TL 3102 Chemical-Physical Processes

Days

Mixing and Agitation

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing

1
 AGITATION AND MIXING
▪ Agitation : the induced motion of a material in a specified way,
usually in a circulatory pattern inside some sort of container
▪ Agitation of liquid of low to moderate viscosity
▪ applies to those operations, the primary purpose of which is to promote turbulence.

▪ Mixing: the random distribution, into and through one another, of two
or more initially separate phases
o an operation in which two or more materials are intermingled to attain a
desired degree of uniformity
o Mixing of liquids, liquid-gas dispersions, and liquid solid suspension, gas-liquid,
solid-solid
o two gases that are brought together and thoroughly blended -> final product: mixed,
homogenous
o sand, gravel, cement, and water tumbled in a rotating drum for a long time -> final product,
mixed, but differ widely in compostion
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 2
 Purpose of Agitation
1. Suspending solid particles
2. Blending miscible liquids, e.g., methyl alcohol and water
3. Dispersing a gas through the liquid in the form of small
bubbles
4. Dispersing a second liquid, immiscible with the first, to form an
emulsion or suspension of fine drops
5. Promoting heat transfer between the liquid and a coil or
jacket
6. Dispersing a gas in a liquid as fine bubbles, - such as oxygen
from air in a suspension of microorganisms for fermentation or
for the activated sludge process in waste treatment.
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 3
 Type of Reactors
Mechanically agitated Non-mechanically Non-mechanically
reactors agitated reactors agitated reactors

American Water Works Association

American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005

Water treatment Wastewter

Coagulation/floc treatment Water treatment Air pollution
culation Surface aerotaor control (scrubber)
Gas-liquid contacting devices for low-viscosity systems
(after Middleton, 1985) (After Fair et al., 1971 in
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing
Shammas and Wang, 2016).4
Fluid Mechanics

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 5


Dimensionless Number: Reynold Number
Reynolds Number Re:
defines whether a flow is
laminar or turbulent
A. Dye at laminar flow
B. Dye at turbulent flow
d = Pipe diameter (m)
V = Liquid velocity (m/s)
ρ = Density (Kg/m3)
μ = Viscosity (Pa.s)
For Reynolds numbers,
• Re < 2100, viscous forces keep the
flow laminar in the pipe.
• For Re > 4000, inertial forces
dominate and the flow is turbulent.
• The region between 2100 < Re <
4000 is called transition area
Fluid
Mechanic
Agitator Reynolds number describes For non-Newtonian fluids
the flow near the impeller when
agitating in a tank and is what, from
here on, will be referred to as Reynolds
number, Re.
For calculating agitator Reynolds
number for Newtonian liquids K’, n’ are constants for
moderate shear forces,
(Unit operations of chemical
engineering series, McCabe, 1993)
D = Impeller diameter (m)
N=
• Re<Re 10: laminar
• Re>10000: turbulent
(McCabe, Unit operations of
chemical engineering, 1993).
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 6
 Fluid
Dimensionless Number: Power Number Mechanic

• Power number is commonly used for

different scale up operations and is the
relation between resistance force and
inertia force.
• Power number can be used to make a
correlations log-log plot for a specific
impeller and baffle configuration by
plotting “power number vs. Reynolds
number
• For a unique system it can be seen for
what Reynolds number the flow will be
laminar, transitional or turbulent.
Differences for an unbaffled and
baffled tank can also be seen in the
graph. Typical Power curves for Re < 10000, baffled and
unbaffled agitator tank.

