eBook

Innovating on 6G May 2024

with Artificial
Intelligence
S P O N S O R E D B Y
Table of Contents

4 Introduction
Patrick Hindle
Microwave Journal, Media Director

5 Solving Electromagnetic Densification at the Point

of Design
Daren McClearnon
Keysight Technologies, Santa Rosa, Calif.
Don Dingee
STRATISET, San Antonio, Texas

11 Enhancing Sub-Terahertz RF EDA Workflows for

6G Challenges
Daren McClearnon
Keysight Technologies, Santa Rosa, Calif.
Don Dingee
STRATISET, Canyon Lake, Texas

16 Advancing AI Learning for Wireless Communications Testing

Keysight Technologies Inc., Santa Rosa, Calif

18 Next Generation Performance in 6G Networks

with Digital Twins
Keysight Technologies Inc., Santa Rosa, Calif.

25 A Sub-Terahertz MIMO Testbed for 6G Research

Greg Jue
Keysight Technologies, Santa Rosa, Calif.

29 Next-Generation Terabit Wireless Communication:

Advancements Beyond 6G
V. Manimala
Builders Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. N. Gunavathi
National Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India

2
Design 6G Systems Today
with AI-Driven EDA
Simulate 6G system architecture today. Integrate AI from
the start so you can easily adapt as standards evolve.

Show me how

www.Keysight.com/Find/Wireless
Introduction

Innovating on 6G with Artificial Intelligence

Today, the 6G standard is in the early phases. Candidate technologies are being researched, prototyped, and
simulated to drive the direction of the 3GPP standards development activity. Applying digital twin workflows to
simulations and pairing them with a prototype as it moves through the design phase opens up innovative ways
to design and identify optimizations early. Modeling software tools that leverage as much real-world data as
possible have the potential to solve significant challenges early by incorporating known insights from existing
5G deployments. Research testbeds will be critical to success if 6G aims to spur collaboration alongside inno-
vation. The ability to prototype new AI, digital twin, and software-defined tools across the wireless ecosystem
will provide significant results for applying those technologies wisely.

This eBook looks at the design densification and test challenges from migrating 5G communications into the
6G sub-Terahertz frequency ranges. Keysight Technologies, the sponsor of this eBook, presents end-to-end
capabilities for simulating, testing, and evaluating devices, subsystems, and systems for the evolution of the
5G systems as they evolve towards 6G.

A new Keysight paper discusses leveraging AI-assisted digital twin design software for 6G physical layer
research. Simulations show strong possibilities for improved performance and reduced computing burden
compared with conventional techniques. Success with channel estimation and CSI feedback indicates similar
AI-enabled approaches can apply to other signal chain pieces. While 6G waveforms and channel models con-
tinue to develop, the Keysight System Design software suite, 5G libraries, and companion tools are now here
for research and exploration. Design engineering using digital twin software that leverages Keysight measure-
ment science confidently produces the same results as hardware. By leveraging software-centric workflows to
iterate and advance designs rapidly, it is already possible to integrate AI technology in 6G system architecture
before future 3GPP specification releases.

We hope that this eBook will aid engineers in understanding the challenges ahead as 5G design challenges
evolve towards 6G Research while highlighting the tools available to help overcome these challenges. We
want to thank Keysight for sponsoring this eBook and offering it free to our audience. Keysight has all the
tools needed to simulate and test your designs, many of which are covered in this educational eBook. Key-
sight is a leader in 6G technology, delivering market-leading design, emulation, and test solutions to help engi-
neers develop and deploy faster, with less risk, throughout the entire product lifecycle to accelerate innovation
that connects the world.

Patrick Hindle, Microwave Journal, Media Director

4
Solving Electromagnetic
Densification at the Point
of Design
Daren McClearnon
Keysight Technologies, Santa Rosa, Calif.
Don Dingee
STRATISET, San Antonio, Texas

Density, both informational and physical, determines complex RF system success or failure.
Systems like 5G and Wi-Fi 7 pack more information into precious spectrum on smaller base
stations, access points and devices. Finding density-related problems at prototyping, or later in
deployment, adds cost and risk. Traditional RF electronic design automation (RF EDA) workflows
are falling behind density challenges, analyzing one problem at a time and missing too much. A
new approach: solving electromagnetic (EM) densification at the point of design.

S
hift left—earlier visibility on designs in virtual
space is the fundamental purpose of EDA
tools. When modeling and simulation reflect
real-world performance, design problems be-
come easier to fix. Still, complex densification problems
have many domains with combined interacting effects.
Pulling EDA and test and measurement tools together
in a workflow knocks out EM problems earlier, before
committing to hardware. This article reviews three ex-
amples regarding how these workflows are solving EM
densification:
1. Analyzing wideband designs using modulated sig-
nals and authentic waveforms1
2. Visualizing stability with EM-circuit excitation early
in design and physical layout2
3. Increasing confidence in EM design integrity
through iterative co-simulation.3
EM workflows appear across the ecosystem, soon
connecting vendors, customers and customers-of-
customers through “simulatable datasheets,” which is
briefly explained.
TAKING ON INFORMATION DENSITY
Wireless systems broke free of some limits, but
moving information still has boundaries. When Claude
Elwood Shannon explored communication channels,
he saw their data capacity maximized by bandwidth,
using signals with many noise-like characteristics. Ana-
log systems with inefficient modulation left data-hun-
gry services unsatisfied. Digital systems packed more
bits into each transmitted symbol, saving bandwidth,
but true to Shannon, complexity rose and specifica-
tions tightened.
Today, complex modulations are part and parcel
of RF system specifications including 5G and Wi-Fi 7.
Digital quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) ar-
ranges data points in a two-dimensional constellation.
Higher-order constellations put points closer together,
requiring a higher signal-to-noise ratio to keep error
rates down. 5G new radio (NR) features 256-QAM
modulation delivering eight bits per symbol. Wi-Fi 7 is
moving to 4096-QAM modulation for 12 bits per sym-
bol. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing bun-

