11th & 12th

Biology
MIND MAP

• 11th & 12th Class

• 38 Chapters
• NCERT BASED
• QUICK REVISION
• FASTER RECALL
By Dr. Umesh Gurjar
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 1 : The Living world

Anabolism Catabolism
The process which results in The process which results in
synthesis of a compound. breaking down of a compound.

All living beings are conscious to

sense their envirornment and
All living beings reproduce
respond to the stimuli.
their progeny
All biochemical reactions take
place inside a living system. A sum
total of all biochemical reactions
All living organisms grow in
taking place inside a living system
size and number
is known as metabolism.

Herbarium
Taxonomy and systematics
The place where plants species are What is Living? Taxonomy is the study of
dried for preservation
organisms on the basis of their
characteristics
Botanical Garden Systematics is the study of
Specialized gardens having diversity of organisms and all
collections of living plants for their comparative and
reference and identification evolutionary relationship.
purposes. The Living
world
Museum Concept of Species
Place where dead plants and It is basic unit of classification
animals are us preserved for study
and reference.
Taxonomical
Taxonomic Categories
Zoological Parks Aids
Kingdom
Places where live animals are kept
in protected environment under Division/Phylum
human care. Class
Order
Keys Diversity in the Family
It is a device used to identify each living world Genus
species in a group of organisms
based on dissimilarities. Species

Manuals
Show historical data about flora
and fauna of a particular
geographical location. ICBN - ICZN
Taxonomy (International code for biological
nomenclature) and (International code for
Biodiversity
zoological nomenclature)
Term used to refer the
varieties of living
organisms found in a
geographical area. Bionomial Nomenclature
Generally in Latin and written in italics.
Identificati First component is genus, with capital letter.
Bionomial
on Second component is species, with small letters.
Nomenclature
When handwritten, the names are underlined.
Classification

Need for classification

1. It makes identification of organisms very clear and easy.
2. Study of organisms become convenient
3. Evolutionary trends can be easily understood
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 2 : Biololgical Classification

Two kingdom Classification by

Linnaeus
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia

Viroids
Infectious agent,
smaller than virus

Virus
They are non-cellular
organisms which Five Kingdom Classification
remain in inert by whittaker
crystalline form
outside the living cell.
As they infect a cell, Biological
Methanogens
they take over the Classification
machinery of the host
cell killing the host. Archaebacteria Halophiles

Lichen
Kingdom Monera Thermoacidophiles
(Prokaryotes)

Phycobiont Mycobiont

Photosynthetic
Algal component Fungal component Autotrophs

Eubacteria
Heterotrophic
bacteria
(Symbiotic association)

Chemosynthetic
autotrophs

Smallest living Cells

Kingdom Fungi Multicellular Kingdom Protista
Mycroplasma
decomposers (Unicellular eukaryotes)

Slime Moulds
Plasmodium
Phycomycetes Basidiomycetes
Euglenoids
Dinoflagellates Englena Poronema
Ascomycetes Deuteromycetes
Gonyaulax Noctiluca
Protozoans
Chrysophytes Animal like protists
Diatoms and golden algae
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 3 : Plant Kingdom

Algae

Dicotyledonae
Has two cotyledons in
their seeds. E.g: Mustard, Liverworts
Pea, Beans etc. Example- Marchantia

Bryophyta
Angiosper Plant
m Kingdom Mosses
Example- Funaria

Monocotyledonae
Have one cotyledon in
their seeds. E.g: Grasses,
Wheat, Rice etc. Pteridophyte

Psilopsida Pteropsida
Example - Psilotum Example- Dryopteris

Lycopsida Sphenopsida
Example - Selaginella Example- Equisetum
Gymnosperm
Plant with naked seeds.
E.g: Cycas
Plant life cycle

Haplantic Diplontic Alternation of generation

Example- In algae such as Example- Gymnosperm, Example- bryophyte,
spirogyra angiosperm pteridophyte
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 4 : Animal Kingdom

Segmentation Level of organisation

Notochord Germinal Layers Ctenophora

Example- Pleurobrachia

Symmetry Coelom
Porifera
Example- Sycon

Basic Coelenterate
Classification Example- Aurelia

Urochordata Platyhelminthes
Example- Taenia

Cephalochordata Aschelminthes
Chordate
Example- Ascaris
Animal
Kingdom Annelida
Vertebrata Example- Nereis

Arthropala
Example- Apis,
Reptilian
Pila, Butterfly,
Snake, Crocodile, Lizard
Scorpion

Amphibian Echinodermata
Frog, Tale Example- Asterias

Mammalian Mollusca
Kangaroo, Man, Tiger Example- Pila

Cyclostomata Hemichordate
Living jawless fishes Example- Balanoglossus
(Lampreys)

Aves
Chondrichthyes All birds (Sparrow, parrot,
Cartilaginous fishes ostrich)
(Shark, Ray, Skates)

Osteichthyes
Bony fishes (Anguilla, Salmon,
Hippocampus)
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 5 : Morphology Of Flowering Plants

Regions of Root

Racemose Cymose
Basipetal succession Acropetal succession
Modifications
• For storage
• Support
Types of Root Bears • Protection
• Tap • Nodes • Vegetative Propagation
Modification
• Fibrous • Inter nodes • Assimilation of food
• For Storage Inflorescence
• For Support •Adventitious
• Respiration

Root Stem
Families
• Fabaceae
• Solanaceae Phyllotaxy Main Parts are
• Liliaceae
• Alternate • Leaf Base
• Opposite • Petiole
• Whorled • Lamina

Morphology
Epicarp of flowering Modification
plants • Tendril
Mesocarp Leaf • Spine
Fruit
• Phyllode
Endocarp
• Bulb
Flower
Seed • Pitcher

Placentation
• Marginal Types Venation
Seed Coat Embryo
• Axile • Simple • Parallel
• Parietal • Compound • Reticulate

Plumule Radicle • Free Central

• Basal

Types of flowers
Syncarpous Parts of flower Consist of
• Anther
• Filament
Apocarpous Gynoecium Androecium • Unisexual
• Bisexual
Consist of
• Epipetalous
• Ovary
• Epiphyllous • Epigymnous
• Style • Brateale
• Polyandrous • Hypogynous
• Stigma • Ebracteate
• Monoadelphous • Perigynous
Corolla Calyx
• Diadelphous

• Actinomorphic • Trimerous
Gamosepalous Polypetalous • Zygomorphic • Tetramerous
• Pentamerous

Polysepalous Gamopetalous
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 6 : Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Collenchyma Fiber Sclereid Xylem

• Tracheids
Intercalary
Sclerenchyma • Vessels
Parenchyma
• Xylem fibers
Apical Lateral • Xylem parenchyma
Simple
Complex
Phloem
• Sieve tube elements
Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue
• Companion Cells
• Phloem parenchyma
• Phloem fibers
Formation of Heat and sap Tissues
cambial ring wood

Activity of Spring autumn Trichomes

cambial ring wood Stomata Hairs

Involves Anatomy of Epidermis Appendages

Vascular Cambium Flowering
Plants Epidermal Tissue
system
• Endodermis
Secondary Growth
• Pericycle
Cork cambium Ground Tissue • Pith
Tissue System
or phellogen system • Cortex
• Medullary rays

Phellem or cork Phelloderm

Vascular Tissue
system • Xylem
Anatomy of Dicots
• Phleom
and Monocots
• Cambium

Stem Root Leaf

Dicot Stem Monocot Stem Dicot Root Monocot Root Dicot Leaf Monocot Leaf
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 7 : Structural Organisation in Animals

Foregut

Midgut Hindgut

Digestive

Circulatory
Open type- Have
poorly
developed blood Trachea Spiracles
Mesothorax
Nervous
Segmentally
Respiratory Prothorax Metathorax
arranged ganglia
joined by paired
longitudinal
Head Thorax Abdomen
Reproduction

Male Female Morphology

Testes Ovaries Excretion

Cockroach (Periplaneta Malpighian tubules
Americana)

Structural
Organisation
in Animals

Neuron
• Cell body
Gap • Dendrons
Animal Tissues
Junction • Axon
Adhering
Neural
Neuroglial
Tight Compound Epithelial
Skeletal
(Striated)
Simple Connective
Squamous Columnar Muscular Cardiac

Ciliated Cuboidal Smooth

Glandular (Non-Striated)

Fluid connective Loose connective Supportive Dense connective

tissue. tissue. connective tissue. tissue.