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 7

Dimensionless Number: Scaba Pumping Number Fluid
Mechanic

• Scaba pumping
F: Momentum, Kg/s
number is the
liquid speed far
away from the
impeller
vo: Outgoing speed (m/s)
• proportional to Q: Volumetric flow rate (m3 /s)
the pumping
capacity divided
by the diameter Shows the flow cone when agitating.
of the propeller Scaba pumping number

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 8

 Dimensionless Number: Fluid
Scaba Number & Flow Number Mechanic

Scaba number measures the agitator’s

capability to make liquid flow far away
from the impeller in relation to power
input

Scaba number

The Scaba number can not be used to compare

Nq: Flow number is the discharge flow different impellers because the variables in the
from the blade tip on the impeller or main equationaAre different between different
impellers
pumping ability.
But can be used as an efficiency value for
impellers.
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 9
 Dimensionless Number: Fluid
Froude Number Mechanic

• The Froude number
• the ratio of the internal to
gravitational forces in the
flow
• used to calculate the
resistance of objects moving LWL = waterline length. (m)
through fluids and compare
objects of different sizes.
• ratio between the speed of When used in the context of the Boussinesq
the surface wave and the
speed of the mean flow
• if the Froudes number is
greater then one the flow is
supercritical and the internal
forces are governing the
behaviour of the flow
The dimensionless Froude number is defined by
v = speed (m/s)
g = gravity acceleration constant (m/s2 )
approximation in fluid dynamics Froude number
is defined as:
called densimetric Froude number.
u = Speed (m/s)
g′ = Reduced gravity (m/s2 )
h = Representative length
scale.(m)
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing
For calculating the Froude
number in agitated tanks
Scanpump uses a correlation
more suitable for that purpose:
u = speed (m/s)
g = gravity acceleration constant
(m/s2 )
d = impeller diameter (m)
10
Mechanical Agitator

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 11

Mechanical Agitator

Kania Moo-Young
Source: Dewi - Agitationet.al,
& Mixing
2011 12
 Agitation Equipment : Impeller
The axial flow
The radial flow
impellers: low shear
impellers: Radial-flow
and good pumping
impellers-high shear
(circulation)
with less pumping

Typical agitation process vessel

Source: Mc Cabe et.al., 1993

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wzooJoF8A9M
Reproduced with permission of Reproduced with permission of
Mixing Equipment Company, Mixing Equipment Company,
Rochester, NY.) Rochester, NY.)

▪ The types of impellers are propellers, turbines.

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 13

 Agitation Equipment: Impeller
Turbines: multibladed paddle agitators with short blades, Propellers. A propeller is an axial-flow, high-
turning at high speeds on a shaft mounted centrally in the speed impeller for liquids of low viscosity.
vessel.

Three blade marine propeller http://www.qualitycastingswi.com/investment

Source: Mc Cabe et.al., 1993 casting/industriesWastewaterTreatment

• Axial flow is necessary for top-to-bottom

mixing in stirred tanks.
• Axial flow is generated by impellers with
inclined or pitched blades that make an
Source: Mc Cabe et.al., 1993 angle of less than 90° with the plane of
rotation

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 14

Agitation Equipment: Turbulent Mixer

• .

• Axial flow impellers are very useful in mixing solid-

liquid suspensions because they prevent the solid
Radial flow impellers should be used in
particles from settling at the bottom of the tank.
situations where high shear rates are
• The type and geometry of impeller used will vary
needed, such as in dispersion
from process to process and the determination of
processes
the best geometry for a specific process requires a
great deal of experimentation

http://websites.umich.edu/~elements/01chap/html/reactors/mixing/dn.htm
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 15
Agitation Equipment: Impeller

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 16

Agitation Equipment: Impeller

Experimental design and fermentor configuration with respect to aeration and agitation

Source: Lawford and Rousseau, 1991

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 17

Agitation Equipment: Laminar Flow Impeller
• For situations involving very viscous fluids where laminar mixing is present, the diameter of
the impeller approaches the diameter of the tank.
• The larger impellers aid in the transport of momentum throughout the tank and ensure that
the fluid is moving close to the tank wall.
• Some common geometries of laminar impellers are the ribbon impeller, the screw impeller,
and the anchor impeller.

