
Mucosa is smooth when distended ('A) but folds into ruggae when empty('A)
Triangular area between ureteric orifices('i'.) and internal urethral meatus ('A) is
called the trigone('A).
Uvula ('A) - slight elevation close to internal urethral meatus(A) & caused by median
prostatic lobe ('A)
LOWER LIMB
7a. Describe the cruciate lipaments of the knee joint (5 marks)

Cruciate ligaments
. -. . l
Anterxor crucxate hgament { /2]
* Arises from the anterior part of the intercondylar area of the tibia, just posterior
to the attachment of the medial meniscus [112]
Extends superiorly, posteriorly and laterally to attach to the medial side of the
lateral condyle offemur [112]
Is slack when knee is flexed and taut when knee is fully extended [1/2]
Prevents the femur from posterior displacement on the tibia on full extension [112]
Posterior cruciate ligament [112]
* Arises from the posterior part of the intercondylar area of the tibia [112]
Passes superiorly, anteriorly and medially to attach on the lateral surface of the
medial condyle offemur [112]
Is slack when knee is extended and taut when knee is flexed [1/2]
Prevents the femur from anterior displacement on the tibia [112]
12

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
A construction worker steps on a board with a nail in it. The nail pierces the sole of
his foot and enters 2 cm anterior to the calcaneal tuberosity, at the middle of the
width of his foot.
7b. List (in order from exterior to interior) the structures in the foot which the
nail would pass through before reaching bone. (3 marks)
Skin
Plantar aponeurosis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Tendons of the flexor digitorum longus
Quadratus plantae
Long plantar ligament
7c. Discuss the ankle (mortise) joint under the following headings: (7 marks)
o Articulation; Joint type; Type of movement; & Factors increasing the
stability.
Ans:
Articulation: Involves the talus bone articulating with the tibia and the fibula
Joint type: Synovial hinge joint
Movement: Dorsiflexion & Plantarflexion
Factors increasing stability:
Passive stability:
- Ligaments i.e. medial and lateral ligaments complexes
- Tendons crossing the joint and capsular attachments
- Bony contours i.e. medial and lateral malleoli
Dynamic stability:
- Gravity
- Muscle action
13

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 NOVEMBER2012 SUPPLIMENTARY EXAMINATION
SUPPLIMENTART EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2012
TOTAL TIME: 3 hrs TOTAL MARKS: 150
Instructions:

3. SECTION A : MCQ's 50 MARKS
anatomy test number on the ?Faculty of Health Sciences" side of the computer sheet.
ii) On the "circles" side of the computer sheet in the block headed ?student number"
write yom student number. Fill in the circles with a soft HB pencil.
with care.
WILL BE ALLOWED after the end of the examination for filling in the sheet.
4. SECTION B : WRITTEN ANSWER QUESTIONS : 100 MARKS
1.
Answer all Gross Anatomy questions No 1-3 in the ?, No 4-7 in the.3?
11.
Relevant and correctly labelled diagrams may be used to enhance your answers.
Page 1 of 11

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l?
1. Concerning the arteries of the upper limb, the

a. Thoracodorsal artery is a branch of the second part of the axillary artery.
b. Pulse of the radial artery is felt immediately lateral to the tendon of the flexor
carpi radialis muscle.
c. Ulnar artery is the major contributor of the deep palmar arterial arch.
d. Brachial artery Iies lateral to the median nerve in the cubital fossa.
e. Common interosseous artery is a branch of the ulnar artery.
FTFTT
2. A fracture of the humerus at the

a. Surgical neck may result in damage to the median nerve.
b. Region of the radial groove may result in the condition referred to as 'wrist
drop'
c. Distal end may result in damage to the axillary nerve.
d. Medial epicondyle may result in damage to the ulnar nerve.
e. Proximal end may injure the upper subscapular nerve.
FTFTF
3. Concerning the mediastinum:

a. The pericardium of the heart divides the inferior mediastinum into three
compartments
b. The transverse thoracic plane divides the superior mediastinum from the
inferior mediastinum
c. The left recurrent Iaryngeal nerve passes to the right of the ligamentum
arteriosum
d. The azygos vein is a content of the superior mediastinum
e. The bilateral phrenic nerves are accompanied by the pericardiacophrenic
arteries.
TTFFT
4. Concerning the thoracic duct:

a. It begins in the abdomen as a dilation called the cisterna chyll
b. Ascends in the superior mediastinum anterior to the aorta
c. Is accompanied by the azygos vein through the diaphragm at T12
d. At the Ievel of T4 the thoracic duct crosses to the leff and Iies anterior to the
oesophagus
e. May terminate by opening into the Ieff subclavian vein.
TFTFT
Page 2 of 11

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ANAT 2020 NOVEMBER2012 = ----*
s. With regard to the Parotid Region and the lnfratemporal Fossa:

a. The superior joint cavity of the temporomandibular joint provides hinge
movement whereas the inferior cavity provides sliding movement
b. The otic ganglion is a content of the infratemporal fossa
c. The sphenomandibular Iigament attaches to the Iingula of the mandible and to
the hamulus of the Iateral pterygoid plate.
d. The otic ganglion receives preganglionic fibers by way of the lesser superficial
petrosal nerve.
e. The inferior orbital fissure transmits the infraorbital artery into the orbit.
FTFTT
6. With regard to the Larynx

a. The posterior cricoarytenoideus muscle is the primary adductor of the true
vocal fold.
b. The external laryngeal nerve provides innervation to the cricothyroid muscle.
c. The aryepiglottic fold is at the superior boundary of the triangular (conus
elasticus) membrane.
d. The false vocal cord is inferior to the ventricle of the larynx
e. Mucosa Iining the vestibule is innervated by the internal laryngeal nerve.
FTFFT
7. With regard to the brainstem:

a. The midbrain is continuous superiorly with the diencephalon.
b. The gracile and cuneate tubercles are located on the posterior surface of the
medulla oblongata.
c. The superior and inferior colliculi are Iocated on the anterior surface of the
medulla oblongata.
d. Cranial nerves 111 to Xll emerge from the anterior suface of the brainstem.
e. The contents of the interpeduncular fossa are part of the midbrain.
TTFFF
8. The medulla oblongata

a. Is connected to the cerebellum by the middle cerebellar peduncles.
b. Has the pyramids and the olives on its posterior suface.
c. Has the trigeminal nerves emerging from its anterior surface.
d. Forms the Iower part of the floor of the fourth ventricle.
e. Has the hypoglossal nerve nuclei located in its substance.
FFFTT
9. Regarding the vermiform appendix

a. It possesses its own short triangular mesentery
b. It arises at the posteromedial aspect of ascending colon
c. It is a blind intestinal diverticulum
Page 3 of 11

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NOVEMBER 2012 SUPPLIMENTARY EXAMINATION

ANAT 2020
d. Lies most commonly subcaecal

e. McBurney's point is the most common suface anatomical location of the base
of the appendix
TFTFT
10. In porto-caval amastomosis, blood may return to the systemic

circulation via the:
a. Oesophageal veins
b. Inferior rectal veins
c. Middle rectal veins
d. Veins associated with the transverse colon
e. Veins associated with the descending colon
tuFT
1 1.The following are posterior relations of the female urinary bladder

a. Cervix
b. Rectouterine pouch
c. Anterior vaginal fornix
d. Perineal body
e. Ovaries.
TFTFF
12.Regarding the perineal body

l
a. It is present in both sexes.
b, Supports the pelvic viscera.
c. It is highly vascularised.
d. Lies in the anal triangle.
e. Repair affer damage is satisfactory.
TTFFF
13.With regards to the medial compartment of the thigh:

a. It is also known as the adductor compartment
b. It consists of the adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis
and pectineus muscles
c. Its innervation is mainly via the obturator nerve
d. The muscles of this compartment receives blood supply form the deep artery
of the thigh (profundus femoris artery)
e. The femoral triangle is found in this compartment
TFTTF
14.With regards to the knee joint:

a. It is primarily a synovial hinge joint
b. This joint is formed by the articulations of the femur and tibia
Page 4 of 1 1

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ANAT 2020 NOVEMBER 2012 SUPPLIMENTARY EXAMINATION
c. The oblique Iigament is an intracapsular ligament

d. The lateral meniscus is larger than the medial meniscus
e. The tibial collateral ligament is the most commonly injured of the Iigaments of
the knee joint in contact sport
TTFFT
15.With regards to the foot:

a. The dorsalis pedis artery is the marjor source of blood supply to the fore foot
b. The dorsalis pedis artery unite with the medial plantar artery to form the deep
plantar arch
c. The medial Iongitudinal arch is formed by the calcaneus, talus and Iateral two
metatarsals
d. The shape of the bones found in the arches of the foot form part of the
dynamic support of the arches
e. The bracing action of the intrinsic muscles of the foot form part of the passive
factors that maintain the arches
TFFFF
Page s of 11

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ANAT 2020 NOVEMBER2012 SUPPLIMENTARY EXAM?NATION
UPPER LIMB
Question 1
What are the deep contents of the cubital fossa? (5 marks)
Answer
Median nerve
Brachial artery
Biceps brachii tendon
Radial nerve deep to brachioradialis
Radial & Ulnar arteries
Radial recurrent artery
Any s correct answers
THORAX
Question 2
Describe the course and branches of the right corollary artery. (5 marks)
The right corollary artery (RCA) originates from the right aortic sinus ('A) and passes
to the right side of the pulmonary trunk (!A). Under the right auricle (%), the RCA
gives off the sinuatrial nodal branch ('A). In the corollary groove it gives off the right
marginal branch (!A). The RCA then turns to the left to course towards the posterior
aspect of the heart ('A). At the crux of the heart (%), the RCA gives off the
atrioVentricular nodal branch (3A). When the RCA is domjnant (approximatel)! 67%) jt
gives off the posterior interventricular artery ('A) at the posterior interventricular
groove ('A).
Page 6 of "I 1

