Digital SAT Foundation Writing Topics 8 13

Digital SAT
Writing
Topics 8-13
8. Pronoun and Noun Agreement
Many questions that te st apostrophes will also test pronoun agreement simultaneously. As a result, it 1s
impossible to discuss one without discussing the other.
A pronoun must agree with the noun to which it refers, i.e. its antecedent or referent. Singular pronouns
(e.g. she, if; must agree with singular nouns, and plural pronouns (e.g. thry) must agree with plural nouns.
For example:
The cacao bean is the dried and fully fermented

fatty bean of the cacao tree (Theobroma cacao). A) NOCHANGE
D Their the source of cocoa butter and solids,
B)
C)
It's
Its
including chocolate, as well as an ingredient in many D) They're
Mesoamerican dishes such as mole and tejate.
When a lot of people look at a question like this, they notice immediately that their is possessive and doesn't
=
make sense in context. Happy to have identified the error, they leap to pick D). Th ey 're they are, which makes
perfect grammatical sense. But unfortunately, D) is not the right answer.
When we look at the various options, we can see that they contain both singular (it) and plural (they) options.
That distribution indicates that we need to figure out what noun the pronoun is supposed to refer to, and
whether that noun is singular or plural. For the moment, we're going to forget the possessive issue.
The underlined pronoun is at the start of the sentence, and antecedents typically come before pronouns (ante =
before). So we need to look at the previous sentence to figure out what noun the pronoun refers to:
The cacao bean is the dried andfullyfermentedfatty bean efthe cacao tree ([heobroma cacao).
Now we're going to think through the problem, step-by-step.
• What is logically the source of cocoa butter and solids? The cacao bean .
• Is the cacao bean singular or plural? Singular. We know because there is no-son the end of bean.
• Is they singular or plural? Plural.
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New types of digital technology have allowed 1
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acoustic engineers to create sophisticated noise- Which choice completes the text so that it
filtering devices. As a result, ________ can now conforms to the conventions of Standard
eliminate unwanted noise with a precision English?
never before possible.
A) he or she
B) one
C) we
D) they
Hidden between a bookstore and a café, San 2

Francisco’s Jack Kerouac Alley is easy to Which choice completes the text so that it
overlook. Once a place to throw garbage, conforms to the conventions of Standard
________ been transformed into an inviting English?
pedestrian-only thoroughfare, complete with
decorative lampposts and poetry in English and A) they’ve
Chinese lining the walkway. B) they’d
C) it’s
D) he’s
Deserts are found on every continent 3

including Antarctica. ________ often the site of
Which choice completes the text so that it
unusual rock formations and, in some cases,
conforms to the conventions of Standard
amazing archaeological finds. Many of the
English?
largest ones, including the Gobi Desert, the
Great Basin Desert, and the Patagonian Desert, A) Its
are located in the shadows of immense
B) They’re
mountain ranges that block moisture from
nearby oceans or bodies of water. C) Their
D) It’s
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The most common movements we make 4.1
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while asleep are rapid eye movements. When Which choice completes the text so that it
we dream, our eyes move in accordance with conforms to the conventions of Standard
what we are dreaming about. If, for example, English?
we dream about watching a game of tennis,
________ will move from left to right with A) one’s eyes
each volley. These movements, generated in B) our eyes
the dream world, escape from normal sleep
C) their eye’s
paralysis and leak into the real world. Seeing a
sleeping person’s eyes move is the strongest D) they’re eyes
sign that ________ dreaming.
4.2
English?
A) he or she is
B) they’re
C) there is
D) one is
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You’re up to your knees in mud and weeds, 5.1
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getting bitten by things you can’t identify. Which choice completes the text so that it
________ seem to grow more hostile by the conforms to the conventions of Standard
minute. Meanwhile, you search for a creature English?
that probably ran away hours ago and couldn’t
care less about communing with you. And as A) One’s surroundings
you open your notebook, the sky opens and B) You’re surroundings
drenches ________ Welcome to the world of
C) Your surroundings
nature writing.
D) Their surrounding’s
5.2
English?
A) them.
B) the pages.
C) that.
D) this.
Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26,1926 - 6

September 28,1991) was an American jazz
musician, trumpeter, bandleader, and
composer. Known for creating a unique sound
English?
and style through the use of non-traditional
instruments such as the French horn, Davis A) the most renowned performers
joined Ella Fitzgerald and Duke Ellington as B) the most renowned performers,
________ in the United States during the mid-
twentieth century. C) one of the most renowned performers
D) one of the more renowned performers
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According to author Nadine Gordimer, the 7.1
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process of writing fiction is unconscious, Which choice completes the text so that it
emerging from what people learn and how conforms to the conventions of Standard
________ Gordimer, who was born in South English?
Africa in 1923, was an authority on that subject.
________ received the Nobel Prize in Literature A) they live.
in 1991, having attained international B) one lives.
recognition for her work. At the time she won
C) you live.
________, she had published 10 novels, dozens
of short stories, essay collections, and a play. D) we live.
7.2
English?
A) They
B) This
C) One
D) She
7.3
English?
A) that
B) the award
C) them
D) that thing
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Webs allows spiders to catch prey without 8.1
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having to expend energy chasing it around. Which choice completes the text so that it
However, ________ because of the large conforms to the conventions of Standard
amount of protein required, in the form of silk. English?
In addition, silk quickly loses its stickiness and
become inefficient at capturing prey. As a A) it’s a tiring dilemma
result, spiders often eat ________ daily to B) spinning a web is a tiring process
regain some of the energy used in spinning. The
C) its a tiring process
silk proteins are thus recycled.
D) they’re process is tiring
8.2
English?
A) it’s own webs

B) its own web’s
C) there own webs’
D) their own webs
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There are over 3,000 lizard species, but the 9.1
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Komodo dragon, a reptile with ancestors that Which choice completes the text so that it
date back more than 100 million years, wins the conforms to the conventions of Standard
prize for being the largest living lizard in the English?
world. ________ name came from rumors of a
large dragon-like lizard inhabiting the warm, A) They’re
hilly islands of Indonesia. Indeed, the yellow B) Their
color of its long, forked tongue reminds people
C) Its
of a mythical fire-spitting dragon. Despite its
ancient roots, the Komodo dragon was D) It’s
unknown to ________ until 1910, when it was
observed in Komodo National Park.
9.2
English?
A) them
B) researchers
C) those people
D) it
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There are around 300 octopus species, all of 10.1
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which can change colors, squirt poison, and Which choice completes the text so that it
exert a force greater than their own body conforms to the conventions of Standard
weight. In fact, ________ part of an elite English?
group of marine creatures with remarkably
large brains. Scientists have found that A) they’re
octopuses can not only navigate their way B) their
through mazes, but they can also solve
C) its
problems quickly and remember ________
D) it’s
10.2
English?
A) that.
B) the solutions.
C) those.
D) this.
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At the age of six, Judith Jamison towered 1.1
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over her classmates. ________, who wanted to Which choice completes the text so that it
complement their daughter’s exceptional height conforms to the conventions of Standard
with ________ in a classical ballet class at the English?
Judimar School of Dance, where she studied
throughout her childhood. Jamison decided on A) Jamisons parents
a career in dance only after three semesters of B) Jamisons parent’s
coursework in psychology at Fisk University,
and she completed her education at the C) Jamison’s parents’
Philadelphia Dance ________ was spotted by D) Jamison’s parents
choreographer Agnes de Mille, who invited her
to appear in a performance with the American 1.2
Ballet Theater. Jamison moved to New York the Which choice completes the text so that it
following ________ the Alvin Ailey American conforms to the conventions of Standard
Dance Theater. English?
A) grace, and they enrolled her

