▻ The first book detailing the color, density,
I. THE HISTORY OF MEDICAL quality and sediment found in urine was
TECHNOLOGY
Early medical diagnosis - mystery
Disease - was believed to be caused by the
negative interaction between the
environment and the body
300 BC - 180 AD ▹ Hippocrates of Kos,
❝Father of Medicine❞ & author of the
Hippocratic Oath
AD 50 ▹ Rufus of Ephesus -the first
description of Hematuria—the presence of
blood in the urine.
AD 150 ▹Claudius Galen of Perganum - A
Greek physician and philosopher, instigated
a rudimentary and qualitative assessment of
disorder through measurement of bodily
fluids in relation to seasons ▹ Four
Humors— Blood, Phlegm, Yellow bile &
Black bile
MIDDLE AGES
WATER CASTING - Uroscopy was practiced,
▸Urine flask - emblem of medieval medicine
AD 900 ▹ Isaac Judaeus - a Jewish
philosopher and physician, devised
guidelines for the use of urine as a
diagnostic aid
▸ Patients carried their urine to physicians
in decorative flasks cradled in wicker
baskets, and because urine could be
shipped, diagnosis at long distances is
common
written around this time
AD 1300 ▹ Ursocopy become so widespread
that it was at the point of near universality
in European Medicine.
URINE - one of the body fluids that
underwent examination.
▸HIPPOCRATES - advocated the following:
● Tasting of urine
● Listening to the lungs
● Observing outward appearances in
the diagnosis of disease
The appearance of bubbles, blood, and pus
in urine ▹ kidney disease and chronic
illnesses
Galen - described diabetes as ❝diarrhea of
the urine❞
▹ established the relationship between fluid
intake and urine volume
17TH CENTURY
WILLIAM HARVEY - The discovery of the
circulation of blood proved through
vivisection, ligation, and perfusion that the
▹Heart acts as a muscular pump propelling
the blood throughout the body in a
continuous cycle
ROBERT HOOKE - used the microscope to
document the existence of cells in plants.
MARCELLO MALPIGHI - ❝Father of
Histology❞
▹ famous for his investigations of the
embryology of the chick
▹ histology and physiology of glands and
viscera
1660 ▹ ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK -
❝Father of Microbiology❞
▹His work on the crude microscope
1684 - First drawings of bacteria as seen
under the microscope
▹First scientist to observe and describe
RBCs' appearance and differentiate bacteria
based on their shape.
JEAN BAPTISTE VAN HELMONT -
gravimetric analysis of urine was
introduced
▹ He weighed a number of 24-hour
specimens but was unable to draw any
valuable conclusions from his
measurement.
1694 ▹ FREDERIK DEKKERS - Urine that
contained a protein that would form a
precipitate when boiled with acetic acid.
THOMAS WILLIS - The sweet taste of the
urine of many polyuric patients,
“wonderfully sweet as it was infused with
honey and sugar” in his Pharmaceutici
rationalis
▹ Exercitation of the operations of medicine
in human bodies
RICHARD LOWER - first to perform direct
transfusion of blood from one animal to
another.
18TH CENTURY
1724 ▹GABRIEL FAHRENHEIT - develops
the mercury thermometer and Fahrenheit
temperature scale.
WILLIAM HEWSON - when the coagulation
of the blood is delayed, coagulable plasma
can be separated from the cells and
removed of the surface.
1776 ▹ MATTHEW DOBSON - the
sweetness of the urine and blood serum in
diabetes is caused by sugar.
1780 ▹ FRANCIS HOME - developed yeast
test for sugar determination in diabetic
urine.
1789 ▹ ANTOINE FRANCOIS DE
FOURCROY - discovers cholesterol
1796 - EDWARD JENNER - vaccination to
establish immunity to smallpox
↪ Impact of Contribution: Immunology
19TH CENTURY
JOHANNES EVANGELISTA PURKINJE
↳ descriptions of the germinal vesicle in the
embryo
↳ description and naming of protoplasm
↳ discovery of the sudoriferous glands of the
skin and their excretory ducts
↳ numerous descriptions of brain, nerve and
muscle cells
1830 ▹ GERARDUS MULDER - performed
the 1st elemental chemical analysis of
proteins
▹ JOSEPH JACKSON LISTER
↳ Developed achromatic microscope
↳ Introduced darkl-field microscopy
1835▹AGOSTINO BASSI - produced disease
in worms by infection of organic materials
↪ Beginning of Bacteriology
1836 ▹ JAMES MARSH - a standard test for
arsenic
1852 ▹ KARL VON VIERORDT - a method
of performing accurate blood counts
(hemocytometry)
▹GEORGE GABRIEL STOKES -
fluorescence
1852 ▹WILLIAM PERKIN - ▹first synthetic
dye
1854 ▹ JULES DUBOSCQ - first visual
colorimeter based on Beer’s law
1854 ▹ JOHN SNOW - studied the great
cholera outbreak in London
▻ he brought it under control by tracing the
source, the Broad Street Pump, and
eliminating access to this source of
contaminated water
LOUIS PASTEUR - the anaerobic character
of bacteria of butyric fermentation
1861 ▹Introduced the concepts of aerobic
and anaerobic bacteria
⇀ Partial heat sterilization (Pasteurization)
at a temperature of 55-60°
1857 ▹He successfully produced immunity
to rabies
1866 ▹GREGOR MENDEL - law of inherited
characteristics from studies on plans
1869 ▹HERMAN LUER - inverted the glass
hypodermic syringe
1870 ▹JOSEPH LISTER - demonstrated that
an airborne organism causes surgical
infections
1872 ▹ OSCAR BREFELD - gelatin for
isolation of fungi
1875 ▹ WILLIAM HENRY CORNFIELD -
first public laboratory in England
↪ Osaka, Japan - established the Imperial
Hygienic Laboratory
1879 ▹PAUL EHRLICH - developed many
methods of drying and fixing blood smears
using heat
↪ Classification of WBCs into different
morphological types paved the way for
identifying many diseases of the blood
↪ Microbiology - Discovery of methylene
blue―bacterial stain
1876 ▹ ROBERT KOCH - discovered the
complete life cycle and sporulation of the
anthrax bacillus
1877 ▹ His methods of fixing and drying
bacterial film on coverslips, staining them
with Weigert’s aniline dyes, staining flagella
1881 ▹ Method of obtaining pure culture of
organisms
⇀ Koch’s postulates/ Koch’s law
SPECIFICITY OF A PATHOGENIC
MICROORGANISM COULD ONLY BE
ESTABLISHED IF
● It is present in all cases of the
disease
● Inoculations of its pure cultures
produce disease in animals
● From these cultures, it can again
be obtained
● Then it can again be propagated
in pure cultures
1883 ▹KOCH - Vibrio cholera and its route
of transmission: Drinking water, food &
clothing
1893 ▹ Important paper on waterborne
epidemics, showing how they could be
prevented by proper filtration.
1880 ▹MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER BICHAT
- identified organs by their types of tissues
↪ IMPACT OF CONTRIBUTION - Histology
1877 ▹ KARL VON VIERODT - introduced
coagulation time as an index of blood
coagulation
▹ SIR ALMROTH EDWARD WRITE -
observed the role of calcium salts in the
coagulation of blood & devised a
coagulometer
1886 ▹ ELLIE METCHNIKOFF - phagocytes
in blood and their role in fighting infection
▹ ERNST VON BERGMANN - steam
sterilization in surgery
▹ MAX JAFFE - developed alkaline picrate
methods for the determination of creatinine
1890 ▹ ROYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS
AND SURGEONS - established conjoint
clinical laboratory in London
1892 ▹ JAMES DEWAR - invented vacuum
flask
▹ NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH - established the 1st public
diagnostic bacteriology laboratory in US
▹ UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA -
laboratory of hygiene
1893 ▹ JULIUS ESTER & HANS FRIEDRICH
GEITEL - photoelectric cell
▹ THEODORE RICHARDS - nephelometer
1895 ▹ FRANZ ZIEHL & FRIEDRICH
NEELSEN - modification for the acid-fast
stain in tuberculosis
1896 ▹ CHARLES PURDY - published
Practical Urinalysis and Urinary Diagnosis
▹ FERDINAND WIDAL - developed
agglutination test for the identification of
the typhoid bacillus
1897 ▹ first commercial clinical laboratory
in England
20TH CENTURY
1928 ▹ ALEXANDER FLEMING - initiating
antibiotic era
OTTO FOLIN - developed quantitative
analytical methods for several urine
analytes
● Urea, Ammonia, Creatinine, Uric
Acid, Total nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Chloride, Total sulfates, Acidity
1902 ▹ KARL LANDSTEINER - discovered
human blood types and described ABO
blood group
↪ He studied bleeding in newborn babies
↪ Discovery of the Rh factor
CHARLES RICHARD DREW - researched
field of blood transfusions, developing
improved techniques for blood storage and
applied his expert knowledge in developing
large-scale blood banks iin World War II
1904 ▹ CHRISTIAN BOHR - recirpcal
relationship between pH and oxygen
content of haemoglobin (Bohr effect)
▹ MARTINUS BEIJERINCK - first pure
culture of the sulphur-oxidizing bacterium
Thiobacillus thioparus
↪ First ultraviolet lamps
↪ first practical photoelectric cell
1905▹H.J BECHTOLD - immunodiffusion
1906 ▹ AUGUST VON WASSERMAN -
developed immunologic tests for syphilis
▹ HOWARD RICKETTS - discovered
microorganisms whose range lies between
bacteria and viruses called Rickettsiae
1911 ▹ OSKAR HEIMSTADLT - fluorescence
microscope
1916 ▹ PHILIP ADOLF KOBER -
colorimeter-nephelometer
1918 ▹ NATHANIEL WALES AND EDMUND
COPELAND - electric refrigerator
1919 ▹ FRANCIS WILLIAM ASTON - mass
spectograph
1920 ▹ First clinical laboratory for serum
phosphorus
