The Journal of Engineering

The 14th IET International Conference on AC and DC Power

Transmission (ACDC 2018)

Study on circuit breaker TRV issues of UHV eISSN 2051-3305

Received on 28th August 2018

high series compensation lines

Accepted on 19th September 2018
E-First on 17th December 2018
doi: 10.1049/joe.2018.8664
www.ietdl.org

Bin Zheng1 , Zutao Xiang1, Liangeng Ban1, Hongli Jiang1, Xiaotong Wang1, Wentao Teng1
1StateKey Laboratory of Power Grid Safety and Energy Conservation (China Electric Power Research Institute), Haidian District, Beijing,
People's Republic of China
E-mail: 40708017@qq.com

Abstract: Under the influence of series compensation (SC) capacitance and rated voltage rise, when ultra high voltage (UHV)
high SC line occurs inner fault, the short-circuit current through the SC line is greater and the residual voltage across the SC is
higher, which cause the electromagnetic transient process excited by high amplitude current and voltage to be more serious in
the event of fault occurrence and removal. The security of circuit breaker (CB) equipment is threatened, which make it need
further research on the characteristics and put forward some effective solutions. In this study, the characteristics of macroscopic
statistical distribution of peak value via short-circuit current of transient recovery voltage (TRV) across CB fracture during
switching after short-circuit current zero crossing for UHV high SC line are put forward, and also of the microscopic
characterization parameter of waveform rise rate and peak value time. It shows that the TRV switching capability of existing
UHV CBs can not cover all the fault scenarios of high SC line. Solutions including comprehensive comparison of TRV optimal
suppression measures and increase of the UHV CB switching expected TRV test requirements are put forward, which provide
feasible technical scheme for CBs reliable switching of UHV high SC line.

1 Introduction
The series compensation (SC) technology can significantly
improve the efficiency of transmission line utilisation, and promote
the transmission with long distance, large capacity, and high
efficiency [1–5]. At present, the total installed capacity of the SC
capacitors in the world has exceeded 150 Gvar, and the voltage
level has developed from 220 to 1000 kV. China first launched the
ultra high voltage (UHV) SC technology and equipment
development around the world in 2009. Now, five sets of UHV
fixed SC devices have been built. The SC degree is ∼40%. The
compensation degree of EHV SC is not >70% in the world. In
China, the electrical distance from some energy rich areas to UHV
junction substations are 300 to 500 km, and by the transient or
dynamic stability limit, it is still difficult for the channel to meet
the transmission capacity demand with 40% degree SC. There
exists prominent need adopting the high SC technology to enhance
the transmission capability of long distance lines.
When UHV AC transmission lines with high SC devices, by the
influence of SC capacitance and rated voltage increasing, if fault
occurs online, the short-circuit current flowing through the series
compensated line is larger, and the residual voltage across the
capacitor is higher. Further, the electrical stress impact on the line
circuit breakers (CBs) is more significant, and may exceed its
tolerance capacity, threatening the power grid safety. Due to the
high voltage level and large breaking short-circuit current for UHV
CB, it leads that the UHV CB itself owes high developed technical
difficulty, small design margin compared to EHV CB, and difficult
test verification [6–8]. Thus, we need to make reasonable
evaluation on breaking capacity of existing UHV CB equipment
and put forward new effective suppression method, based on the
accurate grasp of the UHV high SC line CB transient recovery
voltage (TRV) characteristics. Presently according to practical
engineering application requirements [9–11], it has been studied
for TRV of EHV transmission line with 40 to 50% SC. However, it
has not yet been involved in UHV high SC technology.
Considering the SC degree from 40 to 70%, by EMTP
simulation tools, this paper studies the macroscopic and
microscopic characteristics representing the critical factors of TRV
across CB fracture during switching after short-circuit current zero
crossing for UHV high SC line. Based on present TRV evaluation
system of UHV line CBs, the estimation on the TRV switching
capability is made for all the fault scenarios of UHV high SC line.
Aiming at the severe TRV issues, two aspects of countermeasures
are put forward including adopting optimal TRV suppression
method and increasing the UHV CB switching expected TRV test
requirements, which can provide feasible technical solutions for
UHV high SC line CBs reliable switching.
2 Present TRV evaluation system for UHV CBs
The ability of CB to break TRV is the key parameter to express its
short-circuit fault breaking performance. Therefore, the CB
equipment must be comprehensively and strictly checked
according to the existing standards in the factory type test. At
present, for different voltage level CBs in the world, it has been
established a set of test and evaluation system [12–14], which
covers different short-circuit breaking current, peak value, rise rate
(RRRV), and time parameter for TRV. In the stage of project
planning and equipment selection, the results of TRV simulation
are required to be assessed according to the parameters specified in
the above standards.
Since China started the construction of the UHV AC pilot
demonstration project in 2006, combined with the experience of
technology, experimental research, and equipment development,
the 1100 kV AC CB technology standard has been worked out, and
the test parameter requirement for UHV CBs to break up the
expected TRV is specified [12, 13]. On the basis of fully absorbing
the research achievements and project experience of UHV AC
transmission technology in China, IEC added the TRV parameters
for 1100 kV CB test to in the newly revised IEC 62271-100
standard in 2012 [14].
The peak value range of TRV for UHV CB under various test
modes specified in the IEC standard is 1617–2245 kV (1.8–2.5
p.u., 1 p . u . = 1100/ 3 ∗ 2 kV), the RRRV is 1.54–7 kV/μs.
While in Chinese UHV CB standard, the peak value range is 1257–
2245 kV peak (1.4–2.5 p.u), RRRV is 1.54–10 kV/μs. Also,
compared with the IEC standard, the TRV parameter requirements
for breaking terminal near zone fault (L90-L75) and the TRV
interrupting parameter requirements when the CB is installed with
opening resistor are added in Chinese standard.