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HEAD AND NECK
A. Define the subaponeurotic space of the scalp and outline its boundaries.
Outline how an infection in the subaponeurotic space can spread to the
duralvenoussinuses. (5marks)
Answer
Definition
The scalp Iayer of loose connective tissue between the epicranial aponeurosis and
the periosteum forms the subaponeurotic or"danger" space. (1)
Boundaries
Anteriorly: by the orbital margin - the attachment of the occipitofrontalis to the orbital
margin (1)
Posteriorly: by the nuchal lines - the attachment of the occipitofrontalis to the
superior nuchal line (1)
Laterally: by the temporal Iines - attachment of the occipitofrontalis to the temporal
fascia (1)
Spread of Infection
The emissary veins are valveless and connect the superficial veins of the scalp with
the diploic veins of the skull bones and with the intracranial venous sinuses providing
a potential path for spread of infection through the calvari (1)
B. List the contents of the posterior triangle of the neck. (5 marks)
Answer
* spinal part of accessory n (3A)

* 4 cutaneous branches of cervical plexus
o lesser occipital ('A)
o great auricular (!A)
o tnvs cervical (%)
o 3 supraclavicular n (3A)
* dorsal scapular n (to rhomboids) (3A)
* upper part of brachial plexus (A)
* transverse cervical art & vein (1)
* occipital art from External Carotid Aarteryr (%)
* lymph nodes - along post border of sternocleidomastoid (%)
supraclavicular nodes (!A)
occipital nodes (%)
Page 7 of 11

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
NEUROANATOMY
Question 4
A. Describe the anatomy of the cavernous sinuses. Include in your answer

the venous channels connected to the sinuses. (5 marks)
Answer
Located on the sides of the body of the sphenoid bone.'

The following structures are found in the Iateral wall: oculomotor nerve,' trochlear
nerve,' ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve,' maxillary division of trigeminal
nerve.'
The structures found in the medial wall are: abducens nerve,' internal carotid
1f2
artery.
(Note: above structures are separated from the sinus by endothelium).
The two sinuses are connected to each other by intercavernous sinuses which
surround the pituitary gland.'2
Venous sinuses connected to the sinuses are:
Superior and inferior ophthalmic veins'
Sphenoparietal sinus'
Venous channels from the pter5rgoid venous plexus'2
Superior petrosal sinus'
Inferior petrosal sinus'
Basilar plexus of veins'2
B. Name the functional areas associated with speech and hearing and
describe where each of them are located on the brain. (5 marks)
Answer
Broca's motor speech area 'A: pars triangularis and pars orbicularis3A of the inferior
frontal gyrus'A
Wemjcke's 8rea!A: posteWor part of th6" superior temporal g)!rus3A and major part of
the inferior parietal lobule%
PrjmaQ heaWng 8rea!A: short anterior tmnsVerse temporal g'lrj!A
Hearjng 8ssocjation area'A:long posterjor temporal (flrus!A jmmed!atel)/ caudal to the
primary auditory area'A (5 marks)
Page 8 of 1 1

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 NOVEMBER 2012 SUPPLIMENTARY E)UiMINATION
ABDOMEN
Question s
A. Name and briefly describe the sufaces and borders of the spleen.
(5 marks)
Answer
Surfaces:
Diaphragmatic surface (3/=) convex (3A )to fit concavity of diaphragm
Hilum (!A) concave (3A) & often in contact with tail of pancreas
Borders:
Anterior (!A) & superior borders (%) of spleen are sharp ('jA)
Superior border notched (3A)
Inferior border (3A) is rounded ('A)
B. List the three major openings in the diaphragm, and name the structures
passingthroughthem. (5marks)
Answer
Aortic opening ('A) - Aorta ('A), thoracic duct (!A), left & right ascending lumbar
vessels (!A)
Oesophageal opening ('A) - Oesophagus ('A), anterior & posterior vagal trunks ('A)
IVC opening ('A) - IVC (3A), right phrenic nerve (!A)
PELVIS AND PERINEUM
Question 6
A. List the structures that support the uterus in the pelvic cavity. (4 marks)
Transverse cardinal ligaments (!A)

Round ligament OF THE UTERUS (!A)
Round ligament of the ovary (3A)
Pelvic floor ('A)
Perineal body ('A)
Urinary bladder (3A)
Page 9 of 11

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
Broad ligament (!A)

Suspensory ligament of ovary (%)
B. Write short notes about the prostate gland including the possible effect
ofprostatichypertrophy. (6marks)
Encapsulated gland surrounding urethra (!A)

Directly behind inferior edge of pubic symphysis (3A)
Composed of:
htvo lateral lobes (!A)
Anterior Iobe or isthmus connecting Iateral lobes anteriorly ('A)
Posterior Iobe below ejaculatory ducts and posterior to urethra (1)
Middle lobe between urethra and ejaculatory ducts (1)
Contains glands that produce 20% volume of semen (!A)
Duct opens into the prostatic sinus (!A)
Prostatic arteries (3/2)
Blockage of the prostatic urethra (%)
LOWER LIMB
Question 7
A. Describe the anatomy of the hip joint by answering the following

headings: classification, articulating surfaces, ligament(s) limiting
abduction and muscles for abduction. (4 marks)
Answer
Fully classify the hip joint.

Synovial ball-and-socket joint (1)
Name the articular surfaces of the hip joint.

Head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone (1)
Which ligament of the hip joint prevents over-abduction of the hip joint?
Pubofemoral ligament ('A)
Page 10 of 11

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
Name the muscles responsible for abduction of the hip joint.

Gluteus medius ('A)
Gluteus minimus (%)
Tensor fasciae latae ('A)
B. Describe the borders and contents of the popliteal fossa. (6 marks)
Answer
Borders
Superlaterally by the biceps femoris (Superolateral border) (1)
Superomedially by the semimembranosus (1)
lnferolaterally by the lateral head of gastrocnemius ( 1)
lnferomedially by the medial head of gastrocnemius (1)
Contents
Termination of the small saphenous vein (%)
Popliteal arteries and veins and their branches and tributaries (3A)
Tibial and common fibular nerves (3/?)
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh ('A)
Page 11 of 11

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
END OF YEAR EXAMINATION OCTOBER 20'l3
TOTAL TIME: 3 Hours TOTAL MARKS: 150
Instructions:
1, Answer all questions.

3. SECTION A: MCQ's 50 MARKS

ii) On the ?circles" side of the computer sheet in the block headed "student number"
with care.
4 SECTION B: WRITTEN ANSWER QUESTIONS: 100 MARKS
1. Answer all Gross Anatomy questions No l-4 in the ?, No s-7 in the.?

Page 1 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
1. Concerning the axilla:

a. Latissimus dorsi and teres major form part of its posterior wall
b. Subscapularis forms its medial wall
c. The brachial vein is a content
d. Axillary Iymph nodes are arranged into five principal groups
e. The cords of the brachial plexus travel in the axillary sheath
TFFTT
2. With regard to anatomical spaces in the upper Iimb:

a. The axillary nerve travels through the triangular space
b. Lateral head of triceps brachii forms the medial border of the quadrangular
space
c. The cephalic vein travels through the deltopectoral triangle
d. Teres major forms the superior border of the triangular space
e. Profunda brachii accompanies the radial nerve through the triangular interval
(lower triangular space).
FFTFT
3. Concerning the Iungs:

a. The apex is covered by a suprapleural membrane.
b. Sometimes there is an azygos lobe in the right Iung
c. The oblique fissure is present only in the right lung.
d. A chest tube is usually inserted into the 9fh intercostal space in the mid-axillary
Iine
e. The arch of the azygos vein makes an impression on the Ieff lobe.
TTFFF
4. Conducting system of the heart

a. Sinoatrial node is situated between the sulcus terminalis and inferior vena
CaVa.
b. Myogenic conduction occurs in the ventricles.