http://websites.umich.edu/~elements/01chap/html/reactors/mixing/impeller.htm
18
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing
Agitation Equipment: Turbulent Mixer

a radial flow impeller an axial flow impeller

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing

 Flow Pattern in Agitation Vessel
The type of flow in an agitated vessel depends on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPr0nqPIu_8
▪ the type of impeller;
▪ the characteristics of the fluid;
▪ and the size and proportions of the tank, baffles, and
agitator
The flow pattern depends on three components
▪ radial and acts in a direction perpendicular to the shaft of
the impeller.
▪ The second component is longitudinal (axial) and acts in a
direction parallel with the shaft
▪ The third component is tangential, or rotational, and acts
in a direction tangent to a circular path around the shaft.
Flow pattern produced Flow pattern produced
by an radial impeller in by an axial-flow impeller
a baffled tank. in a baffled tank.
https://www.sciencedirect. https://www.sciencedirect.com/
com/topics/engineering/ra topics/chemical-
dial-flow engineering/axial-flow

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSTv1grHTo8

20
https://www.afs.enea.it/project/neptunius/docs/fluent/html/ug/node982.htm Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing
Flow Pattern in Agitated Vessel: Vortex

A swirling flow
pattern to
develop, for the
lighter fluid
(usually air) to be
drawn in to form
a vortex at the
surface of the
liquid.
a flat-bladed turbine (exactly the same
flow pattern would be observed with a
Vortex at very high pitched-blade turbine or a propeller.
Vortex formation and circulation
impeller speed (Speed: limiting factor)
pattern in an unbaffled agitated vesse Source: Mc Cabe et.al., 1993
https://chemico-world.blogspot.com/2021/07/vertexformation.html

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 21

 Flow Pattern in Agitated Vessel:
Vortex Prevention
Draft tubes for propellers are
Off center propeller install baffles (large tank) mounted around the impeller,
Installing vertical strips perpendicular
to the wall of the tank

Flow pattern with off-center Draft tubes, baffled tank: (a) turbine; (b)
propeller. (After Bissell et al.) Multiple turbines in tall tank. propeller. (Afrer Bissell et al.3)
Source: Mc Cabe et.al., 1993
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 22
 Flow Pattern in Agitated Vessel:
Vortex Prevention
Center-Mounted Mixer in an Unbaffled Tank, Center-Mounted Mixer in baffled Tank, vortex
vortex developed prevented

Industrial Mixing Basics - Baffled vs Unbaffled Tanks - Part 1 - YouTube Industrial Mixing Basics - Baffled vs Unbaffled Tanks - Part 2 - YouTube

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 23

“Standard” Turbine Design

• The number of baffles is usually 4;

• The number of impeller blades ranges
from 4 to 16 but is generally 6 or 8.

Measurements of turbine. (After Rushtoll et al.42)

Source: Mc Cabe et.al., 1993

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 24

 Turbine Design

The Effects of Impeller Diameter | Sepro Mixing - The Effects Of Off Bottom Impeller Distance | Sepro
YouTube Mixing - YouTube

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 25

 Circulation, Velocities, And Power Consumption
in Agitated Vessels: Flow Number NQ

Typical velocity profile of flow from a straight-blade turbine,

showing definition of shear rate. (After Oldslrue. JS,,)
Velocity vectors at tip of turbine impeller blade.
• u2 is the velocity of the blade tips;
• V’u2 and V’r2 are the actual tangential and radial
velocities of the liquid leaving the blade tips,
respectively;
• V’2 is the total liquid velocity at the same point.
• q is the volumetric flow rate through the impeller
• Ap is taken to be the area of the cylinder swept out
by the tips of the impeller blades
• K is a constant that allows for the fact that the radial
velocity is not actually constant over the width of the
blade NQ: Flow number is the discharge flow from the
• For geometrically similar impellers W is proportional
blade tip on the impeller or pumping ability.
to D a' and K, k, and fJ'z are approximately constant. Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing
Circulation, Velocities, And Power Consumption in
Agitated Vessels: Velocity Pattern and Velocity Gradient
•As the fluid leaves
the impeller
blades, the radial
component of the • The numbers in Fig.
fluid velocity V’r indicate the scalar
• at the centerline magnitude of the
of the impeller is fluid velocity at
about 0.6 times various points as
the tip speed u2 fractions of the
velocity of the tip of
The radial velocity the impeller blades
decreases with
vertical distance
from the centerline,