B) grace, enrolling
C) grace - enrolled
D) grace, enrolled
1.3
English?
A) Academy in 1964, she

B) Academy. In 1964, she
C) Academy, in 1964, she
D) Academy in 1964 she
1.4
English?
A) year, eventually joining

B) year, but she eventually joined
C) year; and eventually joined
D) year, she eventually joined
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When a person breaks a bone, it eventually 2.1
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knits itself back together. ________ a Which choice completes the text so that it
researcher at Delft University of Technology in conforms to the conventions of Standard
the Netherlands, wondered why buildings English?
couldn’t do the same thing. Inspired by the
human body, Jonkers created self-healing A) Microbiologist, Henk Jonkers,
concrete. Concrete is filled with capsules of B) Microbiologist Henk Jonkers,
limestone-producing bacteria along with
C) Microbiologist Henk Jonkers
calcium lactate. When the concrete cracks, air
and moisture prompt the bacteria to consume D) Microbiologist Henk Jonkers -
the calcium ________ an ingredient in
limestone. The cracks are sealed, and the
concrete is stabilized.
2.2
English?
A) lactate, they convert it to calcite,

B) lactate, they convert it to calcite -
C) lactate and convert it to calcite,
D) lactate, and this being converted to
calcite,
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This innovation could solve a longstanding 2.3
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problem with ________ most common Which choice completes the text so that it
construction material. Concrete often develops conforms to the conventions of Standard
micro-cracks during the construction process. English?
These tiny cracks don’t immediately affect the
building’s structural integrity, but they can lead A) concrete; the worlds
to leakage problems that can corrode the B) concrete the worlds’
________, ultimately causing a collapse. With
C) concrete - the world’s
the self-healing technology, cracks can be
sealed immediately, preventing future leaks D) concrete, the world’s
and costly long-term damage. The bacteria can
lie dormant for up to two ________ than the
lifespan of most buildings constructed today.
2.4
English?
A) concrete’s steel reinforcements

B) concretes steel reinforcement’s,
C) concretes steel reinforcements,
D) concrete’s steel reinforcements;
2.5
English?
A) centuries. Far longer

B) centuries: far longer
C) centuries; far longer
D) centuries far longer,
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Perhaps the ocean organism most vulnerable 3.1
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to temperature change is coral. There is Which choice completes the text so that it
evidence that reefs will bleach - that is, eject conforms to the conventions of Standard
algae that play a key role in maintaining their English?
________ a slight persistent increase in
temperature. Bleaching slows coral growth, A) ecosystems, at even
makes it susceptible to disease, and can lead to B) ecosystems at even
large-scale reef destruction. Other organisms
C) ecosystems - at even
affected by temperature change include
________ at the base of the food chain. D) ecosystems; at even
Research has shown that krill reproduce in
significantly smaller numbers when ocean
temperatures rise. The resulting decrease in the
krill population can have a cascading effect by
disrupting the life cycle of krill ________ which 3.2
in turn causes food shortages for predators Which choice completes the text so that it
higher up on the food chain. conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) krill, it is a very important link

B) krill, a very important link
C) krill, being a very important link
D) krill, and this is a very important link
3.3
English?
A) eaters such as: penguins and seals,

B) eaters; such as penguins and seals,
C) eaters - such as penguins and seals
D) eaters, such as penguins and seals,
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We inhabit a world of bridges. For thousands 4.1
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of ________ have been finding ingenious ways Which choice completes the text so that it
to do so. From the 3,000 year-old Arkadiko conforms to the conventions of Standard
bridge in Greece to the brand-new 26.4 mile English?
structure connecting the Chinese port city of
Quindao to ________suburbs, bridges are A) years, people, who needed to cross bodies
everywhere. The simplest type of bridge can be of water,
created by dragging a log over a creek, but the B) years, people who needed to cross bodies
construction of modern bridges typically of water,
requires years of ________ architects,
C) years, people who needed to cross bodies
engineers, and artists may spend a decade or
of water
more working together to design a single
structure. D) years; people who needed to cross bodies
of water
4.2
English?
A) there
B) they’re
C) it’s
D) its
4.3
English?
A) education today
B) education. Today,
C) education today,
D) education today
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In the world of airliners, bigger means better. 5.1
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The dawn of the jet age in the 1950s brought in Which choice completes the text so that it
the likes of the ________ of carrying more conforms to the conventions of Standard
passengers more quickly than any propeller- English?
driven design. Since that time, airliners have
grown larger and larger. The sight of an Airbus A) Boeing 707; an aircraft capable
A380 can still create great excitement. The B) Boeing 707, and it was an aircraft capable
________ can seat over 800 people. While the
C) Boeing 707, an aircraft capable
Airbus 380 is the largest passenger-carrying
aircraft ever ________ by another design that D) Boeing 707, an aircraft being capable
may someday take to the skies. With three
decks for passengers, the AWWA Sky Whale
looks like a cross between a tropical fish and a
space shuttle from a science fiction movie.
5.2
English?
A) enormous, double-decker plane

B) enormous, double-decker, plane
C) enormous double-decker, plane
D) enormous double-decker plane -
5.3
English?
A) built; it is dwarfed
B) built, it is dwarfed
C) built, but it is dwarfed
D) built, it is dwarfed,
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Optical illusions reveal the human mind’s 6.1
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tendency to make assumptions about the world Which choice completes the text so that it
- and what we believe ________ is often not the conforms to the conventions of Standard
truth. For thousands of years, curious minds English?
have questioned why our eyes are so easily
fooled by simple drawings. Illusions, ________ A) ones sees
can reveal everything from how we process B) you see
time and space to our experience of
C) he or she sees
consciousness. For example, if a person
watching a waterfall shifts his or her gaze to a D) we are seeing
group of rocks on the side, the rocks appear to
move in the opposite direction from the flow of 6.2
water. ________ the waterfall illusion.
Tracking the flow of the water seems to “tire” Which choice completes the text so that it
some of the brain’s neurons. When the person’s conforms to the conventions of Standard
gaze moves to the rocks, other neurons English?
________ the illusion of movement in the A) scientists have found,
other direction.
B) scientists have found -
C) scientists have found;
D) scientists have found
6.3
Which choice completes the text with the
most logical transition?
A) However, this effect is known as
B) For example, this effect
C) Therefore, this experience is known as
D) This effect is known as
6.4
English?
A) overcompensate, this causes

B) overcompensate and causing
C) overcompensate by causing
D) overcompensate, but they cause
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It seems strange that water is such a scarce 7.1
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resource when the Earth is covered in more Which choice completes the text so that it
than 300 million trillion gallons of ________ conforms to the conventions of Standard
From oceans to lakes to rivers, water is English?
seemingly everywhere. Unfortunately, though,
only about one-half of one percent of water is A) them.
drinkable. 98 percent of the remaining water is B) that.
salt water, and 1.5 percent remains locked up in C) this stuff.
icecaps and glaciers. As advancing technology
D) it.
continues to reduce costs and freshwater
continues to grow scarcer and more ________
cities are looking to seawater conversion as a
way to meet the need for drinking water.
7.2
English?
A) expensive; more
B) expensive. More cities
C) expensive, but more cities
D) expensive, more cities
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When I used to think of the Middle Ages, I 8.1
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would ________ bloody battles, all taking place Which choice completes the text so that it
in or around a castle. I always assumed that conforms to the conventions of Standard
castles were nothing more than large ________ English?
for the real action. Then, however, I spent last
summer researching castles for a local historical A) imagine knights, lords and ladies,
society and discovered that they had many jousting competitions, and
important functions. B) imagine: knights; lords and ladies;
jousting competitions, and
C) imagine: knights, lords and ladies,
jousting competitions and
D) imagine knights, lords and ladies,
jousting competitions, and,
8.2
English?
A) dwellings, that provided a scenic

background,
B) dwellings, that provided a scenic
background
C) dwellings that provided a scenic
background,
D) dwellings that provided a scenic
background
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As I learned, medieval castles served a 8.3
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primarily military purpose - ________ they Which choice completes the text with the
housed armies and acted as garrisons that most logical transition?
controlled a particular territory. Furthermore,
castles were key staging points for conquests A) that is,
and defenses of territories. Many castles, B) however,
particularly those that were part of fortified
C) furthermore,
________ the surrounding villagers in times of
war and siege. D) likewise,
The designs and constructions of these
castles varied greatly. ________ were
architectural masterpieces, others were crude
and utilitarian, it was not until the end of the
Middle Ages that castles lost their military
8.4
function, either becoming homes for the
nobility or being abandoned altogether. Which choice completes the text so that it
English?
A) towns, which sheltered