c. The atrioventricular node is situated in the membranous interventricular
septum.
d. The septomarginal trabecula (moderator band) runs to the anterior papillary
muscle of the right ventricle.
e. The atrioventricular node is known as the pacemaker of the heart.
FFFTF
Page 2 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
s. Concerning the pharynx

a. Both maxillary and glossopharyngeal nerves supply it with sensory innervation
b. The palatine tonsils are located in the Iaryngopharynx
c. Nasopharynx receives the opening of the auditory tube
d. The superior laryngeal artery enters the pharynx through a space between the
middle and inferior constrictor muscles
e. It becomes the oesophagus at the vertebral Ievel C4
TFTTF
6. Regarding the structure of the larynx

a. True vocal cords are formed by the quadrangular Iigament
b. Vestibular ligaments contribute to the production of sound
c. The rima glottidis can be opened and closed by true vocal folds
d. The ventricle is a sinus above the false vocal folds
e. The thyrohyoid membrane is pierced by internal laryngeal nerve only
FFTFF
7. In the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle are found:

a. hippocampus
b. thalamus
c. fimbria hippocampi
d. calcar avis
e. collateral eminence
TFTFT
8. Regarding the cerebellum:

a. It consists of two Iobes
b. The vallecula is occupied by the falx cerebri
c. The vermis contains the nodule
d. The tonsils are located close to the foramen magnum
e. It contains the dentate gyrus
FFTTF
9. The Iesser sac (omental bursa)

a. Extends inferiorly between the folds of the lesser omentum
b. Extends superiorly to the posterior coronal ligament of the Iiver
c. Extends to the leff as the pancreatic recess
d. Is continuous with the hepatorenal recess
e. Allows for movement of the stomach on the structures making up its bed
FTFTT
Page 3 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 OCTOBER2013 END OF YEAR EXAMINAT?ON
lO.Concerning the pancreas,

a. It is an intraperitoneal organ
b. The head, neck and body are identified with respect to their position to the
splenic artery
c. It is an organ forming part of the bed of the stomach
d. The root of the transverse mesocolon Iies along its inferior border
e. Its exocrine secretions empty into the first part of the duodenum
FFTTF
1 1.The internal iliac artery:

a. Is a large branch of the external iliac artery
b. Gives off the superior and inferior gluteal arteries
c. Supplies the structures of the obturator foramen
d. Does not supply the uterus
e. Terminates anteriorly as the superior vesical arteries
FTTFF
12.The rectum
a. Commences at the Ievel of the third sacral vertebra
b. Is completely covered by peritoneum along its entire course
c. Is vascularised by branches of the inferior mesenteric artery
d. Has no Iateral flexures
e. Has an upper horizontal fold
TFTFT
13. Regarding the gluteus maximus muscle

a. Arises posterior to the anterior gluteal Iine
b. A bursa intervenes between the aponeurotic part and the greater trochanter
c. Plays no role in extending the knee joint
d. Intramuscular injections are safely given to its upper Iateral portion
e. Is supplied by the superior gluteal nerve
FTFTF
14. Femoral triangle

a. Bound medially by medial border of sartorius muscle
b. Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh is a content of the triangle
c. Floor is gutter shaped
d. Profunda femoris vessels are in the triangle
e. Contains supeficial inguinal Iymph nodes
FFTTF
Page 4 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
15.Regarding the movements of the lower limb

a. Fibularis longus helps to maintain the transverse curvature of the foot
b. when metatarsophalangeal joints are extended, extension of the
interphalangeal joint depends mainly on Iumbricals
c. Fibularis Iongus helps the inversion of the foot
d. Semimembranosus acts as a medial rotator of a fully extended Ieg
e. All hamstring muscles are extensors of the hip joint
TTFFT
Page s of 14

l
lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 OCTOBER2013 END OF YEAR EXAMINAT?ON
UPPER LIMB
Question 1
a. With the aid of a labelled diagram, illustrate the sensory innervation to the
palm, (3marks)
b. Give the boundaries of the anatomical snuff box. (2 marks)
Model Answer
Orange ('A) = Ulnar nerve - superficial branch of the ulnar nerve (3A)
Blue ('A) = Median nerve - palmar cutaneous branch of the median nerve ('A)
Pink (!A) = Radial nerve - Superficial branch of the radial nerve (%)
':p' y '
.1 r/
11
i. 'j
%
%' €i
'M l i
4? W
I.
IJ
&'
i ul
t
i N il
N:
Ai 1;!1
k 1 J
? !%,
k 1 W
-J
fi'
/
k r.4
/
r l
l :ll
l
al
.1
'4t j
t ! al.
1' )'?
y'tl /=
?i
mm
l m ss
.i
!m is
Th
S li
J Jm ss
sm sa
g wi e e
?lll
!s Jl
J?
,1 .1.
,%.
'l t
4.s
t L'
l ,wl
i?
(1 % marks for correct diagram and1 % marks for correct labels - total 3)
Page 6 of 14

l
lOMoARcPSD|28265101
Medially
Tendon of extensor pollicis longus %
Laterally
Tendon of abductor pollicis longus %
Tendon of extensor pollicis brevis %
Floor
styloid process of the radius (proximally) %

the base of the first metacarpal bone of the thumb (distally) %
Scaphoid 'A
(max 2 marks)
Page 7 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
THORAX
Question 2
Describe the structure of the pericardium and give the function of its
component parts. (5 marks)
Model Answer
Fjbrous peWcMdjum'A helps hold the heart place'A.
Serous pericardium 3Areduces friction as the heart beats3A. It consist of the following
parts:
Parietal pericardium3A, which lines the fibrous pericardium!A
The visceral pericardium'A, which lines the exterior surface of the heart3A
Pericardial cavityA between parietal and visceral pericardium, which is filled with
pericardial fluid3A
Page 8 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 OCTOBER2013 END OF YEAR EXAM?NATION
HEAD AND NECK
Question 3
a. Describe the carotid sheath and list any six of its contents. (5 marks)
Model Answer
Condensation of fascia around great vessels %
Extends from base of skull to root of neck %
Blends medially with a// three layers of cervical fascia %
Communicates with mediastinum inferiorly = drainage of pus and extra fluid %
Contents:
Common carotid artery %
Intemal carotid artery %
Intemal jugular vein %
Vagus nerve (CN %) %
Deep cervical lymph nodes %
Sympathetic fibers %
Carotid body %
b. With the aid of labeled diagram, describe the relations of the parotid
gland. (5 marks)
Model Answer
Internal carotidil
?%h
%y, cli i
(4
artery
Internal jugular veiin, vagus
and sym1ipathetic
:L,. d " %
chain Superior co
rior COnstrictor
of pharynx
Medial pterygoid
Mandible
Masseter
Sternocleidomastoid .
1.
s,'.?:-e:
%-#
L- Vll (Iyinp
i-
k
superticially to
""-.
external 6arotid
artery and.
retromandibular
vein)
3A for diagram and % per correctly placed label (max s marks)
Page 9 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 OCTOBER 2013 END OF YEAR EXAM?NATION
NEUROANATOMY
Question 4
a. List the ascending tracts of the spinal cord and name the sensory
modality carried by each. (5 marks)
Model Answer
Lateral spinothalamic tracts %
pain & temperature 3/=
Anterior spinothalamic tracts3A
light touch & pressure %
Dorsal column tract %
deep touch & pressure %
proprioceptionA
vibration sensation %
Spinocerebellar tract %
posture & coordination %
b. Describe the boimdaries and list the contents of the interpeduncular

fossa.
(5 marks)
Model Answer
Boundaries:
Anterior: % optic chiasma %
Anterolateml: % optic tracts %
Posterolateral: % crura cerebri %
Posterior: % anterosuperior surface of pons %
Contents:
Tuber cinereum %
lnfundibulum %
Mammillary bodies %
Oculomotor nerves %
Posterior perforated substance %
(14/2 = max 5)
Page 10 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 OCTOBER2013 END OF YEAR EXAM?NATION
ABDOMEN
Question s
a. Describe the blood supply to the colon. (8 marks)
Model Answer
The Caecum ('A) via the ileocolic a (!A), the appendix ('A) via the appendicular a (!A),
the aSCendjng colon ('A) Vja the jleoColjc & rjght CO/7C a. ('A), and the transVerse colon
('A) through the middle colic a. ('A) (and some right colic a.), is supplied by the
superior mesenteric artery (3A).
Some of the transverse colon (via marginal/juxtacolic a. off left colic a), the
descending colon ('A) via the left colic a. ('A), and the sigmoid colon (!A) via the
sigmoid a. (!A) is supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery (!A).
Anastomose (3A) along colic margin forming continuous arterial channel - marginal a.
(%) (juxtacolic a.)
b. Draw a schematic diagram indicating blood flow from the sigmoid colon
to the Iiver. (2 marks)
Model Answer
* Sigmoid vein ('A)

* Inferior mesenteric vein (3A)
* Splenic vein ('A)
* Portal vein ('A)
Wwr@1
leh bmiidh
-' -.,s ;<"" l

wllama
llgamaivum mnosum
?r'sgiial wiin
Jgas!hwki
j
shon gash
?Th j@N Dil kll
l
@amohphAk
i i. 3 $hl
gffitltlc
iln
[Total 10 marks?
-O
a ,-',
pinalimki' spmnk mii
$hl gasl?oia wiin

lancmalk.vehm
mldtM*adlt
imki
l?titumieiiia? mesentekialn
t7hle@lb rAw:'
valn'-,?
) llooedlc
)C umbl1ai$
('1 lelll
11
'%, mffl
s%ymkl
wkll
supaikir twal veIn

a(@endlc7r
ve!m
Page 11 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
PELVIS AND PERINEUM
Question 6
Complete the table below on the features of the male and female pelvis.
(10 marks)
Classification Males Females

General structure
Greater pelvis (pelvis major)
Lesser pelvis (pelvis minor)
Pelvic inlet (superior pelvic
aperture)
Pelvic outlet (inferior pelvic
aperture
Pubic arch and pubic angle
Obturator foramen
Acetabulum
Greater sciatic notch
Model Answer
Classification MALES FEMALES