▹ use of venipucnture for diagnostic testing
(widespread)
1921 ▹ First clinical laboratory method for
sertum magnesium
1922▹ASCP (American Society of Clinical
Pathology) was foujnded in St. Louis,
Missouri
1926▹ ARNE TISELIUS - developed moving
boundary proteins
▹ THEODORE SVEDBERG - determined the
molecular weight of haemoglohbin by
ultracentrifugation
1928 ▹ GEORGE NICHOLAS
PAPANICOLAOU - first recovered the ability
to recover cancer in vaginal smears
↪ CLINICAL CYTOLOGY
1929 ▹ HANS FISCHER - structure of
hemoglobin
▹OTTO FOLIN - use of the light filter in
colorimetry
▹R. GABREUS - develops the erythrocyte
sedimentation rate (ESR) as an index of
severity of disease
▹ MAX KNOLL AND ERNST RUSKA -
electron microscope
▹ ASCP - Board of Registry for certifying
medical technologists
1930 ▹ H.D KAY - the first clinical
laboratory method for alkaline phosphorus
↪ CLINICAL ENZYMOLOGY
▸REFRACTOMETRY - first used in clinical
laboratories for the determination of
protein in urine
▸ASCP - first medical technologist
medication to PAUL ADAMS from Fort
Wayne, Indiana
▸BECKMAN INSTRUMENTS
1932 ▹ IAN CHERRY AND LATHAN
CRANDALL - clinical laboratory method for
serum lipase activity
1935 ▹ BECKMAN INSTRUMENTS CO. -
first pH meter
▹ ASCP BOARD OF REGISTRY - first
required a single college degree for medical
technologist medication
1937 ▹COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL - first
blood bank
1938 ▹MICHAEL SOMOGYI - two major
medical laboratory methods for serum and
urine amylase activity
▹ ALEXANDER GUTMAN - first assay for
acid phophatase
1939 ▹ EDWARD JOSEPH CONWAY &
ROBERT COOKE - first clinical laboratory
method for blood ammonia
▹AMERICAN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS
(AMT) - founded
1941 ▹ GEORGE NICHOLAS
PAPANICOLAOU & HEBERT TRAUT -
diagnostic usefulness of vaginal smears in
cervical cancer
▹ ARCHER JOHN PORTER MARTIN &
RICHARD SYNGE - separated amino acids
and peptides by chromatography
1944 ▹ WILLIAM SUNDERMAN -
refractometry of proteins in the clinical
laboratory
1945 ▹ S. BORGSTROM - whole blood
clotting time test
1946 ▹BECTON DICKINSON CO. -
vacutainer evacuated serum collection tube
1947 ▹ AMERICAN ASSOCATION OF
BLOOD BANKS - founded
1948 ▹ AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY - founded
1950 ▹ROSALYN SUSSMAN YALOW &
SOLOMON BERSON - radioimmunoassay
▹ S. LEVEY & E.R JENNINGS - adapted the
Shewhart QC chart to use in clinical
laboratories
1952 ▹MIROSLAV POULIK -
immunoelectrophoresis
1954 ▹ JONAS SALK - developed
poliomyelitis vaccine
▹ S.A KUBY - developed the clinical
laboratory method for serum creatinine
phosphokinase activity
▹ ALAN WALSH - develops the atomic
absorption spectrometer
1955▹FELIZ WROBLEWSKI & JOHN
LADUE - clinical laboratory method for
serum lactace dehydrogenase
▹ ARTHUR KARMEN - clinical laboratory
method for aspartate aminotransferase
▹ SEVERO OCHOA - synthesized RNA
1956 ▹FELIZ WROBLEWSKI & JOHN
LADUE - method for serum alanine
aminotransferase activity called “serum
glutamic pyruvic transaminase”
↪ recognized specificity for liver disease
compared with that of aspartate
aminotransferase
▹JOHN EDWARDS - proposes prenatal
screening for genetic disease
1957 ▹ EMILE VAN HANDEL & DON
ZILVERSMIT - develops a direct chemical
method for the determination of
triglycerides
1959 ▹ TECHNICON CORP. - first clinical
laboratory clinical analyser, the
single-channel “Auto-analyzer”
⇀ first applied flame photmetry to
automated methods
1960 ▹methods for serum creatinine
phosphokinase isoenzymes
▹first method for gamma-glutamyl
transferase (GGT) in serum
▹PERKIN-ELMER CORP - introduced
atomuic absorption spectrometry (AAS) for
the determination of calcium and
magnesium
▹ FEICHMEIER - mechanical pipettor
(autodilator)
1962 ▹ A.M. SIEGELMAN - method for
glutamic dehydrogenase
▹ INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR
CLINICAL LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY
1965 ▹ Scanning electron microscope
1967 ▹GARRY ABELEV - alphafetoprotein
(AFP) is elevated in serum of patients with
testicular teratocarcinoma
▹ US - enacted the Clinical laboratory
improvement act (CLIA ‘67)
1968 ▹ DUPONT (THE ACA) - First
random-access analyser
1969 ▹ ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY - high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
1973 ▹ JAMES WESTGARD - Westgard
control rules into clinical laboratory quality
control
1975 ▹ Laser cell sorter
▹ROCHE DIAGNOSTICS - first
commercialized carcinoembryonic antigen
(CEA) assay
1976 ▹ MICROMEDIC CORP. - first
automated radioimmunoassay
1979 ▹ M.C. YANK - prostate specific
antigen (PSA) as a serum tumor marker
1980 ▹ BARUCH SAMUEL BLUMBERG -
Hepatitis B vaccine
▹ DAVID COLCHER - CA-72 serum tumor
marker, primarily for colorectal cancer
1981 ▹ HILARY KOPROWSKI - CA-19-9 as
a serum tumor marker for pancreatic
marker
▹ ROBERT BAST JR. - CA-125 as a serum
tumor for ovarian cancer
1983 ▹L. LINDHOLM - CA-50 as a serum
tumor marker for colorectal cancer
1987 ▹KARY MULLIS - polymerase chain
reaction (PCR)
▹ R. TOBIAS - CA-15-3 as a serum tumor
marker for breast cancer
1987 ▹ KURT BRAY - CA-549 as a serum
tumor marker for breast cancer
▹S. FUKUTA - CA-195 as a serum tumor
marker for colorectal cancer
1992 ▹ ANDRE VAN STEIREGHEM -
intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF)
1998 ▹ JAMES THOMSON - derived the
first human stem cell line
THE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE
PHILIPPINES
SPANISH COLONIZATION
1565 ▹ HOSPITAL REAL IN CEBU - first
hospital the Spaniards established and was
moved to Manila to cater military patients
1578 ▹ SAN LAZARO HOSPITAL - built by
the Franciscans for the poor and lepers
1596 ▹ HOSPITAL DE SAN JUAN DE DIOS -
founded for poor Spaniards
1641 ▹ HOSPITAL DE SAN JOSE - founded
in Cavite
1611 ▹ UNIVERSITY OF SANTO THOMAS -
founded by the Dominicans
1871 ▹ First faculties of Pharmacy and
Medicine
1876 ▹ PROVINCIAL MEDICAL OFFICERS -
appointed to provide health care services
throughout the country
1887 ▹ LABORATORIO MUNICIPAL DE
MANILA - established by the Spanish
authorities
AMERICAN ERA
1898 ▹ SPANISH MILITARY HOSPITAL -
after the fall of Manila, it was converted into
the FIRST RESERVE HOSPITAL by Lt. Col
Henry Lipincott
↪ Chief surgeon of the Division of the Pacific
and 8th Army corps.
1901 ▹ BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT
LABORATORIES - US government
established under the Philippine
Commission Act No. 156
↪ LOCATION - Calle Herran (PEDRO GIL),
ERMITA, MANILA
↪ Had a science library, chemical section,
serum laboratory for the production of
vaccines
▹PAUL FREER - Bureau’s first director
1905 ▹ REORGANIZATION OF THE
BUREAU OF GOVERNMENT
LABORATORIES - established for medical
officers who sought a career in laboratory
research
▹They worked with the Army Board for the
Study of the Tropical diseases.
1914 ▹ DISBANDED
▹ At the end of the Phil-American War, the
civilian Board of Health established by the
Americans was changed into
▻ Bureau of Health
1915 ▹ It was reorganized into the
PHILIPPINE HEALTH SERVICE
1933 ▹ reverted to the BUREAU OF
HEALTH
JUNE 1927 ▹ University of the Philippine’s
College of Public Health formally opened its
Certificate in public Health programs
▹AIM - to provide proper training to the
Philippine health Service’s medical officers
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
1944 ▹ WORLD WAR II
▹ US BASES - built in the island of Leyte
 - Made for the possible for the U.S
military forces to bring in their
members of their health care team
in the Philippines to resolve health
problems of the American and
Filipino soldiers.
▹MEDICAL FACILITIES - available to the
Philippines, including the 26th MEDICAL
LABORATORY OF THE 6TH US AMRY
BRIGADE
▹LOCATION: Quiricada Street, Sta. Cruz,
Manila
▹CURRENT NAME: Public Health
Laboratory (PHL) - division of the Manila
Health Department
FEBRUARY 1944 ▹ PHL started training
civilians to become members of the health
care team
▷ FIRST CLINICAL LABORATORY IN THE
COUNTRY
JUNE 1945 ▹6TH US ARMY BRIGADE left
the laboratory
▹ It was introduced to the NATIONAL
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, but the
department did not seem to be interested in
pursuing the objectives of the laboratory
LIBERATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
SEPTEMBER 1945 ▹ World War ended
▹ DR. ALFREDO PIO DE RODA WITH
ASSITANCE OF DR. MARIANO ICASIONA -
Barely a month, was formally reorganized.
▹ MANILA PUBLIC HEALTH LABORATORY
1947 ▹ Training program by DR. ALFREOD
PIO DE RODA, in collaboration with DR.
PRUDENCIA STA. ANA
Trainees ▹ High school graduates and
Paramedical graduates
1954 ▹ Training began using a syllabus
▹ Lasted for six months
▹DR. TIRSO BRIONES - joined
▹ It did not last long, for during the same
year, the formal education for medical
technology in the Philippines began.
▹MANILA SANITARIUM & sister
organization PHILIPPINE UNION COLLEGE
started offering Bachelor of Science in
Medical Technology through the pioneering
efforts of -
▹ WILMA HILGERT-HEDRICK
▹ CURRENT NAME - Manila Adventist
Medical Center
- Adventist University of the
Philippines
▹REUBEN MANALAYSAY
▹President of the Philippine Union
College