www.mwjournal.com/articles/38496
5
dles dense carrier sets into a narrow
bandwidth leading to sudden intense
peaks, as much as 10x the average
power level, creating dramatic noise-
like stresses on radio architectures.
Both 5G and Wi-Fi 7 add MIMO an-
tenna technology and spatial mul-
tiplexing for increased throughput
Nonlinearity (Distortion)
within a given bandwidth.
In this light, error vector magni- s Fig. 1 EVM impairments and symbol errors in a 16-QAM constellation.
tude (EVM) emerges as a critical met-
ric for signal quality and for transceiv-
er and equipment performance. It is
an RF designer’s proxy for bringing
the customer experience forward to
the point of design. EVM measures
how accurately transmitted symbols
match their intended spot in the QAM
constellation (see Figure 1). Higher-
order QAM constellations put points
FREQUENCY
close together to start. Imperfections RIPPLE
in a radio shift constellation points off
their mark. These effects include non-
linearity, noise, loading and channel
interference. When points are close
together, accurate discrimination
between adjacent points becomes
harder.
All this leads to an observation.
It is not possible to design a 5G NR
s Fig. 2 Factors affecting PA performance and EVM.
or Wi-Fi 7 compliant radio without
incorporating a higher-order modulation scheme per
specification. To prove such a transmitter works, au-
thentic higher-order modulated signals of sufficiently
wide bandwidths are required to measure EVM perfor-
mance at system validation. In fact, every modern digi-
tal RF system relies on complex modulation for achiev-
ing its desired information density. For these systems,
there is no such thing as a choose your own compli-
ance adventure.
Yet, that is exactly how many designers pursue
physical design densification. At the point of design,
EDA tools perform schematic capture, physical layout
and localized simulations of design choices. Are those
choices understood in a system context? Does opti-
mizing one factor have consequences on others? Is it
possible to tell what those interrelationships might be?
Simulating approximate or incomplete models with
simplified signals looking for one problem is an excel-
lent way to miss others.
Those mysteries lead teams to fall back on physi-
cal prototypes for observing and troubleshooting RF
issues. Hardware re-spins, however, are expensive
schedule killers. Anything from functional design er-
rors to hard-to-reproduce interactions under dynamic
conditions can trigger a re-spin. Waiting until prototyp-
ing to find any lurking issue leaves RF designers at the
mercy of higher risks and project costs.
Let us return to the EVM example and look at why
modulated signals are important for accurately charac-
terizing power amplifiers (PAs). S-parameters and pure
sinusoidal stimuli provide a modeling baseline of raw
White Noise I/Q Imbalance Phase Noise
Quickly Varying Slowly Varying
(<1 µs, Waveform Related) (Operating Point)
Power Dependence Temperature Dependence + Self
(Nonlinearity, PAPR) (Ambient) Heating
Frequency Dependence Load Dependence +
(Wide Bandwidth) (PA, Phased Array) Modulation
Distortion
Time Dependence
(Memory Effects, Trapping)
Bias Dependence
(Battery Life)
+ Envelope
Tracking
PA performance. The same PA in a hardware prototype
running against complex modulation may fall apart in
unexpected ways. Why? Combining physical densifica-
tion, power, modulated signals and a host of parasitic
effects pushes assumptions, exposing various design
weaknesses.
Effects factoring into EVM spread across domains in
two categories as shown in Figure 2. Quickly varying
effects are waveform-related and are how information
density shows up. Besides power effects, demanding
signals bring implications in both frequency and time
domains. Slowly varying effects impact a device’s oper-
ating point and are often byproducts of physical den-
sity. Thermal, load and bias dependence reveal issues
with stability, coupling, resonances, frequency shifts,
matching and package interactions.
These effects are not entirely separable. A complex
waveform can set off time-dependent memory effects
such as charge trapping and self-heating. Sweeping
frequency across a wide bandwidth finds linear imped-
ance mismatches and ripple varying across the band.
However, a wide bandwidth waveform excites all fac-
tors simultaneously, creating “rogue waves” with infre-
quent and sudden signal peaks 8 to 13 dB above the
average power level. Under extreme peak-to-average
power ratio conditions in regulated frequency bands,
PA energy efficiency, signal quality and output power
become harder to optimize. Modulated waveforms
with accurate carrier dynamics uncover more issues
than one-tone and two-tone analyses using harmonic
balance.
6
 This highlights the risk of waiting until hardware pro-
totyping before fully exercising RF designs. Staging
physical effects in combination may also be exceed-
ingly difficult, which leads to latent problems cropping
up in system deployment. In virtual space, simulators
can sweep combinations of parameters in the presence
of authentic wideband signals; but higher bandwidth
signals also force more data collection, slowing the
characterization process.
For increased test coverage of parametric scans,
intelligent test and measurement trade-offs on signal s Fig. 3 5G mmWave PA design using PathWave Advanced
complexity reduce measurement time with techniques Design System.
like signal compaction and modulation distortion (or
distortion EVM). These same techniques can apply to TABLE 1
simulations, along with intelligent trade-offs for accel-
erating RF characterization without sacrificing fidelity. SIMULATION TIME VS. SIGNAL TYPE
An example is fast circuit envelope technology in EM Simulation EVM Pin Pout Power
co-simulations, capturing linear frequency responses, Time (s) (%) (dBm) (dBm) Gain (dB)
loading, power dynamics and bias effects and even Envelope
1371 4.87 –15.4 19.8 35.2
memory effects in a run-time, on-the-fly modeling step. (3255 µs)
Figure 3 shows a mmWave PA design and Table 1 Compact
shows the PA simulation results from 50,000 points of a Signal 386 4.67 –15.4 19.8 35.3
5G modulated source. Applying both compact test sig- (1000 µs)
nals and fast envelope techniques improves simulation Fast
time by 44x with little change in EVM accuracy. This in- Envelope 93 4.87 –16.2 19.0 35.2
crease in speed is critical to gaining design insights. It (Level 1)
is the difference between simulating an EVM test case Compact
once at verification versus simulating EVM contours Signal
against a parametric scan and making incremental de- (1000 µs) 31 4.68 –15.4 19.8 35.3
with Fast
sign improvements. Envelope
This two-way workflow between RF EDA and test and
measurement algorithms enables designers to probe
deeper much earlier, handle changes at the point of
design and achieve consistency with measured results.
Dense systems can be created, simulated, adjusted
and re-simulated with authentic signals and combina-
tions of effects modeled. Margins against system-level
metrics are no longer a guess.
Modulated signals also enable the system experience
to travel up and down the ecosystem. Understanding per- s Fig. 4 WS-Probes inserted in a simple feedback amplifier
formance in a customer’s environment is key to achieving circuit.
information density goals. Next is a look at a deeper ex-
A broader technique is the Normalized Determinant
ample where physical density sets up complex EM interac-
Function (NDF), which also requires a known-stable
tions.
network. For normalization, NDF needs access to ev-
ONE-PASS STABILITY ANALYSIS ery source in the network. It creates a passive network
by setting all active sources to constant “off” values—
Amplifier instability occurs when gain and feedback
removing them from the response. Estimating the off
mix. With frequencies, bandwidths, complexity and
values can be error prone, and black-box models can
physical density rising, resonances are now common.
prevent source access entirely. Large transistor net-
Bypass capacitors may be a fix. Compact packaging
works make for huge matrices and lengthy simulations.
makes placing capacitors hard, and where and how
Required frequency sweeps beyond operating ranges
much capacitance to use is unclear.
add more time and complexity.
Simulations have hundreds of stability analysis tech-
Non-invasive impedance probes hold more prom-
niques to choose from, most focused on one issue and
ise. The S-Probe uses ideal sources for “in-situ” bidi-
some difficult to apply. A classic method is the Rollett
rectional S-parameter computation but struggles with
stability factor, or K-factor, which produces valid results
feedback around the probe, losing accuracy. Since
for a known-stable network when ideally terminated.
feedback factors into stability, the S-Probe by itself is
Its two-port linear network assumptions degrade at
ineffective for stability analysis. The WS-Probe (also
higher frequencies with complex modulation. Tone-
known as the Winslow Probe, for its inventor Dr. Thom-
based (harmonic balance) frequency domain simula-
as Winslow) builds on the S-Probe, providing accurate
tions might falsely converge for some frequencies,
results in the presence of feedback.
leaving instability undetected.
7
s Fig. 5 Osctest, Middlebrook, Hurst and Tian Bilateral loop gain, comparing test benches with WS-Probe simulations.
s Fig. 6 Return Difference, NDF, Driving Point Admittance and Ohtomo loop gain, comparing test benches with WS-Probe
simulations.
s Fig. 7 EM simulation of an amplifier in PathWave RFPro, showing instability
locations at several frequencies.
WS-Probes enable comprehensive stability analysis
techniques. Output processing can generate an admit-
tance matrix for high impedance termination condi-
tions, like NDF. K-factor can also be derived. Figure
4 shows WS-Probes in a simple amplifier-feedback
configuration and Figure 5 simulates its loop gain in
manual test benches versus WS-Probes—producing
exact matches.
One simulation in Figure 5 with the WS-Probe cov-
ers the same metrics as 16 different manual test bench
simulations. Coverage grows larger with circuit com-
plexity. Figure 6 shows more metrics including Bode’s
Return Difference (internal), NDF (external), Driving
Point Admittance and Ohtomo loop gain, again with
exact matches between manual test
benches and WS-Probe results.
There are two other benefits from
simulating with WS-Probes. They can
aid in a virtual load-pull, examining
load-dependent stability by extend-
ing results from Driving Point Admit-
tance with Kurokawa stability criteria.
They also apply equally well in both
small signal and large signal analysis,
avoiding staging difficulties inherent
with large signals.
The upshot for densification is
more powerful EM-circuit excitation
techniques via simulation at the point
of design and layout. Using nodal
voltages and currents to stimulate an
EM structure, circuit plus physical lay-
out attributes, produces a visualization of current den-
sity and radiation patterns. Instabilities move around
the structure as frequencies vary. Figure 7 shows a sim-
ple amplifier structure at three different frequencies,
highlighting a bias feedback problem and a ground
plane feedback problem.
These coupling problems would be near impossible
to spot in the lab but are laid open at simulation with
non-invasive probes and “in-situ” analysis. Straight-for-
ward layout changes (pushing bias lines apart and add-
ing vias to the ground plane) improve stability across
the frequency range. Extend this example to more
complex circuits and larger dense structures, and the
power of an RF EDA workflow merging design, layout
8
s Fig. 8 In-situ analysis using PathWave RFPro streamlines EM simulation workflow.
and simulation is evident. Next is a look at this work-
flow in more detail.
ITERATIVE EM-CIRCUIT CO-SIMULATION
In complex RF systems, frequencies and integration
density are rising, and 3D multi-technology assembly
is everywhere. Parasitic effects from packaging, physi-
cal routing and interconnects and interactions between
components degrade system performance. Some
symptoms are frequency shifts, resonances, instabil-
ity, mismatches, power losses and poor isolation from
interference. Design integrity faces major risks; an un-
caught mistake costs a hardware re-spin, a design win
is undone or a market window is missed.
Circuit simulation is familiar territory for most EDA
users, it is unthinkable not to take advantage of it. Toss
in EM structures and effects, and accurate simulation
gets more challenging. As previously shown, there are
now innovative and effective EM simulation techniques
for densification problems. The question becomes how
to fit these techniques into RF design workflows.
One reason teams may be treading carefully is that
there are different, disjointed EDA tools for different
jobs in the workflow. Becoming proficient with each
tool requires a learning curve, and once a tool is in a
workflow it is tough to part with it even if it lacks some
features. On the plus side, circuit design capture, cir-
cuit simulation and physical layout tools have already
merged. Most package assembly and EM simulation
tools, however, still add extra steps, especially if bad
results send teams back to the drawing board.
Those extra steps can chew up weeks at a time. The
right side of Figure 8 shows data from 10 years of EDA
9
user interviews. It is the process to get a circuit design
into a format ready for EM simulation in a third party
tool. Some steps are manual, some scripted. Excess
components and structures are stripped, EM simula-
tions extract S-parameters and those are then meticu-
lously reconnected back to the original circuit nodes. In
every step, especially the first and last ones, there is a
chance for an oversight or error.
The left side of Figure 8 shows “in-situ” 3DEM anal-
ysis streamlined with PathWave RFPro. It starts with the
original circuit file, extracts and reconnects S-param-
eters, inserts non-invasive probing automatically and
jumps to EM-circuit co-simulation within minutes. Be-
cause RFPro reads data through an OpenAccess API, it
integrates with Keysight EDA platforms or in a mixed-
vendor EDA workflow.
One RFPro customer was able to run only three or
four EM simulation runs per week using a third party
tool—that customer is now able to do 30. It is more
than a productivity improvement, however. Bringing
EM-circuit co-simulation into an EDA workflow moves
simulation from a limited-use verification sign-off tool to
an iterative problem-solving tool at the point of design.
Analyzing EM effects becomes routine, like analyzing
circuit functionality, and fixes can happen on the spot.
Teams can efficiently develop predictable designs with
critical EM effects fully assessed before hardware pro-
totyping or deployment. Confidence in design integrity
goes up, surprises go down.
These changes point to bigger possibilities in the
future for the RF design ecosystem. Vendors design
parts, those parts integrate into equipment manufac-
turer modules and boards, and those fit into larger end-
customer systems. Vendor design wins rely on design-
ers at the next level correctly stringing together pieces
from different vendors. Aligning data from printed data
sheets may produce a fit or it may not.
System-level EM simulation with transportable data
and models in simulatable datasheets is the next fron-
tier. Simulatable datasheets for parts will drop into sys-
tem-level models for virtual performance evaluation.
Knowledge about how a part works in an application
will flow easily from vendor to customers to custom-
ers-of-customers, and back. Teams will not spend time
sorting out specifications, but instead will focus on an-
ticipating deployment scenarios at the point of design
to achieve design wins.
DENSIFICATION AS AN OPPORTUNITY
Densification drives stress for teams, designs and
processes and it drives opportunity. EM analysis at the
point of the design means that when teams find some-
thing, they can do something about it. Three areas
were discussed:
1. Information density shows up in far more complex
waveforms. Systems demand modulated signals,
and so should RF design teams. Seeing, understand-
ing and preserving signal details must be part of the
RF design workflow, not an afterthought in verifica-
tion. RF EDA and measurement science are strongly
connected.
2. Physical density, including 3D multi-technology as-
sembly, is spawning more interactions between do-
Pioneer the 6G
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10
mains. Interference, crosstalk and parasitic effects
can no longer be estimates. Packaging details must
be known early. Resonance, thermal and stability
concerns need full attention. Finding an issue in
hardware is too late and adding EM simulation to
workflows is urgent.
3. Shift left will be a competitive advantage. Design in
context, in a workflow providing time savings and
virtual accuracy using modulated signals and in-situ
EM analysis, leads to design wins. If others find is-
sues first, business may be lost. Models and results
need to be transportable, ready to connect with
other design processes, vendors, customers and en-
vironments.
Digital transformation is solving EM densification at
the point of design. More versatile analysis engines,
behavioral models, tools and IP help designers and
their customers create and apply innovative designs in
more applications with greater success.n
References
1. “Accelerate 5G Circuit Designs Using Digitally Modu-
lated Signals,” Keysight, Web, https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=7CkrICXC9jo.
2. “Designing for Stability in High Frequency Circuits,” Keysight,
Web, https://www.keysight.com/us/en/assets/3121-1255/
application-notes/Designing-for-Stability-in-High-Frequency-
Circuits.pdf.
3. “RFPro in ADS for EM-Circuit Co-Simulation,” Keysight, Web,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbq7KkYzKo4.
Enhancing Sub-Terahertz RF EDA
Workflows for 6G Challenges
Daren McClearnon
Keysight Technologies, Santa Rosa, Calif.
Don Dingee
STRATISET, Canyon Lake, Texas

5G systems have been a proving ground for advanced RF electronic design automation (EDA)
tools. These tools showcased multi-domain simulation with accurate, robust behavioral models
and authentic waveforms. Teams embracing design-for-context in a trusted, high-fidelity virtual
workspace were able to address challenges more efficiently with fewer hardware re-spins.

6
G brings a significant multi-dimensional leap everything will be measured, but not before the next
in performance requirements for components, generation multi-domain simulation delivers crucial in-
modules and systems. Everything we think is sights needed for predictable hardware designs meet-
known today about real-world mmWave effects ing stringent requirements.
such as complex modulation, channel propagation, Several years ahead of formal 6G specification re-
signal-to-noise, energy efficiency and power delivery, leases and perhaps as much as a decade before initial
starts to look different. Figure 1 illustrates potential sub- 6G network rollouts, predicting all the demands on RF
Terahertz (THz) frequency ranges with higher contiguous EDA workflows remains a topic for debate. However,
bandwidths targeted by 6G researchers, although speci- progress in mmWave EDA helps identify areas where
fications are still in flux. sub-THz innovation, preceding earnest 6G system de-
One immediate concern jumps out; precious little com- sign initiatives, will prove extremely valuable. Prime
mercial hardware is available in these higher frequency examples include channel modeling, mixed-signal con-
ranges today. Hardware is scarce in D-Band (110 to 170 texts and scalable, enterprise-class solutions to 6G chal-
GHz), but almost none ventures into H-Band (220 to 330 lenges.
GHz). Furthermore, much of the prerequisite advanced
science, including semiconductor pro-
cesses, test and measurement equip- Frequency 100 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 100 GHz 1 THz
ment, modeling and simulation technol-
ogy and various facets of artificial intel-
ligence (AI), is not entirely in place yet to
cope with lofty 6G expectations. Wavelength 100 cm 10 cm 1 cm 1 mm
The implications for RF EDA are im- Spectrum Allocation by Generation
mense. Research projects and proof-
1G 2G/3G
of-concept designs that once relied
on some simulation before serious 5G 6G
physical prototyping efforts will, out
of necessity, shift significant resources 4G Total Aggregate Bandwidth in Each Generation
into the virtual space until a broader
selection of components and test and s Fig. 1 6G sub-THz frequencies have substantially wider bandwidth than previous
measurement gear arrives. Eventually, wireless generations.