B) towns, and sheltered
C) towns, sheltered
D) towns - sheltered
8.5
A) Because some
B) While some
C) However, some
D) Some
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Machines are often blamed for stealing 9.1
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people’s jobs. ________ some machines actually Which choice completes the text with the
create work. Technology can boost productivity, most logical transition?
increasing the demand for labor. It can also
streamline complex tasks, opening the door for A) Moreover,
less skilled workers. American inventor Eli B) In reality,
Whitney invented machines that did both.
C) Likewise,
Whitney’s most famous invention, the cotton D) As such,
gin, was patented in 1794. ________ is short for
“engine,” and the cotton gin revolutionized
cotton production by automating its processing.
The device consisted of a set of wheels 9.2
containing metal hooks. As the wheels turned,
the hooks caught bits of cotton, pulling them Which choice completes the text so that it
through a screen that kept out seeds. ________ conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) The word, “gin,”

B) The word “gin”
C) The word “gin,”
D) The word, “gin”
9.3
English?
A) A wire brush periodically swept the
cotton off the blade and prevented the
machine from jamming.
B) A wire brush periodically swept the
cotton off the blade, it prevented the
machine from jamming.
C) A wire brush periodically swept the
cotton off the blade; however, this
prevented the machine from jamming.
D) A wire brush, which periodically swept
the cotton off the blade, and prevented
the machine from jamming.
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Inland cotton ________ could only cultivate 9.4
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“green seed” cotton - found the gin especially Which choice completes the text so that it
useful. This type of cotton was so labor- conforms to the conventions of Standard
intensive that it required 10 hours of hand labor English?
to produce a single unit of cotton. One Whitney
cotton gin could do a full ________ of several A) farmers, who
men in an hour. B) farmers who
C) farmers - who
D) farmers; who
9.5
English?
A) days’ work
B) day’s work
C) days work,
D) days’ work,
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Every clinical drug trial conducted today 10.1
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randomly assigns patients to one of two Which choice completes the text so that it
________ of the first group receive a real drug, conforms to the conventions of Standard
while members of the second receive an English?
inactive pill or substance known as a placebo.
Some placebos contain ________ consist of A) groups: members
distilled water or saline solution. Patients are B) groups members
not told which one they are taking, and that
C) groups, members
information is hidden from researchers as well.
Remarkably, the patients taking the inactive D) groups and members
drug tend to show some ________ known as
the placebo effect.
10.2
English?
A) sugar, others
B) sugar, so others
C) sugar, however, others
D) sugar; others
10.3
English?
A) improvement, a result
B) improvement, and such findings are
C) improvement, but this explanation is
D) improvement, this is
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Alongside the benefits, however, people 10.4
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taking placebos often report ________ Which choice completes the text so that it
headaches, or pain - that are unlikely to come conforms to the conventions of Standard
from an inert tablet. The problem is that people English?
in a clinical trial are given exactly the same
health warnings, whether they are taking the A) puzzling side effects: nausea,
real drug or the placebo. ________, the B) puzzling side effects - nausea,
expectation of symptoms can produce physical
effects in some placebo takers. C) puzzling side effects; nausea,
D) puzzling side effects, nausea,
10.5
A) For example
B) Although
C) Somehow
D) In fact
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9.Verbs: Agreement and Tense

There are two types of verb questions:
1. Subject-verb agreement
2. Verb tense
Although some questions may test both of these concepts, it is important to understand that they are distinct.
• Agreement answers the question "singular or plural?" Verbs must agree with their subje�ts: singular
subjects must take singular verbs, and plural subjects must take plural verbs.
• Tense answers the question "when?" It indicates past, present, or future.
Let's consider the following sentence:
The feathers of the black-backed woodpecker has evolved to blend in with charred trees so that they
are invisible to predators lurking in the forest.
This sentence contains a disagreement between the snbject and the verb because the subject (jiathcrs) is
plural and the verb (has) is singular. The singular noun woodpecker, which appears immediately before the verb, is
part of the prepositional phrase efthe black-backed woodpecker and has no effect on the number of the verb. In
order to correct the sentence, it is necessary to use the plural verb have rather than the singular verb has.
When many students encounter this type of sentence, however, their first instinct is to change the tense of the
verb and use the simple past, had. While this change does make the sentence grammatically acceptable, there is
no compelling reason for the sentence to be rewritten in another tense. More importantly, the correction does
not truly address the actual problem with the sentence: the subject and the verb disagree.
But, you might wonder, why does that matter if had fixes the sentence anyway? Why bother learning all that
grammar if you can get the question right without worrying about any of it?
Well, because you could very well see a question that looks like this:
The works of artist Alan Chin D has included

elements inspired by both the California gold rush A) NOCHANGE
B) includes
and the transcontinental railroad.
C) have included
D) having included
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Each July, one of the world’s largest folk-art 1.1
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festivals ________ together artists from every Which choice completes the text so that it
corner of the globe for a vast and colorful conforms to the conventions of Standard
international bazaar. For several weeks, more English?
than 200 artists from 60 countries gather to
offer handmade masterworks. The festival is A) bring
located in Santa Fe, a destination rich in culture B) bringing
and history. The work of master artists
________ the walls as market-goers are given C) brought
the opportunity to find one-of-a-kind treasures D) brings
and meet their creators.
1.2
English?
A) lines
B) have lined
C) lining
D) line
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Kite-flying has a long history in Japan: 2.1
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according to legend, the first kites ________ Which choice completes the text so that it
nearly 1,400 years ago. Since that time, kite- conforms to the conventions of Standard
flying ________ a delightful tradition. Kites English?
are made from a bamboo framework and
layers of washi paper - paper made by hand in A) were flying
the traditional style. Colorful narrative B) flown
illustrations and legendary heroes from
C) were flown
Japanese folklore ________ their surfaces.
Every region of the country has its own D) had flew
distinct kite design, with more than 130
varieties in all. For this reason, there is no 2.2
single design that ________ typical of Which choice completes the text so that it
Japanese kites. conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A) had remained
B) would have remained
C) will remain
D) has remained
2.3
English?
A) decorates
B) decorate
C) decorating
D) has decorated
2.4
English?
A) are
B) will be
C) is
D) had been
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In a village at the edge of the rainforest, the 3.1
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skilled and nimble fingers of a old woman Which choice completes the text so that it
________ fabric and straw into graceful conforms to the conventions of Standard
baskets. The baskets are the perfect size to hold English?
papayas, but ________ centuries of craft and
tribal identity. Basket weaving is one of the A) bends
most widespread crafts in history: it originated B) will bend
in the Middle East around 7,000 years ago and
C) bend
spread to every continent except Antarctica.
D) has bent
3.2
English?
A) they also held