▹REV. MERRITT CONNICK WARREN
▹ President of the Philippine Union
Mission of the Seventh Day Adventist
Church
▹ DR. MANUEL L. CARREON of the
BUREAU OF PRIVATE EDUCATION
▹ WILMA HILGERT-HENDRICK - prepare
the course curriculum for Medical
Technology
1954 ▹ 5-year curriculum of BSMT
approved by the Bureau of Private
Education
MARCH 1955 - First graduate, Jesse Umali
SUMMER 1955 - Avelino Olivia and
Adoracion Yutuc
1947▹ Creation of the Philippine National
Red Cross (PNRC)
1954 ▹Philippine Union College and
Medical Sanitarium in Baesa, Caloocan
offered the 1st 4-year BSMT
1956 ▹ PUC first graduate, DR. JESSE
UMALI, become a successful OB-GYN
▹ R.A 1517 (Blood Banking Law) approved
1957 ▹ UST offered Medical technology as
an elective 4th and 5th year BS Pharmacy
students and without 12-month internship
training
1960 ▹Centro Escolar University (CEU)
offered BS Medical Technology
1962 ▹ 1st batch of graduates, consisting of
only 8 graduates
1961 ▹ Far Eastern University (FEU)
offered BS Medical Technology under the
College of Medicine
1963 ▹ First batch of graduates
▹ University of the Philippines offering BS
Hygiene
Immaculate Conception College (University
of Immaculate Conception) in Davao City,
first in Mindanao
1962 - UST formally offered
▹ University of San Augustin, first in
Visayas
1963 ▹ Organizational meeting by
CRISANTO G. ALMARIO at the PUBLIC
HEALTH LABORATORY
1964 ▹ Philippine Association of Medical
Technolgists had its first national
convention at FEU medical Auditorium
1966 ▹ R.A 4688 (CLINICAL LABORATORY
ACT) approved
1969 ▹PAMET was registered at the
Securities and Exchange Commission
▹ R.A 5527 (Philippine Medical Technology
Act_ enacted into law
1970 ▹ Board of Medical technology created
pursuant to R.A 5537
▹ First licensure examination for Medical
technology
▹ MARIDEL P. PASAGA - first board
topnothcer
▹ Philippine Association of Schools of
Medical Technology/Hygiene (PASMETH)
created
▹PAMET was registered with the
International Association of Medical
Laboratory technologists (IAMLT)
1971 ▹ Guidelines on Clinical Internship
Program was drafter, reviewed, and
finalized
▹ Curriculum was designed with reference
to US laboratory courses
1972 ▹ former PRESIDENT FERDINAND
MARCOS declared the 3rd week of
September as Medical technology week
▹ declaration of Martial Law
▹Philippine Society for Microbiology and
Infectious Disease (PSMID) was formally
organized
1973▹P.D 223 was approved creating the
Professional Regulation Commission (PCR)
▹PAMET officially reocgnized as the only
Accredited Professional Organization (APO)
▹ANGELINA JOSE elected as the first female
president of PAMET
1974 ▹ Sections of R.A 5527
(2,3,4,7,8,11,13,16,17,21,22) was amended
by P.D 498
1975 ▹ UST graduate school offered Master
of Science in Medical technology (MSMT),
first school to offer
▹ PIONEER EDUCATIONAL REVIEW
CENTER (PERC) - first review center
1978 ▹ Medical Services of America, INC
(MSA) tapped BSMT graduate to undergo a
6-month on the job Respiratory Theraphy
Training program
▹ 1st batch of Filipino Respiratory
therapists
▹ R.A. 5527 further amended by P.D 1534
1981 ▹ Research Institute for Tropical
Medicine was formally established with the
signing of E.O 674, research facility under
DOH
1983 ▹ Philippine Blood Coordinating
Council was created
▹ PROFESSOR LINA C. SOMERA - UP College
of Public Health
↪“MOST OUSTANDING MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGISTS”
1985▹PAMET gained membership in the
ASEAN Association of Medical Laboratory
Technologists (AAMLT)
1986 ▹PAMET hosted the 2ND ASEAN
Conference in Medical Laboratory
Technologists in Manila where AMMLT
constitution and by-laws were adopted
1988 ▹ Philippine Women’s University
submitted for PAASCU Accreditation,
↪ the first school MT school to undergo
PAASACU accreditation
▹Olangapo-Zambales Chapter, awarded by
PAMET
↪ “MOST OUSTANDING CHAPTER”
1989 ▹3RD ACMLT in Singapore, PAMET
President CARMENITA ACEDERA elected
to the AAMLT presidency
1996 ▹PUC changed name to Adventist
University of the Philippines
1997 ▹PAMET hosted 7TH ACMLT at PICC
1998 ▹ ACTS Review Center established
CEU integrated Emergency Medical
Technician (EMT) course to their BSMT
curriculum
1999 ▹ The Philippine Council for Quality
Assurance in Clinical Laboratories
(PCQACL) was organized
▹PAMET President NORMA CHANG was
elected President of AAMLT
2000 ▹ DOH reoganized
▹ Bureau of Reseach and Laboratories
abolished and licensing of laboratories was
transferred to the Bureau of Health
Facilities and Services
▹PCQACL was registered
2002 ▹ Philippine Society of Medical
Technology Students (PHISMETHS)
organized
2004 ▹ PWU stated offering Certicicate in
Phlebotomy, the 1ST TESDA certified
short-term course of phlebotomy
2005 ▹American Society of Clinical
Pathology Board of Registry introduced
ASCP International Cerification in the
Philippines
▹ ACTS Review Center
↪ “THE NATION’S MOST OUTSTANDING
MEDICAL REVIEW CENTER”
2006 ▹ Schools and Universities updated
their curriculum and changed the name of
BSMT to BMLS (Bachelor of Medical
laboratory Science) of CHED
2009 ▹ The first annual Medical
Technology Student Congree was held at
Our Lady of Fatima University – Valenzuela
Campus;
▹ the National Kidney and Transplant
Institute (NKTI) Medical Laboratory gets
the first ISO 15189: 2007 accreditation by
the Philippine Accreditation Office (PAO) in
the Philippines.
2010 ▹ The first batch of BMLS students
graduated
▹ The first annual Medical Technology
Student Leadership Training and
Strategic Planning was held at ATI-CAR
Benguet State University in La Trinidad,
Benguet.
II. DEFINING THE PRACTICE OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PRACTICE
▸auxiliary branch of medicine which deals
with the examination of tissues and body
fluids using various chemical, microscopic,
and other medical laboratory procedures or
techniques that will aid the physician in the
diagnosis and treatment of diseases and in
the promotion of health in general. (RA
5527)
NATURE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE + TECHNOLOGY = MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY
CLINICAL LABORATORY TESTING
Detection
Diagnosis
Treatment of Disease
MULTIFACETED NATURE OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY
● PROCEDURE OF SCIENTIFIC
ACTIVITIES
● A PARAMOUNT FIELD OF
SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
● AN INTERVENTION IN MEDICAL
PROCEDURES
● EXPLICIT APPLICATION OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
● CIRCUMSTANTIAL MEDICAL
EVIDENCE
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY (MT) OR
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE (MLS)
▸ as a prevailing new wave of thinking
refers to it, is an inter-disciplinary science
devoted to diagnostic testing of human
samples.
SAMPLES MAY BE:
BLOOD, URINE,
FECES, BODY SECRETIONS,
 SEROUS FLUIDS, SPINAL FLUID
SEMINAL FLUID, STONE
NAIL, HAIR,
BONE TISSUE
TESTING MAY BE:
QUANTITATIVE, SEMI-QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE, OR
DESCRIPTIVE
PHYSICAL AND
CHEMICAL
ANALYSES
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PRACTICE
▸is applied in a variety of laboratories
LABORATORIES
▸are found in out-patient clinics, hospitals,
medical centers, reference laboratories, and
government health departments.
DEFINITIONS OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
According to REPUBLIC ACT NO. 5527
▸is an auxiliary branch of laboratory
medicine that deals with the examination of
various chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic,
and other medical laboratory procedures or
techniques, which will aid physicians in
diagnosing, studying, and treating disease
and promoting health in general.
According to ANNE P. FAGELSON (1961)
▸is a branch of medicine concerned with the
performance of laboratory determinations
and analyses used in the diagnosis and
treatment of the disease and the maintenance
of health.
According to RUTH I. HEINEMANN (1963)
▸is the application of principles of natural,
physical, and biological sciences to the
performance of laboratory procedures which
aid in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases
According to JEANNE M. CLERC (1992)
▸is a profession concerned with providing
information based on the performance of
analytical tests on human body substances of
detect evidence of or prevent disease or
impairment and to promote and monitor
good health.
According to NORMA J. WALTERS (1995)
▸is a health profession concerned with
performing laboratory analyses in view of
obtaining information necessary in the
diagnosis and treatment of disease as well as
in the maintanance of good health
SYNONYMS OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
● Medical Laboratory Technology
● Medical Laboratory Science
● Clinical Laboratory Science
● Biomedical Science
SCOPE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
● Laboratory Diagnostic procedures
● Biological and Medical Research
● Prevention and Control of Diseases
and Infection
● Innovative Techniques and
Technologies
DELIMITATIONS OF MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY
 ● Interpretation of Results healthcare team?