www.mwjournal.com/articles/40516
11
CHANNEL SOUNDING AND END-TO-END
Channel Sounding Measurement
CHANNEL MODELING VSA
Signal Generation
Wireless communication systems once enjoyed the Channel
luxury of selecting the optimum carrier frequency for N7608C Signal Studio
Custom Modulation
Generation
HW
propagation through the air. This was before spec-
trum scarcity and complex digital modulation schemes
PathWave Signal
emerged. Managing channel behavior meant creating Generation

a link budget with enough margin to overcome routine Signal Analysis

disruptions. PathWave Vector Signal Acquisition
Analysis (89600 VSA) HW
6G transforms the channel equation. Data rate expec-
tations for a single connection rise to hundreds of giga-
bytes per second, connection density grows to millions PathWave VSA

of devices per square kilometer and lower frequencies

are occupied, forcing systems into the sub-THz spectrum. s Fig. 2 Custom modulation driving channel sounding to
determine impulse response and other metrics.
The environment is not ideal. Propagation losses climb as
frequencies move higher in sub-THz ranges. Reflections
from objects like buildings, vegetation and terrain add to
atmospheric effects like rain and dense fog. When designs
operate in lower signal-to-noise environments with tighter
link budgets due to transmit power constraints, any inter-
ference creates the potential for error vector magnitude
(EVM) degradation and a corresponding jump in bit error
rates.
Dynamic channel evaluation and modeling become
crucial tasks for 6G research and are not as simple as
they might seem. Carrier frequencies, transmit power,
the number of transmit channels in simultaneous use
and the modulation scheme and waveforms influence
the outcome. At this stage, 6G waveforms remain un-
s Fig. 3 Channel sounding results portrayed by the 89600
VSA software in both frequency and time domains.
known, but with insight from 802.11ay, it becomes pos-
sible to synthesize a broadband sub-THz waveform with created in PathWave System Design can represent 6G RF
the appropriate complementary cumulative distribution signal chains end-to-end, including detailed channel mod-
function (CCDF) and other properties needed to ex- eling as shown in Figure 4.
plore options. Early 6G research reveals accurate performance sim-
Deriving useful 6G virtual channel models starts with ulation demands, comprehensive modeling and digital-
physical measurements. Channel sounding measures ly-driven control of the antenna structures in lockstep
impulse response by sending a complex signal into the with the RF signal chain. Decisions unfold on a millisec-
channel, capturing it after channel effects and compar- ond scale, adapting the configuration and processing
ing the results. Antenna configurations and reflective as channel behavior shifts and devices move. One chal-
paths staged in the environment contribute to an un- lenging modeling problem is capturing more interac-
derstanding of the impairments. Figure 2 depicts a ba- tion between power amplifiers and antenna elements
sic measurement setup with an anechoic chamber that as the antenna scans in different directions with one or
provides a best-case environment without atmospheric more beams. PathWave Advanced Design System (ADS)
effects. models, combined with measurements from a PNA-X
Pre-configured routines in the PathWave Vector Sig- network analyzer, will offer a detailed view of how im-
nal Analysis (89600 VSA) software automate channel pedance and power amplifier efficiency change. Incor-
sounding. Figure 3 highlights the channel impulse re- porating that model into the RF system-level simulation
sponse (bottom trace) with a time-domain view which in PathWave System Design increases fidelity.
helps assess delays, reflections and phasing.
Ensuring alignment between simula-
tion and test instrumentation is vital for 6G Research Simulation Test Bunches
reliable results. A notable advantage of Validate System Architectures in Support of (Sub)-Terahertz Chip Research 6G
the Keysight RF EDA environment is its Custom Baseband Modeling Data Streaming and Automatic Baseband Reception
use of the same analysis engines, the Waveform
Generation
and Signal Generation
Broadband
Configuration for Virtual Simulation with Synchronization

core measurement science, from cor- RF

Modeling
Channel Propagation
Data
Phased Array
System Modeling
Flex OFDM
responding test and measurement plat- Baseband

forms. PathWave System Design reuses PathWave • Vector Analysis

PathWave VSA
FlexFrame
• CP-OFDM, DFT-S-OFDM with Flexible Numerology
waveforms from PathWave Signal Gen- System Design
• Time and Frequency Domain Co-Simulation • Dynamic Display & Custom
OFDM
• Model-Based Design: Easy Custom Model Building for R&D • Industry Reference Measurement Science
eration and integrates measurement
feedback from the PathWave 89600 s Fig. 4 6G research begins on a virtual platform, allowing the exploration of
VSA and other analyzers. Virtual models modulation options against channel models.

12
EVALUATING RF PERFORMANCE
IN MIXED-SIGNAL CONTEXTS Digital Step Control Attenuation Range & RF Settling Time
Attenuators Interface Resolution (to < 0.1 dB of Final)
WITH NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR ADRF5730 SPI or Parallel 31.5 dB in 0.5 dB Steps 250 ns
Historically, RF design has been pri- ADRF5740 Parallel 22 dB in 2 dB Steps 175 ns
marily an analog discipline. However, Control Amplitude Settling Time Phase Settling Time
Tunable Filters
modern communication systems fea- Interface (to < 1 dB of Final) (to < 2° of Final)
ture more mixed-signal characteristics. ADMV8818 SPI 1 μs 2 μs
Digital modulation, already a mainstay, RF Switches
Control Switching Time
Interface (to < 0.1 dB of Final)
takes on increased complexity in 6G
ADRF5020 Parallel 15 ns
with larger constellations and tighter
spacing. Demands increase on 6G RF
front-ends, power amplifiers, mixers,
filters, switches and other components
to perform predictably across a much
wider bandwidth. This makes accurate
simulation crucial.
RF performance can change at
the flick of a digital switch in these
mixed-signal chains. Techniques such
as adaptive gain control, switching s Fig. 5 Controlling digitally-driven states accurately for RF front-end simulation
between alternate signal paths under (Courtesy of Analog Devices).
certain conditions, phased arrays and
More nonlinear behavior is likely in store for 6G an-
beamforming, along with digital impairment compensa-
tennas. Achieving higher spectral density, which corre-
tion are necessary to pull signals from noise more ef-
lates to the number of bits that can be put in the air for
fectively. RF EDA must simultaneously address these
a given channel, requires a combination of techniques.
implications:
Advanced higher-order modulation packs bits of data
• Simulators must adhere to complex sequences of
more tightly into symbols, but these symbols are only
events and keep pace with rapid changes in behavior
valid if they arrive within acceptable error limits at the
as inputs and signal chain states vary.
RF front-end.
• Point sampling at selected frequencies misses anom-
6G researchers are looking at three technologies to
alies as bandwidth increases.
break through channel interference and deliver more bits
• Single-domain simulation is insufficient, with anoma-
to more user equipment (UE), the devices in a 6G net-
lies appearing as domains interact.
work, reliably. These three technologies are:
• Model complexity must expand to accurately portray
• Holographic beamforming that optimizes the shape
behavior, effect detail and interactions.
of a beam using passive electronically steered arrays
The days of using a few cherry-picked frequencies for
(PESAs) to increase the energy directed at a recipi-
detailed simulation and validation with measurements
ent with higher resolution compared to traditional
are gone. That approach only works in narrow band-
phased arrays.
widths when interpolation between points tracks linearly
• Ultra-massive MIMO that utilizes thousands of an-
without surprises. Under wideband excitation, nonlinear
tenna elements in coordination with beamforming to
behavior and cross-domain interactions between pow-
help improve the odds of signals overcoming signifi-
er, frequency, time, temperature, load and DC bias can
cant sub-THz propagation loss and interference over
combine unexpectedly to disrupt mixed-signal chains at
greater distances.
any point across their bandwidth. (See the article “Solv-
• Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) that incorpo-
ing EM Densification at the Point of Design” pp. 52 to
rate reflective antenna elements in a programmable
64 in the July 2022 edition of Microwave Journal for
structure, possibly in 3D IC form. RIS aims to simplify
more on RF cross-domain effects and simulation with
designs by reducing the per-element RF signal chain
authentic signals.)
processing requirements.
Nonlinear behavior modeling is essential in state-
A mixed-signal context change is brewing overhead
of-the-art RF front-ends, where digital timing and con-
in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). Bouncing signals off
trol knobs adjust performance while preparing signals
low earth orbit (LEO) satellites and other high altitude
for analog-to-digital conversion. The Analog Devices
platforms injects a bulk delay due to extended distanc-
ADMV8818 tunable filter, for example, stores up to 128
es and a Doppler shift resulting from satellite motion.
states for its state machine overseeing preset filter con-
Maintaining connections requires continuous pre-com-
figurations. Analog Devices had a concept for modeling
pensation for these effects at several points in the signal
their front-end reference design and sought Keysight’s
chain, including each UE.
help to construct a lookup table to coordinate states in
Addressing these challenges means system-level
PathWave System Design simulations. Figure 5 shows
RF EDA tools must generate accurate 5G and, eventu-
some of the variables in each state, including RF settling
ally, 6G messaging sequences and channel models for
time. With these details added to the simulation, Analog
NTNs. End-to-end digital twins, enhanced with imple-
Devices tuned digital settings and achieved a flatter fre-
mentation measurement feedback, can help unlock suit-
quency response across the 2 to 24 GHz operating range,
able pre-compensation algorithms. Figure 6 illustrates
matching physical measurements.
13
 PathWave System Design/STK
NTN or Terrestrial Network 5G
Channel Model
EXata
PathWave System
Design
PathWave Signal
Generation
5G Attach Message
Sequence Vector WaveJudge
Set
Decode of Attach
Created in Path- Sequence Messages
Wave Signal
Generation Showing Attach
Input to PathWave
Sequence Timing
Frequency Error
System Design and Block Error Rate
5G Attach Message
Sequence with and
without NTN Pre-Compensation
s Fig. 6 A conceptual model of a digital twin platform for NTN Doppler pre-
compensation.
initial research into this challenge, combining PathWave
Signal Generation for creating authentic waveforms, EX-
ata for core network timing simulation, PathWave Sys-
tem Design and Ansys STK for channel and kinematics
modeling and WaveJudge for message decoding and
timing analysis.
SUB-THZ CHALLENGES AND SCALABLE EDA
WORKFLOWS
So far, this discussion has focused on RF system-level
simulation needs. 6G design will also need full-band-
width, multi-domain, nonlinear simulation capabilities
at the component and module levels. Consequently,
RF EDA will transition from single-purpose, specialized
tools sharing data sequentially to a more integrated,
scalable suite of enterprise-class tools delivering a com-
prehensive design experience. Several factors will drive
this shift and include:
• New semiconductor and material technologies will
call for new RF design architectures.
• Shorter wavelengths and wider bandwidths will ex-
pose effects hidden at lower frequencies.
• Substantially increased packaging and integration
density will concentrate problem spaces.
• Manufacturability will become a significant challenge
at higher frequencies and integration levels.
Advanced III-V semiconductor materials are seeing
adoption in RF and power electronics. While these ma-
terials and processes offer new possibilities, system-level
challenges such as higher noise floors and lower output
power levels will intensify. High peak-to-average power
ratio (PAPR) signals squeeze into narrower operating win-
dows at mmWave frequencies with further dynamic range
degradation at sub-THz frequencies.
Another challenge involves effects stemming from the
relative size of the signal wavelengths compared to the
devices, packaging and their interconnects. mmWave
frequencies push designs into a 3D guided-wave regime,
introducing additional modeling complexity due to cur-
rents and components interacting in ways that can be
ignored at lower frequencies. An example of this is new
challenges presented by 3D current flow and ground
references. Loss formulations, coupling, resonances and
transmission modes all change, altering how ports must
14
be set up, how ground references are
made and how structures are designed
to suppress unwanted interactions. In
a 3D-stacked environment, power and
ground distribution are linked to sig-
nal integrity and stability issues. Guid-
ed-wave port and excitation types
require new calibrations, as do mea-
surement and probing techniques and
enclosures. Antenna elements can
be directly designed into packaging
like the monolithic mmWave IC con-
cepts in Figure 7. While this reduces
the number of components and size,
weight and power (SWaP), care must
also be taken to prevent crosstalk,
signal contamination, EMI/EMC and
even security risks.
Another shift is the trend toward greater package and
integration density. Silicon devices will be complement-
ed with RF front-end modules in other technologies and
integrated into heterogeneous packages. This modular
approach improves yields, lowers fabrication costs and
mitigates technology risks but it increases process and
tool complexity, along with interconnect, density and
system challenges.
Process design kits (PDKs) will play critical roles in
overcoming these obstacles. Design tasks become
more complex when components from different pro-
cesses and vendors integrate into one module, requir-
ing co-validation for EM, thermal, stability and wide-
band modulated performance. Designs and PDKs must
interoperate to address multiple effective stack-ups and
dimensions within a single package.
Lastly, mmWave and sub-THz performance can vary sig-
nificantly due to the tight tolerances associated with small-
er wavelengths and material properties. ICs and packages
become more sensitive to mechanical and material re-
peatability and thermal/environmental cycling. Measure-
ment cabling, fixturing, probes and calibration standards
also are vulnerable to these mechanical errors, leading to
uncertainties. These complex environments have long, ex-
pensive fabrication timeframes and the modeling, valida-
tion and troubleshooting processes require more sophis-
ticated skill levels and precise handling. All these factors
increase design costs and hinder the pace of innovation.
Monte Carlo simulation and design-for-manufacturing
techniques can help, but some challenges are too difficult
to address without computational assistance.
Scalable computation will be an essential element of
next-generation EDA workflows. Cloud-based and high
performance computing (HPC) platforms will become
commonplace in many RF EDA workflows delivering
simulation results with minimal wait times, keeping de-
sign team productivity high and shortening time-to-mar-
ket. Digital twins with measurement-based simulation
enhancements will represent complex RF components
and subsystems before fabrication, enabling in-context
RF system-level testing and troubleshooting impractical
to execute in the real world.
AMPLE ROOM FOR AI TO HELP COMPLETE THE
6G DESIGN PICTURE
The complexity of the mmWave RF workflow is be-
coming unwieldy, necessitating a comprehensive digital
transformation across the RF EDA workflow to prepare
for the sub-THz era. EDA vendors and foundries are
already striving for improved interoperability. A recent
example of this trend is the innovation of an RFPro 3D
EM-Circuit cockpit that interoperates between Cadence
Virtuoso, Synopsys Custom Compiler, Keysight ADS and
the just-approved 79 GHz TSMC 16 nm reference flow.
Managing models, scenarios, simulation data and
result-driven optimization becomes a priority. AI tech-
niques will take center stage and be applied in many
ways. At the component level, AI will play a significant
role in rapid model creation from datasheets or test
data. This capability may manifest itself by scanning in a
frequency response curve and automatically extracting
S-parameters. Channel estimation and waveform design
for 6G are also areas where AI is being explored. Sift-
ing through simulation data and identifying mismatches
against measurement data is also a task well-suited for
AI. Ultimately, real-time, end-to-end 6G network opti-
mization in response to the number of connected us-
ers and their traffic patterns at any given moment may
only be possible using AI. Humans may be unable to
describe the complex optimization for energy usage, ca-
pacity, latency and other network metrics in quantitative
algorithm form.n
RF EDA will play a pivotal role in firming up 6G specifica-
tions, creating sub-THz components and delivering advanced
test and measurement equipment that enables complete 6G
system design. For more insight on 6G requirements and in-
novation progress see:
RF Enabling 6G: Opportunities and Challenges from Technol-
ogy to Spectrum
https://www.keysight.com/us/en/assets/7121-1085/article-
reprints/RF-Enabling-6G-Opportunities-and-Challenges-from-
Technology-to-Spectrum.pdf
6G Technology: Envision the Future of Wireless Communica-
tions
https://www.keysight.com/us/en/solutions/
emerging-technologies/6g-technology.html