Lymph Blood Adipose Areolar Cartilage Bone Dense Dense

regular irregular
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 8 : Cell The Unit of Life

Prokaryotic Ribosome Eukaryotic Ribosome

70 S 80 S
Sub-Metacentric
Acrocentric

Chloroplast Ribosomes Metacentric Telocentric

Chromoplast Plastids
Chromosomes
Leucoplast
Nuclear Pores
Nucleus
Nucleoplasm
Cytoskeleton
Nucleolus

Cilia and Nuclear membrane

flagella

Centrosome Cell The

and centriole Unit of Life Cytoplasm
Cytosol + Organelles

Cell Membrane
Outer Membrane Cell Envelope

Cell wall
Mitochondria
(in plants only)
Inner Membrane (Power house of cell)
Cristae, possess
Animal Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Plant Cell
SER Endomembrane
system
RER Endoplasmic
reticulum Prokaryotic cell
• Cisternae Example - Bacteria, Blue Green Algae,
• Vesicles Mycoplasma and PPLO
• Tubules

Trans face or
maturing face Cell Theory
Golgi Apparatus • Given by Schleiden and Schwann
Cis face or • All living organisms are composed of cells
forming face • All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
Suicidal bags of cells

Contractile Vacuole
Food Vacuoles
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 9 : Biomolecules

Factors affecting
Organic compounds are Classification
present in this fraction • Oxidoreductase
• Transferase
• Hydrolyase
Acid soluble pool Acid insoluble pool • Lyase
• Isomerase
• Ligase
3(a)Filtrate 3(b)Retentate

Types
2. Strain it • Simple enzyme Enzyme action
• Conjugated enzyme E + S ↔ ES → EP → E+ P
(Co factor + Apoenzyme)
1. Living tissue is grinded with
the help of mortar and pestle
in trichloroacetic acid to obtain Defination Enzymes
slurry. Chemicals present in living
organisms are known as Primary
biomolecules. Example- amino
Method to Analyse acid, sugar, nucleic
Metabolism acids, lipids etc.
chemical composition
(Sum of all
biochemical reactions)
Biomicromolecules
Types Biomolecules Metabolites

Biomacromolecules
Secondary
Example- pigments,
alkaloids, toxins,
Types drugs etc.
(on the basis of shape)
• Fibrous protein
• Globular protein DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)

Structure Nucleic Acids RNA

• Primary (Ribonucleic acid)
Proteins
• Secondary
• Tertiary Nucleotides
• Quaternary • Nitrogenous base
• Pentose sugar
• Phosphate group

Types Lipids
(on the basis of constitution) Carbohydrates
• Simple proteins Made up of Glycerol
• Conjugated proteins monosaccharides Fatty acids
• Derived proteins

Saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid

Homopolymer Heteropolymer
Made up of same Made up of different
monomer unit. Glycosidic bond is monomer unit.
present
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 10 : Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Prophase

Metaphase G1 S G2

Karyokinesis
Inter Phase
Anaphase Interphase
Mitosis- Equational
Division
M-phase
Telophase

Cytokinesis Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle and

Cell Division

Plant Cell Animal cell

Cell wall formation Starts with appearance of
starts in the centre furrow in the plasma Meiosis- Reductional
membrane Division

Meiosis I Meiosis II

Telophase I
• Prophase II
• Metaphase II
Anaphase I Metaphase I • Anaphase II
• Telophase II
Prophase I

1. Leptotene (Duplicated
chromosomes start to
condense)

2. Zygotene (Synapsis
begins)

3. Pachytene (Synapsis
complete, Crossing over
occurs)

4. Diplotene (Synaptonemal
5. Diakinesis (Bivalent
complex starts disappearing,
ready for metaphase)
Bchiasma visible)
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 11 : Transport in Plants

Symport
Uniport Antiport
When both molecules
One molecule move Both molecules move
move in the same
independent of other. in opposite direction
direction

Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport

Passive movement of
Energy is required to pump
substances from high
molecules against
concentration to low
concentration gradient.
concentration.
Means of Transport

Plant Water Relations

Transpiration • Water Potential
It is the loss of water through • Osmosis Diffusion of solvent (water) across the
stomata of leaves and other semi-permeable membrane.
aerial parts of plants in form • Plasmolysis: Shrinkage of protoplasm in a cell,
of water vapour. away from its cell wall and toward the center.
• Imbibitions

Uptake of Mineral Ions Transport in

Minerals are absorbed by the
Plants
roots by passive and active
transport. The active uptake of
ions requires ATP energy.

Uptake and Transport Symplast Pathway

of Mineral Nutrients
Absorption of water
Apoplast Pathway
Translocation of Mineral Ions
Unloading of mineral ions occur at
fine vein endings of the leaves Water movement up a plant
through diffusion. Some minerals
are also remobilised from old
senescing parts N, P K, S. Mass flow hypothesis Root pressure
It is a positive pressure that develops
in the roots by the active absorption
of nutrients from the soil.

Transpiration pull
Transpiration creates transpirational
pull for absorption and transport in
plants.

It is the most accepted theory for the translocation of sugar from source to sink.
- Source cells are cells which are the supplier of the food material, mainly leaves.
- Sink cells are cells which require food material for growth and repair.
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 12 : Mineral Nutrition

Development of root
nodules in Soyabean

Nitrogen Cycle

Metabolism of
Nitrogen

Transamination
Mineral Hydroponics
Fate of ammonia
Reductive Nutrition
amination Methods to Study the
Mineral Requirements of
Plants

Essential Mineral
Plant is cultured in
Elements
soil-free defined
Toxicity of Micronutrients minerals solution
In higher dose, micronutrient become
toxic. Toxicity of one element may lead to
deficiency of other elements since the
former may inhibit the uptake of latter. Deficiency Symptoms
Deficiency symptoms Mechanism of
are morphological Absorption of
Element must be absolutely changes in plants, Elements
necessary for normal growth indicating nutrient
and development deficiency.
Symplast Apoplast
Element must be directly Criteria
involved in the metabolism of
plant.

Requirement of element must

be specific and not
replaceable Two Categories of
Elements

Micronutrient
Macronutrient
Required in less
Required in large quantity.
quantity. E.g. Cobalt,
E.g. Hydrogen, Oxygen,
manganese, Zinc, Iron,
Nitrogen, phosphorus,
Copper, Molybdenum,
sulphur, potassium,
Boron, chlorine and
calcium and Magnesium
nickel.
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 13 : Photosynthesis in Higher Plants

Photosynthesis an enzyme regulated

anabolic process of manufacture of
organic compounds inside the chlorophyll
containing cells, from carbon oxide and
water with the help of sunlight as source
of energy.

Photosynthesis as a Means of
Autotrophic Nutrition

light Reaction Dark Reaction

Temperature
Carbon dioxide
Grana Stroma

Water Chloroplast in
leaves
Light

Factors Affecting
Site of
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

Pigment Involved in Photosynthesis Photosynthesis

• ChI a in Higher
• ChI b Plants
• Xanthophyll Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
• Carotenoids Explains the mechanism of ATP
synthesis in thylakoid of chloroplast

Photorespiration
- It is the light induced
respiration in green plants.
- It is a process in which there is
no formation of ATP or NADPH,
but there is utilization of ATP
with release of

Light Reaction

Cyclic
C4 or Hatch and Slack pathway
- Involves only photosystem I.
- Occurs in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells.
- Only ATP is formed.
Biosynthetic Phase - Enzyme RuBisCo is absent from the mesophyll cells
- Electrons move in a closed circle.
Or Dark reaction
C3 or Calvin cycle
- Carboxylation
- Reduction
Non-cyclic
- Regeneration
- Involves both photosystem I and II.
- For every molecules, 3
- Both ATP and NADPH are produced.
molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADPH are
- Electrons do not move in a closed circle.
required.
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 14 : Respiration in Plants

R.Q. values = 1 (for

carbohydrate...
R.Q. = 0.7...
R.Q. = 0.9...

Fermentation
(Incomplete oxidation
of pyruvic acid, under
R.Q formula anaerobic condition)

Definition
Respiration is an energy
Respiratory releasing enzymatically
Quotient controlled catabolic process
which involves a step-wise
oxidative breakdown of food
substances inside living cells

Respiration
in Plants
Amphibolic Pathway
Respiration is termed as
amphibolic pathway as it involves
both anabolism and catabolism
Aerobic
respiration Glycolysis box
Glycolysis Or EMP
pathway (Site:
TCA Tricarboxylic Cytoplasm)
Acid (Matrix of
Mitochondria)

2nd of - Electron
transport chain (Site:
Inner mitochondrial
1st of - Oxidative 3rd of- TCA/ Tricarboxylic
membrane)
Phosphorylation Site: Acid (Site: Matrix of
F0- F1 particles in the mitochondria)
inner mitochondrial
membrane.
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 15 : Plant Growth and Development

Day neutral plant

Example- Tomato

Long day plant

Short day plant Example-
Example- Radish, barley
Chrysanthemum

Root Shoot
Photoperiodism
Radicle Plumule

Seed
germination
Phases of plant growth
• Meristematic
• Elongation Growth rate
• Maturation Increase in growth
per unit time.

