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Syllabus
• Unit-1 Introduction of Engineering Graphics and its significance, B.I.S. Specification, Dimensioning,
Lettering, Different types of Projections, symbols used for lines and electrical engineering. Planes of projection,
Reference and auxiliary planes, Projections of points and lines.
• Unit-2 Projection of polygonal surface and circular lamina located in first quadrant inclined to one or both
reference planes.
• Unit-5 Introduction to AutoCAD: Basic commands for 2D drawing: Line, Circle, Polyline, Rectangle, Hatch,
Fillet, Chamfer, Trim, Extend, Offset, Dimension style, etc.
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What is an Engineering Drawing ?

“An Engineering Drawing is a technical (not artistic) drawing which
clearly defines and communicates a design to other interested parties.
Other parties may have an interest in design collaboration, procurement
/ purchasing, costing, manufacturing, handling / packaging.”
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Drawing:
The way of conveying the ideas through the systematic lines on the paper.
The art of representation of an object by systematic lines on a paper.

Classification:
Artistic Drawing (Free-handorModel Drawing):
The art of representation of an object by the artist by his imagination by keeping the object
before him.
e.g. paintings, cinema posters, advertisement boards, etc.
EngineeringDrawing(InstrumentDrawing):

The art of representation of engineering objects.

e.g. buildings, roads, machines, etc.
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Typesof Engineering Drawing:

GeometricalDrawing:
e.g. geometrical objects - rectangle, square, cube, cone, cylinder,
a. PlainGeometricalDrawing:
Two dimensional drawing having only length and breadth.
e.g. square, triangle, etc.
b. Solid GeometricalDrawing:
Three dimensional drawing having length, breadth and thickness.
e.g. cube, prism, etc.
ii. MechanicalEngineeringorMachineDrawing:
e.g. mechanical engineering objects – machines, machine parts, etc.
iii. CivilEngineeringDrawing:
e.g. civil engineering objects – roads, buildings, bridges, dams, etc.
iv. Electrical&ElectronicsEngineeringDrawing:
e.g. electrical and electronics objects – transformers, wiring diagrams.
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Elements of Engineering Drawing

Engineering drawing are made up of graphics language
and word language.

Graphics
language
Describe a shape
(mainly).

Word
language
Describe size, location and
specification
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Traditional Drawing
Tools

Drawing Instruments
1. Drawing Board
2. Drawing Sheet
3. Drawing Sheet Holder
4. Set-squares – 45o and 30o – 60o
5. Large size Compass
6. Small bow Compass
7. Large size Divider
8. Small bow Divider
9. Scales – 6” and 12”
10. Protractor
11. French Curve
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12. Drawing Pencils – H, 2H, HB
13. Sand Paper
14. Eraser (Rubber)
15. Drawing Pins and Clips
16. Cello Tape
17. Duster or Handkerchief
18. Drafting Machine / Mini Drafter
19. Sketch Book (Medium size)
20. Roller Scale
21. Pencil Sharpener
22. Sheet Folder
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Layout of Drawing Sheet

20
150

Title Block

50

20
30 20

All the dimensions are in millimeters.

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Sheet Size

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LINES
Line Thickness:
Thickness varied according to the use of pen or pencil and the size & type of the drawing.
For pencil, the lines can be divided into two line-groups:

Line-group
Thickness Lines
(mm)
0.2 Medium Out lines, dotted lines, cutting plane lines

0.1 Thin Centre lines, section lines, dimension lines, extension lines,
construction lines, leader lines, short-break lines and long-break
lines.