Beyond
S-parameters:
Predict 6G
Performance
Characterize 6G components at sub-THz
frequencies without introducing errors for
a clearer, complete picture of performance.

Show me how

www.Keysight.com/Find/Wireless

15
Advancing AI Learning for
Wireless Communications
Testing
Keysight Technologies Inc., Santa Rosa, Calif.

W
hen development work began on 6G, artifi- ADVANCING AI
cial intelligence (AI) was identified as one of LEARNING
the critical technologies needed to enable With an eye
the next generation of wireless communications. This towards enabling
was because AI had the potential to address some of 5G+ and 6G, Key-
the more complex technical challenges facing the in- sight and North-
dustry. But like many new technologies, making AI work eastern worked
for mobile communications requires close collaboration together to iden-
across government, industry, business and academia. tify a technical
To assist firms interested in deploying AI to enhance challenge that AI
their businesses, the Commonwealth of Massachu- could help solve:
setts has launched an innovative pilot program called how do wireless
AI Jumpstart. This novel program funds new computing communications
infrastructure at Boston's Northeastern University (NU) systems need to adjust to co-exist with radar signals?
to connect industry partners with world-class facilities "Keysight worked with Northeastern researchers and
and university researchers across several AI disciplines. students to define the scope, scenarios, and data sets
As an industry partner, Keysight has been involved in that will help to optimize test techniques for wireless
the project since funding was announced. network deployments," said Josep M. Jornet, associ-
As a partnership between the state economic devel- ate director of NU Institute for the Wireless Internet of
opment agency Massachusetts Technology Collabora- Things (WIoT). "The project invoked AI learning from a
tive and Northeastern, the AI Jumpstart is based on a 5G data set generated in Northeastern University's RF
15-year relationship that has invested in university- Colosseum and a representative radar defined through
based research and development projects that have Keysight's PathWave Software."
successfully engaged business and industry. Through Once the scenarios were designed, the high prior-
this program, Keysight has created a valuable public- ity radar signal created by Keysight was introduced into
private partnership to collaborate on AI research with the RF Colosseum's real-time LTE commercial spectrum
Northeastern. scenario of Rome, Italy.
"The AI Jumpstart program is a powerful model of The output of this was an I/Q data set that was then
collaboration between industry, academia and the Mass used for AI learning. The AI algorithm processed these
Tech/John Adams Innovation Institute," said Michael I/Q samples analyzing for throughput, power and re-
B. Silevitch, NU's Principal Investigator of AI Jumpstart. source allocations within the 5G network. A sampling of
"Our collaboration with Keysight provided a platform the data samples is shown below:
that demonstrated the immense viability of the ap-
proach."
www.mwjournal.com/articles/41058
16
 Tommaso Melodia, director of NU Institute for the
WIoT explains why this research is important, "Keysight
and NU share common radio frequency/microwave
teaching and testing goals for wireless research and in-
dustrial applications. Spectrum sharing is going to be
a key technology for 5G and beyond, and AI learning
was performed on I/Q data samples to enable spectrum
sharing through optimal resource allocation to maximize
throughput and minimize power consumption."
BRINGING AI LEARNING TO INDUSTRY
Through the AI Jumpstart analysis, Keysight has
gained a better understanding of the testing needs
of wireless and defense developers as spectrum op-
erations advance toward wider bandwidths, higher fre-
quencies and more complex environments. This under-
standing will drive investment in updates to Keysight's
test solution hardware and software designs as well as
incorporating AI/ML into future test applications.
"The AI learned patterns will assist Keysight in de-
veloping improved wideband, real-time capture analysis
and closed-loop test applications," said Roger Nichols,
Keysight Technologies' 6G Program Manager. "Key-
sight will be able to incorporate these into new spectral
management testing solutions to help designers more
quickly and accurately identify, classify and prioritize sig-
nals and waveform characteristics of interest."
In addition, Nichols said that early adoption of these
AI test advances will allow commercial and defense de-
velopers to validate new hardware, software/firmware,
and signal processing algorithms early so their perfor-
mance can be demonstrated and proven in complex
and evolving spectral sharing and coexistent environ-
ments.
ENABLING STUDENT LEARNING
While the primary focus of the AI Jumpstart project is
on assisting businesses in deploying AI, the project has
also been valuable in defining the training needed to
17
student and industry engineers for this new technology.
"We launched this program on behalf of Massachu-
setts to boost the adoption and integration of AI by
companies in our state, by bringing them together with
the leading researchers at Northeastern," said Pat Lar-
kin, Director, Innovation Institute at MassTech. "We're
excited by the progress on Keysight's project, as it
shows the direct impact this research on the company's
products, but equally important, the strong relation-
ship that was built with a talent-development center like
Northeastern, where students get real-world expertise
working on projects like this."
"It is incredibly valuable to have industry partners
such as Keysight involved in mmWave and 6G wireless
technology testing, teaching and research are advanc-
ing to optimize and define wireless network standards
and performance," said Carey Rappaport, Northeastern
University AI Jumpstart Director. "Keysight's core RF &
microwave measurement science knowledge, combined
with NU's THz experts and testbeds, inspire students
toward relevant classes and careers and supports MA
industry engineers with teaching and test techniques."
For Nichols, this is simply how Keysight likes to part-
ner in order to create new technologies.
"We are excited to help the radio frequency / mi-
crowave workforce grow through deeper understand-
ing of the impacts of software, firmware, and algorithm
designs on communication link performance," he said.
"Through this ongoing, collaborative research project,
we are discovering how to use and deploy these tech-
nologies while giving the next generation of engineers
the technical skills needed to make the next leap."n
Next Generation Performance in
6G Networks with Digital Twins
Keysight Technologies Inc., Santa Rosa, Calif.

T
he rise of 6G introduces new performance
expectations and plans for outrunning 5G
technology in crucial metrics. A massive increase
in peak and experienced data rates accompanies
spectrum and network efficiency improvements,
along with better connection density and area traffic
capacity, latency, positioning accuracy, mobility,
energy efficiency, and reliability. Reaching these
performance breakthroughs (see Figure 1) will come
through addressing unprecedented system complexity
challenges across the entire 6G system architecture.
Artificial intelligence (AI) will play a significant role in
broader coordination between 6G layers and devices,
reacting to real-time dynamic channel and network be-
havior changes. Modeling will be challenging; accurate
system-level simulation will determine your needed AI
inference models. Though the final 6G specifications are
some years away, Keysight teams are researching 6G AI
solutions using today's tools and architectural knowl-
edge. In addition, 6G ecosystem participants can start
using these solutions, described in the next section, to
help them with exploration, decision-making, and archi-
tectural design efforts.
s Fig. 1 Comparing 5G performance to conservative and
COMPLEX PROCESSES TARGETED FOR AI ambitious 6G performance objectives.
AI research in 5G systems primarily targeted accel- could help seamlessly reconfigure multiple processes
erating core network functions using server-class AI across the 6G architecture to restore the user experi-
inference hardware and software. AI-powered features ence.
can optimize specific processes where many variables The 6G networks are complex systems extending
influence the outcome, and coding equations defining across many domains, with ample opportunities for inte-
behavior in every possible condition would be, at best, grating AI to boost device and network performance, as
complicated and time-consuming. shown in Figure 2. For example, terrestrial networks add
Advances in edge AI inference technology pave the edge intelligence and serve new UE types, including
way for adding AI capability in 6G user equipment (UE) many vehicles and Internet of Things (IoT) devices, be-
and gNodeB designs where size, weight, and power coming ultra-dense in many locales. Non-terrestrial net-
(SWaP) are crucial, potentially enabling devices and net- works (NTNs) take on a more prominent role, increasing
work elements to coordinate operations. When impair- coverage for far-flung rural and oceanic areas, augment-
ments arise that would otherwise reduce the expected ing coverage in the weak spots of terrestrial networks,
performance, AI-coordinated system management and providing transient coverage for disaster zones and

18
s Fig. 2 AI integration across 6G networks creates the potential for AI-coordinated system management.