for a 4-in. flat-blade turbine in an 11.5-in. tank

Velocity patterns in turbine agitator.
(After Morrison et al.32)
27
 Circulation, Velocities, And Power Consumption
in Agitated Vessels: Power Consumption
• Power consumption is • Velocity V’2 is slightly smaller In dimensionless form
the power required to than the tip speed u2
drive the impeller • If the ratio V’2/u2 is denoted
• When the flow in the by ,
tank is turbulent, the
power requirement can
be estimated The power number Np
• The power requirement is
Flow produced
by the impeller
The kinetic For a standard six-
energy Ek per bladed turbine,
unit volume of NQ = 1.3, and if a is taken
the fluid. as 0.9, Np = 5.2.
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 28
 Circulation, Velocities, And Power Consumption
in Agitated Vessels: Power Correlation
• The various linear measurements can By taking account of the shape factors,
all be converted to dimensionless
ratios, called shape factors, by dividing
each of them by one of their number
which is arbitrarily chosen as a basis.
• When the shape factors are
temporarily ignored and the liquid is The first dimensionless group
assumed newtonian, the power P is a
function of the remaining variables,
the power number

Reynolds number NRo

the Froude number NF

Application of the method of
dimensional analysis gives the result

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 29

 Circulation, Velocities, And Power Consumption in
Agitated Vessels: Power Correlation for Specific Impellers

Baffled
tanks.

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 30

 Circulation, Velocities, And Power Consumption in
Agitated Vessels: Power Correlation for Specific Impellers
At low Reynolds numbers, below about
300, the power number curves for
baffled and unbaffled tanks are
identical.
EFFECT OF SYSTEM GEOMETRY
With a flat-bladed turbine operating at
high Reynolds numbers in a baffled
tank:
1. Decreasing S1, the ratio of impeller
diameter to tank diameter, increases
Np
2. The effect of Changing S2
3. The effect of Changing S4
4. Two straight-blade turbines on the
same shaft draw about 1.9 times as
much power as one turbine alone,
provided the spacing between the
two impelIers is at least equal to the
impelIer diameter .
5. The shape of the tank has relatively
little effect on N p.

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 31

 Circulation, Velocities, And Power Consumption in
Agitated Vessels: Calculation of Power Consumption

The power delivered to In baffled tanks at Reynolds

the liquid is computed
At low Reynolds numbers,
numbers larger than about
10,000, the power number
is independent of the
Reynolds number, and
viscosity is not a factor. In
this range the flow is fully
turbulent and

The flow is laminar in this range, Magnitudes of the constants

and density is no longer a factor. KT and KL for various types of
Equations above can be used impeIlers and tanks
when NR, is less than 10.
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 32
Circulation, Velocities, And Power Consumption in
Agitated Vessels: Calculation of Power Consumption

Problem
A flat-blade turbine with six blades is installed centrally in a vertical
tank. The tank is 6 ft (1.83 m) in diameter; the turbine is 2 ft (0.61 m) in
diameter and is positioned 2 ft (0.61 m) from the bottom of the tank.
The turbine blades are 5 in.(127 mm) wide. The tank is filled to a depth
of 6 ft (1.83 m) with a solution of 50 percent caustic soda, at 150°F
(65.6°C), which has a viscosity of 12 cP and a density of 93.5lb/ft'
(1498 kg/m'). The turbine is operated at 90 r/min. The tank is baffled.
What power will be required to operate the mixer?