Important Notes:
In the finished drawing, all lines except construction lines should be dense, clean and uniform.
Construction lines should be drawn very thin and faint and should be hardly visible.
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Types of Lines
Lines Description General Applications
A Continuous thick A1 Visible outlines
A2 Visible edges
B Continuous thin B1 Imaginary lines of intersection
(straight / curve) B2 Dimension lines
B3 Projection lines
B4 Leader lines
B5 Hatching or section lines
B6 Outlines of revolved sections in plane
B7 Short centre lines
C Continuous thin C1 Limits of partial or interrupted views and
(free-hand) sections
C2 Short-break lines
D Continuous thin D1 Long-break lines
(straight with zigzags)
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Lines Description General Applications

E Dashed thick E1 Hidden outlines
E2 Hidden edges
F Dashed thin F1 Hidden outlines
F2 Hidden edges
G Chain thin G1 Centre lines
G2 Lines of symmetry
G3 Trajectories
H Chain thin, thick at ends H1 Cutting planes
and changes of direction

J Chain thick J1 Indication of lines or surfaces to which a

special treatment applies
K Chain thin double-dashed K1 Outlines of adjacent parts
K2 Alternative and extreme positions of
movable parts
K3 Centroidal lines
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G1
H1 G3

P P

E1
80o

K2
A1 90
J1
B2 B4
B5
Ø10

C1
D1

Application of various types of lines according to B.I.S.

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Lettering
Writing of titles, dimensions, notes and other important particulars on a drawing is lettering
Classification:
1. Single-stroke Letters:
The thickness of the line of the letter is obtained in one stroke of the pencil.
Recommended by B.I.S.
It has two types:
i. Vertical
ii. Inclined (slope 75o with the horizontal)
• The ratio of height to width varies but in most of the cases it is 6:5.
• Lettering is generally done in capital letters.
• The lower-case letters are generally used in architectural drawings.

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• The spacing between two letters should not be necessarily equal.

• The letters should be so placed that they do not appear too close together
too much apart.
• The distance between the words must be uniform and at least equal to
the height of the letters.
• Lettering, except the dimension figures, should be underlined to make
them more prominent.
Size of Alphabets for Drawing:
Main titles -----------------------------------------6-8 mm
Sub titles ------------------------------------------3-6 mm
Notes, dimension figures, etc. ---------------3-5 mm
Drawing no. --------------------------------------10-12 mm

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ABCDEFGHIJKLMN
d/2 d

OPQRSTUVWXYZ
1234567890

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxy
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Dimensioning
The art of writing the various sizes or measurement on the finished drawing of an object.
Types of Dimensioning:
i. Size or Functional Dimensions (S):
It indicates sizes.
e.g. length, breadth, height, diameter, etc.
ii. Location or Datum Dimensions (L):
It shows location or exact position of various constructional details within the object.

L L S

S
L
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Notations of Dimensioning

Symbol
Note 2 Holes, Ø12

Leader
(at 30o,45o,60o)

90

Extension line Dimension line Arrow-head

Dimension figure

X
3X
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1. Dimension line:
Thin continuous line used to indicate the measurement.
2. Extension line:
Thin continuous line extending beyond the outline of the object.
3. Arrow-head:
Used to terminate the dimension line. Length : width ratio is 3:1.
Space filled up.
4. Note:
Gives information regarding specific operation relating to a feature.
5. Leader:
Thin continuous line connecting a note or a dimension figure with the feature to which it is applied.
Terminated by arrow-head or dot.
6. Symbol:
The representation of any object by some mark on the drawing.
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Units of Dimensioning

As for as possible all dimensions should be given in millimeters omitting

the abbreviation mm.
If another unit is used, only the dimension figures should be written. But
a foot note such as ‘All the dimensions are in centimeters’ is inserted in a
prominent place near the title box.
e.g. 15.50
0.75 (Zero must precede the decimal point.)
15.50 ± .75 ( Zero is omitted.)

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The ways of Placing the Dimensions in a Series

20
20 15 25
35

60

Chain Parallel

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The ways of Placing the Dimensions in a Series

15 15

30 30

90 60 45 30 0 15 30

Combined Progressive

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The ways of Placing the Dimensions in a Series

1. Chain Dimensioning:
Dimensions are arranged in a straight line.
2. Parallel Dimensioning:
All the dimensions are shown from a common base line.
The smaller dimension is placed nearer the view.
3. Combined Dimensioning:
Chain and parallel dimensioning used simultaneously.
4. Progressive Dimensioning:
One datum or surface is selected which reads as zero. All the dimensions are referred to that point
or surface.