3GPP Timeline and Evolution of Wireless Machine Learning

2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030

REL 19 REL 20 REL 21 REL 22
5G Advanced, AI/ML 5GA, 6G Study Items 5GA, 6G Normative Work 6G

First set of 6G spec

Rel 17,18 Rel 19, 20 Rel 21, 22

• AI-Powered optimization
• AI-Coordinated between device and • AI-Native Air Interface
• AI-based mmWave beam management
network • Device and network exchange
• AI-enhanced location tracking accuracy
• Device and cloud APIs work together control/input across all layers
• CSI Feedback Enhancement

s Fig. 3 Beyond Release 18, 3GPP specifications move from AI-coordinated to AI-native elements.
Figure 3. Beyond Release 18, 3GPP specifications move from AI-coordinated to AI-native elements
battlefields. Core networks learn and enhance real-time likely that AI will permeate all layers of the 6G network
configurations with improved routing, more efficient re- and introduce an AI-native air interface.
source deployment, and optimized dynamic spectrum AI is not magic, and challenges lie ahead in its inte-
control. gration into 6G. Each process within a 6G architecture
Air interface technologies like ultra-massive multiple- is complex enough when considered alone. Functional
input and multiple-output (MIMO) and intelligent re- RF domains and wireless network elements interacting1

flecting surfaces help punch signals through channels in
any condition.
Integrated (joint) sensing and communication (ISAC)
concepts leverage 6G's higher data transfer rates and
position accuracy, blending information from many de-
vices into a single data set.
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), stew-
ards of the specifications defining 5G and 6G, envi-
sion AI and machine learning techniques as crucial for
6G success. AI-powered elements began appearing in
3GPP Release 17 and expanded in the latest version,
Release 18, specifying 5G Advanced. Efforts to refine
5G Advanced and define 6G in Release 19 and Release
20 are underway, increasing the use of an AI-coordinat-
ed approach. Further ahead in Release 21 and 22, it is
in crossover behaviors increase the difficulty of model-
ing and real-time process adaptation. Robust AI training
and AI inference with computational speed and preci-
sion are essential for AI to deliver timely, actionable re-
sults, especially where coordination is essential.
Fortunately, all the required AI exploration for 6G can
occur in virtual space using the powerful system-level
modeling and simulation capability of Keysight System
Design and companion tools for waveform generation
and channel modeling. Getting accurate results means
simulations must simultaneously deal with all the cross-
over RF behaviors in all domains, using authentic modu-
lation and high-fidelity models with impairments faith-
fully represented.
19
 For complex 6G systems,
simulation with Keysight System
Design has a significant advan-
tage over physical measurements
alone. Real-time interactions are
likely so complex that comprehen-
sive physical system tests become
impractical, bordering on impos-
sible. Setting up persistent system
conditions for physical tests, for
instance, where NTN elements in
orbital motion participate in con-
nections, can be daunting. Accu-
rate simulation of waveforms and
signal processing elements pro-
vides control and observability of
systems in virtual space. Physical
measurements remain valuable
for verifying and refining models
in a "digital twin" approach.
s Fig. 4 Basic measurement-based approach for channel sounding.

Two 6G processes take prior-

ity for AI integration: channel es-
timation and channel state feed-
back. Both introduce complexity
unseen in 5G systems and layer
complex interactions in behavior.
If the channel behavior is poorly
understood and its anomalistic
behaviors go uncompensated in
real-time, 6G performance will
likely fall consistently short of ex-
pectations. Examining the chal-
lenges in these two processes and
AI approaches for each reveals
initial implementation directions.

CHANNEL ESTIMATION s Fig. 5 Process of channel estimation with supervised learning.

CHALLENGES
The stakes for accurate channel estimation in 6G go
significantly higher. Channel distortion and interference
directly impact error vector magnitude (EVM), a mea-
sure of how far points deviate from their theoretical posi-
tions in a digital modulation scheme. 5G uses 256-point
quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with a 16x16
constellation, specifying no more than 3.5% EVM. 6G
will likely apply higher-order complex modulation as the
4,096-point QAM found in Wi-Fi 7. These higher-order
modulation schemes help reach data throughput goals,
with a corresponding reduction in EVM tolerance.
Two challenges dominate dynamic channel behavior
concerning 6G:
• Higher carrier frequencies in the sub-THz range with
much shorter wavelengths than millimeter wave
(mmWave), 5G carriers are even more prone to prob-
lems with interference. Typical interferers include
weather or nearby emitters and propagation through
metallic, reinforced concrete, or stone building ma-
terials.
• UE mobility, notably on vehicles, trains, or aircraft,
plus the motion of NTN elements such as low-earth
orbit (LEO) satellites, shows up as variable signal fad-
ing and delays.
20
Measurement-based channel sounding (see Figure
4) produces a basic model as a starting point. Keysight
89600 Vector Signal Analysis (89600 VSA) software
transmits, acquires, and analyzes the pilot waveform.
The pilot need not be an ideal waveform but can rep-
resent expected impairments such as modeled channel
noise or interference. The model is a matrix of channel
coefficients applied to a signal, summed with noise, and
fitted using least squares or minimum mean squared er-
ror (MMSE) methods.
As one might guess, the model is as good as its pa-
rameters. Physically modeling and measuring multiple
sets of channel impairments can be time-consuming
and still not cover all the impairments that appear in a
real-world 6G system at all times and places, but mainly
randomly inserted nearby emitters.
Machine learning offers a path to continuous model
adaptation, which effectively trains on channels as im-
pairments appear and estimates model corrections. Fig-
ure 5 illustrates the process. A fundamental set of chan-
nel coefficients H from channel sounding measurements
transforms from new observations using one of several
AI channel estimators into a prediction H. Then, MMSE
is applied to minimize the loss function, and the process
repeats over time with more gathered observations.
 Real-world scenarios present
some challenges to deep learning.
Symbols are non-uniform in time
and frequency domains, leading
to neural network input features
varying in significance. Fading
and position inaccuracy worsen
the variation. Offline training can
overfit, making preprocessing be-
fore machine learning essential.
A more robust attention-based
estimator in Figure 6 improves
deep learning with fading in high-
mobility scenarios. A similar tech-
nique can pick out nearby emit-
ters and fine-tune predictions.
s Fig. 6 An attention-based estimator helps models generalize in scenarios with high
CHANNEL STATE FEEDBACK variation.
CHALLENGES
Massive MIMO is a significant
breakthrough in 5G systems, us-
ing multiple antenna elements to
group signal paths into a single
connection to a device. Typically,
a gNodeB has 64 beamforming
antenna elements, and a mas-
sive MIMO-enabled UE has eight.
UEs evaluate their channel per-
formance and provide channel
state feedback to a gNodeB. Un-
der good signal conditions, a UE
can effectively open eight beam-
shaped RF paths to the gNodeB,
maximizing data throughput.
Most UEs find the Channel State
Information (CSI) matrix for eight s Fig. 7 Increasing element counts in ultra-massive MIMO schemes increase the size of the
paths a manageable computing CSI feedback matrix.
problem.
Ultra-massive MIMO theoreti-
cally increases element counts in
the gNodeB and UE. More ele-
ments dramatically expand the
CSI matrix in the spatial-frequency s Fig. 8 Compressed sensing scheme for encoding and decoding of CSI feedback.
domain (see Figure 7). With lim-
ited resources, a fixed time win- similar coordination as AI integration in 6G system archi-
dow, and significant work remaining after processing tecture continues.
the CSI feedback, 6G architects watch perfect channel
estimation break down if it forces CSI feedback over- ARCHITECTING AI SOLUTIONS FOR 6G
head to grow unchecked. RESEARCH IN KEYSIGHT SYSTEM DESIGN
The CSI matrix is usually dense at lower carrier fre- Figure 10 shows a system-level signal chain overview
quencies — mostly or entirely populated with non-zero with AI-coordinated channel estimation and CSI feed-
elements. However, as frequencies move higher, such back; impairments other than additive white Gaussian
as into the sub-THz range for 6G, they become increas- noise (AWGN) could also apply.
ingly sparse, containing many zero elements. This con- Channel estimation and CSI feedback are more than
dition allows compression in the UE and decompression concepts. Keysight teams and academic researchers
in the gNodeB, as shown in Figure 8. around the globe are working on architecting AI solu-
With compressed sensing, unsupervised learning tions for 6G using tools available today, including new
using a two-sided model, where the UE and gNodeB AI-enabled system simulations for channel estimation
coordinate, creates AI pre- and post-processing for the and CSI feedback. Here is a quick overview of Keysight
CSI feedback (see Figure 9). A 3GPP study item defines RF Electronic Design Automation (EDA) tools for anyone
this two-sided approach for CSI feedback in more de- ready to work on integrating AI technology in 6G system
tail, and we can expect more processes to benefit from architecture:
21
• Keysight System Design is familiar to many system nents. It can import AI models developed in industry-
architects as the premier modeling and simulation standard formats, including ONNX, TensorFlow, and
tool for complex RF systems, modules, and compo- PyTorch via its ONNX file generation, into system
models for multi-domain analysis.
Add-on components extend sys-
tem design capabilities:
o The W4812B System De-
sign, 5G and Cellular bundle
is a complete 5G and cellular
communications system devel-
opment suite. It includes RF,
Comms / DSP, phased array
simulation blocks, the 5G and
Cellular Library, and the DPD
Design Kit.
o The W4522E 5G and Cel-
lular Library includes 5G NR
physical layer models, over-
the-air simulation for FR2
mmWave, a 3D MIMO chan-
nel, multi-antenna subsystems
incorporating user antenna
patterns, and reference mod-
s Fig. 9 Unsupervised learning in a two-sided model processes CSI feedback efficiently. eling blocks for the signal
chain's source, channel, and
receiver, adding 6G compo-
nents including channel esti-
mation and CSI feedback.
• PathWave Signal Generation
enables customization of certified
5G NR waveforms to create proxy
6G waveforms for research, sup-
porting calibrated signals with or
without impairments.
• F9860000A Channel Studio
enables the creation of dynamic
s Fig. 10 Signal chain from gNodeB (source) to UE (receiver) with AI coordination refining geometric channel models with
the channel model. capabilities including dynamic

s Fig. 11 Simulation results in Keysight System Design integrating an ONNX model in channel estimation.

22
s Fig. 12 Simulation results in Keysight System Design integrating an ONNX model for TransNet in CSI feedback.

s Fig. 13 Generative AI model applied to channel response in ultra-massive MIMO scenario.

mobile speed, multipath profile, range delay, and
gNodeB antenna correlation, mapping receiver and
transmitter locations with their kinematics in a virtual
environment.
Figure 11 shows the performance improvement in
Keysight System Design simulations for AI channel es-
timation, plotting block error rate versus signal-to-noise
ratio. Convolutional neural network-based channel esti-
mation has many advantages. For example, it can learn
complex, non-linear relationships between received sig-
nals and channel responses, potentially outperforming
traditional linear estimation techniques.
Similarly, Figure 12 shows Keysight System Design
results with AI-enabled CSI feedback. There are simu-
lations of the gNodeB transmitter, the channel model,
and the reference receiver. An autoencoder model inte-
grates into the feedback loop, taking the precoding ma-
trix as input and producing a compressed version as out-
put back to the gNodeB. Singular value decomposition
generates the precoding matrix at the receiver, and then
the matrix serves as feedback and multiplies the data
symbols before transmission. Using the TransNet-based
machine learning architecture, cases with compression
ratios of 1/4 and 1/8 perform similarly compared to the
scenario with perfect CSI feedback.
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) are also im-
plementable using machine learning techniques. These
depart from traditional analytical models, generating

23
 Four Pillars of Technology Shaping 6G
Keysight shapes the future of 6G and pushes the boundaries of technological development in four crucial ways:

New Spectrum Technologies
• 6G requires higher frequencies to reach its full potential
and will use the sub-terahertz (100–300 GHz) and terahertz
(up to 1 THz) bands.
• Higher frequencies might demand a shift to new waveforms,
like orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) or scrambled
code multiple access (SCMA).
• Solutions like massive multiple input and multiple output
(MIMO) and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) will
evolve and make the most out of the terahertz band,
maximizing 6G capabilities.
• Full duplex transmission, which can double network capacity,
was not ready for 5G but will help 6G process heavy data traffic.
AI & ML Networks
• With the growing virtualization of networks,
artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML)
will underlie every step of telecommunication.
• Unlike 5G, 6G networks will have AI and ML
integrated from the start.
• AI and ML will play a central role in spectrum
management, security, radio access network (RAN)
planning, network automation, and much more.
• AI and ML will help increase the network
performance by making it more intelligent and
efficient.
Digital Twins
• Creating a virtual replica of anything — from
networks to cities — will revolutionize how the
world tests and measures.
• Assisted by AI and ML, digital twins allow for
zero-risk environments for testing.
• Digital twins reduce expenses by identifying
optimal performance and providing a low-cost test
environment — no need for prototyping.
• Digital twins can also be applied to gaming,
entertainment, and education, creating “phygital”
experiences.
New Network Architectures
• Forthcoming 6G networks will rely on open, scalable,
and virtual networks working together.
• Non-terrestrial networks promise to maximize
the 6G range and deliver signals to underserved
communities.
• Private networks will provide industry and internet of
things (IoT) connectivity.
• Time sensitive networks will ensure reliability as 6G
operators accurately determine the network’s latency.