B) they would also hold
C) they would have also held
D) they are also holding
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The preservation of ancient baskets 3.3
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________ difficult, however, because most Which choice completes the text so that it
items are made of natural materials like wood, conforms to the conventions of Standard
grass, and vines, which decay rapidly. As a English?
result, much of the history of basket making
________ lost. On the other hand, weaving A) is
techniques, which are often passed along from B) are
generation to generation, ________
C) were
throughout the centuries and are still being
expanded upon today. D) being
3.4
English?
A) would be
B) has been
C) will have been
D) would have been
3.5
English?
A) has been preserved

B) have been preserved
C) is preserved
D) preserved
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As the world’s first supersonic passenger jet, 4.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
the Concorde was regarded as a marvel of Which choice completes the text so that it
engineering. Most jets fly at maximum speeds conforms to the conventions of Standard
of about 550 miles per hour, but the Concorde English?
________ more than two times as fast - double
the speed of sound. During its 27 years of A) could have gone
service, the world's fastest commercial aircraft B) gone
transported passengers across the Atlantic
C) will go
ocean in only two hours.
Although the Concorde was retired in 2003, D) went
a plane that is capable of flying halfway around
the world in a mere four hours might soon 4.2
exist. For engineers, eliminating sonic booms Which choice completes the text so that it
________ one of the biggest challenges conforms to the conventions of Standard
involved in building the new plane. Airplanes English?
that break the sound barrier are extremely loud,
so they must be flying primarily over water. A) have been
Engineers claim, however, that they have found B) were
a way of reducing the amount of noise the C) is
planes ________ The solution involves thinner
wings and hidden engines. Moreover, D) are
lightweight materials and innovative engine
4.3
technology ________ the plane to fly twice as
fast as the Concorde. Which choice completes the text so that it
English?
A) makes.
B) have made.
C) making.
D) make.
4.4
English?
A) allow
B) has allowed
C) is allowing
D) allows
48
1 1
In North America, cranberries were 5.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
cultivated by Native Americans long before the Which choice completes the text so that it
first European settlers arrived, but not until the conforms to the conventions of Standard
mid-nineteenth century ________ the first English?
berries marketed and sold. Sometime around
1800, Sir Joseph Banks, a British scientist, used A) was
seeds from the United States to harvest B) were
cranberries in England, but Banks ________
C) is
his crop. Then, in 1816, Henry Hall, a veteran
of the Revolutionary war, planted the first- D) has
recorded commercial cranberry bog in Dennis,
Massachusetts.
5.2
English?
A) did not market

B) has not marketed
C) does not market
D) will not market
49
1 1
By the mid-nineteenth century, the modern 5.3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
cranberry industry was in full swing, and Which choice completes the text so that it
competition among growers ________ fierce. conforms to the conventions of Standard
The business operated on a small scale at first: English?
families and individuals harvested wild
cranberries, selling them locally. As the market A) were
________ to include larger cities such as Boston B) was
and New York, however, farmers competed to
C) have been
unload their surplus cranberries quickly, and
what was once a local venture ________ a D) would be
highly profitable business.
5.4
English?
A) grows
B) has grew
C) grew
D) had grown
5.5
English?
A) has become
B) had became
C) becomes
D) became
50
1 1
Ever since scientists discovered that the 6.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
fingerprints of each person on earth ________ Which choice completes the text so that it
unique, fingerprinting has played an important conforms to the conventions of Standard
role in law enforcement. Modern English?
fingerprinting has come a long way from the
time when police officers ________ prints A) was
from a crime scene and check them manually. B) is
Fingerprints are now used in many ways: to C) are
prevent forged signatures, confirm job
D) being
applicants’ identities, and provide personalized
access to everything from ATMs to computer
networks. Today, fingerprinting techniques can
not only check millions of criminal records in a
few seconds, but they ________ faces and other
identifiable characteristics specific to each 6.2
perpetrator.
English?
A) lift
B) have lifted
C) would lift
D) will lift
6.3
English?
A) have also matched
B) can also match
C) had also matched
D) having also matched
51
1 1
When I recently traveled to Colombia to see 7.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
my extended family, I had the opportunity to Which choice completes the text so that it
visit a variety of fascinating sites. One of my conforms to the conventions of Standard
favorite attractions ________ the National English?
Coffee Theme Park, an amusement park
located just south of the town of Montenegro. A) were
The park, which can be reached from cable B) was
cars, ________ a global coffee garden, a roller
C) are
coaster, coffee-based food stalls, and many
examples of Colombian folk architecture. It D) being
consists of two main areas: by the entrance
________ the buildings housing the museum 7.2
and exhibitions, and in the valley beyond is an Which choice completes the text so that it
amusement park with rides and shows. The conforms to the conventions of Standard
museum includes exhibits on coffee farming English?
and growing, and the amusement park offers
more than 20 rides and attractions. The two A) features
areas are linked by a cable car, but it is also B) feature
possible to walk between the two areas via an C) having featured
ecological trail that ________ through a
D) have featured
plantation of coffee bushes.
7.3
English?
A) is
B) were
C) was
D) are
7.4
English?
A) pass
B) passes
C) will pass
D) passing
52
1 1
The construction of prefabricated houses is 8.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
based on the assembly-line production model Which choice completes the text so that it
of car production developed by Henry Ford. In conforms to the conventions of Standard
the 1920s, Ford's production method for the English?
Model T ________ the automobile from a
luxury item into a purchase that was affordable A) transforms
for the average consumer. Today, assembly-line B) transformed
production and bulk buying ________ the cost
C) has transformed
and construction time for prefabricated homes.
The production process ________ significantly D) will transform
since the first prefabricated homes were build
at the turn of the twentieth century, and houses 8.2
can now be constructed in only a matter of Which choice completes the text so that it
weeks. Furthermore, a number of additions conforms to the conventions of Standard
now ________ buyers to customize their English?
homes. Just as satellite radios and heated seats
can be added to cars, Jacuzzis and crown A) has driven down
molding can be added to prefabricated houses. B) have driven down
C) had driven down
D) driving down
8.3
English?
A) has evolved
B) had evolved
C) will evolve
D) evolved
8.4
English?
A) allows
B) has allowed
C) allow
D) allowing
53
10. Word Pairs and Comparisons
Word Pairs
There are two main kinds of comparisons: those that indicate similarity, and those that indicate difference.
Both kinds of comparisons can be formed using word pairs, listed below. These words must always appear
together; they cannot be mixed and matched with each other '?r paired with other words.
A.As ••. as
As...as is used to indicate that two people or things are equal.
Incorrect: Among pioneers of modern dance, Isadora Duncan is as renowned a dancer and
choreographer than Martha Graham.
Correct: Among pioneers of modem dance, Isadora Duncan is as renowned a dancer and
choreographer as Martha Graham.
B. Not only...but (also)
Saying that something is not only x but (also) y means that it is x as well as y.
Incorrect: Martha Graham was not only a great dancer and she was (also) a great choreographer.
Correct: Martha Graham was not only a great dancer but she was also a great choreographer.
C. More or -ER/less ... than
Incorrect: Measuring 25 feet, a python named Medusa is longer as any other snake in the world.
Correct: Measuring 25 feet, a python named Medusa is longer than any other snake in the world.
D. (N)either••.(n)or
Incorrect: In the United States, neither Nikolai Tesla or James Joule is as famous as Thomas Edison.
Correct: In the United States, neither Nikolai Tesla nor James Joule is as famous as Thomas Edison.
180
54
55
56
1 1
Exploration and discovery have been a part 1.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
of American history since the fifteenth century, Which choice completes the text so that it
and no expedition was as influential in shaping conforms to the conventions of Standard
the United States ________ In 1803, they set English?
out to find an all-water route to the Pacific
Ocean. The purchase of the Louisiana Territory A) as Meriwether Lewis and William Clark.
that year had opened vast lands for settlement. B) than Meriwether Lewis and William
Under orders from President Thomas Clark.
Jefferson, Lewis, Clark and their group of
woodsmen, hunters, and translators not only C) than the expedition led by Meriwether
blazed a trail into the wilderness ________ Lewis and William Clark.
three years making their way across the D) as the expedition led by Meriwether
continent. Lewis and William Clark.
1.2
English?
A) and they spent