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Fig. 1 China existing TRV requirements for UHV AC CBs
Fig. 2 Typical simulation model for CBs TRV simulation of UHV high SC
lines
Fig. 3 Comparison of the maximum TRV peak value during UHV line CBs
clearing fault for different SC degree
In addition, in the process of building the world's first UHV SC
device, China State Grid Corporation Company (SGCC),
researches showed that the TRV level of UHV SC line breaker may
exceed the existing standard limit [15]. To this end, SGCC carried
out supplementary test research for UHV AC CB breaking higher
level TRV, and the amplitude of 2610 kV (2.9 p.u.), RRRV of 1.2
kV/μs with the short-circuit current to be 9 kArms is verified
successfully, which is significantly higher than that of the existing
standard (2245 kV, 2.5 p.u.). It becomes one new added
requirement of breaking expected TRV test parameters for 1100 kV
CBs. Fig. 1 shows the requirements for the test parameters of the
TRV for UHV AC CBs in China. As shown in the figure, most of
the above TRV requirements are represented as two parameters and
four parameters.
3 CB TRV characteristics of UHV high SC lines
868
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3.1 Methodology
The TRV across CBs depends on the difference between the
overvoltages to ground on both sides of the CB. For the lines with
SC, it is also related to the overvoltage across the SC capacitor. In
addition, the factors having influence on both sides overvoltage to
ground also have a direct effect on the CB TRV, including short-
circuit current, line length, shunt compensation degree, line
operation mode, SC arrangement, and overvoltage protection level
for SC.
In addition, when the fault occurs on SC line, the action of
metal oxide varistor (MOV), triggered-gap, and bypass switch of
SC will have significant effects on the overvoltage across SC.
Therefore, it needs taken full account of the above factors when
studying the TRV problem of SC line CBs.
The SC degree also has certain influence on the RRRV of TRV.
The higher the SC degree is, the smaller the series capacitance is,
and the higher the natural oscillation frequency of the fault circuit
of SC line. It causes the TRV waveform peak time to be shorter and
the RRRV to be higher.
Fig. 2 shows the typical model of CBs TRV simulation for
UHV high SC lines. The line is 488 km long, and the SC is
arranged on both sides of the Station A to Station B UHV AC
double circuit lines. The total compensation degree for SC is 40 to
70%. The overvoltage protection level for each SC is nearly 2.3
p.u. to its rated voltage [16]. The surge arresters (MOA) for UHV
AC system are installed on the bus and line sides of line CBs,
respectively, with the rated voltage of MOAs are all 828 kV.
3.2 Statistical simulation results of TRV
The above model is used to simulate the TRV amplitude, RRRV,
and the corresponding short-circuit breaking current of the CBs on
both sides of the UHV SC lines.
Fig. 3 shows the simulation results of the maximum TRV peak
value of Station A to Station B UHV line CBs during breaking
different types of faults in the condition of SC degree being 40–
70%. The faults includes single phase fault (1LG), 2-phase to
ground fault (2LG), 2-phase to phase fault (2LS), and 3-phase to
ground fault (3LG).
Figs. 4 and 5 show the statistical distribution of the maximum
TRV amplitude and the corresponding short-circuit breaking during
clearing different types of fault with the SC degree being 40 and
70%.
Research results from Figs. 3–5 show that with the rise of SC
degree, the CBs TRV amplitude all increased by and large when
breaking 1LG, 2LG, 2LS, and 3LG fault. The maximum TRV peak
value under different types of faults all appear in the case of SC
degree of 70%. When the SC degree is increased from 40 to 70%,
the maximum TRV amplitude for clearing 1LG fault rises from
2135 kV (2.38 p.u., 1 p . u . = 1100/ 3 ∗ 2 kV) to 2561
kV(2.85 p.u.), with the increase of 426 kV. While for clearing 3LG
fault, the TRV amplitude is up to 2865 kV (3.19 p.u.) from 2843
kV(3.17 p.u.) with the increase being 22 kV.
The reasons for above phenomenon are mainly due to two main
points. First, the higher the SC degree is, the larger the short-circuit
current flowing through the SC device is, the higher the
overvoltage level across the SC is, which makes the overvoltage on
the line side to ground rise, resulting in the increase of voltage
difference between the two sides of the CB. Under 40% SC degree,
the voltage across SC is ∼169 kV, and for 70% SC is ∼275 kV,