General structure thick and heavy % thin and light %
Greater pelvis (pelvis major) Deep % ShallOW %
Lesser pelvis (pelvis minor) narrow and deep %. wide and shallow'A;
Tapering % cylindrical %
Pelvic inlet (superior pelvic heart-shaped, narrow % oval and rounded; wide %
aperture)
Pelvic outlet (inferior pelvic comparatively small % comparatively large %
aperture
Pubic arch and pubic angle narrow (< 70o) 'A wide (> 90o) %
Obturator foramen Round % Oval'A
Acetabulum Large % Small %
Greatersciatic notch narrow ( - 70 o); inverted almost 90o %
V'A
(l0marks)
Page 12 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
LOWER LIMB
Question 7
a. Using a bridge analogy, describe the methods used to maintain or

support the medial longitudinal arch of feet. (5 marks)
Model Answer
* Shape of the bones: %

The sustentaculum tali holds up the talus; %
the concave proximal surface of the navicular bone receives the rounded head of
the talus; %
the slight concavity of the proximal surface of the medial cuneiform bone
receives the navicular. %
The rounded head of the talus is the keystone in the center of the arch %
* The inferior edges of the bones are tied together by the plantar ligaments, which
are larger and stronger than the dorsal ligaments. %
The most important ligament is the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament. %
The tendinous extensions of the insertion of the tibialis posterior muscle play an
important role in this respect. %
* Tying the ends of the arch together are the plantar aponeurosis, %
the medial part of the flexor digitorum brevis, %
the abductor hallucis, the flexor hallucis longus, %
the medial part of the flexor digitorum longus, 'A
and the flexor hallucis brevis. %
* Suspending the arch from above are the tibialis anterior and posterior and the
medial ligament of the ankle joint. %
(Max s marks)
Page 13 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
('L
b. Describe the relations of the femoral artery in the thigh. (5 marks)
Model Answer
Relations
Anteriorly upper part (in femoral triangle): skin & fascia %

lower part (in adductor canal):
1. Sartorius %
2. anterior wall of femoral sheath %
3. medial cutaneous n of thigh %
4. saphenous n cmsses from lat to med %
Posteriorly psoas major %
pectineus %
adductor longus %
femoral vein (in lower part of its course) %
adductor magnus %
Medially femoral vein %
Laterally femoral n & branches %
(Max s marks)
[Total 10 marks?
Page 14 of 14

l
lOMoARcPSD|28265101
aNAT zoa;o ' NOVEMBER2013 SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINAT?ON
ANAT2020: HUMAN ANATOMY FOR MBBCH II, BHSc & BSc (Biomed Eng)
SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION NOVEMBER 2013
TOTAL TIME:3 Hours TOTAL MARKS: 150
Instructions:

3. SECTION A: MCQ's 50 MARKS
On the ?circles" side of the computer sheet in the block headed "student number"
with care.
4. SECTION B: WRITTEN ANSWER QUESTIONS: 100 MARKS
1.
Amwer all Gross Anatomy questions No l-4 in the ?, No s -7 in the.?
Page 1 of 14

l
lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 NOVEMBER 2013 SUPPLEMENTARY EXAM?NATION
UECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QuESTIONS TOTAL: 50 MARKS
Questions 'I-25 below are X-type MCQs (2 marks each)
1. In the anatomical position:-

a. The forearm is pronated
b. The elbow joint is extended
c. The capitulum lies medial to the trochlea
d. Teres minor and infraspinatus are relaxed
e. The lower Iimbs are adducted.
FTFFT
2. Teres minor:
a. Forms the lateral boundary of the quadrangular space
b. Inserts on to the inferior facet of the greater tubercle
c. Lies superior to teres major
d. Is innervated by the lower subscapular nerve
e. Stabilizes the shoulder joint.
FTTFT
3. The intercostal vessels and nerves:

a. Course between the transversus thoracis and internal intercostal muscles.
b. Are arranged from above downwards: vein, artery and nerve.
c. All posterior intercostal arteries originate from the thoracic aorta.
d. Anterior intercostal veins on the right side drain into the azygos vein.
e. Supply only the intercostal muscles.
TTFFF
4. Contents of the posterior mediastinum include the following:

a. Heart.
b. Thymus.
c. Posterior intercostal vessels.
d. Arch of the aorta.
e. Thoracic duct.
FFTFT
s. Regarding the blood supply of the thyroid gland

a. The superior thyroid artery supplies both the anterior and posterior surfaces of
the gland
b. The inferior thyroid artery is branch of the brachiocephalic trunk
c. The isthmus is always supplied by the thyroid ima artery
d. All thyroid veins drain into the internal jugular vein
e. Arteries to the gland also supply the parathyroid glands
TFFFT
Page 2 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT2020 ' NOVEMBER 2013 SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINAT?ON
6. Regarding the middle ear

a. The promontory is formed by the projection overlying the superior bulb of the
jugular vein
b. The round window receives the foot process of the stapes
c. The auditory tube opens into the anterior wall
d. Internal carotid plexus contributes to the tympanic plexus
e. The stapedius muscles increases the vibration of ossicles
FFTTF
7. Lateral boundaries of the rhomboid fossa (floor of the 4'h ventricle)

consist of:
a. superior cerebellar peduncle
b. body of corpus callosum
c. inferior cerebellar peduncle
d. median sulcus
e. cuneate tubercle
TFTFF
8. The glossopharyngeal nerve contains:

a. general sensory fibres
b. elastic fibres
c. taste fibres
d. sympathetic fibres
e. motor fibres
TFTFT
9. The brainstem consists of:

a. Thalamus
b. Midbrain
c. Corpus striatum
d. Pons
e. Pineal body
FTFTF
lO.Regarding the central visual pathway:

a. Fibres from the nasal halves of the retina decussate
b. Fibres synapse in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
c. The left visual field is perceived in the Ieff cerebral cortex
d. When the optic chiasma is compressed (for example by a hypophyseal
tumor), the visual field defect that results is bitemporal hemianopia
e. Fibres proceed cranially as the lateral Iemniscus
TTFTF
Page 3 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
L;'
ANAT 2020 NOVEMBER 2013 SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINAT?ON
11.The bulbospongiosus muscle

g, Lies medial to the ischiocavernosus
b. Does not completely enclose the vaginal orifice
c. Attaches to the perineal body
d. Lies inferior to the perineal membrane
e. Moves blood from the body of the clitoris to the glans
TFTFT
12.The pudendal nerve

a. Is derived from the anterior rami S2-S4
b. Enters the gluteal region via the greater sciatic foramen
c. Does not pass through the Iesser sciatic foramen
d. Directly supplies the clitoris
e. Is the principal innervator of the perineum and its related structures
TTFFT
13.The anterior tibial artery:

a. is normally a terminal branch of the popliteal artery
b. passes between the two heads of tibialis anterior
c. Iies medial to the neck of the fibula bone
d. in its distal third Iies on the interosseous membrane
e. usually terminates as the dorsalis pedis artery
TFTFT
14. Regarding the femoral sheath

a. Transyersalis fascia contributes to the formation of the anterior wall
b. When venous pressure increases, femoral canal allows femoral vein to
expand
c. Great saphenous vein pierces the medial wall
d. Femoral hernia is more common in males than females
e. Neck of the femoral hernia sac lies inferolateral to the public tubercle
TTTFT
15.Kneejoint
a. Profunda femoris artery supplies the joint
b. In full extension, the femur is rotated laterally on the tibia by popliteus
c. Communicates with suprapatellar bursa
d. Is a simple hinge joint
e. The fibular collateral ligament is not attached to the lateral meniscus
FFTFF
Page 4 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
l..
ANAT 2020 NOVEMBER2013 SuPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION
UPPER LIMB
Question 1
Complete the table below on the differences between biceps brachii muscle
and triceps brachii muscles. (5 marks)
biceps brachii triceps brachii

lnnervation
i
Main action on forearm
Proximal attachments of their long heads
Number of joints affected
Arterial supply
(5 marks)
Model Answer
lnnervation:
Musculocutaneous nerve %
Radial nerve %
Main action on forearm:

Supination and flexion of forearm %
Extension of forearm %
Proximal affachment of their long heads:

Supraglenoid tubercle %
lnfraglenoid tubercle %
Number of joirds affected:

Threelfour %
Two %
Arterial supply:
Brachial artery %
Profunda Brachii artery (deep brachial artery) %
Total: (10 % marks = s marks)
Page s of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT2020 a NOVEMBER2013 SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION
THORAX
Question 2
a. Explain the anatomical basis of referred pain from the heart? (3 marks)
Model Answer
Visceral afferents!A from the ischemic heart are conveyed to upper thoracic spinal
cord levels'A which also receive somatic afferents from T1-T4 % dematomes. Both
groups of afferents converge in the dorsal horn3A of the spinal cord, and the angina
maybe perceived as localized distribution (T1-T4) 3/= rather than identified with the
heart. %
b, Why is the 5'h intercostal space in the midaxillary line preferred for
insertion of chest drains? (2 marks)
Model Answer
This area has relatively little superficial fascia/ muscle bebween the skin and the
thoracic wall!A compared to the rest of the chest wall. This makes ribs (landmarks) of
the intercostal space easier to feel and fewer structures must be passed through to
enter the pleural space (less damage) %. In addition, insertion through this position
avoids damage to the lateral thoracic artery and long thoracic nerve (nerve of Bell)
%. This space is also well away from the insertion of the diaphragm (making it more
difficult to pass through into the abdomen) % and the axilla (making damage to the
contents of the axilla less likely) %.
Page 6 of 14