Plant Growth
Absolute growth rate and Conditions of growth
Measurement and Development • Water
comparison of total • Oxygen
growth per unit time. • Nutrients
• Optimum temperature
Quantitative
• Light
comparison between
• Gravity
growth is done by

Relative growth rate

Growth of a particular system
per unit time, expressed on a
common basis.
Rededifferentiation
Process in which
dedifferentiated cells
becomes mature
again and lose their
capacity to divide
Vernalisation
Promotion of
Differentiation
flowering by a
Process in which cells
period of low
produced by apical
temperature
meristem become
specialized to perform
specific function

Plant growth regulators

(Phytohormones) Sequence of development processes Dedifferentiation
• Auxin Process in which, the
• Gibberellin living differentiated cells
• Cytokinin that by now have lost the
• Ethylene capacity to divide, regain
• ABA their capacity to divide
under certain conditions.
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 16 : Digestion and Absorption

Salivary Gland Intestinal Glands

Nutritional disorder • Crypts of Lieberkuhn
• Parotid
• Protein Energy Malnutrition- • Brunner's gland
• Sublingual
• Kwashiorkor
• Submandibular
• Marasmus
Gastric Glands
• Mucus neck cell
Indigestion Frequent
• Peptic cells
Improper digestion defecation of
• Parietal cells
liquid faeces

Secretes bile
Vomiting
Ejection of
Jaundice Digestive Glands Liver Stored in
Disease of liver. Gallbladder
stomach content

Constipation Pancreas
Dry Stools
Digestive
Disorders of System
Alimentary canal
Digestive
System

Histology Parts
• Serosa Mouth, Pharynx,
• Muscularis Oesophagus Stomach,
• Sub-mucosa Small intestine, Large
Digestion and • Mucosa Intestine, Rectum, Anus.
Absorption

GI hormones
• Gastrin
Digestion of
• Enterogastrone
Food
• Secretin
• Cholecystokinin
• Villikinin
• Stomatostatin
Mechanical Chemical
Calorific values
• Teeth Trypsin, amylase,
• Tongue lipase, nuclease,
maltase, lactase,
Gross Physiological sucrose
Carbohydrates: 4.1 kcal/g Carbohydrate: 4 kcal/g
Protein: 5.65 kcal/g Protein: 4 kcal/g
Fat: 9.45 kcal/g Fat: 9 kcal/g

Absorption Digested products

- Mouth: Certain drugs.
- Stomach: Water, simple sugars, some drugs and alcohol.
- Small intestine: Almost all nutrients including minerals, vitamins etc.
- Large intestine: Water, some minerals and some drugs.
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 17 : Breathing and Exchange of Gases

Body surface Tracheal tube

Examples - sponges, Examples - Insects, Human respiratory System
coelenterate, centipede,
flatworm millipede etc.

Lungs
Gills
Example - Terrestrial
Example - Fishes,
animals like human
tadpoles, prawn
being
etc.

Respiratory organs
in animals

Respiratory disorders
• Occupational Respiratory Disorders
• Emphysema
• Asthma
• Bronchitis
• Pneumonia
• Lung cancer

Expiration (Breathing
Regulation of Respiration out)
Mechanism of
• Neural regulation- Involves respiratory Breathing and Breathing
centers, afferent and efferent nerves. Exchange of Inspiration (Breathing
• Chemical regulation- Through Gases in)
chemoreceptors.

Between blood
and tissues
Exchange of
Gases

Between Alveoli and blood

Respiratory volumes and capacities

• Tidal volume → 500 ml
• IRV → 2500 ml to 3000 ml
• ERV → 1000 ml to 1100 ml
• RV → 1100 ml to 1200 ml
• IC → TV + IRV
• EC → TV + ERV
• FRC → ERV + RV
• VC → ERV + TV + IRV
• Total lung capacity
→ RV + ERV + TV + IRV or V.C + TRV
Transport of
Gases

Transport of
- As blood plasma (About 3 %)
- As oxyhaemoglobin (About 97%)
Transport of
- As Carbonic acid (About 7 %)
- As carbamino- haemoglobin (About 20-25 %)
- As bicarbonates (About 70%)
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 18 : Body Fluids and Circulation

Double Circulation
Eosinophils
Globulin
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

Fibrinogen Albumin
RBC
Granulocytes
Plasma Platelets Lymphocytes
WBC
Agranulocytes
Monoctyes
Formated Elements
Disorders ABO grouping
• High B.P
• Coronary artery disease
• Angina
• Heart failure Blood

Sympathetic nerve
Blood Groups
ANS Erythroblastosis foetalis
Parasympathetic • Rh + ve
nerve • Rh - ve
Regulation of
cardiac Activity
Body Fluids
Adrenal medullar
and
hormone Circulation Blood vessels

Heart Sounds Histology

• Lubb • Tunica interna
• Dub • Tunica media
• Tunica externa
Heart valves
• Tricuspid valve
• Bicuspid valve Arteries
• Semilunar valve
Types Vein
Types
Human Heart
• Myogenic heart
Capillaries
• Neurogenic

Histology
• Endocardium
• Myocardium Circulatory
pathways Coagulation of blood
• Pericardium
When an injury is caused to
Cardiac Cycle a blood vessel, bleeding
• Atrial systole starts which is stopped by a
• Ventricular systole process called blood
Closed: E.g. Annelids,
• Cardiac diastole Open: E.g. clotting.
Echinoderms,
Vertebrates Arthropods,
Molluscs

Lymph (Tissue Fluid)

Evolution of heart It is a colourless fluid
• Fishes- 2 chambered heart containing specialized
• Amphibians- 3 chambered heart lymphocytes that provide
• Reptiles (except crocodiles)- 3 chambered heart immune response to body.
• Crocodiles, Birds and Mammals4 chambered heart.
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 19 : Excretory Products and their Elimination

Ammonotelism
• Excretory product is ammonia
• Example- bony fishes, aquatic amphibians and insects

Ureotelism
• Excretory product is Urea
• Example-mammals, Terrestrial Amphibians

Uricotelism
• Excretory product is uric acid Modes of Excretion
• Example- Birds

Urine Formation
• Glomerular filtration
Disorders of the excretory System • Tubular reabsorption
• Uremia • Tubular secretion
• Renal failure
• Renal Calculi
• Glomerulonephritis
Human Excretory System
• A Pair of Kidneys
• Ureter
Micturition • Urinary Bladder
The process of expulsion of • Urethra
urine from urinary bladder

Structure of kidney

Excretory
Products and
their
Elimination

Function of the Tubules

• PCT 70% of electrolytes are reabsorbed
• Henle's Loop Maintains high osmolarity of
Liver
medullary fluid
• DCT Conditional reabsorption of Na + and water
Other organs in
• Collecting Duct Large amount of water is Lungs
excretion
reabsorbed to produce concentrated urine

Skin

Counter-current mechanism
• Henle's loop
Regulation of kidney • Vasa rectae
- By ADH (Vasopressin)
- By Juxtaglomerular
Apparatus (Renin-
Angiotensin mechanism)
- By ANF (in heart)
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 20 : Locomotion and Movement

Sliding filament theory of Muscle Contraction

Properties of muscle fibers

Types of muscles
• Excitability
• Skeletal
• Contractility
• Visceral
• Extensibility
• Cardiac
• Elasticity

Types of Movement
• Amoeboid
• Ciliary
• Muscular Disorders of muscular and
skeletal System
• Myasthenia gravis
Cartilaginous • Muscular dystrophy
(Slightly movable) • Tetany
• Arthrithis
• Osteoporosis
Fibrous • Gout
Joints
(Immovable)

Synovial (movable)
• Ball and socket joint Locomotion
• Hinge joint and
• Pivot joint Movement
• Gliding joint
• Saddle joint

Skeletal System

Axial (80 bones) Appendicular (126)

Skull (40 bones) Sternum (1)

Limb bones Girdles

Vertebral column Ribs (12 pairs)