B) and spending
C) and spent
D) but also spent
57
1 1
Meteoroids are the smallest members of the 2.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
solar system, ranging from large chunks of rock Which choice completes the text so that it
and metal to miniscule fragments no larger conforms to the conventions of Standard
________ a grain of sand. Whenever a English?
meteoroid plows into the Earth’s atmosphere, it
creates a meteor, a very brief flash of light in the A) then
sky. Millions of meteors occur in the Earth’s B) than
atmosphere daily. Just as many meteoroids
C) as
appear in the atmosphere during daylight
________ at night; however, meteors are D) from
usually observed after dark, when faint objects
can more easily be identified. The light
produced by a meteor may come in a variety of
shades, depending on the chemical composition
of the meteoroid and the speed of its movement
through the atmosphere. 2.2
English?
A) as appear
B) as appearing
C) than appear
D) than would appear
58
1 1
Julia Child might have been one of the more 3.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
prominent American chefs of the twentieth Which choice completes the text so that it
century, but ________ almost any other cook conforms to the conventions of Standard
of her caliber. Child was famous for the English?
exceptional amount of detail she put into her
versions of her recipes as she perfected them A) her reliance on recipes was greater than
for publication. For example, her recipe for B) her reliance on recipes was more than
white sandwich bread was one of her simplest
C) she relied on recipes more than did
recipes, but she revised it repeatedly
throughout her long career; neither her friends D) she relied on recipes more then
________ her fellow cooks could persuade her
to be satisfied. The recipe was first published in
Mastering the Art of French Cooking, but that
was just the beginning. Not only did Child re- 3.2
publish a slightly different version less than a
decade later ________ in one of her last books,
Julia’s Kitchen Wisdom.
English?
A) or
B) nor
C) and
D) but
3.3
English?
A) and in 2000 it also appeared

B) and in 2000 it also appeared
C) also appearing in 2000
D) but it also appeared in 2000
59
1 1
When steel magnate Andrew Carnegie 4.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
purchased the land for his New York City house Which choice completes the text so that it
in 1898, he purposely bought property as far conforms to the conventions of Standard
north ________ possible. The relatively English?
spacious grounds were large enough for a
terrace as well as a private garden - one of the A) as
few in Manhattan. Completed in 1901, the B) than
house had features more modern ________ It
C) then
was also the first private residence in the United
States to be built on a steel frame and one of the D) to
first in New York to have a passenger elevator.
Furthermore, the house contained not only a
central heating system ________ an early form
of air conditioning. In the basement, a
miniature railroad car transported coal to an 4.2
immense pair of boilers. Which choice completes the text so that it
English?
A) than any other house in New York City.

B) then any other house in New York City.
C) as that of any other house in New York
City.
D) than those of any other house in New
York City.
4.3
English?
A) plus
B) as
C) but also
D) in addition to
60
1 1
During World War II, a gasoline shortage 5.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
forced many drivers to install power generators Which choice completes the text so that it
that converted wood into gas, a process known conforms to the conventions of Standard
as gasification. The generators were clunky, but English?
there was no alternative: motorists could either
use them ________ give up driving altogether. A) and
The generators were quickly forgotten once B) or
fossil fuels became ready available, but over 50
C) with
years later, gasification was rediscovered 6,000
miles away as a potential source of alternative D) so
power. All Power Labs, a California-based
company, has slowly begun resurrecting this
________ century-old technology. In five years,
the company has sold hundreds of generators
known as the “Power Pallet.” Each pallet is 5.2
approximately as large ________ and can Which choice completes the text so that it
produce clean fuel for about fifteen percent of conforms to the conventions of Standard
the usual cost. For countries with less resources, English?
the pallets open up a whole new world of
possibilities. A) more then
B) more than
C) more as
D) more
5.3
English?
A) as the size of a refrigerator
B) than the size of a refrigerator
C) than a refrigerator
D) as a refrigerator
61
11. Parallel Structure
Simply put, parallel structure refers to the fact that writing should be kepi consistent. If a construction is used
in one part of a sentence or paragraph, it should be used in the other parts as well. Keeping constructions
parallel makes writing clearer and easier for readers to understand.
In any given list of three or more item s, each item should appear in the sam e form at, e.g. noun, noun, and/ or
noun; gerund, gerund, and/ or gerund; verb, verb, and/ or verb. Any deviation is incorrect.
For example:
Changes in wind circulation, runoff from

sewage, and D to accumulate chemical A) NOCHANGE
B) they accumulate chemical fertilizers
fertilizers can lead to the creation of ocean
C) accumulating chemical fertilizers
waters low in oxygen and inhospitable to marine D) accumulation of chemical fertilizers
life.
If an entire list is underlined, you can simplify the question by focusing on the beginning of each item.
For example:
D Changes in wind circulation, runoff from
I
sewage, and they accumulate chemical A) NOCHANGE
B) Changing wind circulation, runoff from
fertilizers can lead to the creation of ocean waters
sewage, and accumulatiug chemical
low in oxygen and inhospitable to marine life. fertilizers
C) Changing wind circulation, having
runoff from sewage, and to accumulate
chemical fertilizers
D) Changes in wind circulation patterns,
runoff from sewage, and accumulation of
chemical fertilizers
!I
t'
i·:
''
j I
186
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63
64
65
1 1
Spiders are predators. In the insect world, 1.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
they’re fearsome animals - the tiny equivalent Which choice completes the text so that it
of wolves, lions, ________ Spiders use a wide conforms to the conventions of Standard
range of strategies to capture prey, including English?
trapping it in sticky webs, lassoing it with sticky
bolas, and ________ other insects in order to A) or acting like sharks.
avoid detection. Trap door spiders dig holes, B) or they act like sharks.
________ in wait for passing prey.
C) or sharks.
D) or as sharks.
1.2
English?
A) to mimic
B) they mimic
C) mimicking
D) mimic
1.3
English?
A) covering them up with doors made of

spider silk and lying
B) covering them up with doors made of
spider silk, and to lie
C) cover them up with doors made of spider
silk, and then they lie
D) to cover them up with doors made of
spider silk, and lying
66
1 1
Copy editors review documents for errors in 2.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
grammar, punctuation, and ________. They Which choice completes the text so that it
suggest revisions, such as changing words and conforms to the conventions of Standard
________ sentences and paragraphs to improve English?
clarity or accuracy. They also may carry out
research, ________ sources for writers, and A) how words are spelled
verify facts, dates, and statistics. Finally, they B) spelling
may arrange page layouts of articles,
C) the ways words are spelled
photographs, and advertisements.
D) how you spell words
2.2
English?
A) to rearrange
B) rearranging
C) rearrange
D) will rearrange
2.3
English?
A) confirming
B) to confirm
C) they confirm
D) confirm
67
1 1
Whether it's with a sympathetic tilt of the 3.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
head or ________, dogs often seem to be saying Which choice completes the text so that it
they can sense exactly what we're feeling. conforms to the conventions of Standard
Scientists have long been uncertain whether English?
dogs can read human emotions, but evidence is
growing that canines can accurately “read” A) an excited sweep of the tail
what people feel. In fact, a recent study found B) sweeping their tails excitedly
that dogs are able to distinguish between
C) their tails sweeping excitedly
expressions that indicate happiness and
________ D) they sweep their tails excitedly
3.2
English?
A) those in which anger is indicated.
B) and those in which anger is indicated for.
C) and ones that indicate anger.
D) with ones where anger is indicated.
68
1 1
First there was the frostquake. Then there 4.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
was the firenado. ________ Thundersnow is Which of the following best preserves the
essentially the same as a thunderstorm; the only sentence pattern already established in the
difference is that snow falls instead of ________ paragraph?
It occurs when the layer of air closest to the
ground is cold enough to create snow ________ A) Thundersnow is what there is now.
than the air above it. When thundersnow occurs B) At the present time, thundersnow exists.
at night, lightning appears brighter because it is
C) Thundersnow is here now.
reflected against the snowflakes.
D) Now there’s thundersnow.
4.2
English?
A) rain falling.
B) rain that falls.
C) it falls.
D) rain.
4.3
English?
A) but being warmer

