Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Henderson
Henderson
Virginia Henderson was born in 1897, the fifth of eight children in her family.
A native of Kansas City, Missouri, Henderson spent her developmental years in
Virginia because her father practiced law in Washington, D.C.
Henderson has enjoyed a long career as an author and researcher. While on the
Teacher’s college faculty she rewrote the fourth edition of Bertha Harmer’s Textbook
of the Principles and Practice of Nursing, follow by the author’s death. This edition
with published in 1939. The fifth edition of textbook was published in 1955 and
contain Henderson’s own definition of nursing Henderson has been associated with
Yale University since the early 1950s, and had do much to further nursing research
through association. From 1959 to 1971 Henderson directed the Nursing Studies Index
Principle sponsored by Yale. The Nursing Studies In was developed into a four
volume announce index to nursing’s biographical, analytical historical literature fro
1900 to Concurrently, Henderson authors coauthored several other important
was Her pamphlet, Basic Principles of Nursing was published for the International C
of Nurses in 1960 and translated into than 20 languages. Henderson’s 50 collaboration
with Leo Simmons prod national survey of nursing research the published in 1964.
Her book, The National Nursing, of Nursing, was published in and described the
concept of nursing’s primary, unique function. It was reprinted by the National
League of Nursing in 1991. The sixth edition of The Principles and Practice of
Nursing, published in 1978, was coauthored by Henderson. This textbook has been
widely used in the curricula of various nursing schools. Her classic textbooks have
been translated into more than 25 languages. Through the 1980s. Henderson remained
active as a Research Associate Emeritus at Yale. Henderson’s achievements and
influence in the nursing profession have brought her more than nine honorary doctoral
degrees and the first Christiana Reimann Award. Henderson has been given the Mary
Adelaide Nutting Award from the U.S. National League for Nursing, honorary
fellowship in the American Academy of Nursing, honorary membership in the
Association of integrated and Degree Courses in Nursing, London, and an honorary
Fellowship in the Royal College of Nursing in England. In 1983, she received Sigma
Theta Tau International’s Mary Tolle Wright Founders Award for Leadership, one of
the honor society’s highest honors. At the 1988 American Nurses Association
Convention, she received a special citation of honors for her lifelong contributions to
nursing research, education, and professionalism. Sigma Theta Tau International
named its international electronic computer nursing library in her honors.
EVOLUTION OF THEORY
Henderson labels her work a definition rather than a theory because theory was
not in vogue at that time. She describes her interpretation as the “synthesis of many
influences, some positive and some negative. In the Nature of Nursing she identifies
the following sources of influence during her early years of nursing.
The patient is an individual who requires help toward independence. The nurse
assists the individual, whether ill or not, to perform activities that will contribute to
health, recovery, or peaceful death-activities that the individual who had necessary
strength, will, or knowledge would perform unaided. The process of nursing strives to
do this as rapidly as possible, and the goal is independently of physicians. Help toward
indecent dance is given autonomously by the nurse in relation to (i) breathing, (ii)
eating and drinking, (iii) elimination, (iv) movement and posture, (v) sleep and rest,
(vi) clothing, (vii) maintenance of body temperature, (viii) cleaning and grooming of
the body and integument protection, (ix) avoidance of environmental dangers and
injury of other, (x) communication, (xi) worship, (xii) work, (xiii) play and
participation in recreation, and (xiv) learning and discovery. Nursing can be evaluated
as a profession on the basis of the extent to which it enables the individual to achieve
each of these functions autonomously.
The role and functions of professional nursing vary with the situation, If the
total health care team comprises a pie graph in health care situation, in some situations
no role exists for certain health care workers. Although there is always a role for
family and patients, the pie wedges for team members vary in size according to (i) the
problem of the patient, (ii) the patient’s self-help ability, and (iii) the help resources.
Central to nursing that seeks to help patients toward independence is empathetic
understanding and unlimited knowledge. Empathetic understand what a patient needs.
The ultimate goal for the nurse is to practice autonomously in helping patients who
lack knowledge, physical strength, or strength of will in growth toward independence.
Because of this function, nurses seek and promote research, education, and work
settings that facilitate this goal.
Virginia Henderson was the nurse-theorist who devoted her career to defining
nursing practice: She believed that an occupation that affects human life must outline
its function, particularly if it is to be regarded as professions. Her ideas about the
definition of Nursing were influenced by her nursing education and practice by her
student colleagues at Columbia University School of Nursing, and by distinguished n
leaders of her time. Two events are the for her development of definition of ran First,
she participated in the revision nursing textbook. Second, she was con that many
states had no provision for licensure to ensure safe and competition for the consumer.
In this, some similarities are found with the earlier definition of nursing by
Bertha Harmer. It reads as follows:
Health: She views health in terms of the patient’s ability to perform unaided the
14 components of nursing care. She says it is “the quality of health rather than
life itself, that margin of mental physical vigor that allows a person to work
most effectively and to reach his highest potential of satisfaction in life. She
does not state her own definition of health.
Needs
Henderson does not give any definition of need. Her focus on individual care is
evident in that she stressed assisting individuals with essential activities to maintain
health, to recover, or to achieve peaceful death. She proposed 14 basic needs of
patient. For basic Nursing care to augment her definitions, which comprise, the
components of nursing care, Theses include the need to:
1. Breathe normally.
2. Eat and drink adequately
3. Eliminate body wastes.
4. Move and maintain desirable position.
5. Sleep and rest.
6. Select suitable clothes-dress and undress.
7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and
modifying the environment.