Bones of hindlimbs Bones of forelimbs

(30 x 2 = 60) (30 x 2 = 60)
• Cervical (5)
• Thoracic (12)
• Lumbar (5) Pectoral girdle
• Sacral (1 fused) Pelvic girdle (2)
(2 x 2 = 4)
• Coccygeal (1 fused)
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 21 : Neural Control and Coordination

Parasympathetic Sympathetic

Cranial
Autonomic
Human Ear Human Eye nerves (12
• Outer Ear: Pinna, Ear canal, Layers of eye - pairs)
Tympanic membrane • Outer layer - Sclera and
• Middle Ear - Three ear Cornea
Spinal nerves Somatic
ossicles • Middle layer- Choroid,
(31 pairs)
• Inner Ear - Utriculus, Ciliary body, Iris, Pupil, lens
Sacculus and Cochlea • Innermost layer- Retina

Afferent
Sense organs Fibres
Nerve Fibers
Lower invertebrates Efferent
Neural organization is very Fibres PNS
simple

Insects Human Neural

Brain is present along with System
Neural System CNS
number of ganglia and
neural tissues
Brain Spinal cord
Vertebrates
More developed neural
system
Neural
Control and
Coordination Multipolar
Fore brain
• Cerebrum
Types of Neuron Bipolar
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus
Unipolar
Neuron (Structural
Mid brain Brain and functional unit of
neural system)]
Hind brain
• Pons
• Cerebellum Structure
• Medulla

Reflex action and Reflex arc

Cell body chain Axon chain
Dendrite chain
Cytoplasm + typical
cell organelles +
Nissl's granules Non-myelinated
Myelinated
axon axon

Generation and conduction of nerve impulse

• Maintenance of resting potential
• Action potential
• Propagation of action potential
 Class : 11th Biology
Chapter- 22 : Chemical Coordination and integration

Insulin Glucagon
Adrenal cortex Adernal medulla
• Mineralocorticoids • Adrenaline
• Glucocorticoids • Noradrenaline
Thyrocalcitonin Beta cells Alpha cells

T3 Thyroid
Adernal Pancreas

T4 (Thyroxine)

Parathyroid
Parathyroid hormone

Melatonin Pineal
Thymus Thymosins

Adenohypophysis Testis
Pituitary Testosterone
Neurohypophysis
Ovary
• Estrogen
• Progesterone
Releasing hormone
Hypothalamus

Inhibiting hormone Human Endocrine

System

Secretes
Hormones (Chemical
messengers of the body)
Glands
Types
• Exocrine (With duct) Chemical
• Endocrine (Without duct) Coordination
• Heterocrine (Partly and
endocrine and partly integration
exocrine)
Hormones of Heart,
Kidney and
Gastrointestinal Tract

Mechanism of
Heart → ANF Hormone Action

Gastrointestinal Tract → Gastrin,

GIP, Secretin, Cholecystokinin,
Duocrinin, Villikinin, Enterocrinin
Lipid soluble hormones
Kidney → Renin, Erythropoietin and calcitriol

Water soluble hormones

 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 1 : Reproduction in Organisms

- Potato Eyes
Unfertilised Division of Renewal of a
- Bryophyllum Formation of
Example, egg develops cell into two portion of a
- Leaf buds daughter
Sponge into an adult by division body which
- Ginger individual
of nucleus has been
Rhizome from bud Ex.
and injured or
- Agave: bulbil Yeast
Reproduction cytoplasm lost e.g.,
- Water
by spores e.g., Flatworm
hyacinth:
e.g., Mould Amoeba.
Offset

Gemmule Parthenogenesis Vegetative Binnary Regeneration

formation Reproduction Budding
fission

Sporulation

It is
Asexual
characteristics of
Reproduction
all organisms for
continuation of
species
It is a process in
which an organism
gives rise to young Reproduction in
ones similer to Organisms
itself
Sexual
Reproduction

(Zygote
develops into Post fertilization Pre-fertilization
(Animals lay
a young one Events Events
fertilized/
inside the Fertilization
unfertilized
female body)
eggs)
The Zygote

Embryogenesis Internal
Fertilization
Viviparous
Gametogenesis

External
Oviparous Types of animals on the Gamete transfer
Fertilizatio
Basis of development of
n
Embryo
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 2 : Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Occurrence of more than one

embryo in a seed

Polyembryony

Production of seed without

fertilization

Apomixis
Seed dispersal help
the species to Male gametophyte
colonize in other
Development of fruit without areas and many
fertilization fruits have
mechanisms for Female
dispersal of seeds gametophyte

Parthenocarpy Flower Structure

Pre-fertilisation
events

Significance of
seed dispersal and
fruit formation

Autogamy
When parts other than
Special modes
ovary contribute to the
fruit formation. Ex :
Xenogamy
Apple
Types
Pollination

Geitonogamy
Agencies
False Fruit Post-
Abiotic
fertilization Sexual Wind
Events
Reproduction Water
True Fruit in Flowering
Biotic
Plants
Animals
Example
Formation of fruit

Double Pollen-pistil
fertilization interaction Outbreeding
Devices
Development of
endosperm
When fruit develops
from ovary Ex :
Mango Winter Pollinated: Grasses Water
Pollinated: Vallisneria and Hydrilla
Development of
Insect Pollinated: Yucca
embryo

Development of
Devices for promoting cross
Seed Syngamy +
pollination
Triple fusion =
Double
fertilization.
It is a dynamic process involving
pollen recognition followed by
L.S. of Monocot Albuminous seeds
pollen tube growth
embryo (Endospermic)
Artificial
Hybridisation Self–incompatibility

Non-albuminous seeds (Non-

endospermic)
It is one of the major
approaches of crop
improvement by using
Dicot embryo desired pollen grains for Arrangement of anther and
pollination. stigma at different
positions.

Achieved by
Production of unisexual
flowers (Decliny)

Emasculation Bagging

Pollen release and stigma

receptivity not synchronised.
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 3 : Human Reproduction

Spermatogonia,
Sertoli cells and Cortex
Leydig cells
Oviduct
- Mammary lobes
- Mammary duct - Infundibulum Medulla
- Lactiferous duct - Ampulla Vagina
Consist of
- Isthmus

Ovarian
Uterus
Seminiferous Stroma
- Mons pubis
tubules - Labia majora
Seminal vesicle, - Labia minor
Rete testis, vasa
prostate, - Hymen Ovaries
efferentia,
Bulbourethral - Clitoris
Epididymis & Vas is made of
gland
deferens
Mammary Glands

External External Accessory Ducts Ovarian Stroma

External Testes
Genitalia Ducts glands External Genitalia

Process of giving birth to Production of

young ones after Female Reproductive milk towards
Male Reproductive System gestation period System the end of
pregnancy

Parturition

Lactation
Blastocyst
implantation

Human
Reproduction Gametogenesis

Spermatogenesis
Fertilization

Oogenesis
Pregnancy and
placenta
formation

Fusion Between sperm

Mestrual cycle
and ova to form zygote

hPL
Estrogen

hCG Progestogen
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 4 : Reproductive Health

- To avoid
- Increased
female unwanted
foeticides. pregnancies
It helps to
- In cases They are According to
- Misused to detect any - Hepatitis B -
detect the sex of where performed WHO,
congenital Genital Diseases
the child before continuation of illegally and reproductive
disease or any herpes transmitte
birth and female metabolic pregnancy is causes health means a
- HIV, d through misuse of
fetus is then disorder in harmful to the total well-being
Gonorrhoea, sexual amniocentes
aborted. foetus. mother or in all aspects of
Syphilis etc. intercourse is.
foetus or both reproduction
Negative application

Positive application

Importance
Definition
Examples

Problems
Defination
STDs MTP
Amniocentesis

Vasectomy (in Males)

ZIFT
Surgical
Reproductive
Tubectomy (in Females)
Health (Zygote Intra
Fallopian Transfer)
- Non-medicated
IUDs (e.g. Lippes

ICSI
loop)
- Copper releasing Intra-Uterine
IUDs (e.g. CuT, Cu7, Devices (IUDs)
Assisted
Multiload 375) (Intra Cytoplasmic
Birth control Reproductive
- Hormone Sperm Injection)
Methods Technologies
releasing IUDs (e.g.
(ART)
Progestasert,
IUT

LNG-20

- Withdrawal of
- Contains Coitus penis before (Intra Uterine
progesterone Oral interruptus ejaculation Transfer)
and estrogen contraceptives - Not very reliable
- It prevents contraception
GIFT

implantation pills
- Avoiding coitus
of blastula
from days 10-17 of
Periodic menstural cycle.
Abstinence - Chances of (Gamete Intra
- Use of fertilisation is very Fallopian Transfer)
Condoms high.
- Diaphragm,
AI

Cervical caps
Barrier - Intercourse is
and vaults
- Spermicidal avoided at the
Lactational Used by female only
creams, jellies ovulation period
amenorrhea
and foams. - Cannot be exactly (Artificial
predicted Insemination)
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 5 : Principles of Inheritance and Variation

Record of occurrence ofatrait

in several generations of a
family

- Autosomal dominant: E.g.