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 a NOVEMBER 2013 SUPPLEMENTARY E)UiMINATION
HEAD AND NECK
Question 3
a. Complete the table below regarding the extraocular muscles. (5marks)
Name Innervations Action
Medial rectus
Lateral rectus
Superior oblique
lnferior oblique
Superior rectus
Model Answer
Name lnnervations Action
Medial rectus Occulomotor Rotate eyeball medially
Lateral rectus Abducens Rotate eyeball laterally
Superior Trochlear Rotate eyeball inferiorly

oblique and laterally
lnferior oblique Occulomotor Rotates eyeball
superiorly and laterally
Superior rectus Occulomotor Rotates eyeball
superiorly
% mark per correct innervation and action. (Max s marks)
Page 7 of 14

l
lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 ' NOVEMBER 2013 SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION
b. Describe the stmctiire of the scalp and its innervation. You may use
diagrams to enhance your answer. (5 marks)
Model Answer
Skin= thin, hair follicle, sebaceous, sweat glands

Connective tissue=Dense, well vascularised and innervated
Aponeurosis= Epicranial aponeurosis, Attaches occipitalis, frontalis and sup.
Auricular muscles
Loose connective tissue=Spongy, collects fluid; Allows movement of first three layers
Pericranium =External periosteum of the calvaria
lnnervations
Anterior to the auricle
Ophthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular
Posterior to the auricle
Cervical plexus C2 & C3
Posterior rami (greater occipital and third occipital nerve)
!! Q %
k- .-Th
/- o-
]
a0**
al*.
a0 a%
i .,a
1
ih
!
f!!
X'.
i
J
d /
1
11
( 1,
i!
'? J
?
r
p j
Page 8 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 a NOVEMBER 2013 SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION
NEUROANATOMY
Question 4
a. Give the boundaries of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle. (4 marks)
Model Answer
The anterior horn of lateral ventricle is anterior!A to interventricular foramen%
Its roOf'A js COrpuS callosum %
Its lateral wall!A is head of caudate nucleus'A
The medial wall!A is septum pellucidum %
b. Name the condition that results from excessive build up of CSF in the
ventricles. Give two probable causes of the named condition.
(1% marks)
Model Answer
Hydrocephalus!A may result from:

%
Overproduction of CSF
oint for any
An obstruction at some point within the ventricular system reason
Problems with CSF absorption
c. Give the characteristic features of cerebral veins. (3 marks)
Model Answer
No valves %
Extremely thin walls 3/=
Lack muscular tissue in tunica media %
Pierce arachnoid mater % and inner layer of dura mater 3/=
End in dural venous sinuses %
d. How is the great cerebral vein (of Galen) formed and where does it
terminate?
(1 % marks)
Model Answer
Left and right cerebral veins % and left and right basal veins % unite to form the
great cerebral vein. The great cerebral vein enter the straight sinus % (together with
the inferior sagittal sinus) 1%
Page 9 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 ' NOVFMBFR 7013 SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION
ABDOMEN
Question s
a. Draw a well labelled diagram showing the rectus sheath at the following
levels:
i. Above the subcostal margin
it. At the umbilicus
iil. Below the umbilicus
(5 marks)
Model Answer
superficQ fasm
8ki.
S rgAis major musde
reaus rnuscte
ar,' a?,. sss %*?6.%a'?r ?' ? <' ?r'. }:
-'d+ - :?ami?ir"iaas*':
-%0alkw%'
' z 'Th'-/ ' s#'?? %,,,0,.s+ 'J a-'} =.??.?'.?' :.?l'.l" ??. . ? " ? ' - ? "'..a -@-osYK.!.l?i'C-]'.K]
? " ?? ' ,, , ,,' :',.,',
A #l4j/I/li?lp#lg*y*ia*!'%
LTh l.i ?&
h? aporieuros!g of
f? i ?? ?' '-. 7
r 7 e
k
intercoslal muscles
axternal obl:ue
s
xiphoid process
reetus muscle
Iinea alba,
B
7
'??
?'a'-?-6J
p, 1li,
&
extraperilorieal fat [ fascia transversalis

peritoneum
c
W"?" ? % ? 807 transversus
7%l
"? - - -T
fascia transversalis
(1 mark for A and 2 marks each for correct B & C)
Page 10 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 NOVEMBER 2013 SUPPLEMENTARY E)UiMINATION
b. Complete the table below on branches of the abdominal aorta and

structuressupplied. (5marks)
Arterial Branch Structures Supplied

Unpaired Visceral
Paired Visceral
Model Answer
Arterial Branch Structures Supplied

Unpairea' Visceral -
Celiac trunk % Foregut derivatives & spleen %
Superior Mesenteric Artery'A Midgut derivatives %
Inferior Mesenteric artery % Hidgut derivatives !A
Paired Visceral
Suprarenal Arteries % Adrenal glands (suprarenal glands) %
Renal Arteries 'A Kidneys %
Gonadal Arteries % Ovaries or testes %
[Total 10 marksl
Page l"l of "14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 a NOVEMBER2013 SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINAT?ON
PELVIS AND PERINEUM
Question 6
a. Describe the arterial supply, venous drainage, lymphatic drainage and

nerve supply of the anal canal. (5 marks)
Model Answer
Upper Part Lower Part

Blood Supply superior rectal artery inferior rectal artery
(branch of inferior (branch of internal
mesenteric artery) % pudental artery) %
Venous Drainage superior rectal vein inferior rectal vein (into
(the 2 veins anastomose (into portal vein) !A pudental vein) %
freely to form a porto-
systemic anastomoses)
%
Lymphatic Drainage inferior mesenteric superficial inguinal nodes
nodes % (medial group) %
Nerve Supply autonomic nervous somatic nerve supply via
supply via 1. inferior rectal nerve
inferior hypogastric (branch of pudental
plexus % nerve) %
2. perineal branch of 84
%
(5 marks)
Page 12 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020' NOVEMBER2013 SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION
b. Describe the relations of the vagina. (5 marks)
Model Answer
Anteriody upper 1/2: base of bladder %

Iower 1/2: urethra %
Posteriorly upper 1/3: Douglas pouch % + loops of ileum % & sigmoid colon %
middle 1/3: ampulla of rectum%
lower 1/3: anal canal'A & perineal body %
Laterally upper 1/3: 1) transverse cervical ligament
in which are embedded the network of vaginal veins )A
2) ureter, which is crossed by uterine artery %
middle 1/3: pubococcygeus (part of levator ani) %
lower 1/3: pierces UG diaphragm
related to bulb of vestibule'A
bulbospongiosus %
greater vestibular glds (of Bartholini) %
(Max s marks)
[Total 10 marks?
Page 13 of 14

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020a NOVEMBER20'l3 SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINAT?ON
<'
LOWER LIMB
Question 7
a. List the ligaments stabilising the hip joint and give a brief description of
each. (5 marks)
Model Answer
Ligaments
1 iliofemoral ligament strong & Y-shaped
from ant inferior iliac spine to intertrochanteric line
prevents overextension during standing
2 ischiofemoral ligament spiral in shape
from body of ischium to greater trochanter
limits extension
3 pubofemoral ligament triangular in shape
from sup ramus of pubis to intertrochanteric line
limits extension & abduction
4 transverse acetabular formed by acetabular labrum
ligament bridges acetabular notch
5 ligament of head of femur from transverse ligament to fovea capitis
(1 mark for each ligament and brief description)
b. Describe the ?, course, tributaries and termination of the great (long)

saphenous veins.
y - - - - -
(5 marks)
Great Saphenous Vein

Origin union of medial digital vein of big toe % & medial side of dorsal
venous arch %
Course & passes anterior to medial malleolus of tibia % associated with
Termination saphenous n %
ascends on tibial side of Ieg % over medial subcutaneous

surface of tibia %
passes post to medial condyle of femur % + enters thigh

ends by joining femoral vein 'A
Tributaries superficial circumflex iliac vein %
superficial epigastric vein %
superficial external pudendal vein %
[Total 10 marks?
Page 14 of 14

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
l?
A
ANAT 2020 SEPTEMBER2012 END OF BLOCK TEST 3
TEST 3 SEPTEMBER 2012
TOTAL TIME: 2hrs TOTAL MARKS: 100
Instructions:
1. Answerallquestions.
3. Relevant and correctly labelled diagrams may be used to enhance your answers
s, Pencil may be used ONLY for drawings.
SECTION A : MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY 60MARKS
1. Answer all Morphological Anatomy questions No 1-3 in the ? books and No 4-6
in the WHITE books
SECTION B : HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 40 MARKS
1. Answer all Histology and Embryology questions in the ? book.

