Nova School of Business and Economics

2021 – 2022 S1
Calculus II
João Fanha
Juliana Souza
Pedro Chaves
Rodrigo Duarte

Midterm

• Date: October 16, 2021

• Duration: 2 hours
• Instructions: 1: The test has three questions. 2: Write your number and absolutely nothing else in
this test paper, and hand it in at the end. 3: Answer the test on the answer book, using the front
and back of each sheet, stating the question you are answering, never answering more than one
question on the same sheet, and not unstapling any sheet. 4: If you want to use any sheet of the
answer book the space for drafts, state it on the space for the question number. 5: Show all your
work. 6: No written support or calculators are allowed. 7: No individual questions about the test
will be answered. 8: When time is up and you are asked to do it, photograph your answers and
upload them to Moodle. 9: Break a leg (not literally)!

Nº:

1. (8 pts) Consider two functions, 𝑓: ℝ2 → ℝ and 𝑔: 𝐷 ⊂ ℝ → ℝ, such that:

• 𝑓 is 𝐶 3 • The 1,1 entry of 𝐻𝑓 (1,2) is 2
• 𝑓 is homogeneous of degree 2 • 𝑔 is defined by 𝑔 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑒 𝑥 , 2 + ln(𝑥 + 1))
• ∇𝑓 (3,6) = (6,12)
a. (1.5 pts) Compute 𝑔(0).

b. (1.5 pts) Compute 𝑔′(0).

c. (2 pts) Using the Maclaurin polynomial of degree 2 of 𝑔, obtain an estimate for 𝑔(0.1).

d. (3 pts) Consider the functions 𝑀: ℝ → ℝ and ℎ: 𝐷 ⊂ ℝ → ℝ, such that:

• 𝑀 is defined by the polynomial you wrote in c.
𝑔(𝑥)𝑀(𝑥)
• ℎ is defined by ℎ(𝑥 ) = 5
(i) (1.5 pts) Show that ℎ is locally invertible at 0.
(ii) (1.5 pts) Consider ℎ−1 , the function whose existence you proved in (i). Compute
(ℎ−1 )′ (5).

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2. (7 pts) Consider 𝑎 ∈ ℝ and a function 𝑓: ℝ → ℝ, such that:

1
• 𝑓 is 𝐶 3 • 𝑓 ′ (2) = 2
1
• ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) ≥ 0 • 𝑓 ′′ (2) = 4
• 𝑓 (2) = 1
a. (2 pts) Consider 𝑃𝑎1 : ℝ → ℝ, the function defined by the Taylor polynomial of degree 1
which approximates 𝑓 in a neighborhood of 𝑎.
(i) (0.5 pts) Write, as a function of 𝑓 (𝑎) and 𝑓 ′ (𝑎), 𝑃𝑎1 (𝑥 ).
(ii) (1.5 pts) Using the mean value theorem , show that ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑓(𝑥 ) ≥ 𝑃𝑎1 (𝑥 ).

b. (1 pts) Show that 𝑓 has a local inverse which turns each 𝑦 in a neighborhood of 1 into an 𝑥
in a neighborhood of 2.

c. (4 pts) Consider 𝑔 = 𝑓 −1 , the function whose existence you proved in b.

(i) (1 pt) Show that 𝑔′ (1) = 2.
(ii) (1.5 pts) Show that 𝑔′′ (1) = −2.

Observation: First, try to obtain 𝑔 ′′ (𝑓(𝑥)) from the equation which relates 𝑔 ′ (𝑓(𝑥)) and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥).
𝑔(𝑦)−2𝑦
(iii) (1.5 pts) Compute lim𝑦→1 .
(𝑦−1)2

3. (5 pts) Consider a function 𝑔: ℝ2 → ℝ, such that:

• 𝑔 is 𝐶 2 • ∇𝑔 (2,1) = (1, −2)
• 𝑔(2,1) = 3 • The 1,1 entry of 𝐻𝑔 (2,1) is −1
Also consider the equation 𝔼: 𝑥𝑔(𝑦𝑧, 𝑦 2 ) = 3.

a. (1.5 pts) Show that 𝔼 implicitly defines a function which turns each (𝑥, 𝑦) in a neighborhood
of (1,1) into a 𝑧 in a neighborhood of 2.

b. (3.5 pts) Consider 𝑓, the function whose existence you proved in a. Compute:
(i) (1.5 pts) ∇𝑓 (1,1)
′′ (
(ii) (2 pts) 𝑓𝑥𝑥 1,1)

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Solution Topics

1.