4
1 2 3

Discover more about 6G innovation with Keysight start here and learn how Keysight is helping reinforce the pillars of 6G.
Keysight enables innovators to push the boundaries of engineering by quickly solving design, emulation, and test challenges to deliver tomorrow’s technologies.

s Fig. 14 AI and machine learning play a more prominent role in 6G.

synthetic channel data based on the training dataset, duces the same results as hardware. The effect is a shift
enabling customization for specific scenarios or envi- left, in which it is already possible to integrate AI tech-
ronments. GANs train on actual channel data, allowing nology in 6G system architecture before future 3GPP
them to learn and reproduce complex channel charac- specification releases. The 6G architecture can adapt to
teristics and variations. Figure 13 shows simulation re- changes as specifications evolve. n
sults using a 3GPP model. GAN-based channel models
are a recent development, and their adoption is increas- For more information on these Keysight RF EDA
ing in research and development for wireless communi- solutions, please visit:
cation and beyond. What's New in RF System Design and Simulation |
AI technology appears in Figure 14 as one of four
Keysight
major technologies shaping 6G. Simulations in Keysight
System Design show strong possibilities for improved Keysight RF System Design Product Overview
performance and reduced computing burden compared W4812B RF System Design, 5G and Cellular Bundle
with conventional techniques. Success with channel es-
timation and CSI feedback indicates similar AI-enabled W4522E 5G and Cellular Library
approaches can apply to other signal chain pieces. PathWave Signal Generation
While 6G waveforms and channel models continue to
develop, Keysight System Design, its 5G libraries, and F9860000A Channel Studio
companion tools are here now for research and explora- PathWave Vector Signal Analysis (89600 VSA)
tion. Engineering using digital twins carries the confi-
dence that unified Keysight measurement science pro- Test the Future of Wireless Technology | Keysight

24
A Sub-Terahertz MIMO Testbed
for 6G Research
Greg Jue
Keysight Technologies, Santa Rosa, Calif.
6
G aims to be the first generation of wireless tech-
nology to improve the quality of human life by
bridging the physical, digital and human worlds.
Accomplishing this will mean adding artificial in-
telligence to networks to make them more efficient and
building high-fidelity digital twins. It will also require
building upon network architectures like non-terrestrial
networks and highly virtualized disaggregated networks
that began in 5G and expanding spectrum use.
For 6G to meet these goals, the spectrum allotted for
wireless communications must be used more efficiently
and new spectrum must be studied. Without expanding
into new spectrum bands, it will be impossible to meet
the high data throughput and volume needs of applica-
tions like immersive telepresence, virtual reality and ex-
tended reality. There are three fundamental approaches
to achieving high data throughput.
One approach involves using higher-order modula-
tion schemes such as 64-QAM to increase the number
of bits transmitted for each symbol. Given a fixed and
finite spectrum bandwidth, increasing the modulation
order from QPSK, which transmits two bits for each sym-
bol to 64-QAM, which transmits six bits for each symbol
would increase the data throughput by a factor of three
if channel conditions and radio performance allow. A 1
GHz QPSK symbol rate would result in a 2 Gbps theo-
retical raw calculated data throughput without forward
error correction (FEC) coding rate redundancy. However,
increasing the modulation order to 64-QAM would re-
sult in a 6 Gbps data throughput, while using the same
spectrum-occupied bandwidth.
The second approach uses more spectrum bandwidth
and increases data throughput by using a higher symbol
rate. For example, with the 1 GHz symbol rate, the oc-
cupied channel bandwidth is approximately 1.22 GHz,
assuming a 0.22 root-raised cosine filter alpha or excess
bandwidth. Increasing the symbol rate by a factor of 10
to 10 GHz would increase the QPSK data throughput
www.mwjournal.com/articles/41448
25
to 20 Gbps but would use a much wider swath of spec-
trum, approximately 12.2 GHz. However, increasing the
modulation order as the symbol rates and modulation
bandwidths increase becomes more challenging due to
reduced signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio, greater amplitude
and phase impairments and other technical challenges.
A third approach transmits multiple and indepen-
dent streams of data using multiple antenna techniques
such as MIMO. MIMO exploits radio channel complex-
ity and simultaneously transmits and receives multiple
and independent data streams for higher data through-
put. The data throughput can be increased using 2 × 2
MIMO for the 1 GHz QPSK symbol rate by transmitting
two streams of data simultaneously. The actual increase,
however, would depend on the channel conditions and
system overhead so this will increase the data through-
put but not necessarily double it.
The second approach of using a large swath of spec-
trum bandwidth was previously explored and published
in a Microwave Journal article1 demonstrating a quasi-
optic over-the-air (OTA) transmission at 285 GHz with
30 GHz bandwidth. 30 GHz occupied bandwidth cor-
responds to a bandwidth where data throughput can
exceed 100 Gbps for a single stream of data.2 The data
throughput for the quasioptic OTA transmission was cal-
culated to be 97 Gbps without FEC coding rate redun-
dancy using an 802.15.3d frame structure.
This article will explore and discuss the third approach
of using sub-terahertz (THz) MIMO to exceed 100 Gbps.
A sub-THz MIMO testbed for 6G research demonstrates
simultaneous 2 × 2 MIMO at D-Band (142 GHz) and H/J-
Band (285 GHz). These two sub-THz frequency bands
were selected to show feasibility in two key frequency
bands of interest for 6G high data throughput. The to-
tal theoretical data throughput across all four channels
is calculated to be approximately 126 Gbps for custom
orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
waveforms with a 16-QAM modulation order, transmit-
ting OTA and using a 12.5 GHz occupied bandwidth for
each signal.
SUB-THZ MIMO TESTBED FOR 6G RESEARCH
Figure 1 shows a sub-THz MIMO testbed that can
be used for 6G research. An M8199A 128 GSa/s four-
channel AWG generates wide bandwidth modulated IF
signals. The M8199A AWG has an analog 3 dB band-
width of 65 GHz. Channels 1 and 2 of the AWG gener-
ate wide bandwidth modulated IF signals centered at
11 GHz that are input into the Virginia Diodes Inc. (VDI)
compact WR6.5 dual up-converter inputs on the top left
of the four VDI converters shown in Figure 1. Channels 3
and 4 of the AWG generate wide bandwidth modulated
IF signals centered at 16 GHz. These signals are input
into the VDI compact WR3.4 dual up-converter inputs
on the bottom left of the four VDI converters.
An M9384B VXG dual-channel microwave signal gen-
erator generates two different local oscillator (LO) sig-
nals for the VDI compact dual up-converters and dual
down-converters. Channel 1 of the VXG generates a
25.5 GHz CW LO signal, which is power split with an ex-
ternal power splitter to provide LO signals for the WR6.5
dual up-converter on the top left and the dual down-
converter on the top right of the four VDI converters.
Channel 2 of the VXG generates a 22.4166 GHz CW
LO signal which is power split with an external power
splitter to provide the LO signals for the WR3.4 dual up-
converter on the bottom left and dual down-converter
on the bottom right of the four VDI converters shown in
Figure 1. The LO signals are internally multiplied with-
in the VDI WR.6.5 dual converters by a factor of six to
yield a high-side LO signal of 153 GHz and a factor of
12 within the WR3.4 dual converters to yield a low-side
LO signal of 269 GHz.
The two 11 GHz wide bandwidth modulated IF sig-
nals are up-converted to 142 GHz by the WR6.5 dual
up-converter on the top left. The two D-Band output
waveguide ports have orthogonal polarization, with
one output horizontally polarized and the other output
vertically polarized. VDI waveguide bandpass filters are
used to filter out the undesired upper sideband signals
and LO feedthrough signals and pass the desired lower
sideband signals of 142 GHz (153 GHz LO - 11 GHz IF =
142 GHz). The 142 GHz signals are amplified with a VDI
WR6.5 waveguide amplifier and transmitted OTA with
two WR6.5 rectangular horn antennas. On the receive
side, the 142 GHz signals from the two receive WR6.5
rectangular horn antennas are down-converted to two
11 GHz IF signals by the WR6.5 dual down-converter
shown on the top right.
The two 16 GHz wide bandwidth modulated IF sig-
nals are up-converted to 285 GHz with the WR3.4 dual
up-converter shown on the bottom left of Figure 1. The
two H/J-Band outputs have orthogonal polarization, with
one output horizontally polarized and the other output
vertically polarized. VDI waveguide highpass filters are
used to filter out the undesired lower sideband signals
and LO feedthrough signals and pass the desired upper
sideband signals (269 GHz LO + 16 GHz IF = 285 GHz).
A higher IF frequency of 16 GHz is used, instead of the
11 GHz used for 142 GHz, to provide more rejection of
26
s Fig. 1 Simultaneous 2 x 2 sub-THz MIMO OTA transmission
at D-Band and H/J-Band.
the LO feedthrough and undesired lower sideband sig-
nal (269 GHz LO – 16 GHz IF = 253 GHz) with the high-
pass filter. The 285 GHz signals are amplified with a VDI
WR3.4 waveguide amplifier and transmitted OTA with
two WR3.4 diagonal horn antennas. On the receive side,
the 285 GHz signals from the two receive WR3.4 diago-
nal horn antennas are down-converted to two 16 GHz
IF signals with the WR3.4 dual down-converter shown in
the bottom right.
The waveguide slot orientations for the WR6.5 and
WR3.4 dual up-converters and dual down-converters
are aligned to provide the correct horizontal or vertical
polarization when the dual up-converter and down-con-
verter waveguide ports are facing each other, as they are
in Figure 1. This can be seen in the width, height and
orientation of the four WR6.5 rectangular horn anten-
nas facing each other since the width and height dimen-
sions are different. This is more difficult to observe with
the WR3.4 diagonal horn antennas since the width and
height dimensions are the same.
The two 11 GHz wide bandwidth modulated IF sig-
nals from the WR6.5 dual down-converter and the two
16 GHz wide bandwidth modulated IF signals from the
WR3.4 dual down-converter are input into channels 1
and 3 and channels 2 and 4 of the 33 GHz UXR four-
channel real-time oscilloscope to digitize and analyze
the MIMO wide bandwidth IF signals. The 33 GHz UXR
has a 128 GSa/s sample rate on all four channels.
MIMO TESTBED SIGNAL GENERATION
SOFTWARE
Keysight’s N7068C Signal Studio Pro for Custom
Modulation and N7618APPC PathWave Signal Genera-
tion Advanced Waveform Utility (PWSG AWU) are used
to generate and download the custom OFDM wave-
forms to the M8199A AWG. The symbol index, subcar-
rier index, resource modulation order (QPSK, 16-QAM)
and payload PN sequences can be specified for data
and DMRS resource blocks using N7068C Signal Studio
Pro for Custom Modulation shown in Figure 2. The sys-
tem sample frequency is set to 16 GHz and over-sam-
pled by two to 32 GHz before exporting the .csv files.
PWSG AWU in Figure 3 imports the .csv files and
up-samples the waveforms to download them to the
M8199A AWG using IF frequencies of 11 GHz for chan-
nels 1 and 2 and 16 GHz for channels 3 and 4.
The waveforms downloaded to the M8199A for the
MIMO measurements are ideal. However, wideband
channel flatness performance may not meet the test
requirements when waveforms are played from real
hardware. PWSG AWU provides a pre-correction wiz-
ard to automate correction filter file generation using
PathWave 89600 vector signal analysis (VSA) software,
s Fig. 2 N7608C custom OFDM MIMO signals.
s Fig. 3N7618APPC PathWave Signal Generation Advanced
Waveform Utility display.
s Fig. 4 Applying precoding in N7618APPC PathWave Signal
Generation Advanced Waveform Utility.
27
which can be useful for very wide bandwidth signals at
sub-THz frequencies. This pre-correction occurs by digi-
tizing the waveforms with the UXR and then applying
the reverse of the channel response from the VSA to the
waveform. Users can download the waveform applied
with the correction filter file to M8199A or export it to a
new waveform file.
Precoding could also have been applied in the PWSG
AWU software to help maximize data throughput for non-
LOS scenarios. Consider the precoding matrix shown in
Figure 4 for example. The two pre-coded waveforms can
be generated with the phase setup shown after the two
MIMO waveforms are imported as two carriers, assuming
that different payload bits are used for the two waveform
setups. However, the custom OFDM waveforms for this
demonstration were directly mapped to the antennas and
not pre-coded. Waveguide horizontal and vertical polar-
ization were used to separate the MIMO streams of data,
which was sufficient for this LOS application.
MIMO TESTBED SIGNAL ANALYSIS SOFTWARE
PathWave 89600 VSA software is used to analyze and
demodulate the four digitized IF signals from the UXR os-
cilloscope. A custom channel configuration is set up in
the VSA to map the UXR input channels to logical chan-
nels and VSA measurement channels shown in Figure 5.
UXR physical channels 1 and 3 correspond to the WR6.5
dual down-converter IF outputs. These are mapped to
VSA Meas01 channels 1 and 2. UXR physical channels 2
and 4 correspond to the WR3.4 dual down-converter IF
outputs. These are mapped to VSA Meas02 channels 1
and 2. Meas01 is the D-Band MIMO demodulation mea-
surement and Meas02 is the H/J-Band MIMO demodu-
lation measurement. The VSA measurement acquisition
mode is set to acquire Meas01 and Meas02 simultane-
ously and not sequenced. VSA multi-measurement is set
up to process and display multiple MIMO measurements
(Meas01 and Meas02) concurrently.
For the VSA demodulation setup, the 89600 VSA setup
files are exported from N7068C Signal Studio Pro for Cus-
tom Modulation with the OFDM setup parameters speci-
fied previously for signal generation. These parameters
include, for example, symbol index, subcarrier index, re-
source modulation order and payload PN sequences for
DMRS resource blocks. Equalizer and tracking parameters
are set in the VSA software for the physical testbed mea-
surement, for example, least squares equalizer averaging
mode.
VSA demodulation of the simultaneous 2 × 2 cus-
tom OFDM MIMO signals at 142 GHz and 285 GHz is
shown in Figure 6. Two PSG signal generators with op-
tion UNY were used for the two LO signals, instead of
the VXG dual-channel signal generator shown in Figure
1. In addition, a four-channel 110 GHz UXR was used
instead of the 33
GHz UXR. Pre-
corrections were
applied with
PWSG AWU for
the waveguide-
to-waveguide
connected signal
path including s Fig. 5 VSA channel configuration.
the AWG, VDI dual up-converters, VDI filters, VDI dual
down-converters and UXR. The VDI amplifiers and horn
antennas were not included in the pre-corrections.
The 142 GHz MIMO demodulation results are shown
on the left of Figure 6 and the 285 GHz MIMO demodu-
lation results are shown on the right of Figure 6. The
16-QAM constellation and OFDM error summary tables
are shown on the top row of the display in Figure 6 for
142 GHz (left) and 285 GHz (right). The four spectrum
measurements are shown in the middle row for 142
GHz channels 1 and 2 (left two spectrums) and 285 GHz
channels 1 and 2 (right two spectrums). The measured
occupied bandwidths of each of the four spectrum mea-
surements are shown at the bottom of the VSA display
in Figure 6. The occupied bandwidths are measured to
be approximately 12.5 GHz for each of the four sub-THz
signals.
For simultaneous 2 × 2 custom OFDM MIMO sig-
nals at 142 GHz and 285 GHz, the total theoretical data
throughput across all four channels is calculated to be
approximately 126 Gbps for a 16-QAM modulation or-
der. Although a specific MIMO configuration is shown in
this example for demonstration purposes, the testbed is
flexible for emerging sub-THz MIMO research. The flex-
ibility of software combined with flexible multichannel
instruments in this testbed can be used to research and
explore candidate 6G MIMO waveforms and to evalu-
ate their performance for various MIMO configurations
at different frequencies and bandwidths.
SUMMARY
Using sub-THz MIMO to transmit multiple independent
streams of data using multiple antenna techniques is one
approach for achieving 100 Gbps data throughput for 6G.
Alternatively, or additionally, using extreme SISO transmis-
sion bandwidths, such as 30 GHz bandwidth at 285 GHz,
is another approach for achieving 100 Gbps. The sub-THz
MIMO testbed for 6G research discussed in this article dem-
onstrates an example of using sub-THz MIMO to exceed
100 Gbps.
Simultaneous 2 × 2 MIMO at D-Band (142 GHz) and
H/J-Band (285 GHz) is demonstrated using VDI com-
pact WR6.5 and WR3.4 dual up-converters and dual
28
s Fig. 6Display of VSA demodulation of custom OFDM
MIMO signals.
down-converters with horizontal and vertical polariza-
tion. The total theoretical data throughput across all
four channels is calculated to be approximately 126
Gbps for a 16-QAM modulation order. These data
rates were obtained while transmitting OTA and us-
ing a 12.5 GHz occupied bandwidth for each signal.
Custom OFDM MIMO waveforms were generated
and analyzed using flexible signal generation and analy-
sis software for candidate 6G waveform research. Pre-
coding could have also been applied using signal gen-
eration software. Combining flexible signal generation
and analysis software with flexible multichannel high
performance AWGs, multichannel microwave sourc-
es, multichannel high performance oscilloscopes and
VDI compact dual up-converters and down-converters
provides a high performance and flexible testbed for
emerging sub-THz 6G MIMO research.n
References
1. “A Quasioptic OTA Transmission at 285 GHz with 30 GHz Band-
width,” Keysight, 2022, Web: https://www.microwavejournal.
com/articles/39772-a-quasioptic-ota-transmission-at-285-ghz-
with-30-ghz-bandwidth.
2. “6G: Going Beyond 100 Gbps 1o 1 Tbps,” Keysight, 2021,
Web: https://www.keysight.com/zz/en/assets/7121-1152/white-
papers/6G-Going-Beyond-100-Gbps-to-1-Tbps.pdf.
Next-Generation Terabit Wireless
Communication: Advancements
Beyond 6G
V. Manimala
Builders Engineering College, Tamil Nadu, India
Dr. N. Gunavathi
National Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India