Page 1 of 12

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 8EPTEMBER2012 END OF BLOCK TEST 3
UPPER LIMB
Question 1
Describe the anatomic site of and effect(s) produced by

a. Erb-Duchenne paralysis and
b. Klumpke's paralysis. (5 marks)
Model Answer
Site of (Erb-Duchenne paralysis): Upper trunk of brachial plexus (lnjury at Erb's point). (1 )
Effect: Waiter's tip position. The upper limb hanging extended (flexors paralyzed), in medial
rotation (lateral rotators paralyzed) (1 %)
Site of Klumpke's paralysis: Lower trunk of brachial plexus (1)
Effect:'clawed hand' deformity. Anesthesia on medial surface of arm & hand &
paralysis/atrophy of muscles innervated by ulnar nerve ( 1'A)
THORAX
Question 2
A. Describe the surface markings of the heart. (4 marks)
Answer
Superior Border: 2"d left costal cartilage to f right costal cartilage (1 )
Right Border. 3" right costal cartilage to 6'h right costal cartilage ( 1 )
Inferior Border. 6fh right costal cartilage to 5'h left intercostal space, midclavicular line (1)
Left/Oblique Border. 5'h Ieft intercostal space in the midclavicular line to the 2nd left costal
cartilage. (1)
B. Give the exact location where you would auscultate (listen to) the aortic valve.
(1 mark)
?
Aortic area: Right upper sternal border, 2nd intercostal space (1)
Page 2 of 12

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
HEAD AND NECK
Question 3
A patjent has a boil on the lateral side of the nose. There is Ioss of Iateral gaze
(inability to abduct the eye) on both sides. Discuss the relevant spread of infection
and the relevant structure(s) affected resulting in the above symptom? (5 marks)
Answer
A boil in this region can cause thrombosis of the angular vein, a tributary to the facial vein (1 )
Infection can spread through the inferior ophthalmic veins to the cavernous sinus. (1)
The resulting cavernous sinus thrombosis may be fatal affecting structures related to it, i. e.
the abducens nerve in this case. (1)
This will cause paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle and the resultant loss of abduction of
the eye on the same side (1)
Loss of abduction of the contralateral eye results from the thrombosis of the contralateral
cavernous sinus through the intercavernous sinus, thus affecting the contralateral abducens
nerve. (1)
NEUROANATOMY
Question 4
A. Describe the anatomy of the caudate nucleus under the following subheading:
shape, parts and relations. (5 marks)
Answer
The caudate nucleus is a c-shaped structure %
Its different parts are related to the lateral ventricle, % ( which is also more or less c-shaped)
The h.3j % (a large bulge)forrns the lateral wall of the frontal horn %
The head is continuous antero-inferiodl % with ttM3 putamen of the lentiform nucleus %
The ? % (a slender structure) of the caudate nucleus runs across the thalamus in the
body of the lateral ventricle %
The W % (much attenuated) sweeps inferiorly and anteriorly to come to lie in the roof of the
temporal horn %
The tail ends in the amygdala % ; however, the amygdala is not functionally related to the
caudate nucleus
B. Draw and fully Iabel a diagram of the interpeduncular fossa to illustrate its
boundaries and contents. (4 marks)
Page 3 of 12

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
l
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C. Name the nuclei of the cerebellum and give the function of each. (4 marks)
Ar?
Dentate nucleus: Co-ordinates limb movements with motor cortex and basal ganglia (1)
Emboliform: regulates movement in the ipsilateral extremity ( 1 )
Globose: Regulates movement in the ipsilateral extremity (1)
Fastigial: Regulates body posture (1)
D. By means of a well labelled diagram of the lateral surface of the cerebrum show
the blood supply to this area. (no description required) (2 marks)
Answer
Page 4 of 12

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
SEPTEMBER2012 END OF BLOCK TEST 3

ANAT 2020
cerebral l
'Q. ;n,i' ,:'.i,r'i;? . ?. ,?? . 7, . . ? ! . 11,,% cortex l
l
t
/ 0.5 mark for drawing
?,s!2
4?
ABDOMFN
Question s
A. Draw and label a diagram illustrating the anterior relations of the kidneys.
(5 marks)
?
; area for Ieft suprarenal h

l
area for ngtit suprarenal;

l
0
I
0
0
;'peritoneum related to stomach v:
peritoneum related to spleen h
peritoneum related to Iiver;" 7
il
.1
!area Tor Ieff colic flexure !?

area for right colic flexure i M iarea for pancreas 'A
peritoneum rolmed to small intesline : h iperitoneum related to jejunum 'A
area for duodenum :' h
Page s of 12

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
B. Describe the blood supply to the liver. (5 marks)
Ar?
The liver receives a dual blood supply.
The portal vein (3A), formed by the union of the SMV & splenic v,
c8rTies -75-80% (3A) of the total blood to reach the HVer.
It ascends in the hepatoduodenal ligament ('A) as part of portal triad, carrying nutrient rich
(3A) and partially oxygenated (3A) blood to the sinusoids of Iiver (%).
The hepatic artery (3A) supplies the remaining -20-25% (3A) of blood to the liver, supplying
primarily non-parechymal structures ('A) (intrahepatic bile ducts). The hepatic artery proper
is a terminal branch of the common hepatic artery (5A), a branch of the celiac trunk.
Both divide into left & right branches (primary divisions) near porta hepatis (%).
(Max s marks)
PELVIS AND PERINEUM
Question 6
A. Describe the structures that constitute the pelvic inlet/brim. (3 marks)
Answer
Sacral promontory & ala
Arcuate line of the ilium
Pectineal line of the pubis (pecten pubis)
Pubic crest
Superior edge of pubic symphysis
(% mark each)
B. Describe the positions of the uterus in the pelvic cavity. (3 marks)
?
Anteflexion - bend fotvvard between the cervix and body (1)
Anteversion- anterior inclination of the whole uterus on the vagina (1 )
Retroversion- post inclination on the vagina (1)
C. List the posterior relations of the urinary bladder in males and highlight the
arterial blood supply to this organ. (3 marks)
?
Seminal vesicles
Ampulla of ductus deferens
Rectovesical pouch
Ampulla of rectum
Page 6 of 12

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
Arteries: superior & inferior vesical arteries

prostatic arteries (a branch of the inferior vesical artery)
obturator & inferior gluteal aa.
('A mark each)
D. Describe the coverings of the spermatic cord and give a brief account of how they
areacquired. (5marks)
Answer
External spermatic fascia from external oblique aponeurosis (1 ), internal spermatic fascia
from transversalis fascia (1) and cremasteric fascia from internal oblique aponeurosis (1).
Acquired as the testicles transverse the inguinal canal passing (1) through the deep and
superficial inguinal rings ( 1 ).
E. Describe the arterial blood supply of the rectum. In your answer indicate the
artery, source and region supplied (as in the table below). (6 marks)
Arteiy Source Region supplied
Ammc
Artery Source Region supplied

Superior rectal artery Inferior mesenteric Upper portion
Middle rectal arteries Internal iliac Middle and inferior
portions
Inferior rectal Internal pudendal Inferior portion
Page 7 of 12

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 o :-l END OF BLOCK TEST 3
SECTION B HISTOLOGY AND EMBRYOLOGY 40 MARKS
Question 1
Draw a detailed diagram showing the ultrastructure (TEM) of a filtration barrier of a

kidney nephron. In addition, using an arrow show the direction of the flow of filtrate
on the diagram. s marks
N
l i
%4
??.a%.
F
'I Jl
m?
s
, i?
C] -6)y
€.. 11.5 r
K h?
M
ffl*j
d
*-
'r-1 @'s':4'A
l?'4;.il
m€
j a..W'l'w'
C- Glomerular capillary
E- Endothelial cell nuclei
BM- Capillary Basement membrane (students will include in the diagram the 2 lamina rara
and the lamina densa layers)
P2- Pedicels
F- Fenestrations
r Filtration slits
Page 8 of 12

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ANAT 2020 SEPTEMBER 2012 END OF BLOCK TEST 3
Question 2
a. Describe the histological structure as well as the ultrastructure of a Sertoli cell

(5 marks)
?
Extend from basal lamina of seminiferous tubule to lumen of tubule (1/2 mark)
Elongated, branched, pyramidal cells ( 1/2 mark)
Have deep cytoplasmic infoldings (1/2 mark) that embrace the developing
spermatogenic cells (1/2 mark)
Large pale ovoid indented nuclei (1/2 mark) with prominent nucleolus (1/2 mark)
Bound tightly to other Sertoli cells by occluding junctions (1/2 mark) forming a continuous
sheath around the tubule (blood-testis barrier) (1/2 mark)
Well-developed sER Golgi, ++ Mito and rER. (1 mark)
b. Define spermatogenesis and list its three (3) phases (2 marks)
Answer
Process by which spermatogonia develop into sperm (1/2 mark).
3 phases:
Spematogonial phase (1/2 mark)
Spermatocyte phase (1/2 mark)
Spermatid phase (1/2 mark)
Questjon 3
Describe the histological structure of the mucosa of the small intestine. In your
answer relate structure to function.
(8 marks)
Am?
Villus (villi) ( 1/2 mark) is a finger Iike projection of the mucosal wall of a small intestine with
a core of lamina propria (1/2 mark). At the periphery of this structure there is a layer of
simple columnar epithelium (1/2 mark) with apical microvilli projections (1/2 mark) which
together with villi increase the surface area for absorption (1/2 mark). In between columnar
cells there are some goblet cells (1/2 mark) which secret mucous (1/2 mark). Below
epithelium one can find cellular loose connective tissue lamina propria (1/2 mark) with
lacteals, the lymphatic vessels (1/2 mark) and blood vessels (1/2 mark). The Iast layer of the
mucosa is muscularis mucosa (1/2 mark) which is made out of few layers of smooth muscle
cells (1/2 mark). Interspersed bekeen two adjacent villi are simple tubular intestinal glands
(1/2 mark) made out of columnar cells. Apart from the two cells mentioned above the
epithelial lining of glands is made out of enterendocrine cells which secrete hormones (1/2
mark), Paneth cells which secrete antimicrobial substances (1/2 mark) and M (microfold
cells) the antigen transporting cells ( 1/2 mark).
Page 9 of 12