which is ∼76 kV for increase. The overvoltage to ground at line
side of CB is 1108 kV for 40% SC degree, and for 70% SC degree
is 1369 kV, with the increased of 261 kV. Second, the higher the
SC degree, the overvoltage to ground at bus side of CB rises. When
it is opposite to the CB line side voltage, the TRV amplitude of CB
will upgrade. In the worst case, when 40% SC is applied, the bus
side overvoltage to ground is 1028 kV, and for 70% SC it is 1193
kV, which is 165 kV higher than that of 40%.
The RRRV also rises correspondently due to the increase of SC
compensation degree. The typical TRV simulation waveform for
four types of fault clearing scenarios are shown in Fig. 6a–d.
In addition, the higher the SC degree for UHV transmission
lines, the scenarios of high level TRV are more, especially the
J. Eng., 2019, Vol. 2019 Iss. 16, pp. 867-871
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Fig. 4 Statistical distribution of TRV peak value & steady short-circuit
breaking current of UHV line CBs clearing fault, with SC compensation
degree of 40%
(a) Single-phase fault, (b) Multi-phase fault
cases of TRV over the existing test parameters are also more and
more during breaking multi-phase fault. Also, the corresponding
short-circuit breaking current increases, which is even more
unfavourable for the CBs transient working condition. When UHV
AC transmission lines apply 40–70% SC, the TRV amplitude for
breaking 1LG fault may exceed the OP1–OP2 test parameters of
2245 kV (2.5 p.u.), while below the new added test parameters to
be 2610 kV (2.9 p.u.). For clearing multi-phase faults, the TRV
amplitude and RRRV may exceed present test parameters,
including the exceeding standard times to be 2 for 40% SC and 14
for 70% SC, as shown in Table 1. The rated short-circuit breaking
current of the UHV CB is 63 kArms.
4 Countermeasures for CB TRV of UHV high SC
lines
According to the case that TRV exceeding present CB test
parameters while clearing multi-phase faults, it is necessary to
study the solutions. In this paper, two aspects are proposed to solve
the problem including applying suppression measures for CBs TRV
and upgrading the TRV breaking capability of the CBs.
4.1 TRV mitigation measures
Based on the analysis of the generating process and main impact
factors of CBs TRV for SC lines, the suppression measures are
considered from four aspects. Firstly, the linkage bypass SC
measure can be adopted to reduce the influence of series capacitor
residual voltage. In detail, there are two types: one is the
conventional linkage bypass (the action time is within 30 ms after
short-circuit fault) that based on the ‘air gap type and MOV’
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Fig. 5 Statistical distribution of TRV peak value & steady short-circuit
breaking current of UHV line CBs clearing fault, with SC compensation
degree of 70%
(a) Single-phase fault, (b) Multi-phases fault
overvoltage protection device, the other is the fast linkage bypass
(the action time is within 10 ms after short-circuit fault) based on
the thyristor or plasma fast switch overvoltage protection device.
Secondly, degrading the rated voltage of UHV system MOA can
help to reduce the overvoltage to ground at both sides of line CBs.
For example, 780 kV MOA could be applied to substitute 828 kV.
Thirdly, it is to add energy consumption branch across the CB,
including the opening resistor and the parallel MOV two methods,
which can transfer and release the energy during CB breaking
process. Fourthly, it is taking the combination measures by two of
the above three. For UHV lines with 70% SC, taking the worst
TRV scenario, e.g. during clearing 3LG fault (line fault position is
beside SC of Station B), the inhibition effect of the above measures
is simulated and analysed. Results are shown in Tables 2 and 3.
Based on the requirements of the TRV test parameters of UHV
CBs, the effect of various restraining measures is analysed. The
results are as follows:
i. For the CB far from the fault position (Station A side CB),
taking the new TRV parameter for assessment with the
amplitude of 2610 kV and short-circuit breaking current of 9
kArms, the TRV can be restricted to a certain extent by
adopting fast linkage bypass SC, installing 400 Ω opening
resistor on CB, installing 2 p.u. MOV parallel CB, reducing
UHV MOA rated voltage, and taking the combination measure
of ‘bypass SC and reducing MOA rated voltage’.
ii. For the CB near the fault position (Station B side CB), taking
the T100 TRV parameter for assessment with the amplitude of
1635 kV and short-circuit breaking current of 63 kArms, the