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 33

Circulation, Velocities, And Power Consumption in
Agitated Vessels: Calculation of Power Consumption

Solution

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 34

Circulation, Velocities, And Power Consumption in
Agitated Vessels: Calculation of Power Consumption for Non
Newtonian Liquids
The Reynolds number
For a straight-blade
turbine in pseudoplastic
liquids

the average apparent

viscosity

Substitution

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 35

Blending and Mixing: BLENDING OF MISCIBLE LIQUIDS.

• Miscible liquids are blended in

• relatively small process vessels by propellers or turbine impellers, usually
centrally mounted,
• in large storage and waste-treatment tanks by side-entering propellers or
jet mixers.

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 36

Blending and Mixing: BLENDING IN PROCESS VESSELS
The impeller in a process vessel produces
• a high-velocity stream and the liquid is well mixed
• in the region close to the impelIer because of the
intense turbulence.

For a standard six-blade turbine

Mixing times in agitated vessels. Dashed lines are for unbaffied

tanks; solid line is for an unbaffled tank.
37
Blending and Mixing: BLENDING IN PROCESS VESSELS

Example:
An agitated vessel 6 ft (1.83 m) in diameter contains a six-blade straight-blade turbine 2
ft (0.61 m) in diameter, set one impeller diameter above the vessel floor, and rotating at
80 r/min. It is proposed to use this vessel for neutralizing a dilute aqueous solution of
NaOH at 70°F with a stoichiometrically equivalent quantity of concentrated nitric acid
(HN03 ). The final depth of liquid in the vessel is to be 6 ft (1.83 m). Assuming that all the
acid is added to the vessel at one time, how long will it take for the neutralization to be
complete?

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 38

Blending and Mixing: BLENDING IN PROCESS VESSELS

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 39

 Blending and Mixing: Stratified Blending in Storage Tank
Jet Mixers MOTIONLESS MIXERS.
• Circulation in large vessels may also be • Gases or nonviscous liquids can often be • Under appropriate conditions
induced by one or more jets of liquid. S satisfactorily blended by passing them the pipe length may be as short
• Entrainment: Fluid flows into the jet together through a length of open pipe or as 5 to 10 pipe diameters, but 50
and is absorbed, accelerated, and a pipe containing orifice plates or to 100 pipe diameters is
blended into the augmented jet. segmented baflles. recommended

Flow of a submerged circular jet. (After Ruslltoll and Oldshue)

Motionless mixer. (Chemineer, Inc.)

• q, = volume of liquid entrained per
unit time at distance X from nozzle
• qo = volume of liquid leaving jet nozzle
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 40
per unit time
 SUSPENSION OF SOLID PARTICLES
• to produce a homogeneous mixture for feeding to a processing unit,
• to dissolve the solids,
• to catalyze a chemical reaction, or
• to promote growth of a crystalline product from a supersaturated solution

=> the particles are separated and kept in motion by the fluid flowing past them.
Degrees of suspension
• Nearly complete suspension with filleting
• Complete particle motion.
• Complete suspension or complete olf-bottom suspension
• Uniform suspension
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 41
SUSPENSION OF SOLID PARTICLES
Zwietering correlation five types of impellers in six tanks from 6 ·in. to 2 ft in diameter

Shape factor S for critical stirrer speed

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 42

SUSPENSION OF SOLID PARTICLES

Power required for complete

suspension of solids in
agitated tanks using pitched
blade turbines.

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 43

SUSPENSION OF SOLID PARTICLES

An agitated vessel 6 ft (1.8 m) in diameter with a working depth of 8 ft (2.44 m)

is used to prepare a slurry of lSD-mesh fluorspar in water at 70°F. The solid . has
a specific gravity of 3.18, and the slurry is 25 percent solids by weight. The
impeller is a four-blade pitched-blade turbine 2 ft (0.61 m) in diameter set 1.5 ft
above the vessel floor. (a) What is the power required for complete
suspension? (b) What is the critical stirrer speed?