8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect integument.
9. Avoid dangers in environment and avoid injuring others.
10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, and fears of opinions.
11. Worship according to one’s faith.
12. Work in such a way that there is a se of accomplishments.
13. Play or participate in various form recreations.
14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curie that leads to normal development health
and use the available him facilities.
Henderson does not directly cite what feels, Her underlying assumption include
but following assumptions have been adequate from her publication which include
assumption of Nursing, person, health environment.
13. Participate in
recreations 3. Elimination of
body wastes
9. Avoid dangers
7. Maintaining body
8. Clean and groomy
temperature
Nursing:
PERSON:
Environment
Healthy individuals may be able to control their environments, but illness may
interfere with that ability.
Nurses should have safety education.
Nurses should protect patients from mechanical injury.
Nurses should minimize the chances of injury through recommendation
regarding construction of building, purchase of equipment and maintenance.
Doctors like nurse observations and judgments upon which to base
prescriptions for protective devices.
Nurses must know about social customs and religious practices to assess
dangers.
Metaparadigm of Henderson theory
Human
Henderson refers to humans as having basic needs that are include in the 14
components. She goes on to state, “It is equally important to realize, that these needs
are satisfied by infinitely varied patterns of living no two of which are alike.” She also
believes that mind and body are inseparable. It is implied that the mind and body are
interrelated.
Environment
Health
Nursing
She believes that nurses should be in the forefront of those who work for social
justice, for healthful environment, for access to adequate food, shelter, and clothing
and universal opportunities for education and employment, realizing that all of these
as well as preventive and creative health care are essential to the well-being of citizens
(Henderson 1989). By working on various social issues, nurses can have an impact on
people’s health.
“(The nurse) is temporarily the correct of the unconscious, the love of life fun
suicidal, the leg of the amputee, the newly blind, a mean of locomotion the infant,
knowledge and confidence young mother, the voice for those touch or with drawn to
speak”. This independent nurse-patient relationship, and role of nurse as substitute for
helper to and partner of patient.
Henderson (1980) views the nursing process as “really the application of the
logical approach of the solution of a problem. The steps are those of the scientific
method.” Even though Henderson’s definition and explanation of nursing process, a
relationship between the two can be demonstrated. Although she does not refer
directly to assessment, to but imply it in her description of the 14 components of basic
nursing care. The nurse uses the 14 components to assess the individual needs.
Following the analysis of the data collected, the nurse then determines the nursing
diagnosis. Ones the nursing diagnosis is made, the nurse proceeds to the planning
phases of the nursing process, ass stated by Henderson that “all effective nursing is
planned some extent A written plan forces those who make it to give some thought
and the individual needs-unless simply fit the person’s regimen into the institution’s
routine.
Nursing Assessment:
Assess needs of human being based in the 14 components or basic nursing care.
- Breathe normally
- Eat and drink adequately
- Eliminate body wastes.
- Move and maintain posture.
- Sleep and rest.
- Suitable clothing, dress or uniform.
- Maintain body temperature.
- Keep body clear and well groomed.
- Avoid dangers in environment.
- Communicate.
- Worship according to one’s faith.
- Recreation.
- Learn, discover of satisfy curiosity.
Analysis: Compare data to knowledge base of health and disease.
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Plan
Document how the nurse can assist the individual stick or well.
Nursing Implementation:
Nursing Evaluation:
Use the acceptable definitions of nursing and appropriate laws related to the
practice of nursing. The quality of care distinctly affected by the preparation
and native ability of the nursing personnel rather than the amount of hours of
care. Successful outcomes of Nursing care is based on the speed with then
which the patient performs independently ADL.
4. Theories can be the bases for the hypothesis that can be tested or for theory to
be explained. It is impossible to generate hypothesis from the Henderson
definition of nursing. Although she is an advocate of conducting research, in
nursing, favours studies directed to improving nursing practice rather than
those conducted as an academic or theoretical Endeavour. She believes that
research is not a substitute for instinctive and intuitive reactions to situations
but that these reactions are influenced by the nurse’s knowledge of science that
guides human behaviors in the society of which nursing is an integral part.
6. Theories can be used practitioner to guide and improve their practice. Ideally,
the nurse would improve nursing practice by using the definition and 14
components of nursing given by Henderson to improve the health of the
individuals and thus reduce illness. The final desirable outcome would be
measure of recovery rate, health promotion and eminence or a peaceful death.
7. Theories must be consistent with other validated theses, laws, principles, but
leave open unanswered questions that need to be investigating.
Evaluation of Theory
“The habits of minds which infant everyday tasks of a nurse are exactly the as
those which under gird the veers published research; in this way, ever ought not just to
do simple research part of her work, but she ought also to be a researcher, whether or
not she or speaks a word in print or public”.
Since Henderson’s definitions of the function of nursing has been widely has
functioned as a major stepping the emergence of nursing as a prof scientific discipline.
PENDARI (MASTURI)
BILASPUR (C.G.)
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
MS. ANITA SINGH MRS SAVITA BHARDWAJ
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR MSC NURSING 1st YEAR
SANDIPANI ACADEMY BILASPUR C.G SANDIPANI ACADEMY BILASPUR
C.G