B) and also warmer
C) but it is warmer
D) but warmer
69
1 1
Architects design buildings. Civil engineers 5.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
build bridges. ________ Their know-how is Which of the following best preserves the
vital to mastering green construction’s novel sentence pattern already established in
materials and innovative practices, whether the paragraph?
used to harness the force of the wind or
________ Green structures excite us by A) Without structural engineers, everything
emphasizing particular goals - such as could twist and shake apart.
eliminating carbon emissions - and B) Structural engineers keep everything
accomplishing them via potentially beautiful from twisting and shaking apart.
forms. Green structural engineers formulate
C) Twisting and shaking apart is what
new architectural questions and determine new
structural engineers keep from
criteria for evaluating the answers.
happening.
D) Everything is kept from twisting and
shaking apart by structural engineers
5.2
English?
A) capturing the power that the waves have.

B) capture the waves’ power.
C) capture the power of the waves.
D) capture the power that the waves possess.
70
1 1
First popularized in Japan, Haiku is a form 6.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
of poetry that has become appreciated around Which choice completes the text so that it
the world. Haiku poets are challenged to conforms to the conventions of Standard
convey a vivid message in only 17 syllables. In English?
Japan these poems are valued for their
simplicity, openness, and ________ Haiku A) being light.
poems can describe anything, but they are B) sense of lightness.
seldom complicated or ________ Each Haiku
C) having lightness.
must contain a kigo, a season word that
indicates what season of the year the Haiku is D) they are light.
set. For example, blossoms would indicate
spring, snow would give the idea of winter, and
________ The seasonal word isn’t always
obvious, though. Sometimes it is necessary to
consider the theme of the poem to find it. 6.2
English?
A) people have difficulty understanding

them.
B) cause difficulties in understanding,
C) to understand them is difficult.
D) difficult to understand.
6.3
English?
A) summertime would be suggested by

mosquitoes.
B) a suggestion of summertime is given by
mosquitoes.
C) mosquitoes would suggest summertime.
D) summertime is suggested by mosquitoes
71
1 1
Crop circles. Alien abductions. ________ 7.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
These are just some of the paranormal Which of the following best preserves the
phenomena that people have believed in but sentence pattern already established in the
that were later found to be hoaxes. Some of the paragraph?
largest hoaxes in history started out as one small
lie, but they continued to grow because people A) A person travels through time.
believed them. Great hoaxes require great B) Traveling through time.
numbers of gullible people willing to suspend
C) Time travel.
disbelief and ________ outlandish explanations
in the face of the inexplicable. D) To travel through time.
7.2
English?
A) accept
B) accepting
C) they accept
D) will accept
72
1 1
For centuries, there have been reports of 8.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
strange bright lights in the sky just before, Which choice completes the text so that it
during, or ________. When an earthquake hit conforms to the conventions of Standard
New Zealand in 1888, for example, spectators English?
claimed to see “luminous appearances” and
________ “an extraordinary glow.” Over the A) after an earthquake
years, however, descriptions have varied B) occurring after an earthquake
widely: the lights have been described as flaring C) they occur after an earthquake
white streaks, floating orbs, ________
D) an earthquake
Sometimes the lights appeared for just a few
seconds, but other times they hovered in the
sky for minutes or _________ at a time. 8.2
English?
A) feeling
B) feel
C) would feel
D) have felt
8.3
English?
A) and flames that flicker.
B) and flames flicker.
C) and flames that flicker.
D) and flickering flames.
8.4
English?
A) even hours
B) even in hours
C) even with hours
D) even on hours
73
1 1
Throughout World War II, the United States 9.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
government rationed foods such as sugar, milk, Which choice completes the text so that it
coffee, meat and ________ Labor and conforms to the conventions of Standard
transportation shortages made it hard to English?
harvest and ________ fruits and vegetables to
market, so individual citizens were encouraged A) consuming canned goods.
to grow their own fruits and vegetables in B) to consume canned goods.
“victory gardens.” Millions of gardens in all
C) with the consumption of canned goods.
shapes and sizes produced abundant food to
support the war effort. Gardens were planted D) canned goods.
not only in backyards and empty lots ________
in window boxes. Neighbors pooled their 9.2
resources, planting different kinds of foods and Which choice completes the text so that it
forming cooperatives. While the gardens conforms to the conventions of Standard
themselves are now gone, posters, seed packets, English?
photos, and ________ still remain to tell us the
story of victory gardens. A) moving
B) move
C) they moved
D) having moved
9.3
English?
A) as well as
B) and for
C) but also in
D) but also to
9.4
English?
A) reading newspaper articles

B) to read newspaper articles
C) read newspapers articles
D) newspaper articles
74
1 1
Marta Montessori (1870 - 1952) was an 10.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Italian physician and ________ She is known Which choice completes the text so that it
for both the philosophy of education that bears conforms to the conventions of Standard
her name ________ her writings on scientific English?
pedagogy. Today, her educational methods are
used in schools throughout the world. A) she worked as an educator.
Montessori did not set out to be a teacher, B) as an educator.
however, only ________ a scientist. At the age
C) to be an educator.
of sixteen, she enrolled at the Leonardo da
Vinci Technical Institute, where she did well in D) educator.
the sciences and especially mathematics. She
initially intended to study engineering but 10.2
eventually ________ medicine. Which choice completes the text so that it
English?
A) and for
B) as well as from
C) and also through
D) and
10.3
English?
A) she became
B) becoming
C) to become
D) she would become
10.4
English?
A) to settle on
B) will settle on
C) settled on
D) settling for
75
12. Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers
•.
Modifiers should be placed as close as possible to the nouns, pronouns, or phrases they modify. When modifiers
are separated from the words or phrases they modify, the result is often unclear and sometimes completely
absurd. Although these errors will be presented in the context of passages, they will involve only the
sentences in which they appear; yon will not generally need to consider the surrounding information.
There are two major types of modifier errors:
1) Dangling Modifiers
2) Misplaced Modifiers
Dangling Modifiers
Sentences that include dangling modifiers are characterized by an introductory clause that describes the subject
but does not name it. This clause is always set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma.
Whenever a sentence contains such an introductory clause, the subject must appear immediately after the
comma. If the subject does not appear there, the modifier is dangling, and the sentence is incorrect.
Incorrect: Stretching from one end of the city to the other, the efficiency of the tram
system often surprises both tourists and city residents.
The first thing we can note about the above sentence is that it contains an introductory clause with an -ING
word (Stretchingjrom one end of the ciry to the other) that does not name the subject - it does not tell us what stretches
from one end of the city to the other.
We must therefore ask ourselves what stretches from one end of the city to the other. When we look at the rest
of the sentence, it is clear that this description can only refer to the tram system.
The words the tram rystem do not appear immediately after the comma, so the modifier is dangling. In order to fix
the sentence, we must place the tram rystem, the subject, immediately after the comma.
Correct: Stretching from one end of the city to the other, the tram system often
surprises both tourists and city residents with its efficiency.
196
76
77
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1 1
Born in Italy in 1853, Maria Spelterini 1.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
emigrated to the United States as a young Which choice completes the text so that it
woman and quickly became known for her conforms to the conventions of Standard
breathtaking stunts. In 1876, the 23-year-old English?
Spelterini became the only woman ever to cross
the Niagara Gorge a ________ On July 12, she A) over a period of 18 days on a tightrope.
made her first attempt while wearing peach B) on a tightrope, accomplishing that feat
baskets strapped to her feet. Balancing on a two over a period of 18 days.
and a quarter inch wire, ________
C) over a period of 18 days, she did this on a
tightrope.
D) on a tightrope and, furthermore, doing
this on a tightrope.
1.2
English?
A) she crossed the Falls just north of the