● Administration of medicine ● Conduct research

● Patient care ● Involvement in Health Promotion

Programs
CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENTISTS ● Setting and IMplenting a Quality
▸A person who engages in the work of Control program
Medical Technology under the supervision
of a pathologist or a licensed physician ● Setting and Implementing Laboratory
Safety Measures
authorized by the DOH (RA 5527)
● Regular calibration of Instruments
CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDICAL and Equipment
TECHNOLOGISTS
● Operation of Laboratory Instruments
PROBLEM-SOLVER EFFICIENT AND
● Collection of Laboratory Specimens
SELF-RELIANT
for Examination
FOCUSED DIGNIFIED AND
RESPECTABLE

GOOD ROLE MODELS

COMMUNICATION
SKILLS

TRUSTWORTHY SELF MOTIVATED

ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS

● Perform Clinical Laboratory Testing

- BASIC: Urinalysis, Fecalysis, Blood
typing

● Perform Special Procedures

- Molecular and nuclear diagnosis

● Ensure Accuracy and Precision of

Results

● Be Honest in Practice

● Ensure Timely Delivery of Results

● Demonstrate Professionalism

● Uphold Confidentiality

● Collaborative with Other Health Care

Professionals
- Who is the most important part of
 III. PROFESSIONALS WITHIN THE
CLINICAL LABORATORY
CLINICAL LABORATORY PRACTITIONERS
▹PATHOLOGIST
▸ duly registered physician who is specially
trained in methods of laboratory medicine
or the gross and microscopic study and
interpretation of tissues, secretion, and
excretions of the human body and its
functions in order to diagnose disease,
follow its course
▻ Determine the effectivity of treatment,
ascertain the cause of death and advance
medicine by means of research
TYPES OF PATHOLOGIST
CLINICAL PATHOLOGIST
- Laboratory medicine
ANATOMIC PATHOLOGIST
- Involve tissue and cells & secretion of
body
COMBINED ATOMIC AND CLINICAL
PATHOLOGIST
▻ Heads the clinical laboratory and its
subs-sections and special area, and
verifies the accuracy by indicating his/her
signature in all laboratory results released
by all laboratory professionals working in
the clinical laboratory.
ACADEMIC AND CERTIFICATION
REQUIREMENTS
▸After finishing the required four years of
medical school and passing the medical
board exam, they undergo a four-year
residency training program accredited
by the Philippine Society of Pathologists
(PSP) before they are eligible to take the
board certification examinations
▹MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST/ MEDICAL
LABORATORY SCIENTIST
▸ a person who engages in the work of
Medical Technology under the supervision of
a pathologist or a licensed Physician
authorized by the DOH and who have passed
the prescribed course, training and board
examination (RA 5527)
▸A highly skilled professionals who
determine the presence or absence of
disease and provide data that helps
Physicians decide the best treatment for
their patients using sophisticated
biomedical instrumentation and technology
and manual techniques
▸ They generate vitally important data for
identifying and treating cancer, heart
disease, diabetes, and many other health
conditions.
ACADEMIC AND CERTIFICATION
REQUIREMENTS
▸ Completed a baccalaureate degree in an
accredited Medical Laboratory Science/
Medical technology program.
▸After graduating, they must pass the
Medical technology licensure examination
conducted by the PCR
▸Higher levels of training are also available
for those who want to pursue a particular
field of specialization.
▹MEDICAL LABORATORY TECHNICIAN
▸is a person certified and registered with
the Board of Medical Technology as
qualified to assist a Medical Technologist
and/or qualified Pathologist in the practice
of Medical Technology. (RA 5527)
▸Similar responsibilities to Medical
Technologists, but because they have lower
levels of professional credentials, they
perform laboratory testing under the
supervision of a Medical Technologist
▸DUTY: Performing pre-analytical and
post-analytical procedures such as
collecting and processing specimens,
recording and releasing of results.
ACADEMIC AND CERTIFICATION
REQUIREMENTS
▸Graduate of a four-year Medical Technology
/ Medical Laboratory Science degree who
has not taken the required licensure
examination or has applied for registration
as a Medical Laboratory Technician after
taking the licensure examination for MT but
obtained a general rating lower than 75%,
but not less than 70%
▸US - completed a two-year associate’s
degree from an accredited program and
passed the certification exam from the
American Society for Clinical Pathology
Board of Certification or American
Medical technologist certification for
Medical laboratory technicians.
OTHER LABORATORY PRACTITIONERS
▹PHLEBOTOMIST
▸a laboratory professional trained to collect
blood samples in a clinical environment
▸Nurse Assistants, Medical Assistants, and
other allied health degree graduates are
often selected to receive on-the-job training
to become a Phlebotomist.
underwent specialty training in
Histopathologic techniques.
▹NUCLEAR MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST
▸is a health care professional who works
alongside nuclear physicians.
▸ Knowledge of radiation physics and safety
regulations to limit radiation exposure,
prepare and administer
radiopharmaceuticals, and use radiation
detection devices
▹TOXICOLOGIST
▸studies the effects of toxic substances on
the physiological functions of human beings,
animals, and plants to develop data for use
in consumer protection and industrial
safety programs.
▸Designs and conducts studies to determine
the physiological effects of various
substances on laboratory animals, plants,
and human tissue, using biological and
biochemical techniques.

ACADEMIC AND CERTIFICATION

REQUIREMENTS
▸complete on-the-job training or a formal
Phlebotomy program, typically lasting 3 to
10 months.

▹ HISTOTECHNOLOGIST
▸is a Medical Technologist who has
undergone specialty training in
Histopathologic and Cytopathologic
techniques.
▸a Medical Laboratory Technician who has
undergone the same specialty training is
called a Histotechnician.
▸ processes tissues removed during surgery.

ACADEMIC AND CERTIFICATION

REQUIREMENTS
▸baccalaureate degree in an accredited
Medical Laboratory Science or Medical IV. MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION
Technology program passed the Medical
Technology Licensure Examination, and CURRICULUM
▸Latin word “currere” = to run
PMLS 1 AND 2 Community & Public
▸ refers to the knowledge and skills Health
students are expected to learn
▸ Systematic and organized Cytogenetics Human Histology
▸ explicitly states outcomes the students
Histopathologic Clinical Bacteriology
have to achieve and learn through the use of
Techniques with
instructional processes Cytology
▸ designed for students
Clinical Parasitology Immunohematology
GOVERNING BODY OF MEDICAL (Blood banks)
TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION IN THE
Mycology and Laboratory
PHILIPPINES Virology Management
▸ CHED (Commission of Higher
Education) Medical Technology Hematology 1 AND 2
▻ ESTABLISHED: MAY 18, 1994 through the Laws and Bioethics
passage of the RA No. 7722
Clinical Microscopy Clinical Chemistry 1
▻ Government agency that covers AND 2
institutions of higher education both public
and private Seminars 1 AND 2 Molecular Biology
▻ TCMTE (Technical Committee for and Diagnostics
Medical Technology Education)
▻ CMO No. 13, series of 2017 CLINICAL INTERNSHIP TRAINING
▸ 1-year rotation (different sections of the
laboratory)
THE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY OBJECTIVES
CURRICULUM ▸ Application of theoretical aspects into
▸BSMLS (Bachelor of Science in Medical practice
Laboratory Science) REQUIRED HOURS
▸ An allied health programs ▸ 32 hours of duty per week
▸ 4-year program ▸ 1,664 hours in one-year

GENERAL EDUCATION COURSES ASSESSMENT

OBJECTIVES:
▸ To develops functional knowledge, skills,
values, and habits
▸ To develop humane individuals that have
a deeper sense of self and acceptance of
others.
PROFESSIONAL COURSES
OBJECTIVES:
▸ To develop the knowledge, technical
competence, professional attitude, and
values necessary to practice and meet the
demands of the professions
▸ obtaining necessary information to gain
feedback on student’s progress against the
set standards per course and on the
effectivity of the teaching methodology
FUNCTIONS OF ASSESSMENT
TECHNIQUES
Provide feedback on the progress of
students
Identifies flaws in the pyschomotor and
theoretical knowledge of the student

Diagnostic stool
 ▹ BENCH
Serves as a motivation for improvement
▸the central workstation and testing area in
Provides information on student’s a laboratory
response to a leraning strategy ▸Hands-on technical work that is performed
on a daily basis
Determines the demonstrable changes in
▸Monitoring of quality control programs
the attitude and behavior of students
▸ Trobuleshooter who knows how each
piece of equipment works and how to fix it
TYPES OF ASSESSMENT ▸ work in the research and development
▸ FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT - “assessment department of a chemical/pharmaceutical
for learning” company, helping to develop new and
▸ SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT - “assessment improved products for the diagnosis and
of learning” treatment of disease
▸ DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT - given prior
to instructions ▹ SECTION HEAD
▸gained experience at the bench and
ASSESSMENT TOOLS produce superior-quality work promoted to
● Written tests the supervisory level
● Reflection paper ▸responsible for making sure the laboratory
● Portfolios work assignment are completed
● Performance task ▸ arranging work schedules and managing
● Oral examination and Presentations personnel
● Rubrics ▸ usually reports to the laboratory manager

▹ LABORATORY MANAGER (CHIEF

MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST)
▸both soilid leadership ability and
supervisory experience
▸ responsible for the day-to-day planning,
coordination, and overall supervision of all
laboratory operations
▸ have advanced business degrees; some go
on to earn specialty certification as a
diplomat in laboratory management
▸ right combination of people skills,
business knowledge and technical
experience
▸ hires employee, prepares budget,
organizes work schedules, meets with sales
representative, oversees marketing for the
laboratory
▸ works with the pathologist

V. JOB OPPORTUNITUES FOR MEDICAL NON-TRADITONAL ROLES

TECHNOLOGISTS
▹ PROGRAM DIRECTOR
TRADITIONAL ROLES (DEAN/PROGRAM HEAD)
▸A medical technologsit
▸responsible for planning and ccoordinating
the student’s coursework and clinical
training while at the school
▸may teach in the classroom, at the
microscope, or at ‘the bench’
▸ helps students understand the theory
behind the tests and giving guidance
throughout the years
▸ helping them with job placement when
they graduate
▹ TEACHER/CLINICAL INSTRUCTOR
▸ specialists who offer continuing education
in selected topics
▸ help working medical laboratory
technicians and medical technologist to
keep their existing skills sharp, and to learn
advanced new techniques and procedures
▹ RESEARCHER
▸use their investigativbe skills in medical
research
▸ tests new ideads about the origin of
disease, develops new laboratory methods,
and evaluates the effectiveness of new types
of clinical treatment
▸ operates computer and precision
instruments
▸ could be part of the team that discovers an
unknown disease or a cure for a fatal
disease or expands the scietifc knowledge of
a known disease
▸helps develop commercial diagnostic
products
▹ MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY
TECHNOLOGIST
▸are helping to diagnose and even predict
such diseases in the laboratory, often before
any other symptoms present themselves
▸ identify and isolate disease causing
microorganisms
▹ FORENSIC SCIENTIST
▸studies in chemistry, histology, hematology,
immunology, microbiology, cytology and
toxicology
▹LABORATORY INFORMATICS
SPECIALIST
▸laboratory technologist or technician who
specializes working with critical clinical
symptoms
▸ managing hardware and software
installations
▸ supervisintg the security and integrity of
patient record databases
▸administering disaster recovery
procedures
OTHER EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
FOR MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS
● Analyst In Drug Testing Laboratories
● Analyst In Pharmaceutical
Companies, Veterinary Clinics, Food
Manufacturing
● Laboratories, And Cosmetic
Laboratories
● Professional Product Specialists In
Manufacturing, Marketing And Sales
Companies
● Cytology Or Histopathologic
Technologist
● Cytogeneticist Or Geneticist In
Molecular Biology Laboratories
● Nuclear Medical Technologist
● Electromyogram Technologist
● Medical Transcriptionist
● Phlebotomist
● Ecg And Eeg Technologist
● Quality Assurance Personnel
● Emergency Medical Technician Or
Ambulance Worker
● Public Health Sanitation Officer Or
Inspector
● Forensic Or Medico-Legal
Technologist
● Laboratory Or Hospital Information
System Officer
● Entrepreneur Or Owner Of Clinical
Laboratories.
● Reviewer In Medical Technology CERTIFICATION ▸are provided following
Review Centers the passing of a comprehensive structured
oral, written, practical, or observed
structured clinical examination.