Muscular dystrophy. - Example, Down's syndrom
- Autosomal recessive: E.g. (trisomy of 21).
Sickle cell anaemia, - Klinefelter's Syndrome
Definition
Albinism (XXY in male).
- Sex linked: E.g. - Turner's syndrome (XO in
Haemophilia female).

Symbol used

Mendelian Chromosomal
Disorders Disorders

Studied 7 Pairs of
contrasting characters of
pea plant

Genetic Disorder
Proposed three
laws In heterozygous condition
only one member of a pair
expresses its effect in the Pedigree study is utilized to
Importance
hybrid and is called as trace the inheritance of a
dominant while the Gregor Mendel specific trait, abnormality or
Law of
manifestation of the other disease
Dominance
is masked and is known as
recessive
Law of
Pedigree Anlysis
Segregation
- Sudden heritable change in DNA sequence,
During gamete which results in changes in the genotype
Law of formation, the factors and the phenotype of an organism.
Independent (alleles) of a character - Leads to variation in DNA
assortment pair present in
parents segregate Definition
from each other such
that a gamete
receives only one of
the two factors
Principles of Frameshift Mutation
Inheritance Mutation
and Variation
Point Mutation
When two pairs of
traits are combined in a
hybrid, segregation of
one pair of
characteristics is
independent of the
other pair of Sex Determination Chromosomal Theory of inheritance
characters.
Non-Mendeliam
Inheritance

- ZZ—ZW mechanism Example,

Birds
- XX—XO mechanism Example, - Proposed by Walter Sutton and
grasshopper Theodore Boveri in 1902.
- XX – XY mechanism Example, - Thomas Hunt Morgan formulated
Human being chromosomal theory of inheritance
Incomplete using fruit flies (Drosophila
Dominance melanogaster).
- Morgan coined the term Linkage.

Co-Dominance

Pleiotrophy

Multiple - Two alleles of a

Allels gene are equally
dominant and
express themselves
Incomplete even when they are
Dominance together.
A gene exists in more - E.g. ABO blood
than two allelic forms E.g. grouping in human
AB , O blood grouping

One of the two alleles of a gene is Ability of a gene to have

incompletely sp dominant over the multiple phenotypic effects
other allele. E.g., Flower colour in as it influences a number of
Antirrhinum sp. and Mirabilis jalapa. characters simultaneously
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 6 : Molecular Basis of Inheritance (Part-I)

Deoxyribose in
Sequence of nucleotides Ribose in RNA
DNA
(nitrogen bases) in mRNA that
contains information for
protein synthesis
(translation). Phosphate Nitrogenous
Sugar
group Base
Defination

C, T (only in DNA), U
Made of
(Only in RNA)
Nucleotide

A, G

- Triplet Genetic Code

- Non-ambiguous Polynucleotide
- Degenerate Chain Human
- Comma less Genome
- Universal Project
- Comma less
- To identify all the
estimated genes in human
DNA
- To determine the
sequences of the 3 billion
Features

Molecular base pairs

Basis of - To provide tools for data
Inheritance analysis

Hershey Search for

and chase genetic
exp material

Biochemical Griffith
Nature Exp

- Discovered by Oswald
Avery, Colin MacLeod
and Maclyn McCarty.
- Conclusion: DNA is the
hereditary material

- S-strain → Inject into mice →

Mice die
- R-strain → Inject into mice →
Mice live
- S-strain (Heat killed) → Inject
into mice → Mice live
- S-strain (Heat killed) + R-strain
(live) → Inject into mice → Mice
die
- Conclusion: Some
'transforming principle',
transferred from heat-killed S-
strain to R-strain.
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 6 : Molecular Basis of Inheritance (Part-II)

- Structural gene
- Operator gene Central
- Promoter gene Dogma
Gene
- Repressor
expression
- Inducer
and regulation

The operon DNA

controlling packaging
Molecular Nucleosome
lactose Lac Operon
Basis of
metabolism
Inheritance
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 6 : Molecular Basis of Inheritance (Part-III)

Meselson and stahl

experiment

Process

Semi-conservative
DNA Replication

Replication

Molecular
Translation Basis of
Inheritance

Transcription

In Prokaryotes In Eukaryotes
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 7 : Evolution

- Human hand, Whale's

flippers, Bat's wing, and
Cheetah's foot.
Marsupial - Thorns of Bougainvillea and
Radiation tendrils of Cucurbita.

Homologous
Organ

- Wings of insects and wings of

birds.
- Eyes of Octopus and mammals -
Flipper of Penguins and Dolphins.
- Sweet potato (modified root)
and Potato (modified stem)

Analogous
Organ

- By study of fossils
- Fossils help to study
phylogeny, connecting link
and about extinct animals

Morphological & Palentological

Anatomical Evidence
Darwin Finches

Bio Geographical,
Evidences
Adaptive Radiation
Similarities in Placental
Bio-Chemical
proteins and Mammals
Lamarckism - Proposed by
genes.
Lamarck.
- E.g. Long neck
E.g., Placental
Embryological of giraffe.
wolf and
Similarities in Evolution Theories of
Tasmanian
embryo wolf-marsupial. Biological
development. Evidences
Proposed by
Charles Darwin
as Theory of
Darwinism
Natural
Selection

Origin of Life- Urey and

Human Evolution Theories Hardy Weinberg Mechanism Miller's Experiment

Theory of
Theory of
Biogenesis
Panspermia Saltation by De
Vries

Factors
Theory of Spontaneous Theory of Chemical affecting
Generation Evolution

Single Step
Mutation

- Gene
Migration
- Genetic drift
- Mutation
- Proposed by
- Genetic
Lamarck.
recombinatio
- E.g. Long neck
n
of giraffe.
- Natural
Selection
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 8 : Human Health and Diseases

Bone marrow, Thymus

Caused by HIV

Primary
Lymphoid
Memory based AiDS organs
acquired Secondary
immunity, which is
able to distinguish
foreign molecules - Exaggerated
or cells (pathogen) Spleen, Lymph node, Tonsils
response of the
from self-cells.E.g. immune
Rheumatoid system to
arthritis, Multiple allergens. Drugs
sclerosis - Antibodie s I g
E type.
Salmonella typhi
Wuchereria - Anti-
- Opioids- Papavarsomniferum
Streptococcus histamine,
State of complete physical, - Coca alkaloid- Erythroxylum coca.
Pneumonia adrenaline and
mental and social well-being - Cannabinoids- Cannabis sativa
steroidsquickly
reduce the
Ascaris symptoms.
Plasmodium Rhino virus Entoamoeba Symptoms and signs
histolytica

Auto Immunity
Filariasis Typhoid - Drop in academic performance
Pneumonia
- Lack of interest in personal
Health
Allergy hygiene.
- Withdrawal and isolation.
Malaria Ascariasis Common Cold Amoebiasis
- Depression, aggressive and
rebellious behavior.
- Deteriorating relationship
between family and friends.
- Loss of interest in hobbies.
Human
Diseases
Health and
- Benign tumor Diseases Causes
- Malignant Types
Drugs and
- Metastasis
Acohol abuse
- Curiosity and Experimentation. -
- Biopsy Need for adventure and
- Radiography Detection & excitement.
- CT Diagnosis Cancer Immunity - Escape from facing problems.
- MRI - Stress from pressure to excel in
academics or examination.
- Television, movies, newspapers,
- Radiation therapy internet
- Chemotherapy Treatment - Unsupportive family structures
- Immunotherapy and Peer pressure
Pathogens Innate (Non-specific) Acquired (Specific)

Prevention control
Produces primary 2 Types
Types of
& Secondary
barriers
response Pasive Ready made - Avoid undue peer pressure.
antibiotics - Education and counselling.
- Seeking help from parents and
Active Own peers.
B Lymphocytes - Natural:
T Lymphocytes antibiotics - Looking for danger signs.
maternal - Seeking professional and medical
- Physical antibodies e.g., help.
- Physiological colostrum
- Natural:
- Cellular - Artificial:
exposure to
- Cytokine antibodies from
Help B Cells infectious agent
other sources
Produces - Artificial:
like anti-tetanus
Antibodies immunization
serum
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 9 : Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