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 44

SUSPENSION OF SOLID
PARTICLES

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 45

Symbols

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 46

Symbols

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 47

 Agitation and Mixing
• Agitation is undertaken to bring about the mixing (i.e.,
blending, homogenizing) of such systems.
• rely on power consumption to define agitation while
“goodness of mixing” is much more nebulous
PO the power number)
The Reynolds number Re* for an agitator system
• D’ (agitator or impeller diameter),
• N (the agitator speed revolution per unit time)
• P (power consumed).
Griskey, 2002
• The relation between Po (which is actually the drag
coefficient, Cd, for the agitation system)
• Re* for an agitator system is dependent on the concept of
geometrical similarity.
• If properly handled, this means that a unique relation
between Po and Re* exists for any agitation system.
• For a system with no appreciable vortex (i.e., baffled as
shown in the figure) the significant geometric factors are
individual ratios of height of liquid (Zl), height of impeller
(Z,), tank diameter (Q), and baffle width (W) to the agitator
diameter (D’).
Baffled agitator system
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 48
 Power curves for baffled Power curves for baffled
Agitation and Mixing
agitator systems.
agitator systems.

• Eeach of the agitator systems has

similar behavior.
• For example, at high Reynolds
numbers (above 1000 to 1500) the
power number is essentially
constant.
• This corresponds to the turbulent
flow behavior for C, = 0.44 (i.e., a
constant value).
• At lower Reynolds numbers the
power number has behavior similar
to

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 49

Griskey, 2002
Agitation and Mixing
• In an unbaffled tank system the vortex can play a role.
• The power number will be affected by the behavior of the
liquid surface (i.e., the effect of gravity).
• The power number now becomes a function of two
dimensionless groups, namely, the Reynolds number (Re) and
the Froude number (Fr):
Power curves for unbaffled agitator systems
for the agitation system

the power needed to suspend a solid

• m is the density
• (Volume)m is the volume of the solid-liquid suspension
• Zs (the top of the suspension),
• is the terminal settling velocity from Stokes’ law
• m, is the volume fraction of liquid in the suspension region,
• E is the clearance between the impeller and the tank bottom.
50
Griskey, 2002
Agitation and Mixing
For DT = Z1, the product of N with the mixing time becomes a
• Mixing, as pointed out earlier, is more difficult constant for large Reynolds numbers.
to characterize in a quantitative sense
• Correlations in this area are highly empirical
and for the most part limited.
• tr is the blending time
• N is the agitation speed
• D’ is the agitation diameter,
• z1 is the height of liquid
• DT is the tank diameter.

Mixing time factor (N times mixing time) as a function of Reynolds

number. (Reproduced with permission from references 9 and 10. Copyright 1966 and 1972,
American Institute of Chemical Engineers.)

Griskey, 2002 Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 51

 Worked Example Problem

Problem.
Drops of oil (15 microns in diameter) are to be settled from an air mixture
(atmospheric pressure, 21°C). Oil specific gravity is 0.9. How high should
the chamber be for a settling time of 1 minute? We assume that the
system can be treated as a case of flow around a sphere even though the
drops are moving and the air is still. See that the important factor is the
relative velocity between the gas and spheres (drops). In order to proceed
we must determine the character of the flow. This can be done by using
the A factor defined in equation (4-8). The quantities needed are

Griskey, 2002 Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 52

 Worked Example Problem
Solution

Griskey, 2002
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 53
Non-mechanically Agitated Non
Non Mechanical Mixing

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 54

 Flow Around Objects
The drag force on a sphere for flowing air

• nR2 was the projected cross-sectional area of the

sphere,
• V is the velocity of the air.
• CD term is the drag coefficient
• Ap is the projected area e and p are the viscosity and
density of the fluid,
• µ the viscosity
•  density of the fluid
• Re, is a particle Reynolds number
• V is the average velocity,
• DP is the average particle diameter

Griskey, 2002 Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 55

 Flow Around Objects

Drag coefficients versus

Reynolds number.
(Reproduced with permission from
reference 1. Copyright 1940,
American Chemical Society.)