BENEFITS OF CERTIFICATION
higher wages for employees in the form of
bonuses, education assistance or higher
salary

A more productive and highly trained

workforce for employers

Prestige for the individual and a competitive

advantage over non-certified individuals in
the same field

Enhanced employment opportunities

Assistance to employers in making more

informed hiring decisions

Assistance to consumers in making more

informed decisions about qualified providers

Protection of the general public from

incompetent and unfit practitioners

Establishment of a professional standard for

individuals in a particular field

LOCAL EXAMINATION

PHILIPPINE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

BOARD EXAMINATION (MTLE)
▸only licensure examination for Medical
Technologists in the Philippines
▸ Conducted by the PRC
▸ Questions are formulated by the Board of
Medical Technology
BOARD

CHAIRMAN - A Two (2) Medical

Pathologist Technologists
members
▸CREATED: 1970
VI. LICENSURE EXAM FOR MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGISTS FIRST BOARD:
▸ Dr. Arturo D. Tolentino Jr - CHAIRMAN
▸Felix E. Asperer & Azucena S.J. Vizconde
 next test question has slightly higher level of
▸ SEPTEMBER 1970 - First examination; difficulty
25% passed. ▸MINIMUM SCORE - 400
▸APRIL 17, 1971 - First batch conducted ▸HIGHEST ATTAINABLE SCORE - 999
their oath-taking at the UST Medicine Audi ▸ ASCP CERTIFICATION - Online
application
SUBJECT RELATIVE
WEIGHT EXAMINATION CATERGORIES

Clinical Chemistry 20% MT (ASCP) International Medical

Technologist
Microbiology & Pathology 20%
MLT (ASCP) International Medical
Hematology 20% Laboratory Technician
Blood Banking & Serology 20% MP (ASCP) International
Technologist in
Clinical Microscopy (Urinalysis And 10% Molecular Pathology
Other Body Fluids)
PBT (ASCP) International
Histopathologic Techniques, 10% Phlebotomist
Cytology, Medical Technology Laws, Technician
Related Laws And Its Implementing
Rules, Code Of Ethics C (ASCP) International
Technologist in
▸Location for the board exam vary Chemistry
depending on the number of examinees M (ASCP) International
The following: Technologist in
● Manila Microbiology
● Cebu
● Davao AMERICAN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS
● Baguio (AMT)
● Zamboanga ▸a nonprofit certification agency and
professional members association
▸GWA - At least 75% with no ratings below representing over 58k individuals in allied
50% in any of the major subjects health care
▸LIMITATION - 3 EXAMINATIONS ▸ ESTABLISHED: 1939
▸ Upon certification, individuals
FOREIGN EXAMINATIONS automatically become members of AMT and
start to receive valuable benefits
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CLINICAL
PATHOLOGY INTERNATION (ASCP)
▸ Established to help foreign graduates EXAMINATION CATERGORIES
become more competitive in their native
MT Medical Technologist
countries
▸Big help for Filipinos who have interest in MLT Medical Laboratory
working abroad Technician
▸ASCP BOARD OF REGISTRY - uses
MLA Medical Laboratory
computer adaptive testing (CAT), when a
Assistant
person answers a question correctly, the
 CLC Clinical Laboratory CANADA Canadian Society CSMLS
Consultant of Medical
Laboratory
AHI Allied health Instructor Science

RPT Phlebotomist AUSTRALIA Australian AIMS

Insitute of
Medical Scientists
HEALTH AUTHORITY - ABU DHABI
(HA-AD) NEW Medical Sciences MSCouncil
▸ is the regulative body of healthcare sector ZEALAND Council of New
in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and ensures Zealand
excellence in Healthcare for the community
by monitoring the health status of the REVIEW CENTERS FOR MEDICAL
population TECHNOLOGY LICENSURE EXAMINATION
▸All health professionals are required to
obtain their licensure prior to practicing in REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10609 - “Protection of
any healthcare facility within the Emirate of Students Right to Enrol in Review
Abu Dhabi Centers Act of 2013”
▸ SIGNED ON: AUGUST 23, 2013
CERTIFICATIONS OFFERED ▸ deems an unlawful “compelling students
enrolled in courses required professional
Phlebotomist Cytogenetic examinations to take review classes, white
is not part of the curriculum, in a review
MLT Cytology
center of the higher educational institution’s
MLT Genetics Clinical (HEI) choice.”
Scientist ▸prohibits requiring students to pay the
schools, transportation, board, and lodging
Medical Laboratory Hematology
fees, among others, for the review center.
Specialty titles

Blood Histotechnology
Banking/Transfusion

Clinical Biochemistry Medical Microbiology

Histocompatibility and Molecular Biology and

Immunogenic Genetics

OTHER FOREIGN LICENSURE

EXAMINATIONS

COUNTRY CERTIFYING ABBREV

AGENT

USA American Society ASCLS

of Clinical
Laboratory VII. CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL
Science DEVELOPMENT
EDUCATION
▸ Learning happens throughout the course
of a lifetime
▸ Professionals should be lifelong learners
▸Globally competent professionals
CPD
▸ The maintenance, enhancement, and
extension of knowledge, expertise, the
competence of professionals after attaining
a bachelor’s degree
▸development knowledge, skills, and
attitude
CPE
▸ Continuing Professional Education
▸ Learning a skill/set of skill to improve
competence
BENEFITS OF THE INDIVIDUAL
● Builds confidence and credibility
● Showcase achievement
● Achieves career goal
● Adapts to changes
● Improves productivity and
efficiency
BENEFITS OF THE ORGANIZATION
● Maximize staff potential
● Helps staff to develop SMART
objectives
● Promote staff development
● Organization development
● Linking to appraisals
SMART
▸Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant,
Time-based
LEGAL BASIS
EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 266
▸ “Institutionalization of the CPE programs
of the various PRB under the supervision of
PRC”
▸ ISSUED BY: Fidel V. Ramos
▸ DATE: JULY 25, 1995
RA 10912
▸ “Continuing Professional Development Act
of 2016”
▸DATE: JUNE 21, 2016
▸IMPLEMENTING RULES: Resolution no.
1032 s. 2017
LIFE LONG LEARNING
RA 10912
▸“Learning activities are undertaken
throughout life for the development of
competencies and qualification of the
professional.”
RA 10912
▸“The inoculation of advanced knowledge,
skills, and ethical values in a post-licensure
specialization or an inter/multidisciplinary
field of study, for assimilation into
professional practice, self-directed research,
and or life-long learning.”
RA 10912 - seeks to formulate and
implement CPD programs for each
profession in order to:
Enhance and upgrade the competencies
and qualifications of professionals,
Ensure international alignment of
competencies and qualifications,
Ensure the development of
quality-assured mechanisms,
Recognize and ensure the contributions
of professionals
AIMS OF CPD
 ● Continuously improve the quality of the ● Added financial burden
country’s reservoir of registered
professionals ● Lack of time to attend CPD
programs
● Provide support to lifelong learning in the
enhancement of competencies of Filipino
professionals

● Deliver quality CPD activities aligned with

PQF for national and global
competitiveness

CPD COUNCIL

CHAIR 1ST 2ND MEMBER

(Member of MEMBER (PRES/
PRB) (PRES/ OFFICER OF
OFFICER OF NATIONAL
APO) ORGANIZATION
OF SCHOOLS)

TASK: Oversee the implementation of CPD

programs by evaluation and monitoring

OTHER DETAILS TO REMEMBER

▸ CPD PROVIDERS - should apply their
programs to CPD council 45 days prior to
the conduct of the CPD activity.
▸ CPD - a mandatory requirement in the
renewal of PIC
▸PIC RENEWAL - every 3 years
▸ REQUIRED CPD UNITS FOR MEDTECH -
45 units (15 units per year)

CPD ACTIVITIES

Formal learning

Non-formal learning

Informal learning

Self-directed learning

Online learning activities

Professional work experience

DRAWBACKS OF CPD
VIII. NATURE OF THE CLINICAL
● Difficulty to access CPD programs LABORATORY
 CLINICAL LABORATORY
HbA1c Glycosylated
▸ Is the place where specimens (e.g, blood hemoglobin
and other body fluids, tissues, feces, hair,
nails) collected from individuals are RBS Random blood sugar
processed, analyzed, preserved, and
DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
properly disposed of
▸ vary according to size, function, and the Total cholesterol
complexity of tests performed
HDL & LDL High & Low density
lipoproteins
CLINICAL LABORATORY
TAG Triglycerides
ANATOMIC CLINICAL
PATHOLOGY PATHOLOGY KIDNEY DISEASES

Cytopathology Clinical Microscopy BUN Blood urea nitrogen

Autopsy Hematology Creatinine

Cytogenetics Microbiology NONE

Histopathology Clinical Chemistry TP Total protein

Blood Bank/ Albumin

Immunohematology
Electrolytes Sodium, Potassium,
Immunology & Chloride
Serology
Clinical enzymology Aminotranferase,
Creatinine kinase
COMMON SECTIONS IN THE CLINICAL
LABORATORY DRUG ANALYSIS Monitors therapeutic
range to avoid toxic
▷ CLINICAL CHEMISTRY levels for drugs
▸ amounts of certain chemicals in a blood ENDROCRINOLOGY - hormone in the blood
sample the most automated area of the and urine
laboratory
▸instruments are computerized and TSH, T3, T4 Trioodothyronine,
designed to perform single and multiple Thyroxine
tests from small amounts of specimens OTHER TESTS Estrogen, Prolactin,
▸AREAS: Automated chemistry, Testosterone
electrophoresis, toxicology, and
immunochemistry
TOXICOLOGY AND DRUG TESTING
▸for prohibited drugs

▷ HEMATOLOGY SECTION
DIABETES, LIVER DISEASE OR ▸the cellular elements of the blood such as
MALNUTRITION RBCs, WBCs, and platelets are enumerated
and classified.
FBS Fasting blood sugar
▸ BONE MARROW SAMPLES are being ▸Isolation, and identification of bacteria
studied in this section (Aerobes & anaerobes) and fungi using
varied culture media and different
biochemical tests.
EXAMINATIONS
▸Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
CBC Complete blood count
CULTURE AND SENSITIVITY
WBC differential
GRAM STAINING & AFB TESTS
count
PREPARATION OF CULTURE MEDIA
HEMOGLOBIN Rule out anemia
AND STAINS
HEMATOCRIT Haemaglobin level
INFECTION CONTROL
and red cell count

RED CELL ▷ CLINICAL MICROSCOPY

MORPHOLOGY AND ▸routine and other special examinations of
CELL INDICES
urine, such as macroscopic examinations to
QUANTITATIE determine color, transparency
PLATELET COUNT ▸ CHEMICAL EVALUATION OF URINE:
Specific gravity, pH level, Bilirubin,
BLOOD SMEAR Glucose, protein, etc.
PREPARATION
▸MIcroscopic examinations to detect the
COAGULATION Ability of blood to presence of abnormal cells and or parasites
STUDIES form and dissolve as well as to quantify RBCs and WBCs and
clots other chemicals found in urine
▸ Stools, semen, CSF, and other fluids are
▷ MICROBIOLOGY also analyzed in this section
▸identification of microorganisms in body ▸Detection and identification of parasitic
fluids or tissues worms and ova
▸more focused on the identification of
bacteria and fungi on specimens received ▷ BLOOD BANK / IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY
▸TWO MAIN ACTIVITIES - Blood typing
SPECIMENS USUALLY SUBMITTED and compatibility testing
BLOOD ▸Screening for all antibodies, Identification
of antibodies and blood components used
OTHER BODY FLUIDS for transfusion
▸MOST CRITICAL IN THE CLINICAL
STOOLS
LABORATORY
TISSUES ▸HOSPITAL-BASED - Blood donation
activities, donor recruitment& screening,
SWABS bleeding of the donor, and post-donation
care
▸LARGE LABORATORIES - section may be ▷ IMMUNOLOGY AND SEROLOGY
divided into Bacteriology, Mycology, ▸Analyses of serum antibodies and antigens
Virology in certain infectious agents
▸ Microscopic visualization of HEPATITIS B PROFILE TESTS
microorganisms after staining
 ▸concerned with the dx (diagnosis) and
SYPHILIS SEROLOGICAL TESTS
monitoring dses performed through lab
HEPATITIS C TESTS testing of blood and other body fluid

DENGUE FEVER TESTS (NSI, IgG, & IgM) ▷ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY

HIV SCREENING ▸it is concerned with the dx of dses through
microscopic examination of tissues and
TYPHIDOT organs.