lower suspension bridge.
B) just north of the lower suspension bridge
is where her crossing took place-.
C) her crossing took place just north of the
lower suspension bridge.
D) and crossing just north of the lower
suspension bridge.
79
1 1
According to spectators, she appeared to 1.3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
exert no more effort than she would have Which choice completes the text so that it
during a stroll in the park. On July 19, conforms to the conventions of Standard
________; three days later, she crossed with her English?
ankies and wrists bound; and on July 26, she
crossed for the fourth and last time. ________ A) the second crossing occurred while
blindfolded
B) the second crossing occurred blindfolded
C) Spelterini performed the second crossing
while blindfolded
D) the second crossing occurred in a
blindfold
1.4
English?
A) Never again performing at Niagara, the

story of her life remains a mystery.
B) She never performed at Niagara again,
her life story remains a mystery.
C) Never again performing at Niagara, the
story of her life, therefore, is a mystery.
D) She never again performed at Niagara,
and the story of her life remains a
mystery.
80
1 1
When President James Polk officially 2.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
confirmed ________ in Coloma. California in Which choice completes the text so that it
1848, hopeful prospectors immediately began conforms to the conventions of Standard
planning for the trip out west. Beginning their English?
journey in spring of 1849, ________ that was
risky and mostly unknown. A) the discovery bv James Marshall of gold
at Sutter's Mill
B) the discovering by James Marshall of gold
at Sutter’s Mill
C) James Marshall’s discovery of gold at
Sutter’s Mill
D) the discovery at Sutter’s Mill by James
Marshall of gold
2.2
English?
A) these prospectors took an overland route,
known as “forty-niners,”
B) these prospectors, known as “forty-
niners,” took an overland route
C) an overland route was taken by these
prospectors, known as “forty-niners”
D) these prospectors, known as “forty-
niners,” taking an overland route
81
1 1
Some forty-niners traveled alone, but most 2.3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
formed companies that enabled ________ Which of the following best preserves the
during the long journey. Seagoing travelers sentence pattern already established in the
went south to Panama by boat. After paragraph?
disembarking, ________ When they finally
arrived, they boarded a ship bound for San A) them with other miners to share expenses
Francisco. and supplies
B) them to share expenses with supplies and
other miners
C) the sharing of expenses with other miners
and supplies
D) them to share expenses and supplies with
other miners
2.4
English?
A) a several-day mule ride to the Pacific

coast was begun.
B) a several-day mule ride to the Pacific
coast was begun by them.
C) they began a several-day mule ride to the
Pacific coast.
D) the beginning of a several-day mule ride
to the Pacific coast.
82
1 1
For decades, plastic bags have been a favorite 3.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
________: two cents per bag, in contrast to five Which of the following best preserves the
cents for a paper bag. ________ are produced sentence pattern already established in
worldwide each year. The problems that these the paragraph?
bags cause are well known. Unable to break
down in landfills, ________ They also contain A) around the world of store owners because
toxic dyes that contaminate water and soil. As a of their low cost
result, an increasing number of cities are B) around the world because of the low cost
banning their use. of store owners
C) of store owner around the world, this is
because of their low cost
D) of store owners around the world because
of their low cost
3.2
English?
A) Used widely since the 1970s,

environmentalists now estimate nearly a
trillion plastic bags
B) The bags have been used widely since the
1970s, and environmentalists now
estimate that nearly a trillion plastic bags
C) Having been used widely since the 1970s,
environmentalists now estimate nearly a
trillion plastic bags
D) The bags, which have been widely used
since the 1970s, but environmentalists
estimate nearly a trillion plastic bags
3.3
English?
A) the bags harm the animals that consume them.

B) animals are harmed when they consume the
bags.
C) animals are harmed by consuming them.
D) harm is caused to animals that consume them.
83
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1 1
Bioluminescence is light ________ Most 4.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
bioluminescent organisms are found in the Which choice completes the text so that it
ocean, although a few - including fireflies and conforms to the conventions of Standard
certain fungi - are found on land. ________ English?
some form of bioluminescence is produced by
approximately 90% of deep-sea creatures A) produced within a living organism that is
including fish, bacteria, and jellies. created by a chemical reaction.
B) created by a chemical reaction and
produced within a living organism.
C) produced within a living organism, it is
created by a chemical reaction.
D) produced within a living organism,
which is created by a chemical reaction.
4.2
English?
A) Dwelling almost exclusively in saltwater

habitats,
B) They dwell almost exclusively within
saltwater habitats
C) Saltwater habitats being dwelled in almost
exclusively by them,
D) Bioluminescent organisms dwell almost
exclusively in saltwater habitats, and
84
1 1
Guerilla films are typically made by 5.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
independent producers who lack the budget to Which of the following best preserves the
obtain permits, rent locations, and build sentence pattern already established in the
expensive sets. Consisting mostly of scenes shot paragraph?
in real time, ________ In the past, guerilla films
were often poorly made; however, their quality A) small casts and simple props typically
has improved significantly in recent years. characterize these films.
While it was once difficult for filmmakers to B) small casts and simple props typically
obtain the necessary equipment, ________ characterizing these films.
Furthermore, digital editing technologies allow
C) these films are typically characterized by
filmmakers to edit their work from virtually
small casts and simple props.
anywhere, eliminating the need for specialized
editing studios and technicians. D) and small casts as well as simple props
typically characterize these films.
5.2
English?
A) professional quality digital cameras are

now widely available to filmmakers that
are inexpensive.
B) professional quality digital cameras are
now widely available to filmmakers, and
these are inexpensive.
C) now, professional quality digital cameras
are widely available to filmmakers that
are inexpensive.
D) inexpensive professional quality digital
cameras are now widely available to
filmmakers.
85
13.Relative Pronouns: Who(se), Whom,
Which, That, Where.& When
As is true for other pronouns such as ii and she, some of the pronouns discussed in this chapter can refer to
people only; others can refer to things only; and still others can refer to both people and things.
People Thin"s People & Thin"s
Who Which Whose

Whom That
Which vs. That

To review: both which and that refer to things; however, which follows a comma and sets off a non-essential
clause, whereas that does not follow a comma and sets off an essential clause.
Incorrect: Farm animals which were introduced to the Galapagos Islands by early settlers, have been
responsible for the destruction of many native species.
Correct: Farm animals, which were introduced to the Galapagos Islands by early settlers, have been
Incorrect: Farm animals, that were introduced to the Galapagos Islands by early settlers have been
Correct: Farm animals that were introduced to the Galapagos Islands b y early settlers have been
Who(m) vs. Which