a.
• Show that 𝑔(0) = 𝑓 (1,2)
• Explain why 𝑓 is differentiable, and why ∇𝑓 is homogeneous of degree 1
• Using the fact that ∇𝑓 is homogeneous of degree 1, show that ∇𝑓 (1,2) = (2,4)
• Explain why Euler’s identity applies to 𝑓 at (1,2) and show that its application allows to conclude
that 𝑓 (1,2) = 5
b.
• Show that 𝑔′ (0) = 𝑓𝑎′ (1,2) + 𝑓𝑏′ (1,2)
• Show that 𝑓𝑎′ (1,2) + 𝑓𝑏′ (1,2) = 6
c.
• Show that 𝑔′′ (0) = 𝑓𝑎𝑎
′′ ( ′′ (
1,2) + 𝑓𝑎𝑏 ′′ (
1,2) + 𝑓𝑎′ (1,2) + 𝑓𝑏𝑎 ′′ (
1,2) + 𝑓𝑏𝑏 1,2) − 𝑓𝑏′ (1,2)
• Explain why ∇𝑓 is differentiable
• Explain why Euler’s identity applies to 𝑓𝑎′ at (1,2) and show that its application allows to conclude
′′ (
that 𝑓𝑎𝑏 1,2) = 0
• ′′ (
Explain why 𝑓 is 𝐶 2 and state that it implies that 𝑓𝑏𝑎 1,2) = 0
• Explain why Euler’s identity applies to 𝑓𝑏′ em (1,2) and show that its application allows to conclude
′′ (
that 𝑓𝑏𝑏 1,2) = 2
• ′′ (
Show that 𝑓𝑎𝑎 ′′ (
1,2) + 𝑓𝑎𝑏 ′′ (
1,2) + 𝑓𝑎′ (1,2) + 𝑓𝑏𝑎 ′′ (
1,2) + 𝑓𝑏𝑏 1,2) − 𝑓𝑏′ (1,2) = 2
• Show that the Maclaurin polynomial of degree 2 of 𝑔 is 𝑀(𝑥 ) = 5 + 6𝑥 + 𝑥 2
• Show that 𝑔(0.1) ≈ 𝑀(0.1) = 5.61
d.
(i)
• Explain why ℎ is 𝐶 3 at 0
• Show that ℎ′ (0) = 12 ≠ 0
(ii)
• Show that ℎ(0) = 5
1
• Show that (ℎ−1 )′(0) = 12

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2.
a.
(i)
• State that 𝑃𝑎1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑎) + 𝑓′(𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎)
(ii)
• Explain why 𝑓′ is differentiable and state that, together with the fact that ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥 ) ≥ 0,
that implies that 𝑓′ is increasing
• Show that, if 𝑥 = 𝑎, then 𝑃𝑎1 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 (𝑥 )
• Explain why 𝑓 is differentiable and continuous and state that it implies that the mean value theorem
may be applied to 𝑓 in any interval in ℝ
• State that, if 𝑥 > 𝑎, the mean value theorem may be applied to 𝑓 in [𝑎, 𝑥 ], which implies that
∃𝑐 ∈ ]𝑎, 𝑥 [: 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑎) + 𝑓′(𝑐 )(𝑥 − 𝑎), with 𝑥 − 𝑎 > 0
• State that, if 𝑥 > 𝑎, 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) ≥ 𝑓′(𝑎) and, so, 𝑓(𝑥 ) ≥ 𝑃𝑎1 (𝑥 )
• State that, if 𝑥 < 𝑎, the mean value theorem may be applied to 𝑓 in [𝑥, 𝑎], which implies that
∃𝑐 ∈ ]𝑎, 𝑥 [: 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑓 (𝑎) + 𝑓′(𝑐 )(𝑥 − 𝑎), with 𝑥 − 𝑎 < 0
• State that, if 𝑥 < 𝑎, 𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) ≤ 𝑓′(𝑎) and, so, 𝑓(𝑥 ) ≥ 𝑃𝑎1 (𝑥 )
b.
• State that 𝑓 is 𝐶 3 at 2
1
• State that 𝑓 ′ (2) = 2 ≠ 0

c.
(i)
• Show that 𝑔′ (1) = 2
(ii)
1
• State that 𝑔′(𝑓(𝑥 )) = 𝑓′ (𝑥)
𝑓′′ (𝑥)
• Derive both sides of the previous equation and get 𝑔′′ (𝑓(𝑥)) = − (𝑓′)3 (𝑥)

• Show that 𝑔′′ (1) = −2

(iii)
• Show that the Taylor polynomial of degree 2 which approximates 𝑔 in a neighborhood of 1 is
𝑃12 (𝑦) = 2𝑦 − (𝑦 − 1)2
𝑔(𝑦)−𝑃12 (𝑦)
• Explain why 𝑔 is 𝐶 3 at 1 and state that it implies that lim𝑦→1 ‖𝑦−1‖ 2
=0
𝑔(𝑦)−2𝑦
• Show that lim𝑦→1 (𝑦−1)2
= −1

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3.
a.
• State that, if 𝐹: ℝ3 → ℝ is the function defined by 𝐹 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑔(𝑦𝑧, 𝑦 2 ) − 3, then 𝔼 ⇔
𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 0
• Show that 𝐹 (1,1,2) = 0
• Explain why 𝐹 is 𝐶 2 at (1,1,2)
• Show that 𝐹𝑧′ (1,1,2) = 𝑔𝑎′ (2,1) = 1 ≠ 0
b.
(i)
𝑥,𝑦
• Show that 𝐽𝐹 (1,1,2) = [𝑔(2,1) 2𝑔𝑎′ (2,1) + 2𝑔𝑏′ (2,1)] = [3 −2]
• Show that ∇𝑓 (1,1) = (−3,2)
(ii)
𝑔(𝑦𝑓(𝑥,𝑦),𝑦 2)
• State that 𝑓𝑥′ (𝑥, 𝑦) = − 𝑥𝑦𝑔′ (𝑦𝑓(𝑥,𝑦),𝑦 2)
𝑎
′ )2 (2,1)𝑓 ′ (1,1)−𝑔(2,1)(𝑔 ′ (2,1)+𝑔 ′′ (2,1)𝑓 ′ (1,1))
(𝑔𝑎 𝑥 𝑎 𝑎𝑎 𝑥
• ′′ (
Show that 𝑓𝑥𝑥 1,1) = − ′ 2 = 15
(𝑔𝑎 ) (2,1)