ANTIBODY SCREENING TESTS

◉ ACCORDING TO INSTITUTIONAL
ASO - Antistreptolysin CHARACTERISTICS
▷ INSTITUTION BASED
CRP - C-reactive protein ▸ operated within the premise or part of an
institution
HCG TEST - Human chorionic
gonadotropin (pregnancy)
▷ FREE STANDING
▸not part of an established institution
▷ ANATOMIC PATHOLOGY AND
HISTOPATHOLOGY
◉ ACCORDING TO OWNERSHIP
▸deals with tissue (removed surgically as in
▷ GOVERNMENT-OWNED
biopsy and autopsy) processing, cutting into
▷ PRIVATELY-OWNED
sections, staining, and preparation for
microscopic examination by a pathologist
◉ ACCORDING TO SERVICE CAPABILITY
▸SPECIMENS - are processed to determine
▷ PRIMARY
the nature of disease, the structural and
▷ SECONDARY
functional changes of the cells, tissues, and
▷ TERTIARY
organs caused by the disease
▷ NATIONAL REFERENCE LABORATORY
▸ designed by the DOH to provide special
▷PHLEBOTOMY SECTION
diagnostic functions and services for certain
▸deals with collection of blooed samples for
diseases
the required tests
▸MOST SENSITIVE AREA
▸Patients meet the laboratory professionals WORKING SPACE
▸It usually gives the impression of the
PRIMARY 10sq m
quality of work for the entire laboratory
SECONDARY 20sq m

TERTIARY 60 sq m

EQUIPMENT AND INSTRUMENTS

CLASSIFICATION OF CLINICAL
LABORATORIES PRIMARY ● Microscope (OIO)
● Hemacytometer
◉ ACCORDING TO FUNCTION ● Hemoglobinometer
▷ CLINICAL PATHOLOGY ● Differential Cell
 Counter Assistance for research activities
● Clinical Centrifuge
Implementation of EQAP
SECONDARY ALL FROM PRIMARY
● Refrigerator Resolution of conflicts
● Timer
● Photometer Training RMT’s on specialized procedures
● Semi-automated that requires standardization
analyzer
● Autoclave
● Incubator
● oven

TERTIARY ALL FROM SECONDARY

● Balances
● Biosafety cabinet
● Rotator
● Serofuge
● Automated chemistry
analyzer

SERVICE CAPABILITIES

PRIMARY ● CBC
● Urinalysis
● Fecalysis
● Blood typing
● Platelet count

SECONDARY ALL FROM PRIMARY

● Routine Clinical
Chemistry tests
● Crossmatching

TERTIARY ALL FROM SECONDARY

● Special Clinical
Chemistry tests
● Special Hematology
procedures
● Microbiology Tests
● Immunology/
Serologic procedures
● Blood banking
procedures

FUNCTIONS OF NRL
IX. OCCUPATIONAL RISK
Referral services

Provision of confirmatory testing LABORATORY ACQUIRED INFECTION

THROUGH ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE TO
PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS INSIDE
THE LABORATORY
ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
● Ingestion
● Inoculation
● Inhalation
● Contamination of skin and mucous
membranes
ENTERIC INFECTION
▸CAUSE: Ingestion of food/water
contaminated with bacteria, virus, parasite
▸SYMPTOMS: Abdominal pains, cramping,
diarrhea, fever, and dehydration
▸MODE OF TRANSMISSION: Fecal-oral
▻ VIRAL ENTERITIS - Watery diarrhea,
vomiting, headache, fever, stomach cramps
▸ CAUSATIVE AGENTS - Salmonella,
Shigella, Escherichia coli, Giardia Lamblia,
Rotavirus, Norovirus, Adenovirus
BLOOD-BORNE DISEASES
HEPATITIS
▸ Inflammation of the liver
▸Acute and Chronic
▸SYMPTOMS - Fatigue, Anorexia, Nausea,
Vomiting, Tiredness, Aching of muscles and
joints, Pain below the right ribs, Jaundice
▸CAUSATIVE AGENTS - Hepatitis A, B, C, D,
E virus
HIV/AIDS
▸causes defective function of the body’s
immune system
▸MODE OF TRANSMISSION - Sexual
intercourse, Blood tranfusion, Needlestick
injuries, Vertical transmission
TUBERCOLOSIS
▸ CAUSATIVE AGENT - Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
▸SYMPTOMS - Coughing, fever, fatigue,
weight loss, night sweats
▸MODE OF TRANSMISSION - Inhalation

PHARYNGITIS
▸CAUSATIVE AGENTS - Streptococcus
pyogenes Group A
▸SYMPTOMS - Swollen and reddish throat,
enlarged tonsils

CELLULITIS
▸noncotagious bacterial infection of skin
and or tissues beneath the skin
▸ SYMPTOMS - Swelling and redness of the
affected area
▸ CAUSATIVE AGENTS - Streptococcus,
Staphylococcus, Clostridium

CONJUNCTIVITIS
▸ inflammation of the conjunctiva
▸ CAUSATIVE AGENTS - Streptococcus,
Staphylococcus, Adenovirus
▸ MODE OF TRANSMISSION - Splash of X. BASIC CONCEPTS ON LABORATORY
infectious materials to the eyes, Transfer of BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY
microorganisms to the eyes by
contaminated fingers BIOSAFETY
▸the containment principles, technologies,
and practices that are implemented to
prevent unintentional exposure to
pathogens and toxins or their accidental
release
▸ Protects PEOPLE from GERMS
BIOSECURITY
▸ the protection, control, accountability for
valuable biological material within
laboratotories in order to prevent their
unauthorized access, lost, theft, misuse,
diversion or intentional release
▸ Protects GERMS from PEOPLE
ORGANIZATIONS IN THE FIELD OF
BIOSAFETY
American Biological Safety Accreditation
(ABSA)
Asia-Pacific Biosafety Association (APBA)
European Biological Safety Association
(EBSA)
▸ Effective treatment and preventive
measures are present
▸ Moderate risk of transmission
▸ HIGH individual risk and LIMITED TO
MODERATE community risk
RISK GROUP 4
▸ Microorganisms cause
LIFE-THREATENING DISEASES
▸ Treatment and preventive measures are
not available
▸ Readily transmissible
▸HIGH individual and community risk
BIOSAFETY LEVELS
“ALL LABORATORY REGARDLESS OF
THEIR BIOSAFETY LEVEL MUST FOLLOW
BASIC GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES”
BIOSAFETY LEVEL 1
▸Non-pathogenic microorganisms
▸Standard practices
▸ PPE
▸ REQUIRED: Lab bench and sink

Philippine Biosafety and Biosecurity

BIOSAFETY LEVEL 2
Association (PhBBA)
▸ Agents causes diseases in humans
Biological Risk Association Philippines ▸BSL 1 practices plus:
(BRAP) ▸limited access
▸ warning signs
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS ▸ sharps precaution
ACCORDING TO RISK GROUPS ▸ biosafety manuals
▸Biosafety cabinets - for manipulation of
RISK GROUP 1 agents that cause splashes or aerosols of
▸ NON-PATHOGENIC infectious material
▸ LOW individual and community risk ▸ PPE
▸ BSL 1 facilities plus: Autoclave
RISK GROUP 2
▸ May cause infection but effective BIOSAFETY LEVEL 3
treatment and preventable measures are ▸ Agent cause SERIOUS DAMAGE through
available INHALATION
▸ MODERATE individual and community ▸BSL 2 practices plus:
risk ▸controlled access
▸decomntamination of all waste
RISK GROUP 3 ▸decontamination of lab clothing
▸Microorganisms cause SERIOUS DISEASES ▸Biosafety cabinet - use for ALL OPEN
MANIPULATION of agents
▸ PPE
▸BSL 2 facilities plus:
▸Self-closing double door
▸ exhausted air not recirculated
▸negative airflow
▸ Entry through airlock or anteroom
▸handwashing sink near exit
BIOSAFETY LEVEL 4
▸ Agents cause FATAL DISEASES for which
there are NO VACCINES OR TREATMENT
▸BSL 3 practices plus
▸clothing change before entering
▸ shower on exit
▸ all material decontaminated on
exit
▸ Class III biosafety cabinet OR
▸ Class I or II biosafety cabinet plus:
▸ full boy, air supplies, positive
pressure suit
XI. PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
▸assemblages of professionals within a
particular specialization or professional
field
PURPOSE
Collaboration
Networking
Professional development or advancement
OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF PROFESSIONAL
ORGANIZATION
Promote their professional field
Educate the public on issues relevant to the
industry
Represent the interests of the industry in various
groups
● Local and national government units
● Legislative bodies
● International societies
Provide opportunities for professional growth
and continuing education
● Workshops, training, seminars, research
journals
APO
▸ Accredited Professional Organization
AIPO
▸ Accredited Integrated Professional
Organization
▸ Professional society accredited by the PRC
and the PRB
REQUIREMENT FOR:
Hiring