J. Eng., 2019, Vol. 2019 Iss. 16, pp. 867-871 869

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TRV can be restricted below requirement by installing 400 Ω
opening resistor on CB, reducing UHV MOA rated voltage,
and taking the combination measure of ‘bypass SC and
reducing MOA rated voltage’. While if taking a separate
measure as fast linkage bypass SC or installing 2 p.u. MOV
parallel CB, it is difficult to suppress the TRV below T100
requirement.

Closing resistor is generally fixed with UHV AC CBs, if adding

opening resistor by sharing the same resistor, the heat capacity
requirement will significantly increase, which will pose a great
challenge for equipment manufacturing. Also, the resistor branch
will also have adverse effect on the overall reliability of CB
equipment. In terms of installing MOV parallel with UHV CBs,
except the need of reasonable selection of rated voltage MOV, if
UHV CBs take gas insulated switchgear (GIS), it is a quite
complex problem to fix the MOV in it and makes troubles for the
equipment manufacturing and subsequent operation and
maintenance.
Therefore, considering the limit effect, equipment
manufacturing feasibility, economy, reliability, and other aspects of
operation and maintenance, the combination measure of ‘bypass
SC and reducing MOA rated voltage’ could be the optimal measure
for suppressing CBs TRV of UHV high SC lines.

4.2 Upgrading CB TRV switching test parameters

By improving the equipment of UHV CBs, it can improve its
tolerance when breaking short-circuit current. It will promote the
application prospect of UHV high SC technology and the large-
scale application of UHV AC transmission technology.
For this reason, considering there is still a certain margin
between the actual TRV breaking capability and existing test
parameters of UHV CBs, in accordance with the UHV CBs
breaking TRV ability to cover low probability of multi-phase fault,
higher TRV breaking test parameters requirement is proposed in
Table 4. They are drawn by the simulation results of waveform
amplitude, time characteristics in the worst scenarios during UHV
high SC line CBs clearing multi-phase fault with a certain margin,
and are divided into four sequences. If the UHV line CBs can
withstand these test parameters, the TRV of high SC line CBs over
standard problem can be effectively solved.