Artificial
- Mating of more Out-Crossing insemination
Poultry farm closely related
Management - Freshwater fishes- individuals with in
Catla, Rohu, - Practice of bee- the same breed for
common carp etc. 4-6 generations. Cross-breeding MOET
keeping for honey
- Marine fishes - and beeswax. - Continued
Hilsa, Sardines, - Apis indica is inbreeding, leads to
Mackerel, etc most common inbreeding Inter-specific
Dairy farm species used. depression hybridization
Management

Controlled
Out-breeding breeding
Inbreeding techniques

Farm and farm animals Fisheries Bee Keeping

Animal Breeding

Animal - Spirulina is used for SCP,

Tissue culture husbandry so as to provide alternate
source of nutrition.
- It is rich in protein,
Single Cell minerals, fats,
protein carbohydrate and
vitamins

Somatic
Strategies for
Meristem culture Enhancement
hybridization
in Food
Production - Spirulina is used for SCP, so
Single Cell as to provide alternate
Protein source of nutrition.
- This method is used to
- Process of fusion of - It is rich in protein,
recover healthy plants
protoplast of different minerals, fats, carbohydrate
from diseased plant.
varieties on a suitable and vitamins
- Meristem (apical and
nutrient medium in vitro
axillary) is the only virus
to develop somatic Plant
free part of a virus
hybrid. Breeding
infected plant.
- E.g. Pomato = tomato +
- E.g. Banana, sugarcane,
potato protoplasts
potato etc - Collection of genetic variability
- Evaluation of germplasm and
selection of parents
Reasons Steps - Cross hybridisation among the
selected parents
Biofortification - Selection of superior hybrids
- Testing, release and
commercialization of new
cultivars.

Example For disease

For Developing Conventional Breeding
Objectives resistance
resistance to pest technique
varieties

Mutation Breeding

- Hybrid maize
- To improve Protein
- Wheat variety:
content and quality.
Atlas 66
- To improve Oil content
- Iron fortified rice
and quality.
- To improve Vitamin
content.
- To improve Micronutrient
and mineral content.
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 10 : Microbes in Human Welfare

Saccharomyces
cerevisiae - Bacillus thuringiensis:
Control butterfly
caterpillar
- Tichoderma sp.
Lactobacillus Or - Baculoviruses (esp. genus
LAB Nucleopolyhedrovirus):
Controls insect and
Propionibacterium arthropods
sharmanii

Swiss
Curd Bread
Toddy Cheese

Bacteria involved is
Methanobacterium Microbes in household
products Microbes as
biocontrol agents

Microbes in Production of
Biogas

Microbes in
Human
Welfare

Microbes in Industrial
Products

Microbes in Sewage
Microbes as bio-fertilizers
Treatment

Fermented
Enzymes Antibiotic
beverages
Penicillin
Organic acids
Bioactive
Fungi molecules
Cynobacteria Bacteria Saccharomyces Penicillium
cerevisiae notatum
Secondary Sewage Primary Sewage
Treatment Treatment
- Lipases
- Pectinases and proteases (To
clarify bottels juices)
- Streptikinase
(Streptococcus- used as clot
Mycorrhiza- - Symbiosis: - Rhizobium buster)
Association Anabaena in (Symbiotic
of Glomus Azolla bacteria)
with plants Involves Aspergillus niger Acetobacter - Statins- Monascus
- Free living: - Azospirillu Involves the aceti Clostridium butylicum
removal of purpureus used as blood-
Nostoc, m and action of Lactobacillus (a fungus):
coarse solid cholesterol lowering agents
Oscillatoria Azotobacte microbes Citric acid (a bacterium):
materials - Cyclosporine A- Trichoderma
and blue r (free living Acetic acid (a bacterium): polysporum used as an
green algae bacteria) Butyric acid (a bacterium): immunosuppressive drugs
Lactic acid
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 11 : Biotechnology Principles and Processes

Biolistics

Cell are bombarded with high

velocity micro particles of gold or
tungsten coated with DNA

Micro injection

rDNA is directly injected into the

Restriction nucleus of an animal cell
Enzymes
Disarmed pathogen
vector

Host is made
competent by: Vectors like Agrobacterium when
infects the cell transfer the
recombinant DNA into the host

Competent
host

Cloning
vector It is the
Tools of rDNA integration of
Technology natural science
and organisms,
Features of
cells, parts
vector
thereof, and
molecular
analogues for
- Has Ori product and
services Cutting of DNA at specific
- Has Selectable
Biotechnology locations by restriction enzymes
Markers
- Has fewer Principles and
cloning sites Processes
Processes of Transfer of rDNA into the
rDNA Host cell
- rDNA Principles of Technology
- Gene cloning Genetic
- Gene transfer engineering Obtaining foreign gene
product by bioreactors
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 12 : Biotechnology and its Application

- Makes crops more tolerant to abiotic
stresses
- Reduces resilience on chemical
pesticides.
- Helps to reduce post-harvest losses.
- Increases efficiency of mineral usage
by plants.
- Enhances nutritional value of food.
E.g. Golden rice
- Bacillus thuringiensis contain Bt toxin, which
is in inactive form. RNA interference (RNAi)
- It becomes active toxin in the alkaline pH of strategy is used to prevent the
insect gut. infestation of tobacco plants by
- The activated toxin binds to the surface of Nematode (Meloidegyne
midgut epithelial cells of insect and creates incognitia).
pores.
- This causes cell swelling and lysis and
eventually death of the insect.

Pest resistance in Tobacco

Pest resistance in cotton
Advantages of GM Crops plant
plant

- Use of bio-resources by multinational

- Make decisions about the
companies and other organizations without In Agriculture validity of GM research.
proper authorization from the countries and
- Safety of GM-organisms for
people concerned is biopiracy.
public services.
- Patents granted for biological entities and
for products derived from them are called
biopatents.E.g. Basmati Rice.

Biotechnology
Biopiracy and GEAC
and its
biopatent Application
- Technique for correcting a
defective gene through gene
manipulation.
- First clinical gene therapy
was given in 1990 to a 4-year
old girl with adenosine
deaminase (ADA) deficiency.

Transgenic
animals
Gene Therapy

In Medicine
Genetically
Engineered
insulin

Advantages Definition Molecular

diagnosis

- To study normal physiology and

development.
- To study the contribution of genes - Animals that have their DNA - Polymerase Chain
in the manipulated to possess or express Reaction.
development of a disease. an extra gene. - Enzyme Linked
- Biological products. - E.g. Transgenic rats, rabbits, pigs, Immuno-sorbent
- Vaccine safety testing. sheep, Rosie cow and fish. Assay (ELISA)
- Chemical safety testing
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 13 : Organisms and Populations

- People suffer from mountain

sickness
Adaptation in
- Relief occur due to
High Altitude
acclimatization: Increasing
in humans Attribute of organism's
breathing rate, increasing RBCs
morphological,
production
physiological and
behavioural changes
that enables the
- Absorb heat Adaptation in organisms to survive
- Move into shade Lizards and reproduce in its
habitat

- Allen's rule
Adaptation in
- Thick layer of - Regulate - Temperature
Mammals
fat (as in seal) - Conform - Water
- Migrate - Light
Adaptation - Suspend - Soil

- Thick cuticle on leaf Organismic

Adaptation in
- CAM responces
Desert plant Response to Major abiotic
- No leaves
abiotic factors factors

Organisms
- Meeting water and its
requirement by fat Adaptation in Environment
oxidation kangaroo rat
- Produce concentrate urine

Organisms
and
Populations
Population
Interaction

Age Pyramids

Natality rate
Population

Mortality rate

Sex Ratio

Population Size Population Atributes

Population Density Population Growth

Natality
Mortality
Immigration Population Density
Emigration eqn.
Growth Models
Logistic
Growth

Exponential
Growth
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 14 : Ecosystem

Primary Succession Carbon Cycling

Phosphorus Cycling
Nutrient
Cycling

Ecological
Services

- Purify air and water.