Retention
At times for renewal of professional license
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION OF
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS
PAMET
PASMETH
BENEFITS OF MEMBERSHIP
Professionalism
Education
Perks
Networking
Profile
Recognition
TYPES OF PROFESSIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
1. ACCREDITING ORGANIZATIONS
▸accredit curricular programs in education
institutions
▸An education institution applying for
accreditation will then visit a technical
committee of experts from accrediting
agency to verify its compliance with
standards of quality education
▸ Phil. Accrediting Association of Schools,
Colleges, and Universities (PAASCU)
▸ Phil. Association of Colleges and
Universities Commission on
Accreditation (PACUCOA)
2. CREDENTIALING/ CERTIFYING
ORGANIZATIONS
▸ AMT, ASCP, ISCLT, NCA
3. PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES
▸ are organization that contribute to the
continued development of a specific group
of professionals
▸PAMET, PASMETH, PSM (Phil. Society of
Microbiologists), PBCC (Phil. Blood
Coordinating Council)
▸ PCQACL (Phil Council for Quality
Assurance in Clinical Laboratories), BRAP,
PhBBA
PROFESSIONAL JOURNALS
▸ publications containing scholarly studies
on specific professional field
▸ prepared by professionals in the field and
are peer-reviewed by experts
AVAILABLE PROFESSIONAL JOURNALS FOR
LABORATORIANS
Phi. Journal of Medical Technology
Asia-Pacific Journal of Med. Lab. Science
International Journal of Science and Clin. Lab
Medical Laboratory Observer
American Journal for Clinical Pathology
LabMedicine
PAMET
▸ Philippine Association of Medical
Technologists
▸ FOUNDED ON: SEPTEMBER 15, 1963
▸ FOUNDED BY: CRISANTO G. ALMARIO
▸FOUNDED AT: Public Health Laboratory
at the Quirucada St. Sta. Cruz, Manila
▸FIRST NATIONAL CONVENTION
▸ DATE: SEPTEMBER 20, 1964
▸VENUE: FEU
▸ HIGHLIGHTS
▸ FIRST PRESIDENT:
CHARLEMAGNE T. TAMONDONG
▸MEMBERS: More than 13,000
members
▸ INTERNATIONAL CHAPTERS
▸ PAMET Singapore
▸PAMET Eastern Region Middle East
▸PAMET Western Region Middle
East
 ▸PAMET USA
MORALETA Recognition

PAMET LOGO FELIX E. ASPRER Legislative Agenda

▻ CIRCLE
▸ continuous involvement where practice BERNARDO T. Celebration of the
TABAOSARES Profession
and education must always be integrated
▻ TRIANGLE ANGELINA R. JOSE Career advocacy
▸ the trilogy of love, respect, and integrity
▻ MICROSCOPE AND SNAKE VENERABLE C.V. OCA Educational
▸ science of the Medtech profession Enhancement
▻ GREEN CARMENCITA P. Image Building
▸ color of Health ACEDERA
▻ 1964
▸ the year the FIRST PAMET BOARD was MARILYN R. ATIENZA Proactivism
elected
NORMA N. CHANG International
Leadership
CORE VALUES
AGNES B. MEDENILLA Organization
● Integrity - strict adherence to a Dynamism
moral code, reflected in
trasnp[arent hoensty SHIRLEY F. CRUZADA Interdisciplinary
Networking
● Professionalism - positive traits,
values, moral responsibility, social LEILA M. FLORENTE Global Pespectives
responsiveness, and behavioral
ROMEO JOSEPH J. Golden Celebration
outlook which makes one highly
IGNACIO
respectable and credible
RONALDO E. PUNO Empowerment
● Commitment - unconditional,
unwavering, and selfless ROMMEL SALCEDA
dedication that one builds-in into
the practice of profession
charcaterized by initiative, PASMETH
creativity, and resourcefulness to ▸Philippine Association of Schools of
bring about quality health care Medical Technology and Public health
and service to the public ▸ESTABLISHED: 1970
● Excellence - high quality ▸ FIRST ORGANIZATIONAL MEETING
performance ▸DATE: JUNE 22, 1970
▸ VENUE: UST
● Unity - linkage, support,
involvement and sharing that will PASMETH PRESIDENTS
increase the success and
advancement

PAMET PRESIDENTS PASMETH SEAL

CHARLEMAGNE C T. Emergence of the CIRCLE
TAMONDONG Profeesion ▸conitnuity of learning and the
never-ending quest for excellence in the
NARDITO D. Professional
academic field
DIAMOND
▸four objectives BIORISK MANAGEMENT
MICROSCOPE ▸ a system or process to control safety and
▸field of Medical technology and Public security risk associated with handling,
Health storage, and disposal of biological agents
1970 and toxins in laboratories and facilities.
▸year the association was founded
AMP MODEL
PHISMETS
▸ Philippine Society of Medical Technology Assessment
Students
▸ FIRST ORGANIZED: 2002 by Mitigation
▸PAMET PRESIDENT: Dr. Zenaida C. Performance
Cajucom
▸ FIRST MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL
HAZARD
CONGRESS
▸ anything in the environment that has the
▸ DATE: FEBRUARY 24, 2009
potential to cause harm
▸ VENUE: OLFU
▸ Conduct annual leadership training and
THREAT
strategic planning
▸ associated with a person who has the
▸FIRST LEADERSHIP TRAINING SEMINAR
intent to cause harm to other people,
▸DATE: MAY 13, 2010
animals, or the institution.
▸ATI-CAR Bengeut State University

RISK
PHISMETH SEAL
▸ likelihood and consequences of an
3 CIRCLES
undesired event specific to a certain hazard
▸ continuous active involvement of Luzon,
or threat
visayas, Mindanao
LAUREL
LIKELIHOOD
▸nature and the continuation of life every
▸ factors that affect whether or not the
year
indecent happens
GREEN LETTERS
▸color of health
CONSEQUENCES
5 BUBBLES FROM TEST TUBE
▸ factors that affect the severity of the
▸5 objectives embodied in the constitution
accident
15 INTERCONNECTED MOLECULES
OUTSIDE A TEST TUBE
▸the unity of 15 board schools exploring RISK ASSESSMENT - an initial step in
various possibilities and aiming towards the implementing a biorisk management process
integral growth and holistic development
● Define the situation - identify the hazards
MICROSCOPE and risks
▸ medical laboratory science
XII. BASIC CONCEPTS OF BIORISK ● Define the risks - review of inside and
MANAGEMENT outside the laboratory may be exposed to
BIORISK the hazards
▸ Is the risk associated with biological ● Characterize the risks - compare the
toxins or infectious agents
 6. Evaluate and refine performance
likelihood
indicators
● Determine if risks are acceptable or not -
the process of evaluating the biorisk

MITIGATION PROCEDURES
MOST MOST
DIFFICULT EFFECTIVE

ELIMINATION

SUBSTITUTION

ENGINEERING CONTROLS

ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS

PPE

EASIEST LEAST
EFFECTIVE

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
▸ the re-evaluation of the overall mitigation
strategy

COMPONENTS OF PERFORMANCE
EVALUATION
1. CONTROL
▸ processes, procedures, structures, and
responsibilities to manage biorisk
2. ASSURANCE
▸ systematic process of checking the system
through audits and inspection
3. IMPROVEMENT
▸ setting and achieving Biorisk management
goals based on internal and external
feedback

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
PROCEDURES
1. Identify issues
2. Define outcomes and indicators, and
metrics
3. Define activities indicators and
metrics XIII. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
4. Collect data
5. Provide findings PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
▸ determine the morally accepted behavior
of individual in the workplace
Necessary in maintaining a healthy and
productive work environment
▸ guides an individual in dealing with issues
and conflicts in the workplace
▸ binds professions more tightly together
around shared values
OBJECTIVES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
1. Perform duties and responsibilities
objectively in accordance with
relevant standards & guidelines
2. Serve in a lawful and honest manner,
while maintaining high standards of
conduct and character and not
engage in acts discreditable to the
professions.
3. Maintain the privacy and
confidentiality of information
obtained in the course of duty
unless disclosure is required by
legal authority. Such information
should not be used for personal
benefit or released to inappropriate
parties
4. Maintain competency in respective
fields and agree to undertake only
those activities one can reasonably
expect to complete with
professional competence
5. Perform tasks with full confidence,
absolute reliability, and accuracy
6. Be dedicated to using clinical
laboratory science to promote life
and for the benefit of mankind.
MORAL PRINCIPLES IN MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY ETHICS
1. AUTONOMY
▸ dictates that the patient has the right to
refuse or choose their treatment
2. BENEFICENCE
▸ indicates that a practitioner should act in
the best interest of the patient
3. NONMALEFICENCE
▸ provides that evil or harm should not be
inflicted either on oneself or on others
4. JUSTICE
▸ concerned with the distribution of scarce
health resources and decisions about who
gets what treatment in terms of fairness and
equality.
5. RESPECT FOR DIGNITY
▸ provides for all the necessary means of
care and huge regard for the person or the
patient, and needed information to make a
relevant decisions
6. TRUTHFULNESS AND HONESTY
▸ dedication of a person to his job and is
reflective of being honest and concerned
7. STEWARDSHIP
▸ refers to the expression of one’s
responsibility to nurture and cultivate what
has been entrusted to him.
VALUES OF A MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST
1. The medical technologist is
responsible for providing accurate
and reliable test results
2. Commitment to provide prompt and
professional service is important in
efficient healthcare delivery
3. The obligation to protect the
confidentiality of the results and
information is a sign of respect for
the right of a patient to privacy.
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS AND
PATIENTS
1. Must respect the rights of the
patient
2. Must be responsible for all the
information obtained during their
course of work
 3. Respect their colleagues
4. Support them professionally.
MEDICAL TECHNOLOGISTS AND THEIR
WORKPLACE
1. Follow the standards or ethics that
is set by the organization
2. Respects other professional
disciplines and work towards
establishing and building
cooperation with other
professionals.
3. Should be informed in the
developments and changes in
biomedical and political legislations
4. Should ensure that all biological
materials are disposed of in an
ethical and environmentally safe
manner
PROBLEMS AND CONCERNS IN MEDICAL
TECHNOLOGY PRACTICE
1. NEGLIGENCE
▸ involves the carelessness and deviation
from the expected standard of care in a
particular set of circumstances
2. MALPRACTICE
▸ an act of negligence or omission of
healthcare service expected from a
professional healthcare provided in which
the care provided deviates from accepted
standards of practice in the medical
community, which may result in injury or
death of a patient
HOW TO PROVE NEGLIGENCE OR
MALPRACTICE
1. Duty is owed
2. Duty is breached
3. The breach causes injury
▸Economic
▸Non-economic
XIV. MORAL ISSUES
ABORTION
▸ considered illegal in the Philippines
ARTICLE 11, SECTION 12, of the
Philippine Consitution, states that:
“The state recognizes the sanctity of life and
shall protect and strengthen the family
as a basic autonomous social institution. It
shall equally protect the life of the mother
and the life of the unborn from conception.”
▸direct, induced, or caused by natural
causes/accidents
▸ becomes necessary when the life of the
mother is at stake
▸ ANTI-ABORTION GROUPS - abortion is
the ultimate violation of life, for it is the act
of killing an individual that is not yet able to
speak for himself/herself
▸SUPPORT ABORTION - pregnant women,
especially victims of rape, should be given a
chance to decide for themselves.
EUTHANASIA (MERCY KILLING)
▸ is the practice of ending life intentionally,
usually in situations when the individual is
terminally ill, to relieve him or her of pain
and suffering
▸ merciful release of an individual from an
incurable sickness
HERBERT HENDING (2004)
▸ EUTHANASIA is the process of inducing
the painless death of a person who is
severely debilitated for reasons assumed to
be merciful, either through voluntary,
non-voluntary or involuntary means
VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
▸ when an individual gives consent to
subject himself/herself to a painless death
NON-VOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA
▸ is conducted when the permission of the
patient to perform the process is
unavailable, like in the cases of the patient
in deep comatose, or neonates born with
significant major birth defects.
INVOLUNTARY EUTHANASIA ▸by-products of activities performed by a
▸ when the individual does not give his or health care facility.
her consent.
HEALTHCARE WASTE GENERATORS