5 Conclusion
i. With the rise of SC degree, the TRV amplitude and RRRV of
UHV CBs are increasing, and may exceed present IEC
standard (peak value 2.5 p.u.) and new higher breaking test
parameters verified in China. Moreover, the higher the SC
degree, the more the TRV peak value exceeds the existing test
parameters. The corresponding CB breaking short-circuit
current also has an increasing trend, which is even more
unfavourable for the CB's transient working condition.
ii. In the condition of 40–70% SC is applied on UHV
transmission line, the suppression measures such as adopting
opening resistor with CB, reducing the rated voltage of UHV Fig. 6 Typical TRV simulation waveform for various fault clearing
MOA or taking ‘bypass SC and reducing MOA rated voltage’ scenarios of UHV CBs when SC degree of 70%
can all limit the TRV in the worst condition below the existing (a) 70%, 1LG fault clearing, (b) 70%, 2LG fault clearing, (c) 70%, 2LS fault clearing,
test parameters range. However, considering the equipment (d) 70%, 3LG fault clearing

Table 1 Statistical analysis for exceeding standard of the maximum amplitude of TRV and short-circuit current for CBs, with
different SC degree
SC degree TRV amplitude, kV Short-circuit breaking Ratio of short-circuit breaking Evaluation index
current, kA current to rated short-circuit
current
40% 2843 3.1 4.9% OP1–OP2 and new parameters (1 time)
1663 39.5 62.7% T100 (1 time)
70% 2632–2865 3.3–10.1 5.2–16.0% OP1–OP2 and new parameters (9 times)
1895–2099 20.0–20.4 31.7–32.4% T60 (2 times)
1734–1809 38.3–43.6 60.8–69.2% T100 (3 times)

870 J. Eng., 2019, Vol. 2019 Iss. 16, pp. 867-871

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Table 2 Impact on TRV of line CB near Station A when clearing 3LG line fault beside SC of Station B with various measures,
SC degree of 70%
Fault position Study manner TRV amplitude of CB at station A, kV Short-circuit current of CB, kArms
beside SC of station B no measure 2865 3.3
convention bypass SC 2696
fast bypass SC 2427
CB with 400 Ω opening resistor 1704/2026*
CB with 2 p.u. parallel MOV 2443
780 kV MOA 2611
convention bypass SC ans 780 kV MOA 2583
fast bypass SC and 780 kV MOA 2295
remark the data before ‘/’ means the TRV of CB main contact, and after ‘/' means that of resistor contact

Table 3 Impact on TRV of line CB near Station B when clearing 3LG line fault beside SC of Station B with various measures,
SC degree of 70%
Fault position Study manner TRV amplitude of CB at station A, kV Short-circuit current of CB, kArms
beside SC of station B no measure 1734 43.6
convention bypass SC 1640
fast bypass SC 1640
CB with 400 Ω opening resistor 1603/1272
CB with 2 p.u. parallel MOV 1734
780 kV MOA 1627
convention bypass SC and 780 kV MOA 1542
fast bypass SC and 780 kV MOA 1545
remark the data before ‘/’ means the TRV of CB main contact, and after ‘/' means that of resistor contact

Table 4 Test parameters of 1100 kV AC CB for switching higher level of TRV

No. Short-circuit current, kArms First reference voltage u1, kV Time t1, ms TRV amplitude uc, kV Time t2 or t3, ms RRRV, kV/μs
1 4 670 (0.75 p.u.) 1.5 2890 (3.22 p.u.) 15 0.5
2 — — 2920 (3.25 p.u.) 7 0.5
3 10 1167 (1.30 p.u.) 500 2830 (3.15 p.u.) 2 1.54
4 40 876 (0.98 p.u.) 438 1840 (2.05 p.u.) 1.752 2.0

manufacturing, economy, reliability, operation maintenance,
and other factors, the last measure is preferred.
iii. In addition to TRV suppression measures, it is feasible to solve
the exceeding standard problem by upgrading the breaking test
parameters of UHV CBs. Based on the TRV amplitude and
waveform characteristics of the UHV high SC line CBs when
breaking multi-phase faults, the test parameters for UHV CBs
breaking higher level expected TRV are put forward in four
sequences.
6 Acknowledgments
Thanks for the help from my workmates, such as Professor Zutao
Xiang, Liangeng Ban, Xiaotong Wang, and Yanan Han senior
engineer, Wentao Teng engineer. The achievement of this paper is
inextricably tied together with their efforts.
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