Ranges, Values, and

Flow Types for Spheres

Griskey, 2002 Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 56

 Flow Around Objects
Relate the CD and Re, empirically In the region where Re, < 2, Stokes’ Law pow Hindered settling

Relation of n to Re,

A Related to Re,

• bl is a constant At high Reynolds numbers (i.e., turbulent flow) the

• m is a power drag coefficient value is Re, value (Table 4-2). 0.44. For
• R is the particle radius and this case the velocity
• p is the fluid viscosity Griskey, 2002
•  porosity, the volume of 57
voids to total volume
 Flow Through Packed Beds
The packed bed to be a collection of Ergun equation which covers both Turbulent flow (Re > 1000)
intermeshed tubes of varying cross section laminar and turbulent flow

Transition flow (1.0 < Re < 1000)

requires equation

• av is the total particle surface divided

by the volume of the particles
• is superficial velocity
• L is the bed height,
• Dp is particle diameter
• is the sphericity
For the laminar range (Re < 1.0)
• surface-mean diameter
• Ni the number of particles
• xi mass fraction in each size
range
58
Griskey, 2002
 Flow Through Packed Beds
Values for Various Objects

Example of packed bed reactor

Griskey, 2002 Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 59

 Non Newtonian Fluids
the wall shear
stress
Ex: polymer solutions, polymer melts,
foods, paints, inks, and various slurries

60
Griskey, 2002
Non-Mechanical Mixing (Pneumatic Mixing)

Source: Kania Dewi - Agitation

Moo-Young & Mixing
et.al, 2001 61
Non-Mechanical Mixing (Pneumatic Mixing)

Source: Moo-Young et.al, 2001

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 62

External Loop Airlift Reactor: Bubble Reactor:

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 63

Non-Mechanical Mixing (Pneumatic Mixing)

The specific power input in UGr the superficial gas velocity in the riser The actual power input
an ALR is therefore often
calculated as

Qm is the molar gas flow rate

PG is the power input due to gas introduction
hL the static height of the gas-free liquid
VL is the volume of liquid phase in the ALR
R the universal gas constant
ρL the density of the liquid phase
T the absolute temperature in the gas phase
g the gravitational acceleration
Ph the headspace pressure.

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 64

 Non Mechanical Mixing
(changing flow and hydraulic jump)
Coagulant feed
Coagulant feed

Side view of a weir.

Parshall flume

Source: Spellmann, 2009 Source: Spellmann, 2009

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 65

Source: Spellmann, 2009
 Non Mechanical Mixing
(Baffled Channel)
Velocity gradient, G,
Power input P

Shammas and Wang, 2016

Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 66

 LITERATURE
Further readings:
• Mc Cabe W.L, Smith J.C, Harriot P., Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering, 1993, Mc Graw
Hill
• Lawford H G and Rousseau J. D., Bioreactor Design Considerations in the Production of High
Quality Micorbial Exopolysaccharide, Applied Biomchmeistry and Biotechnology, Vil 26/29
1991.
• Vellando P.B., Juncosa R., Fe J., Padilla F., Improvement in Mixing Operations of Water
Treatment Plant by Use of a Stable Finite Element Model, Water Environmen Research, July
2007
• Spellmann F. R, Handbook of Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant Operations, Second
Edition, Taylor & Francis Group, 2009
• http://websites.umich.edu/~elements/01chap/html/reactors/mixing/impeller.htm
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing 67
 Thank you
for
Your attention

68
Kania Dewi - Agitation & Mixing