GENETIC ENGINEERING Hospitals and medical infirmaries

▸ controversial ethical issue because it centers
involves genetic manipulations that are
Birthing homes clinics
perceived to be against moral standards set
by society. Laboratories and Drug manufacturers
research centers
THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURES ARE
INVOLVED IN GENETIC ENGINEERING: Institutions Mortuary and Autopsy
centers
GENETIC SCREENING
▸ a procedure whose main purpose is to CATEGORIES OF HEALTH CARE WASTES
screen, choose, and select the genes for
proper detection of any genetic disease and INFECTIOUS WASTE
other chromosomal malformations. ▸all wastes suspected to contain pathogens
▸ usually done for early diagnosis of or toxins in sufficient among that may cause
diseases. disease to a suspectible host

GENETIC INTERVENTIONS PATHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL

▸are the techniques such as genetic control,
therapy, and surgery
▸ CIABLE 2003, people can now
“intervene” in the biological process and
“control” bad or defective genes.
STEM-CELL THERAPY
▸a form of genetic engineering that makes
use of stem cells to treat or prevent diseases
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (IVF)
▸popularly known as laboratory fertilization
▸it became the subject of controversies
because of many religious groups opposing
the procedure as they perceive it to be a
deviation from natural process of
fetilization.
XV. HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT
HEALTH CARE WASTES
WASTE
▸tissue sections and body fluids or organs
derived drom biopsies, autopsies, or
surgical procedure sent to the lab for
examination
▸ ANATOMICAL WASTE - recognizable
parts
SHARPS
▸waste that can cause cuts, pricks, or
puncture wounds
▸EXAMPLES: Used syringe, lancets, broken
glassware
CHEMICAL WASTE
▸ discarded chemical generated during
disinfection and sterilization
▸ wastes with high content of heavy metals
and their derivatives
▸ TOXIC
▸ CORROSIVE - acid of pH <2.0 and bases of
pH>12.0
▸FLAMMABLE - flash point below 60°C
▸ REACTIVE - explosive with water
 ▸ wastes that have not been in contact with
CHEMICAL EXAMPLES
WASTE communicable or infectious agents,
hazardous chemicals, radioactive
ACIDS Acetic, Chromic, substances and do not pose a hazard
Hydrochloric, Nitric,
Sulfuric BIODEGRADABLE HEALTHCARE WASTES
ALCOHOLS Ehtanol, Isopropanol, ▸left-over food from non-infectious patients
Phenols and garden wastes

ALDEHYDES Formaldehyde, NON-BIODEGRADABLE HEALTHCARE

Glutaralhyde, WASTES
Ortho-phthalaldehyde

BASES Ammonium hydroxide, ADVERSE HEALTH OUTCOMES OF

Potassium hydroxide, HEALTH CARE WASTES:
sodium hydroxide, sodium
bicarbonate Sharps inflicted injury Toxic exposure to
pharmaceutical
HALOGENATED Calcium hypochlorite, products
DISINFICTANTS chlorine diozide, iodine
solutions, iodophors, Chemical burns Air pollution
sodium
Thermal injuries Radiation burns
dichloroisocyanurate,

HALOGENATED Chrlorofrm, methylene SEGREGATION, COLLECTION, STORAGE,

SOLVENTS chloride, refrigerants, AND TRANSPORT OF HEALTH CARE
trchlorioethylene
WASTES
METALS Arsenic, cadmium,
chromium, lead, mercury, SEGREGATION
silver ▸ process of separating different types of
waste at the point of generation and
NON-HALOGEN Acetone, acetonitrile,
keeping them isolated from each other
ATED ethanol, ethyl acetate,
SOLVENTS formaldehyde,
isopropanol, methanol, PATHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL
toluene, xylenes WASTE - yellow
INFECTIOUS WASTE - yellow bin
PHARMACEUTICAL WASTE SHARPS - red bin
▸ expired, spilt, and contaminated CHEMICAL - yellow with black liner
pharmaceutical products, drugs, and RADIOACTIVE - ORANGE BIN
vaccines including discarded items used in BIODEGRADABLE - green
handling pharmaceuticals NON-BIODEGRADABLE - black

RADIOCATIVE WASTE
▸wastes exposed to radionuclides including
radioactive diagnostic materials or
radiotherapeutic materials
▸EXAMPLES: Co, Tc, I, Ir
GENERAL WASTE PRACTICES THAT SHOULD BE

OBSERVED ( IN THE IMPLEMENTATION
OF COLOR CODING SYSTEM)
1. Highly infectious waste must be
disinfected at source
2. Anatomical waste should be
disposed through burial or
cremation
3. Pathological waste must be
refrigerated if not collected or
treated within 24 hours
4. Chemical and Pharmaceutical
waste shall be segregated and PYROLYSIS
collected separately
5. Radioactive should be decayed to
background radiation levels AUTOCLAVE
6. All waste bins must be covered
to prevent cross contamination
7. Aerosols containers can be
collected with the general waste MICROWAVE
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT
OFFSITE TRANSPORT
▸ only accredited DENR transporter and
official waste collectors are allowed to
transport wastes from the healt care facility
to a TREATMENT/STORAGE/DISPOSAL
FACILITY (TSD) or the Final Disposal site.
TREATMENT OF HEALTHCARE WASTE
▸changing biological and chemical character
of waste to minimize potential to cause
harm.
TREATMENT OF HEALTHCARE WASTE
Is the thermal
decomposition of
healthcare wastes
Is the use of steam
sterilization ro render
waste harmless
An efficient wet thermal
disinfection process
Is a technology that
typically incorporates
some type of size
reduction device

ONSITE COLLECTION CHEMICAL Added to healthcare

▸Waste should be collected daily and DISINFECTION wastes to kill or inactivate
transported to the designated central present pathogens
storage site or waste transfer station - SODIUM
HYPOCHLORIDE
▸ Bags should be labelled (point of
5%
production and contents)
▸Transportation of waste within the BIOLOGICAL Uses an enzyme mixture to
establishment PROCESS decontaminate healthcare
▸ Wheeled trolleys, containers wastes
▸Carts - must be used for this purpose only
ENCAPSULATION Filling of containers with
and disinfected daily waste adding and cubic
boxes made of high-density
STORAGE polyethylene or metallic
▸waste should stored until transported to a drums
designated off site treatment
INERTIZATION Suitable for
▸ CAUTION: BIOHARDAZOUS WASTE
pharmaceutical waste that
STORAGE AREA UNAUTORIZED PERSONS involves the mixing of
KEEP OUT waste with cement and
other substance before
disposal.
COLLECTION AND TRANSPORT WASTE DISPOSAL

SANITARY LANDFILL
▸ site designated to keep waste isolated
from environment
SAFE BURAL (HOSPITAL PREMISES)
▸for remote locations and rural areas
CONCRETE VAULT
▸suitable for disposal of sharps and syringes
GUIDELINES IN TREATMENT AND
DISPOSAL OF HEALT CARE WASTES
Health care wastes must be treated
before disposal and Landfills must be
constructed properly.
1. Protection of patients, health
workers and the general population
from the adverse effects of health
care wastes to human health.
2. Contribution to the collaborative
efforts around the world to protect
the environment from pollution and
contamination caused by healthcare
wastes
3. Increase compliance of health car
institutions to the laws, regulation
and guidelines on healthcare wastes
4. Prevention of long term liabilities
and loss of reputation

Chemical disinfectants should be properly LEGISLATION, POLICIES, AND

handled, stored and disposed in GUIDELINES GOVERNING HEALTH CARE
an environmentally- sound manner
WASTES
Only suitable materials should be incinerated
NATIONAL LAWS AND POLICIES ON
Use modern incinerators operating in 850°C to HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGEMENT
1100°C with special gas cleaning
equipment. 1. RA 4226 “Hospital licensure
Act” (1965)
Autoclaving, microwaving, and steam ▸DOH AO NO. 70-A s. 2002
sterilization should be done as alternative to
▸DOH AO NO. 2005-0029
incineration
▸DOH AO NO. 2007-0027

HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGAMENT 2. RA 6969 “An act to Contaol

SYSTEM Substances and Hazardous and
Nuclear Wastes” (1990)
MOST
PREFERABLE ▸DOH AO NO. 36 s. 2004
▸DOH-DENR Joint AO NO. 2 s. 2005
PREVENT GREEN ▸DOH AO 2007-0014
REDUCE PROCUREMENT
3. RA 8749 “The Philippine Clean
Air Act of 1999”
REUSE RESOURCE
RECYCLE DEVELOPMENT 4. RA 9003 “Ecological Solid Waste
RECOVER Management Act of 2000”
TREAT END OF PIPE 5. RA 9275 “The Philppine Clean
DISPOSE
Water Act of 2004”

LEAST 6. PD 813 (1975) & EO 937 (1983)

PREFERABLELE “Strengthening the functions of
Laguna Lake Development
BENEFITS OF PROPER HEALTHCARE Authority (LLDA)”
WASTE MANAGEMENT
 7. PD 856 “The Code on Sanitation
of the Philippines - Chapter
XVII on Sewage Collection and
Excreta Dispotal”

8. PD 984 “Providing for the

Revision of Republic Act no.
3931” commonly known as the
“Population Control Law and
for other purposes” (1976)
▸DENR AO NO. 34 s. 1990
▸ DENR AO NO. 35 s. 1990
▸ DENR AO NO. 26 s. 1992

9. PD NO 1586 “Environment
Impact Statement (EIS) System”
(1978)

10. EO no. 301 “Establishing a

Green Procurement Program
for all Departments, Bureau’s,
Offices and Agencies of the
Executive Branch of the
Government” (2004)

11. DOH AO no. 2008-0021 “Gradual

Phase-out of Mercury in all
Philippine Health Care
Facilities and Institutions”

12. DOH AO NO. 2008-0023

“National Policy on Patient
Safety”

13. DOH “Manual on Healthcare

Waste Management” in 2011

14. Philhealth Benchbook for

Quality Assurance in health
care (2006)

15. BFAD Memorandum Circular no.

22 s. 1994 “Inventory, Proper
Disposal, and or destruction of
used vials or bottles”
▸ BFAD circular no 16 s. 1999 “Amending
BFAD MC no. 22, Regarding Inventory,
Proper Disposal and/or Disposal of used
vials or bottles