Ecosystem
- Mitigate droughts and flood.
Microbes
- Cycle nutrients.
as
- Generates fertile soil.
biocontrol
- Provide wildlife habitat.
agents
- Maintain biodiversity.
- Pollinate crops.
- Provide storage site for carbon Functional
- Provide aesthetic, cultural and spiritual values. Structure Components of
Ecosystem
and function
Ecosystem

Comprises Distribution of
Process of Nutrient
different species at Energy Flow Productivity
Decomposition cycling
different levels

Biotic Abiotic
Food chain shows
- Fragmentation
energy pathways. Primary Secondary
- Leaching
Energy passes from
- Catabolism
producer (plants) to
- Humification
Plant-eaters, to
Autotrophs, Pond, lake, - Mineralisation
Animal-eaters and to
Herbivores and river, estuary tertiary consumer
NPP= GPP-R Rate of
carnivores
formation of
new organic
matter by
consumers
Ten Percent Ecological
Law Trophic level Pyramid
Food Chain

Detritus food Grazing food Pyramid of Pyramid of

Pyramid of No.
chain chain Energy Biomass

During transfer of energy Specific place Begins with Begins with

- Upright e.g. in
from one trophic level to occupied by an detritus such as producers, Always upright - Upright e.g. in
grassland
another, only about 10% is organism in the dead bodies of present at the because energy grassland
- Inverted e.g. in
stored at higher levels; food chain in an animals or first trophic is lost as heat at - Inverted e.g. in
pond
remaining 90% is lost in ecosystem fallen leaves. level. each step tree ecosystem
respiration (heat).
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 15 : Biodiversity and Conservation

More than 25% of the - Provides oxygen Moral duty to - National Park
- Zoological Parks
drugs are derived from - Pollination take care for - Sanctuary
- Botanical gardens
plants. - Aesthetic pleasures biodiversity - Biosphere Reserves
- Gene banks
- Sacred Forests
- Genetic resource centres
- Hotspots

Narrow Utilitarian Broadly Utilitarian Ethical Utilitarian In-situ Ex-situ

Conservation Conservation

Methods
Reasons

Conservation
of
Biodiversity

Biodiversity
and
Conservation

Species- Area Biodiversity

log S = log C + Z log A Global Species
Relationship
Diversity

Levels of Patterns of
Causes of loss of
biodiversity biodiversity
biodiversity

Ecological Latitudinal
Genetic diversity Species diversity
diversity gradients

- Species diversity decreases

from the equator towards - Habitat loss and
Diversity show n by the poles. fragmentation
Diversity at the Diversity at the
a single species at - Tropics (latitudinal range of - Over-exploitation
species level ecosystem level
genetic level. to ) have more - Alien-species invasions
species than temperate o or - Co-extinctions
polar areas.
 Class : 12th Biology
Chapter- 16 : Environmental Issues

Biomagnification
- Odd climatic - Reducing the use of
increased changes (El nino fossil fuels
- Smoke stacks concentration of effect). - Use of bio-fuels
from thermal greenhouse - Melting of Polar ice - Improving energy
plants, garbage gases caps. efficiency Eutrophication
decomposition, - Rise in sea level. - Use of renewable
burning of fossil source of energy
fuels are such as CNG etc.
common sources.
- Can be controlled Increased BOD
by electrostatic
precipitator,
scrubber and
catalytic Methods of
Causes Effects Effects
converters control - Treat Wastewater
in integrated
manner. E.g., in town
of Areata situated
along Northern coast
of California.
Sources - Use of Ecosan
toilets for ecological
Air Pollution Global sanitation
Warming
Water
Pollution

Intergrated
waste water
Management
Conversion of
forested areas to
non-forested areas Noise is
Environmental Noice
undesirable high
Deforestation Issues Pollution
level of sound.

Redioactive
Solid Wastes waste

Zone Green House

Depletion effect

- Wastes
generated from
radioactive
Green house
Definition materials.
effect
- Nuclear wastes
Remedy of should be buried
plastic waste in rocks.

- Types:
Biodegradable and
CFCs (used as
non-biodegradable. Montreal Protocol Naturally
Ahmed Khan refrigerants)
- Disposal methods was signed to occurring
developed causes ozone
are sanitary control the phenomenon,
Polyblend. It is a depletion. It has
landfills, rag emission of ozone responsible
fine powder of formed ozone hole
pickers, depleting for heating of
recycled modified over the Antarctic
Incineration, substances earth's
plastic used to lay region
recycling surface and
roads.
atmosphere.
OM EDUCON PVT.LTD.
B-FF-4, 7, 1st Floor,
Galaxy Signature,
Opp. Sukan Bunglows-1,
Science City Road,
Sola, Ahmedabad-60 M.R.P. Rs. 450.00
 OM EDUCON PVT. LTD.
“We are driven to transform your DREAMS into REALITY.”

Om Educon Pvt. Ltd. is a unique & leading Educational Institutions across the globe
Educational Consultancy Organization and has paved its presence globally.
dedicated to provide appropriate guidance
Om Educon Pvt. Ltd, based in India, offers
for crafting a bright & successful career
Total Solutions in the various Educational
future under the excellent leadership of
f i e l d s o f S t u d i e s – D o m e s t i c a l ly &
Qualified Educators.
Internationally to Students & Professionals
Since 2005, Om Educon Pvt. Ltd. has been who are planning for higher studies.
successfully providing goal-oriented &
Our staff & colleagues are highly student
focused guidance to the aspiring students &
friendly and provide a soothing & comforting
encouraging them to fulfil their dreams.
experience to our clients & their parents to
Over the years, Om Educon Pvt. Ltd. has been satisfy all their needs effectively.
successfully working with several
 9 0 01
ISO D
TIFIE
CER PANY
COM

17 + YEARS OF EXCELLENCE
MISSION
To groom students by enhancing their capabilities, aptitude & for making them compatible with
the world, ensuring they stand head-to-head at the International Level both Professionally &
Personally.

VISION
To create a user friendly, hassle free and highly informative one stop destination for students &
parents who need guidance for making career in the various field globally.

ABOUT OUR ORGANIZATION

Name of the Company : Om Educon Pvt. Ltd.
Nature of Business : Educational & Professional Consultant
Director : Dr. Umesh H. Gurjar
Registered on : 10th April, 2005
ISO Certificate Number : 16QAB09
Company CIN Number : U80212GJ2015PTC082091
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation : AMCREGISTRATION NO:-PII/GRDW/2900021/0158404
Address of Company : C/o. Jyoti Hospital, ICU & Pharmacy (Multispeciality
Hospital) B-4, 7, 1st Floor, Galaxy Signature, Opp. Sukan
Bunglows-1, Science City Road, Sola, Ahmedabad-60
Mobile Number : 7069007611 / 7069007612
E-Mail ID : info@omeducon.com
Official Website : www.omeducon.com
ABOUT DIRECTOR
Dr. Umesh Gurjar (M.D. Physician, D.G.O., DNHE, CAFÉ), is a pioneer, a visionary, a speaker, an author
& a leader with a clear and strong aim of providing a single platform for all the aspirants who wish to
carve a career in various Fields in India & Abroad.
He is a Leading Career Consultant in India for making your dreams come true of becoming a life saver;
a Doctor by imparting important, correct & timely information with highly effective guidance for
choosing right path in obtaining degree in your desired Educational Field.
Upon witnessing the strong determination in the deserving students for further studies as well as the
utter lack of awareness and information, Dr. Umesh setup an organization OM EDUCON PVT. LTD., in
mid 2005 with an initiative to facilitate students who wished to opt for higher education in India &
abroad.
Dr. Umesh was inspired to create a user friendly, hassle free and highly informative one stop place
for both students & parents who need guidance for making a career in the various Field globally.

Founder and Director of Om Educon Pvt. Ltd.

Chairman at Om Clinic
Author
Motivational Speaker
Educator
Trustee at Humanity Foundation
National Chairman of Academic Committee in ALL INDIA MEDICAL STUDENTS ASSOCIATION
Founder and Faculty of Pre-Medical Training Camp
 Educational
Qualification
Degree Year Class
M.D.Physician 2010 FIRST
DNHE 2011 FIRST
CAFÉ 2012 FIRST
DIPLOMA OBG 2016 FIRST

Experience
Organization Month/year
Sadbhavna Trust Hospital, Mahuva
June to September 2007
Under Dr.P.J.Baldaniya
Regional Hospital Grodno, Belarus June to September 2008
Mamta Maternity Nursing Home, Mahuva
June to August 2009
Under Dr. D.C.ladumor
Sal Hospital, Ahmedabad July 2011 to February 2012
Swasthaya Diabetes Care, Ahmedabad March 2012 to July 2012
Sterling Hospital, Ahmedabad August 2012 to January 2013
Private clinic
OM CLINIC, Ahmedabad February 2013 to till
MA CLINIC, Ahmedabad
Director of Om Educon PVT. LTD., Ahmedabad April 2005 to till
Founder and Faculty of
2013 to till
PRE Medical Training Camp
External Faculty at -Grodno State
2011 to till
Medical University, GRODNO, BELARUS
Trustee at Humanity Foundation 2017 to till
ACHIEVEMENTS
Ÿ National Chairman of Academic Committee in ALL INDIA MEDICAL STUDENTS ASSOCIATION.