A
s the demand for faster wireless communica- being done in this area, this article provides valuable in-
tion continues to escalate, the advancement sights into the future of terabit wireless communication
of next-generation terabit wireless communi- beyond 6G and offers a foundation for further research
cation technologies has become a prominent in this field.
area of research. This article explores the advancements Terabit wireless communication represents a
and challenges that lie beyond 6G, aiming to achieve paradigm shift in wireless connectivity, enabling
terabit data rates in wireless networks. It presents key transformative applications and services that de-
technological innovations, including advanced modula- mand extraordinary data rates. While the realiza-
tion schemes, ultra-dense networks, mmWave and tera- tion of terabit wireless communication is still in the
hertz communication, massive MIMO (mMIMO) and in- research and development stage, advancements
telligent beamforming techniques. To do this, emerging in technologies such as mmWave communications,
technologies such as optical wireless communication, mMIMO, beamforming and intelligent network man-
visible light communication and novel spectrum utiliza- agement are paving the way for this exciting future of
tion techniques were studied. The article also addresses wireless communication.1 Figure 1 shows the concepts
the fundamental challenges associated with terabit wire- of spectrum administration, antenna systems and their
less communication, including channel capacity, energy beamforming techniques, along with the fusion of ad-
efficiency, security and interference management. By ditional technologies that will facilitate 6G for THz com-
presenting an overview of the advancements and po- munication.
tential solutions, along with some of the reference work

MC-Enabled THzCom
Absorption Coefficient Values (m–1)

12
THz Transmission THz Absorption Coefficient
Windows (THz TWs) Peak Regions (THz ACPRs)
Graphene Antennas Simultaneous
8 Connections

.. ..
Beamformer

4 RF
DAC

.. Chain . Blocked Link

Digital
Data

. RF
DAC

Chain RIS Blocking Human

0
0.40 0.65 0.90 1.05
Frequency (THz) Beamformers RIS-Assisted THzCom
THz Spectrum Management THz Antenna Arrays 6G-Enabling Technologies for THzCom

s Fig. 1 Three pivotal areas for the development of end-to-end THz communications systems.1

www.mwjournal.com/articles/41089
29
THOUGHTS FROM THE BROADER TECHNICAL
COMMUNITY
The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of optical wireless
communications or visible light communications sys-
tems is increased by utilizing silicon photomultipliers
(SiPMs) in the receiver.2 SiPMs are highly sensitive light
detectors that can detect single photons with high effi-
ciency. They are based on silicon avalanche photodiode
(APD) technology and can achieve low noise levels and
high gain. By using SiPMs in the receiver, the system
can capture and amplify weak optical signals more ef-
fectively, leading to an improved SNR. The higher SNR
obtained with SiPMs can help reduce the bit error rate of
the system. “Terabit Indoor Laser-Based Wireless Com-
munications: LiFi 2.0 for 6G”3 gives a detailed exami-
nation of the necessary technologies to create indoor
wireless networks powered by lasers that can achieve
data rates in the terabit per second range. This data rate
is considered to be a key performance indicator for 6G
wireless communication.
Another cited reference, “Precoding and Beam-
forming Techniques in mmWave-Massive MIMO: Per-
formance Assessment”4, focuses on the integration of
mMIMO with mmWave frequency bands to achieve the
design goals of 5G wireless communication systems that
will serve as stepping stones to 6G and beyond. The
integration of mmWave communications with mMIMO
offers several advantages, including improved spectral
and energy efficiency, enhanced mobile network capac-
ity and significant increases in multiplexing gains. These
benefits are crucial for meeting the requirements of 5G
networks. The utilization of a single-cell downlink mMI-
MO system model facilitates the assessment and evalu-
ation of the efficacy of mMIMO systems. A diagram of a
mMIMO system is shown in Figure 2.
“Demo: AI-Engine Enabled Intelligent Manage-
ment in B5G/6G Networks”5 showcases an artificial
intelligence (AI) engine that incorporates multiple AI
algorithms and demonstrates its potential in manag-
ing the life cycle of network slices. The AI engine solu-
tion is designed to be distributed, meaning that it can
be deployed across multiple locations or devices. This
distributed deployment allows the AI engine to offer
customized machine learning (ML) models that are spe-
cifically designed for different use cases. The availability
of a variety of ML models enables the AI engine to fa-
cilitate data analysis of network functions and intelligent
applications at the edge cloud. The edge cloud refers
to computing resources and services deployed closer to
the network edge, enabling faster processing and re-
duced latency.
One of the key features of this solution is its ability
to dynamically allocate computing resources to each
distributed component of the AI engine. This resource
allocation capability facilitates intelligent network man-
agement by allowing the system to adapt the allocation
based on the requirements of each component. This
flexibility enables efficient utilization of computing re-
sources and ensures optimal performance for intelligent
network management tasks.
30
User 1
Data Stream 1
User 2
Data Stream 2
Data Stream 1 1
User K
2 Data Stream K
Data Stream 2 ..
.
Data Stream K
M
Precoding
Base Station
s Fig. 2 Massive MIMO system model.4
IMPORTANT AREAS OF CONSIDERATION FOR
TERABIT WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
Data rate advancements: Terabit wireless commu-
nication represents a significant leap in data rates com-
pared to current wireless technologies. It enables faster
transmission of large volumes of data to facilitate things
like real-time streaming of high-resolution videos, im-
mersive virtual reality experiences and rapid data trans-
fer for applications like autonomous vehicles and smart
cities.
Spectrum utilization: To achieve terabit data rates,
efficient utilization of the RF spectrum is essential. Ad-
vanced modulation schemes are employed to maximize
spectral efficiency and enable higher data rates within
the available frequency bands.
mMIMO and beamforming: mMIMO systems,
equipped with multiple antennas, play a crucial role
in achieving terabit wireless communication. mMIMO,
combined with advanced beamforming techniques, al-
lows for spatial multiplexing, improved link reliability
and interference mitigation. These techniques will all
contribute to higher data rates and overall system ca-
pacity.
Intelligent network management: Terabit wireless
communication necessitates intelligent network man-
agement techniques. AI and ML algorithms are em-
ployed for dynamic resource allocation, interference
management and efficient utilization of network re-
sources. Intelligent algorithms adapt to varying channel
conditions and user demands, ensuring optimal perfor-
mance and data rate delivery.
Fiber-like experience: Terabit wireless communica-
tion aims to deliver a fiber-like experience over wire-
less networks. These high data rates enable users to
experience seamless connectivity, fast downloads and
low latency connections, similar to or exceeding the
performance of wired fiber-optic networks.
Backhaul and infrastructure: Achieving terabit wire-
less communication requires robust backhaul infrastruc-
ture. Fiber-optic links and high capacity microwave links
serve as the backbone for carrying the massive data traf-
fic generated by terabit wireless networks. Upgrading
and expanding the network infrastructure is crucial to
support the high speed and high capacity demands.
BEYOND 6G GOALS AND TRENDS FOR BEYOND 6G
New generations of wireless communications get COMMUNICATION
developed and deployed with a surprisingly repeti- Terabit and petabit data rates: Beyond 6G aims to
tive cadence. If the industry is working on 6G, the next achieve even higher data rates compared to 6G. Tera-
generation is not far behind. “Beyond 6G” in the title bit per second (Tbps) and petabit per second (Pbps)
of this article refers to the future evolution of wireless data rates are envisioned to support the growing de-
communication technologies beyond the evolving 6G mand for high speed communication, enabling applica-
standard. While 6G is still in the early stages of develop- tions like real-time 8K/16K video streaming, holographic
ment, researchers and industry experts are already en- communication and immersive virtual and augmented
visioning the possibilities and potential features of com- reality experiences. The article “Petabit-per-second
munication systems that would go beyond 6G. “6G and Data Transmission using a Chip-scale Microcomb Ring
Beyond: The Future of Wireless Communications Sys- Resonator Source”8 showcases 1.84 Pbps transmission
tems”6 explores the applications of enabling techniques rates over a 37-core, 7.9 km fiber using 223 wavelength
and recent advancements in 6G. It highlights various channels derived from a single microcomb ring resona-
use cases, identifies open problems and proposes po- tor. This resonator generates a stabilized dark-pulse Kerr
tential solutions. Additionally, it provides a development frequency comb. Additionally, the theoretical analysis
timeline that outlines global efforts in the realization of suggests that a solitary, chip-scale light source has the
6G wireless technology. The paper extensively discusses
the potential impact of emerging technologies such as Cell-Free
Massive MIMO
the Internet of NanoThings, the Internet of BioNanoTh- Communications
Terahertz Band
Communications
ings and quantum communications on the field of wire- (Section X) (Section III)
less communications. These innovative technologies Internet of Space
Things with Intelligent
are considered promising in their early stages and have CubeSats and UAVs Communication
the potential to bring about substantial advancements (Section IX) Environments
(Section IV)
in wireless communication systems. Figure 3 shows Ambient
Pervasive Artificial
several crucial technology enablers that need to be ad- Backscatter
Communications Intelligence
dressed to accomplish the objectives of the networks (Section V)
that will evolve from 6G.
(Section VIII)
6G
Reconfigurable B6G Network
6G will enable a multitude of critical use cases, en- Front-Ends/Dynamic Automation
Spectrum Access
compassing a wide range of essential applications and (Section VII)
(Section VI)
services with some shown in Figure 4. “5G, 6G, and Quantum Internet of
Beyond: Recent Advances and Future Challenges”7 de- Communications BioNano Things
(Section XI.C) (Section XI.A)
scribes some of the latest advances and developments Internet of
BioNano Things
in 5G, 6G and beyond 6G systems. The article provides (Section XI.B)
an in-depth investigation into the key technological en-
ablers and use cases associated with these advanced s Fig. 3 Key enabling technologies envisioned for 6G and
wireless networks. beyond wireless communications systems.6