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
Question 4
"The complicated innervation of the tongue can be best understood from its
developmental history". Briefly describe the development of the tongue with respect
to this statement. 7 marks
Answer
* Three dilatations which are derived from the first pharyngeal arch will appear in the
middle of the ventral pharyngeal floor. 1 mark
* The three bulges are the median tuberculum impar, and on the either side are the
two lateral lingual swellings. 1 mark
* The three bulges fuse to form the anterior two-third of the tongue. 1 mark
* Because these bulges are derived from the first pharyngeal arch they will be supplied
by a branch of the trigeminal nerve. 1 mark
@ In addition, a special sensory branch of the facial nerve, the chorda tympani will also
innervate the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. 1 mark
* The copula which is derived from the second pharyngeal arch does not contribute to
theadulttongue. 1mark
* The contributions from the 3'd and 4'h arches form the posterior third of the tongue
1
mark
* The innervation of the posterior third of the tongue thus comes from the
glossopharyngeal and the superior laryngeal nerves 1
mark
* The striated muscles of the tongue are derived from the occipital myotomes, and are
supplied by the hypoglossal nerve. 1 mark
Students will combine and condense some of this information
Page 10 of 12

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
Question 6
Describe and illustrate the important flexures (bends), including their times of
appearance and direction, which occur in the neural tube during the embryonic
development of the brain. (7 marks)
Ammr
* In its development the brain undergoes three bends or flexures. (0.5)
* These are the cephalic, cervical and pontine flexures. (1.5)
* As the embryo is undergoing its'generar bending process, the head end bends
ventrally over the cranial end of the notochord to form the cephalic flexure or
mesencephalic flexure (3" week pf). (1.5)
* This flexure lies in the middle region of the mesencephalon and is a ventrally directed
flexure. (1)
* With further bending of the embryo, the junction between the rhombencephalon and
the spinal cord undergoes flexion ventrally to form the cervical flexure (5'h week pf).
(1)
* Then a third flexure takes place in the opposite direction and this tends to 'dorsiflex'
the brain. (1)
* This is the pontine flexure (6'h week pf) and it divides the brain into a cranially
placed metencephalon and a caudally placed myelencephalon) and is largely due to
grovtth changes in the brain itself. (1.5)
* The pontine flexure forms an acute forward angle and as it occurs, the neural tube
widens laterally. (1 )
* The widening causes the alar and basal plates to lie side by side(0. 5), rather than in
the dorso-ventral position and causes the floor of the neural tube to assume a
diamond shape (rhomboid), (0.5)thus forming the floor of the fourth ventricle. (0.5)
Students will combine and condense some of this information
Page 11 of 12

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
Question 6
Relate the histological structure of the thymus to its function as a primary lymphatic
organ. (6 marks)
Ar?
T cell antigen-independent development and differentiation occurs in the thymus (%)
Epithelioreticular cells provide a meshwork for (%), and allow for
compartmentalization of the developing T cells (%)
Hassalrs corpuscles (%), concentrically arranged type Vl epithelioreticular cells
exhibiting keratinization ('A), are thought to secrete interleukins for T cell
development (%)
The blood-thymus barrier (%) composed of the endothelium and basal lamina of the
capillary wall ('A), occasional pericytes ('A), macrophages (%) and type /
epithelioreticular cells (%) prevents the contact of developing T cells with antigen (%)
Page 12 of 12

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lOMoARcPSD|28265101
! h?
UNlVERSlT%' OF THE WIT!/VATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG

ANAT2020 TEST3 AUGUST2009 TIME:3hours
PAPER 1 MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY j65 marksi
Instructions :
2. Write your Anatomy number on each exam book.
3. Answer questions 1, 2, 3, & 4 in the GREEN book; s, 6, 7, 8 & 9 in the BLUE book
and 10, 1 1 & 12 in the PINK book.
4. Relevant and correctly Iabelled diagrams may be used to enhance your answers.
s. ON,LY scripts written in blue or black ink will be marked. Pencil may be used ONLY for
drawings.
UPPER LIMB
1 . Use a table to list the rotator cuff muscles, their attachments to the humerus and their nerve
supply. (5 marks)
Answer

Supraspinatus % Superior facet of greater Suprascapular rierve %
tubercle of humerus %
lnfraspinatus % Middle facet of greater Suprascapular nerve %
tubercle of humerus '!/2
Teres minor % lnferior facet of greater Axillary nerve %
tubercle of humerus %
Subscapularis % Lesser tubercle of humerus % Upper and lower subscapular
nerves %
(1 2/2 = max 5)
2. Give the boundaries, floor and contents of the cubital fossa (the supeficial structures are not
required). (5marks)
Answer
Boundaries
Superior (base): imaginary line connecting the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus %

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
Medial: pronator teres %

Lateral: brachioradialis %
Brachialis %
Supinator %
Contents
(Term!nal pad of) brach!al ar(er7 % and commencemen? of radial and ulnar aderies %
Accompanying veins of the arteries (brachial veins Prac Anat) %
Biceps brachii tendon %
Median nerve %
Radial nerve %
Radial recurrent artery %

('12/2 a max 5)
THORAX
3. Identify the boundaries and contents, from anterior to posterior, of the superior mediastinum.
(6 marks)
Boundaries
* Superior - superior thoracic aperture (3A)
* Inferior - transverse thoracic plane (!A)
* Anterior - sternum & costal cartilages ('A)
* Posteriorly - bodies of thoracic vertebrae (!A)
* Laterally - mediastinal pleura ('A)
Contents (A-P)
* Brachiocephalic veins (%) & SVC (3A)
* Pulmonary trunk (3A) & pulmonary arteries (3A)
* Arch of aorta & its branches ('A)
* Trachea (%), vagus nerve
Oesophagus ('A)
4. The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic channel in body, which conveys most of the lymph
to venous system.
a) What is the origin of the thoracic duct? (% mark)
* Chyle cistern in abdomen (3A)
b) Describe the course of the thoracic duct (4 marks)

l
lOMoARcPSD|28265101
* Ascends anterior to bodies of L1-2 (%)

* Passes through aortic hiatus in diaphragm at T12 ('A)
* Ascends in posteriormediastinum ('A)
* At T4/5 (sometimes T6) it crosses left posterior to oesophagus (3A)
* In superjor medjasfjllum jf ljes Ieff of oesophagus ('A) & medjal 10 80rljc arch ('A)
* Ascends through superior thoracic aperture into neck ('A)
* Arches laterally (!A)
c) Where does the thoracic duct terminate? (1 % marks)

Usually into Ieft internal jugular vein ('A) near its union with the Ieft subclavian vein (origin
of left brachiocephalic vein - left venous angle) (!A)
* Sometimes left subclavian ('A) (variations in superior part are common)
s. Use a table to list the tributaries of the corollary sinus of the heart and their areas of drainage.
(5 marks)
Tributary Area of drainage
Answer
Great cardiac vein % Anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum 'A and

adjacent right ventricle and left ventricle % ,
left ventricle at left heart border (oblique
border) and Ieft atrium %
Middle cardiac vein % Posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum % and
adjacent parts of right ventricle and left
ventricle %
Small cardiac vein '/? Right atrium and right ventricle at right heart
border %
Oblique vein of the left atrium % Posterior part of the left atrium %
Posterior vein of left ventricle % Posterior part of Ieft ventricle %
1 3/2 = max s
6. Describe the internal features of the right ventricle (detail of the valves not required).
(5 marks)
A?r?
Superiorly it has the outflow tract, the conus arteriosus (infundibulum) %
The conus arteriosus leads into the pulmonary trunk %
A thick, muscular ridge, the supraventricular crest % separates the conus arteriosus from the
inferior muscular part %
The irregular muscular elevations of the inferior part are called the trabeculae carneae %

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
The septomarginal trabecula (moderator band) % runs from the (inferior part of the)
interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle % (carries part of the
conducting system of the heart)
The tricuspid valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle %
Three pap!llary muscles % , anterior, posterior and septal !/i project from the ventricular wali to
affach f0 ffle free edges of the cusps of the tricuspid valve % V!a cFlordae fend!neae %
(1 2/2 = max 5)
HEAD & NECK
NEUROANATOMY
ABDOMEN
7. Draw clearly labeled diagrams illustrating the formation of the rectus sheath at a point midway
between the costal margin and the umbilicus and half-way between the umbilicus and the
pubicsymphysis. (6marks)
OR
Draw clearly labeled diagrams illustrating the formation of the rectus sheath above the costal
margin and at a point midway between the costal margin and the umbilicus. (5 marks)
Model Answer
r f,
aponeurosls l'
l ??'l
///
r-===-=-=')'
The re<his sheath above tbe costal marJn (X lor tide and corr*ct diagram-. 1-for labels as above) l
tEE;:-(
,ff
1 :';:'.:::':q"' 1
l Rectus abdoniinls
iW
ffi musele
? ,i-,-r.- l
l Transstws* abdominal
muscle aporieurosls
lr m :;:,'.:::':q"
Tlse reclus dieath between the costal margin and uniblllcus
0i €or tItle and correct dIagram. 3 for labels as above) l
r External-:>;llqe
apon*urosls '(
't
l
l ::::::=-t
'?r #
( )
J
Rechis abdoniinls
muscl*
l Transsr*rse abdominal
muscle hpotseurosls
r'.:::=:,:::,:s=:.'?:::,:;:':%-;'::':r::.=::::.?-'-'- l

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
8. Draw a table, set out Iike the example below, listing the boundaries of the inguinal canal.
(8 marks)
To make the question s marks, remove 1 of the columns.

