Professional Documents
Culture Documents
U 9 Transport in Animals Revision Notes
U 9 Transport in Animals Revision Notes
U 9 Transport in Animals Revision Notes
YOUR NOTES
IGCSE Biology CIE
9. Transport in Animals
CONTENTS
9.1 Circulatory Systems, Heart & Blood Vessels
9.1.1 Circulatory System
9.1.2 Circulatory System: Extended
9.1.3 The Mammalian Heart
9.1.4 Monitoring Activity of the Heart
9.1.5 Investigating Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate
9.1.6 Coronary Heart Disease
9.1.7 Identifying Structures in the Heart: Extended
9.1.8 Functioning of the Heart: Extended
9.1.9 Explaining the Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate: Extended
9.1.10 Blood Vessels
9.1.11 Circulation Around the Body
9.1.12 Structure & Function of Blood Vessels: Extended
9.1.13 Blood Vessels & the Liver: Extended
9.1.14 Components of Blood
9.1.15 Blood Clotting
9.1.16 White Blood Cells: Extended
9.1.17 Conversion of Fibrinogen: Extended
Page 1 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Circulatory System
The circulatory system is a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure
one-way flow of blood
Page 2 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 3 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 5 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 6 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 7 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Exam Tip
Remember A-A: Arteries carry blood Away from the heart
Page 8 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 9 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 10 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 11 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 12 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 13 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 14 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 15 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
These valves are pushed open when the atria contract but when the ventricles YOUR NOTES
contract they are pushed shut to prevent blood from flowing back into the atria
The semilunar valves are found in the two blood arteries that come out of the top of
the heart
They are unusual in that they are the only two arteries in the body that contain valves
These valves open when the ventricles contract so blood squeezes past them out of
the heart, but then shut to avoid blood flowing back into the heart
Page 16 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 17 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
9.1.9 Explaining the Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate: Extended YOUR NOTES
Explaining the Effect of Physical Activity on Heart Rate: Extended
So that sufficient blood is taken to the working muscles to provide them with enough
nutrients and oxygen for increased respiration
An increase in heart rate also allows for waste products to be removed at a faster rate
Following exercise, the heart continues to beat faster for a while to ensure that all excess
waste products are removed from muscle cells
It is also likely that muscle cells have been respiring anaerobically during exercise and so
have built up an oxygen debt
This needs to be ‘repaid’ following exercise and so the heart continues to beat faster to
ensure that extra oxygen is still being delivered to muscle cells
The extra oxygen is used to break down the lactic acid that has been built up in cells as a
result of anaerobic respiration
Page 18 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 19 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 20 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Structure of a capillary
Page 21 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 22 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 23 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 24 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
As arteries divide more as they get further away from the heart, they get narrower YOUR NOTES
The narrow vessels that connect arteries to capillaries are called arterioles
Veins also get narrower the further away they are from the heart
The narrow vessels that connect capillaries to veins are called venules
Page 25 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 26 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 27 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Blood micrograph
Page 28 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 29 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 30 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Phagocytosis
Phagocytes have a sensitive cell surface membrane that can detect chemicals produced
by pathogenic cells
Once they encounter the pathogenic cell, they will engulf it and release digestive enzymes
to digest it
They can be easily recognised under the microscope by their multi-lobed nucleus and
their granular cytoplasm
Lymphocytes
Produce antibodies to destroy pathogenic cells and antitoxins to neutralise toxins
released by pathogens
They can easily be recognised under the microscope by their large round nucleus which
takes up nearly the whole cell and their clear, non-granular cytoplasm
Page 31 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
Page 32 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers
Head to savemyexams.co.uk for more awesome resources
YOUR NOTES
Page 33 of 33
© 2015-2023 Save My Exams, Ltd. · Revision Notes, Topic Questions, Past Papers