s Fig. 4 Use cases best served by 6G systems.6

31
potential to support data transmission
systems with massively parallel space-
and wavelength-multiplexing at a rate
of 100 Pbps. BCI and AI Smart
Hospital
Intelligent and cognitive net-
works: Beyond 6G will further lever- 5H
u
age AI and ML techniques to create Sen man
ses
intelligent and cognitive networks.
Virtual
These networks will be capable of Reality SDN
self-optimization, self-healing and Network
self-adaptation to dynamically chang- Smart Home
ing network conditions, user require- FSO Network Smart Roads Smart Cities
ments and traffic patterns. “Sixth Gen-
eration (6G) Cognitive Radio Network Autonomous
Underwater Cars/Vehicles
(CRN) Application, Requirements, Communication
Security Issues, and Key Challenges”9
provides an overview of the forthcom- s Fig. 5 A possible scenario for 6G CR network communication.9
ing generation of cognitive radio (CR)
network communication. It discusses
the mandatory cases for its evolu- Tbps for Immersive User Experience
tion, highlights the present technol-
ogy improvement efforts and presents
a detailed perspective on the future
advancements in this field. Figure 5
shows a potential scenario for using Intelligence-Aware
Orbital Angular Momentum
6G CR in data transmission networks. THz Communications Cell-Free Massive MIMO

Enhanced spectrum utilization: Zero Coverage-Hole Network Intelligent Pervasive Computing

Beyond 6G will explore innovative
spectrum utilization techniques to ad-
dress the growing spectrum scarcity.
This may involve leveraging higher fre-
quency bands, such as the THz range,
as well as developing advanced spec- Boundless Non-Terrestrial Networks
trum-sharing mechanisms to efficiently
allocate and utilize the available spec-
trum resources. “Beyond 5G: Big Data
Processing for Better Spectrum Utiliza- Intelligent Reflecting Surface
tion”10 highlights the immense poten-
tial of big data processing in enabling s Fig. 6 Vision of 6G hyperconnectivity.11
advanced user- and situation-oriented
resource utilization in future wireless networks. Specifi-
cally, it explores the utilization of detailed and content-
rich maps and records known as Radio Service Maps to
unlock spectrum opportunities in 6G networks.
Seamless integration of physical and virtual worlds:
Beyond 6G aims to close the divide between the physi-
cal and virtual realms, enabling seamless integration of
digital information and physical environments. This may
involve advancements in the IoT, cyber-physical sys-
tems, edge computing and the tactile Internet to cre-
ate a highly interactive and immersive communication
experience.
Ubiquitous and hyperconnected networks: Beyond
6G envisions hyperconnected networks that seamlessly
integrate various communication technologies, includ-
ing terrestrial networks, satellite networks, aerial plat-
forms and even space-based communication systems.
These networks will provide ubiquitous connectivity, en-
abling seamless communication anytime and anywhere.
“Towards 6G Hyper-Connectivity: Vision, Challenges,
and Key Enabling Technologies”11 provides an overview
Over-the-Air Distributed Computing
Scalable Deep Learning
and analysis of the hyperconnected architecture of 6G
networks, highlighting its key components, addressing
the current challenges and exploring potential areas
for future research and development. The fundamental
principles of hyperconnectivity in 6G are visually depict-
ed in Figure 6.
Quantum communication: Beyond 6G may incorpo-
rate quantum communication technologies, harnessing
the principles of quantum mechanics to provide secure
and fast communications. Quantum key distribution
(QKD) and quantum teleportation are potential appli-
cations that could enhance security and enable new
communication paradigms. As cellular systems progress
from 5G to 6G, there has been significant advancement
in quantum information technology (QIT), particularly
in quantum communications and quantum computing.
QKD, for instance, can strengthen 6G security by en-
abling secure quantum communications. “Quantum-
Enabled 6G Wireless Networks: Opportunities and
Challenges”12 offers a technology-driven and forward-
thinking depiction and investigation of how QIT can be
harnessed for the advancement of future 6G wireless

32
 Quantum Space Information Network (qSIN) Physical Channel with Quantum
Quantum Capability Computer
Geo
Satellites Quantum-Enabled Core Network (qCN)

Meo
Quantum-Assisted Wireless AI (qWAI)
Satellites

Quantum-Enabled Edge Networks (qEdge)

QML1 QML2 QML3

Leo
Satellites
Quantum-Assisted Data Centers Quantum-Assisted Blockchain
(qDC) (qChain)
Blockchain Blockchain
Node 1 Node 3

Quantum-Assisted Radio Access Network (qRAN) Blockchain

Node 2
Radio Distribution Central
Unit Unit Unit Quantum Capabilities as a Service (QaaS)

CPE

s Fig. 7 A possible quantum-enabled 6G system.12

networks. Figure 7 illustrates a quantum-enabled 6G tremendous promise for revolutionizing the ways to con-
system, where QIT is exploited to realize new 6G func- nect, communicate and experience the digital world.
tionalities and services. The realization of terabit wireless communication will
Green and sustainable networks: Energy efficiency bring all closer to a fully connected world where data
and sustainability will continue to be important consid- flows seamlessly, enabling new possibilities and trans-
erations in beyond 6G networks. Energy-efficient hard- formative applications across various sectors.n
ware designs, renewable energy integration and intel-
ligent power management techniques will be employed References
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Wireless Networks: Challenges, Key Advancements, and
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role of AI in this context. It highlights the advantages of 2. W. Matthews and S. Collins, “A Roadmap For Gigabit
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ergy requirements for AI training and inference. Sensors, Vol. 23, No. 3, Jan. 2023, Web: https://doi.
org/10.3390/s23031101.
Social and economic impact: Beyond 6G will not only 3. M. Dehghani Soltani et al., “Terabit Indoor Laser-Based
focus on technological advancements but also consider Wireless Communications: LiFi 2.0 for 6G,“ Web: https://
the social and economic impact of communication sys- arxiv.org/pdf/2206.10532.pdf.
tems. This includes addressing the digital divide, foster- 4. T. Kebede, Y. Wondie and J. Steinbrunn, “Precoding and
Beamforming Techniques in mmWave-Massive MIMO:
ing inclusivity and leveraging wireless communication
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technologies to drive economic growth, innovation and 5. H. Zhang, W. Guan, D. Wang and Q. Song, “Demo: Ai-
social development. Engine Enabled Intelligent Management In B5G/6G Net-
works,” IEEE International Conference on Communica-
CONCLUSION tions Workshops, 2022.
While specific standards and technologies for beyond 6. I. F. Akyildiz, A. Kak and S. Nie, “6G and Beyond: The Fu-
6G are yet to be defined, this article and its references ture of Wireless Communications Systems,” IEEE Access,
provide a glimpse into the potential directions and as- Vol. 8, pp. 133995–134030, 2020.
pirations for future wireless communication systems 7. F. Salahdine, T. Han and N. Zhang, “5G, 6G, and Beyond:
beyond the anticipated 6G era. Terabit wireless com- Recent Advances and Future Challenges,” Ann. Telecom-
mun., 2023, Web: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-022-
munication aims to provide a fiber-like experience over
00938-3.
wireless networks, offering seamless connectivity, fast 8. A.A. Jørgensen, D. Kong, M.R. Henriksen, et al., “Petabit-
downloads and low latency connections. This creates per-second data Transmission using a Chip-scale Micro-
opportunities for real-time streaming of high-resolution comb Ring Resonator Source,” Nat. Photon, Vol. 16, pp.
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data transfer for applications like autonomous vehicles 022-01082-z.
and smart cities. In conclusion, next-generation terabit 9. M. M. Aslam, L. Du, X. Zhang, Y. Chen, Z. Ahmed and
wireless communication advancements beyond 6G hold B. Qureshi, “Sixth Generation (6G) Cognitive Radio Net-

33
 work (CRN) Application, Requirements, Security Issues,
and Key Challenges,” Wireless Communications and
Mobile Computing, Vol. 2021, 2021, Web: https://doi.
org/10.1155/2021/1331428.
10. A. Kliks, Ł. Kułacz and P. Kryszkiewicz, “Beyond 5G: Big
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connectivity: Vision, Challenges, and Key enabling Tech-
nologies,” Journal of Communications and Networks (Ear-
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12. C. Wang and A. Rahman, “Quantum-Enabled 6G Wireless
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org/10.1002/9781119765554.ch4.
For Further Reading
Y. Zhang and C. Liu, ”5G Ultra-dense Network Fingerprint Positioning
Method based on Matrix Completion,” China Communications, Vol.
20, No. 3, March 2023.
Md. Y. Ali, T. Hossain and Md. M. Mowla, “A Trade-off between Ener-
gy and Spectral Efficiency in Massive MIMO 5G System,” International
Conference on Electrical, Computer & Telecommunication Engineer-
ing (ICECTE), 2019.
M. Barbuto, Z. Hamzavi-Zarghani, M. Longhi and A. Mont, “Metasur-
faces 3.0: A New Paradigm For Enabling Smart Electromagnetic Envi-
ronments,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 70,
No. 10, October 2022.
V. Ziegler; H. Viswanathan; H. Flinck, “6G Architecture to Connect the
Worlds,” IEEE Access, Vol. 8.

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