Anterior wall Internal oblique (A) External oblique external oblique
and external oblique aponeurosis ('A) aponeurosis (3A)
aponeurosis (!A)
Posterior wall transversalis fascia transversalis fascia transversalis fascia
(!A) ('A) (3A) and the con)oint
tendon(3A)
Roof transversalis fascia arches of internal medial crus of
('A) oblique (!A) external oblique
and transverse aponeurosis ('A)
abdominal ('A)
Floor iliopubic tract ("A) inguinal Iigament inguinal Iigament ('A)
(thickened inferior (!A) and lacunar Iigament
margin of the ('A)
transversalis fascia)
9. (a) Give the immediate relations of the superior mesenteric artery. (2 marks)
(b) List the branches of the superior mesenteric artery. (3 marks)

(Total:5 marks)
Answer
(a) SMA is posterior to:

the neck of the pancreas %
the splenic vein %
SMA is anterior to:

the left renal vein %
the uncinate process of the pancreas %
the third part of the duodenum % 5/2 =max 2
(b)
inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. %
jejunal branches !/2
ileal branches %

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
ileocolic a. '/2
right colic a. %
middle colic a. % 6/2 = 3
(Total: 5)
10. Give the locations of portal-systemic anastomoses and indicate the veins that are involved at
eachlocation. (5marks)
They occur at 4 Iocations:

at the umbilicus '/i between the paraumbilical veins of the portal system % and the epigastric
veins of the systemic system %
af f)le anal mucosa % befween ff1e super!or re(lal Ve!n of fMe portal system % and fMe m!ddle
and inferior rectal veins of the systemic system %
at ?he oesophageal mucosa % be?ween ?he Ieft gastric Vein of the portal system % and ?he
oesophogeal veins of the systemic system %
at the coion % between the colic veins of the portal system % and the retroperitoneal veins of
the systemic system '/2 1 2/2 = max s
PELVIS & PERINEUM
11. In a table format, give the openings in the pelvic walls and the structures transmitted through
them.
Opening Structure(s) Transmitted
Model Answer
Opening Structure(s) Transmitted
Anterior Sacral Anterior rami of sacral nerves %

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
Foramina !/?
l
sciatic nerve, %
the pudendal nerve, 'A

Greater Sciatic inferior gluteal nerve and vessels %
Foramen %
piriformis m. %
internal pudental nerve % and vessels

%
nerve to quadratus fermoris %

posterior l cutaneous nerve of the thigh
%
pudendal nerve %
Lesser Sciatic nerve to obturator internus 'A
Foramen %
the internal pudendal vessels %
obturator internus tendon %
l Obturator foramen % o5furafor nerVe % and VeSSelS %
Maximum of s marks
12. a. List all the individual muscles that form the pelvic diaphragm (2 marks)
b. Describe the pre-vertebral (pre-aortic) ganglia (3 marks)
Answers
a. (ndividual muscles of the pelvic diaphragm

puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus, coccygeus (!/ix4 = 2 marks)
b. Pre-vertebral (pre-aortic) ganglia

Located at the origins of the main branches of the abdominal aorta (%)
Receive pre-synaptic sympathetic fibres of abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves except those
meant to supply the suprarenal glands (%)
Postsynaptic fibres from these ganglia form pert-arterial plexuses that follow the branches of
the abdominal aorta to their target organs (!/!)
Ganglia include - celiac, aoiticorenal, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric (%x3=1 %
marks)
(Total = s marks)

lOMoARcPSD|28265101
13. Write short notes on supports of the uterus (5 marks)
Model Answer
ligaments to the cervix- 1 , transverse cervical ligaments '!/i

(lateral cervical ligaments) attaches the cervix and Iateral fornices % to the lateral walls of the pelvis
2, Uterosacral Iigaments (rectouterine ligament) attach sides of the cervix to the sacrurn%
Principal supports of the uterus- pelvic floor (muscles of the urogenital diaphragm) %, pereneal
50d7%, broad l!gamenf of fMe uferus affaches ?tle uferus fo {he pelV!c walls%i surround!ng v!scera fFle
urinary bladder attached to the uterus through uterovesical fold (anterior Irgament) of peritoneum '/i
and to the rectum posterior through the posterior ligament%.
Round Iigament of the uterus% - attaches the uterus to the labia majora% after passing through the
inguinal canal
14. a) Describe the anatomy of the ovarian fossae [2%].
Model Answer
Iocated in the lesser pelvis%

Anterior boundary- medial umbilical Iigament (obliterated umbilical artery) 'A
Post- ureter and internal iliac artery%
Laterally - obturator vessels and nerves covered by parietal peritoneum %
Superiorly- external iliac vein%
b) Detail the component parts of the fallopian tube in their sequential order from the uterus to
the ovary [2%].
Model Answer
Intramural part- passes into the wall of the uterus, surrounded by myometrium%
lsthmus- narrow and short, thick walled part joins the horns of the uterus%
Ampulla- widest and Iongest allows fertilization%

l
l
lOMoARcPSD|28265101
/':
:'r
Infundibulum- funnel shaped distal end opening into the peritoneum, its margins have frimbrea%
(award one point for correct order from the uterus%)
1 s. Describe i? the Iobes and blood supply of the prostate gland (5 marks)
Lobes
anterior lobe (isthmus) - lies in front of the urethra (%); lacks glandular tissue but consists mostly of
fibromuscular tissue (%)
posterior lobe - lies behind the ejaculatory ducts above, and the distal portion of the prostatic
urethra below (%); it is often considered the postero-medial part of the Iateral lobes; it can be
palpated through the rectum during digttal rectal exam (DRE) (%)
right and left lateral lobes on either side of prostatic urethra (%); they form the main mass of gland
C/=)
middle (median) lobe is cone-shaped (%), lies behind the prostatic urethra and between the two
e3aculatory ducts (%)
Blood supply
arterial - prostatic arteries from the inferior vesical arteries (from anterior division of internal iliac
artery) AND from the middle rectal artery (%)
venous - prostatic venous plexus which drains into the internal iliac vein (%)
16. Describe the Vascular supply, Lymphatic drainage, and Nerve Supply to the Anal Canal.
(5 marks
Model Answer
Supply Above Pectinate Line Below Pectinate Line
lArterial Superior rectal artery !/i Inferior rectal arteries %
Venous Internal plexus drains to superior rectal ilnternal venous plexus drains to
vein '!/2 and portal system % :inferior rectal veins % and caval
system %
LymphaticiTo internal iliac and common iliac and To superficial inguinal nodes %
lumbar nodes %
.1........
Nerve From inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus F'r-o;":';f;r!'or?:ectal?n;rVe's'm,'?'-' - 1,

% (both sympathetic and branches of the pudendal nerves
parasympathetic; sensitive to stretching (sensitive to pain, temperature and
only) % fOuCFl) %
Maximum of s marks

I
illiI
lOMoARcPSD|28265101
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anatomy compilation of past papers

Anatomy (University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg)

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FU EXAMS OFFICE USE ONLY l

Exammation to be NOVEMBER 2009

BACHELOR OF MEDICINE & BACHELOR OF SURGERY

Faculty/ies presenting FACULTY OF HEALTH SCENCES

Intemal examiner(s) PROFESSOR M HOSIE (011717 - 2018)

Emmal examiner(s) PROFESSOR M VAWDA / DR S PRINCE

Special materials required

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UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, JOHANNESBURG

MBBChn/ BHSc II BSc Biomedical Eng (ANAT 2020)

1. Answer all questions.

iv) MARK BOTH THE CORRECT AND THE '[NCORRECT STATEMENTS on

vi) DO NOT fold or bend the computer card.

4. PAPER II: WRITTEN ANSWER QUESTIONS : 100 MARKS

i) Section A: Answer Questions l- 4 in the BLUE book; s-7 in the GREEN

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MORPHOLOGICAL ANATOMY 70 MARKS

1. The components of the levator am muscle are:

2, Components of the pelvic inlet include the

<m 11"?' Arcuate line

3, Relations of the urinary bladder

a. Peritoneum, sigmoid colon & coils of ileum superiorly

oni,,) tp41> oa'. RUe'Vesicouterine

4. The branches of the internal iliac artery in the females include:

s, The knee joint:

b. Permits flexion and extension.

d. Has a medial meniscus which is adherent to the=$'collateral colla{@ra!!!HamenlFF

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-i'p, i,g Fil(1 'mffn<

- i(lt'eniQS 'Aleh&) o. ,o. ,rl.

a. Superior gluteal artery F

c. Inferior gluteal artery T

e. Inferior vesical artery F

7. The sciatic nerve

a. Innervates muscles of posterior compartment of thigh T

C. Gives innervations to gluteal muscles - N))y.}4 +'llrql il ' :jciau2 F

e. Its a?r component is common fibular F

a. It is firmly attached to the intertrochanteric crest of the femur F

9. With respect to the gluteal region

a. The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments both attach to the ischium T

10. When considering the anterior compartment of the thigh

a. The femoral nerve (L2,L3,L4) is considered the primary nerve to this

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11. Structures forming the stomach bed include:

d. Spleen 13'ae)'i:t,- or<s5,) T

d. Pierces the tendinous part of the diaphragm at the level of T8 T

e. Is formed by the union of the common iliac veins. T

13. The ureters are constricted at the following sites:

c. At the pelvic brim where they are crossed by iliac vessels T

d. Point of entrance into the urinary bladder T

e. At lateral fornix of vagina in females F

14. The following are branches of the lumbar plexus:

c. Quadratus lumborum muscle T

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