Plant Kingdom :

a.
1. Algae (or Seaweed) : Algaes are largely aquatic either found in marine
water or in fresh water. Their plant body is called Thallus and can show
association with fungi.
• Algaes may be unicellular like Chlamydomonas and Chlorella, colonial like
Volvox and filamentous like Spirogyra and Ulothrix.
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2. Reproduction : Reproduction in Algae is of three types :

i. Vegetative Reproduction : It takes place by fragmentation. Each fragment

develops into a Thallus (body).
ii. Asexual Reproduction : It takes place by the production of motile and
non-motile spores. The most common being is called zoospores. They
are flagellated (motile) and on germination give rise to new plants.
iii. Sexual Reproduction : It takes place by the fusion of two gamates and
results to the formation of zygospores.

Zoospores. Zygospores.
• It is haploid in structure. • It is diploid in structure.
• It is produced during Asexual • It is produced during Sexual
Reproduction. Reproduction.
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3. Sexual Reproduction : Sexual Reproduction is of three types :

i. Isogamous : Fusion of two gamates, similar in size.

They may be Flagellated (motile); ex: Chlamydomonas
Or, they may be Non-Flagellated (non-motile); ex: Spirogyra and Ulothrix.
ii. Anisogamous : Fusion of two gamates, dissimilar in size. Ex: Udorina.
iii. Oogamous : Fusion between one large non-motile female gamate and
one small motile male gamate. Ex: Volvox and Fucus.
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 4. Classification of Algae :
Chlorophyceae. Phaeophyceae. Rhodophyceae.
• Common Name : Green Algae. Brown Algae. Red Algae.
• Major Pigments : Chlorophyll a, b. Chlorophyll a, c. Chlorophyll a, d.
• Stored Food : Starch. Mannitol, Laminarin. Floridean Starch.
• Cell Wall : Cellulose. Cellulose and Algin. Cellulose.
• Examples : Volvox and Laminaria, Fucus Porphyra and
Chlamydomonas. and Sargassum. Polysiphonia.

5. Importance of Algae :
• Helps in CO2 fixation and releases O2.
• Producers of aquatic ecosystem.
• Protein rich unicellular algae like Chlorella and Spirullina are used as
food supplements by space travellers.
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b.
1. Bryophytes : Non-vascular plants.
• They are called amphibians of the Plant kingdom because they can live
in soil but need water for sexual reproduction.
• Their main plant body is haploid. It produces gamates, and hence it is
called gametophyte.
• Their male sex organs are called Antheridia and the female sex organs
are called Archegonia.
Antheridia. Archegonia.
• These are the male sex organs of • These are the female sex organs
Bryophytes and Pteridophytes. of Bryophytes, Pteridophytes and
Gymnosperms.
• Male gamates are motile. • Female gamates are non-motile.
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 2. Classification of Bryophytes : Liverworts and Mosses.

i. Liverworts :
• They usually grow in moist, and shady habitats such as bank of streams
and marshy grounds.
• They have an above ground leaf like structure, known as Thallus and
the underground structure is known as Rhizoid.
Ex: Riccia, Marchantia.
ii. Mosses : The predominant stage of the life cycle of a Moss is a
gametophyte, which consists of two stages :
The first stage is called Protonema stage and the second stage is called
the Leafy stage.
Ex: Funaria, Sphagnum.
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3. Importance of Bryophytes :
• Some mosses provides food for herbaceous mammals and birds.
• A specie of moss called Sphagnum can be used as peat in the form of
fuel.
• Soil Conservation : Mosses helps in soil conservation, by forming dense
sheets of layers over the soil.
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c.
1. Pteridophytes : Pteridophytes are seedless, vascular plants that show
true alternation of generations. Furthermore, the sporophyte has true
roots, stems and leaves. They reproduce by spores, which are developed
into sporangia. They may be homosporous or heterosporous.
i. Homospory : It is the phenomenon of formation of only one type of
spores by a plant specie. Ex: Bryophytes and Ferns.
ii. Heterospory : It is the phenomenon of formation of two types of spores
by a plant specie. Ex: Selaginella and Salvinia.
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 2. Classification of Pteridophytes : Pteridophytes are of four types :
Examples :
i. Psilopsida. Psilotum.
ii. Lycopsida. Selaginella and Lycopodium.
iii. Sphenopsida. Equisetum.
iv. Pteropsida. Dryopteris, Adiantum and Pteris.

3. Importance of Pteridophytes :
• The first vascular plants to evolve on lands are called Pteridophytes.
• They are utilized for medicinal and ornamental purposes, as well as
they act as soil binders.
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d.
1. Gymnosperms : Gymnosperms are the plants with naked seeds and
without flowers. There roots are generally taproots and shows fungal
association with higher plants in the form of mycorrhiza. Ex: Pinus, Cycas.
2. Angiosperms : Flowering Plants.
• Angiosperm plants shows two distinctive phases of generation :
Gametophitic phase and sporophytic phase.
• Angiosperms are categorised into two parts : Monocotyledons and
Dicotyledons; on the basis of no. of cartilage.
Gymnosperms. Angiosperms.
• Seeds are naked and • Seeds are formed inside
without flower. the fruit.
• Sporophylls are woody • Sporophylls are delicate
and they form cones. and they form flowers.
• Placenta is absent. • Placenta is present.

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