Use who or whom, not which, when referring to people.
Incorrect: King Henry VIII was a British monarch which ruled England during the Tudor period and
was kno\vn for his many wives.
Correct: King Henry VIII was a British monarch who ruled England during the Tudor period and
was known for his many w.ives.
203
86
87
88
1 1
The tale of Hansel and Gretel, the story of 1.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
two young children ________across a cottage Which choice completes the text so that it
made of gingerbread, played an important role conforms to the conventions of Standard
in the history of sweets. It was published in English?
1812, a time where many bakers already knew
how to create elaborate structures from other A) whom stumble
types of candy. Inspired by the tale, they began B) which stumble
to form their gingerbread into houses. Soon,
C) who stumble
gingerbread construction was elevated to an art
form ________ popularity quickly spread D) and stumble
through Europe and the United States.
1.2
English?
A) whose
B) who’s popularity
C) its popularity
D) and popularity
89
1 1
Shortly after I moved from Chicago to 2.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
Lincoln, Nebraska, I attended the eighty-fifth Which choice completes the text so that it
birthday party of a woman ________ among conforms to the conventions of Standard
the city’s original settlers. The ________ was English?
decorated with banners and balloons, also held
family photographs - crisp new snapshots of A) whom was
grandchildren and great-grandchildren, B) who was
wedding photos from the 1950s, and worn C) which was
black-and-white portraits of ancestors whose
D) she was
stoic expressions and sturdy, upright figures
seemed to embody the harshness of life in an
unforgiving new environment. 2.2
These people were immortalized in the Which choice completes the text so that it
works of Willa Cather, ________depicted them conforms to the conventions of Standard
in novels such as My Antonia and O Pioneers! English?
Cather, an ________ in Nebraska during the
late nineteenth century, chronicled the lives and A) room, that
hardships of the settlers, preserving their B) room that,
struggles for generations to come. C) room, which
D) room, it
2.3
English?
A) whom
B) who
C) which
D) she
2.4
English?
A) author which lived
B) author, which
C) author who
D) author, that
90
1 1
More than 85% of mammals sleep for short 3.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
periods throughout the day. Humans, in Which choice completes the text so that it
contrast, divide their days into two distinct conforms to the conventions of Standard
periods: one ________ and one for English?
wakefulness. Although this division is
considered normal in the United Stales, it is not A) where they sleep
clear that this is humans’ natural sleep pattern. B) in which they sleep
Young children and elderly people are two
C) for which they sleep
________ and napping is an important aspect
of many cultures. D) for sleep
3.2
English?
A) groups, that often nap,
B) groups, which often nap
C) groups that, often nap
D) groups that often nap,
91
1 1
While naps do not necessarily make up for 3.3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
inadequate or poor quality nighttime sleep, a Which of the following best preserves the
short nap ________ a person simply closes his sentence pattern already established in the
or her eyes for a few minutes can help to paragraph?
improve mood, alertness and concentration.
Although people ________ in the middle of the A) where
day are often perceived as lazy, they’re actually a B) whereby
very accomplished group. Famous nappers
C) from which
include Winston Churchill, John F. Kennedy,
Napoleon, Albert Einstein, and Thomas Edison, D) that
all ________ are known to have valued their
afternoon naps.
3.4
English?
A) who sleep
B) whom sleep
C) which sleep
D) that sleep,
3.5
English?
A) of whom
B) of them
C) of which
D) of these
92
1 1
Since the early 2000s, thousands of honey 4.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
bees have disappeared without a trace, and no Which of the following best preserves the
one knows just why. The phenomenon, known sentence pattern already established in
as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), has the paragraph?
occurred many times, but this time it has
become a global epidemic. David Hackenberg, a A) whom called
Pennsylvania beekeeper, was one of the first B) which call
people ________ attention to the problem.
C) who will call
It was in 2006 that Hackenberg realized
something was amiss. For years, he had lent his D) to call
bees to farmers, ________ them to pollinate
their crops. In 2006, he delivered 400 bee 4.2
colonies to a Florida farm, but when he went to Which choice completes the text so that it
collect them, the bees were nowhere to be conforms to the conventions of Standard
found. In the end, he lost about two-third of his English?
hives. Although Hackenberg was distraught at
first, he now considers himself lucky: some A) whom used
beekeepers ________ less fortunate lost 90% of B) which used
their bees. Now, scientists are curious to figure C) who used
out just what is making so many bees disappear
D) these farmers used
in places ________ they were once found in
abundance. The causes of CCD and the reasons
for its increasing occurrence remain unclear, 4.3
but many possibilities have been proposed: Which choice completes the text so that it
pesticides, infections, genetics, loss of habitat, conforms to the conventions of Standard
radiation from electronic devices - or a English?
combination of all these factors.
A) whom were
B) who were
C) which were
D) being
4.4
English?
A) where
B) that
C) when
D) which
93
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1 1
Having played a central role in helping the 5.1
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
United States win its independence from Great Which choice completes the text so that it
Britain, George Washington quickly became a conforms to the conventions of Standard
celebrity. Not surprisingly, he acquired many English?
admirers, one ________ was Patience Wright.
Wright, a sculptor, was known for her A) of them
remarkably realistic ________ were made out B) of which
of tinted wax. She had always amused herself
C) of whom
and her children by molding faces out of putty,
dough, and wax, but thanks to a neighbor who D) of these
encouraged her, she turned her hobby into a
full-time occupation.
5.2
English?
A) portraits, that
B) portraits, which
C) portraits in which
D) portraits, they
94
1 1
Wright loved her work, and those ________ 5.3
...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
her sculpt often commented on the energy that Which choice completes the text so that it
she brought to the process. In an era where conforms to the conventions of Standard
photographs did not exist, skilled portraitists English?
were held in high regard. Despite her lack of
formal training, Wright was widely recognized A) whom watched
for her talents. By 1770, she had become B) who watched
successful enough to open a waxworks house in C) which watched
New York City. When fire ravaged the New
D) watched
York studio in 1771, however, Wright decided
to relocate to London. By that time, she had
sculpted many famous figures and had even
earned the support of the Queen of England,
________ her work deeply. Still, though, she 5.4
wasn’t satisfied. To sculpt George Washington, Which choice completes the text so that it
a leader ________ so many new Americans conforms to the conventions of Standard
owed their deep gratitude, would be the English?
crowning achievement of Wright’s career.
A) which admired
B) who admired
C) whom admired
D) she admired
5.5
English?
A) to whom
B) to who
C) to which
D) to him
95

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Digital SAT

The cacao bean is the dried and fully fermented

Hidden between a bookstore and a café, San 2

Deserts are found on every continent 3

Miles Dewey Davis III (May 26,1926 - 6

A) it’s own webs

A) grace, and they enrolled her

A) Academy in 1964, she

A) year, eventually joining

A) lactate, they convert it to calcite,

A) concrete’s steel reinforcements

A) centuries. Far longer

A) krill, it is a very important link

A) eaters such as: penguins and seals,

A) enormous, double-decker plane

A) overcompensate, this causes

A) dwellings, that provided a scenic

A) towns, which sheltered

A) The word, “gin,”

9.Verbs: Agreement and Tense

Let's consider the following sentence:

The works of artist Alan Chin D has included

A) they also held

A) has been preserved

A) did not market

As...as is used to indicate that two people or things are equal.

B. Not only...but (also)

C. More or -ER/less ... than

A) and they spent

A) and in 2000 it also appeared

A) than any other house in New York City.

Changes in wind circulation, runoff from

D Changes in wind circulation, runoff from

A) covering them up with doors made of

A) but being warmer

A) capturing the power that the waves have.

A) people have difficulty understanding

A) summertime would be suggested by

A) reading newspaper articles

There are two major types of modifier errors:

A) she crossed the Falls just north of the

A) Never again performing at Niagara, the

A) a several-day mule ride to the Pacific

A) Used widely since the 1970s,

A) the bags harm the animals that consume them.

A) Dwelling almost exclusively in saltwater

A) professional quality digital cameras are

People Thin"s People & Thin"s

Who Which Whose

Which vs. That

Who(m) vs. Which

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