Ÿ Participated in the Work of the Students and Young Scientist's Research and Practice Conference
of the Grodno State Medical University, from 11th – 13th April 2007 at Grodno, Belarus.
Ÿ Participated in the Recites Contest in Framework of the Festival of National Cultures “Our Power Is
in Friendship” held from 17th – 20th April 2007 at Grodno, Belarus. Achieves : SECOND PLACE .
Ÿ Was the President of the Indian Medical Students Association in Belarus from Year 2007 to Year 2010.

Ÿ Official Translator of Indian Embassy in Belarus from Year 2008 to Year 2010.

Ÿ Research Work on Gestation Diabetes and AIDS in Belarus and India from Year 2009 till today.

Ÿ Published 2 Theses in Belarus Medical Journal on AIDS Treatment in Year 2010.

Ÿ Was the Host of the Convocation Day in Belarus in July 2010.

Ÿ CMO in Diabetic Foundation Camp in various cities of Gujarat with Mr. Mayur Patel in 2011.

Ÿ External Faculty at - Grodno State Medical University from Year 2011.

Ÿ Faculty of Medical Subjects in Pre Medical Training Camp from 2013 to till today.

Ÿ Pass NCC CERTIFICATE “A” 02 May 2000, Bhavnagar.

Ÿ “Life Saving Award” presented by Government of Republic of Belarus in Year 2010.

Ÿ “Best Motivational Speaker” award given by 2015 Batch of GSMU students.

Ÿ “Certificate of Best Teacher” given by 2016 batch of GSMU students.

OM EDUCON IN PRINT & ELECTRONIC MEDIA
Ÿ We have our presence in various print and electronic media across the India.
Ÿ We organize special Seminars and Talk Shows for Students & Parents.
INTERNATIONAL CONNECTION OF OM EDUCON
Ÿ Om Educon has International Connections with 122 Institutes in 22 Countries across the globe.
ü Various Foreign Delegates from Several International Institutes have visited Om Educon.
ü Foreign Delegates regularly visit and meet aspiring students and parents during various
seminars organized by us in India and inspire them for Higher Studies in Abroad.
ü They actively interact and participate in the discussions with the Parents and also reply
satisfactorily to the questions of students and parents.
INTERNATIONAL CONNECTION OF OM EDUCON
Ÿ We have collaboration with many International Institutions across the globe.
Ÿ Our Director regularly visit to Foreign Universities with whom we have bilateral contracts.
Ÿ Purpose of visit is to develop Mutual Beneficial Relations with Universities & also to meet our
students who are currently studying there.
SEMINARS
We organize various Career Oriented & Admission Guidance Seminars in Schools, Societies &
Various Cities across India for Students, Parents and Teachers.

No. of Seminars 600+ No. of Visitors More than 7.5 Lakhs

 JY TI
H O S P I TA L

Dr. Umesh Gurjar, Director of Om Educon Pvt. Ltd. is the Founder at Jyoti Hospital & Om Clinic
OPD For Diagnosis and Treatment of all types of Diseases

Treated more than 3000 COVID-19 patients successfully.

Dr. Umesh Gurjar, Director of Om Educon Pvt. Ltd. is the Founder & the Trustee Member of Humanity
Foundation.
Under this Foundation, we are helping the people in Education & Health sector by organizing various
social activities.

SOCIAL ACTIVITIES
STAY
ALERT MEMBERSHIP
For Std.10th, 11th, 12th,
Students & their parents
Exams íkÚkk Results Lke íkkhe¾ku yLku rLkÞ{ku.
NEET/GUJCET/JEE ÃkheûkkykuLke Updates.
Admission Form {u¤ððk {kxuLktw MÚk¤ íkÚkk Last Date.
Form Submission {kxuLktw MÚk¤ íkÚkk ytrík{ íkkhe¾.
Merit - Marks, Number íkÚkk List.
Counseling {kxuLkwt MÚk¤, íkkhe¾ íkÚkk Mk{Þ.
Reshuffling, {kfo MkwÄkhýk {kxuLke yøkíÞLke íkkhe¾ku.
swËk swËk yÇÞkMk¢{ku, Colleges íkÚkk Seats {kt Úkíkk VuhVkhku.
økðo{uLx, {uLkus{uLx, íkÚkk NRI çkuXfku {kxuLke yhS.
Admission Committee îkhk fhðk{kt ykðíke ònuhkíkku.
«ðuþ «r¢ÞkLkk Rules & Regulations {kt Úkíkk ÃkrhðoíkLkku.
CBSE, GSEB, NBE îkhk ykÃkðk{kt ykðíke {krníkeyku.
swËk swËk Newspapers íkÚkk Website Ãkh ykðíke ¾çkhku.
swËk swËk Entrance ExamLkk Vku{o {u¤ððkLke íkkhe¾ku.
yLÞ hkßÞku {kt Úkíke Admission Process Lke {krníke.
çkeò hksÞku{kt fku÷uòu, yÇÞkMk¢{ku íkÚkk rLkÞ{ku{kt Úkíkk çkË÷kð.
Get all above mentioned important information related your future
on your mobile phone & Stay Alert By

Call SMS Whatsapp Email Facebook Google + Twitter

Only
300 RS.
For
1YEAR
 Career Fitness Center

PLAN YOUR CAREER

PLAN
YOUR
• Choose Best Stream (Science, Commerce, Arts), CAREER
course and career after class 10.
• Decide your study Board
(GSEB, CBSE, ISCE) & Medium (English, Gujarati, Hindi).
• Selection of Course, College, University after 12th standard.
• Career Counselling & Goal Settings.
• Parents & Family Involvement to shape your Career.
• Learn Study Habits, Techniques and Time Management.
• Discover your Interest, Skill, Personality & Talent.
• Improve your Marks, Memory, Concentration, Results &
Performance.
• Get Solutions for Students' life problems. By
• Stay away from Stress, Tension and Pressure.
• Plan your Diet, Exercise & Extra-curricular Activities.
Dr. Umesh Gurjar
• Personalized Career Plan by Expert. - M.D., D.G.O., DNHE, CAFÉ
• Plan in advance your Admission for India and Abroad. - Done more than 8000
• Explore yourself with Different Career Choices. Personal Counseling.

Personal Counselling available on CALL / VIDEO CALL.

Call for Personal Counselling or more Info: 7069007611 / 12
 JEE
UPSC YOUR NEET UG
GPSC GUJCET
USMLE
NEET PG
HSC
SSC FMGE
PTE
IELTS GRE
PARTNER TOEFL

Advantages:
FMGE
• Goal Setting. UPSC IELTS
• Study Techniques. TOEFL
• Time Management. GPSC NEET UG GRE
• Daily Schedule Planning. USMLE GUJCET
• Boost up your Confidence.
• Get Educated and Motivated. HSC SSC
• Get aware about various Exams. PTE JEE
• Learn How to Enjoy Studies and Exams. GRE
• Extra - Curricular Activities Management. IELTS FMGE
• Weekly and Monthly Progress Tracking. TOEFL
• Step by Step Planning to reach your Goal.
• Get Alert about current Competition Level. NEET PG
• Get Enriched and Enhanced your Knowledge.
• Get Relieve from Study Pressure, Tension and Fear.
GPSC
• Plan your Reading, Revision and Mock Test in detail.
• Hour vice distributed Time Table to achieve your Goal.
• Priority vice distribution of Subjects, Chapters and Topics.
• Learn Smart Work distributed Yearly, Monthly, Weekly & Daily.
• Learn How to Run behind the Knowledge and not behind the Marks.
• Solutions for your Queries, Confusions, Difficulties and Problems.

Om Educon can be your Goal Partner to Achieve your Ambi on

 Your Goal
Partner
Psychometric Test

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Career
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 info@omeducon.com
www.omeducon.com

7069007611 / 12

C/oJyoti Hospital, ICU & Pharmacy (Multispeciality Hospital)

B-4, 7, 1st Floor, Galaxy Signature, Opp. Sukan Bunglows-1,
Science City Road, Sola, Ahmedabad-60