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Types of Dimensioning
1. Aligned System
In the aligned system the
dimensions are placed perpendicular to the
dimension line in such a way that it may be
read from bottom edge or right hand edge
of the drawing sheet.
2. Unidirectional System
In the unidirectional system, the
dimensions are so oriented such that they
can be read from the bottom of the
drawing.
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Some Important Rules for Dimensioning

1. All the dimensions necessary for the correct functioning of the part should be expressed directly on
the drawing.
2. Every dimension should be given, but none should be given more than once.
3. A dimension should be placed on the view where its use is shown more clearly.
4. Dimensions should be placed outside the view, as for as possible.
5. Mutual crossing of dimension lines and dimensioning between hidden lines should be avoided. Also
it should not cross any other line of the drawing.
6. An outline or a centre line should never be used as a dimension line. A centre line may be
extended to serve as an extension line.
7. Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended.
8. Dimension lines should be drawn at least 8 mm away from the outlines and from each other.
9. The extension line should be extended by about 3 mm beyond the dimension line.

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10. When the space is too narrow, the arrow-head may be placed outside.
Also a dot may be used to replace an arrow-head.
10
15 10 15 15 10

11. The various methods of dimensioning different sizes of circles are as

follows: Ø20 Ø20
Ø10

12. Arcs of circles should be dimensioned by their respective radii.

R8

R3

R6
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13. Radii of a spherical surface and square cross section of a rod is shown
as below:
Sphere R20 SQ24

14. Angular dimension may be given as follows:

25o

45
40

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Length of Chord of Arc
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15. Method of dimensioning of Chamfer:

2×45o

16. Dimensioning of Tapered Surface:

H
h

Slope or Taper = (H-h)/L

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Projection
Projections
As per the optical physics, projection is a process of causing an image by rays of light taken in a particular direction from
an object to a picture plane. The imaginary ray of light between the object and the projection plane is called line of sight or
projector.

Orthographic Projection
In orthographic projection, the projectors are parallel and perpendicular to the plane of projection. Orthographic projections
on mutually perpendicular projection planes will fully describe the object in its shape and size. Hence, all design and
manufacturing drawings are made with orthographic projections.
Projectors ⊥ to the Projection plane

Vertical Plane and Front Elevation

A view looking from the front is projected onto the vertical plane. This view is called front view or front elevation and
shows the width and height dimensions. A vertical plane of projection, which is behind the object in relation to the observer,
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Horizontal Plane and Top View

A view looking from the top is projected onto the horizontal plane placed below the object. This view is called top view or
plan. Top view shows the width and depth dimensions of an object. A horizontal plane with a top view is shown in figure
below.
First Angle Projection
An arrangement of vertical, horizontal, and profile planes and quadrants used to draw first angle projections is shown
below. Front view is projected onto the vertical plane, top view onto the horizontal plane, and side view onto the profile
plane.
Projection in First Angle
An object placed in the first quadrant. The vertical plane is behind the object, horizontal plane below the object, and profile
plane to right of the object. The views with the corresponding planes are shown in figure. The top view is seen below the
elevation and left side view is seen on the right of front view. This is the arrangement of views in the first angle projection.
Projection in Third Angle:
An object placed in the third quadrant. The vertical plane is in front of the object, horizontal plane above the object and
profile plane to the left of the object. The views with corresponding planes are shown in figure. Top view is above the front
view and left side view is to the left of the front view. This is the arrangement of the views in third angle projection.
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Introduction

• AutoCAD is a two dimensional drafting software. CAD is also used throughout industry to design machinery
and
architecture, as a tool for an engineer to communicate his/her ideas to those who will build the final product.
• Computer Aided Drafting
• Computer Aided Drafting is a process of preparing a drawing of an object on the screen of a computer. There
are various types of drawings in different fields of engineering and sciences. In the fields of mechanical or
aeronautical engineering, the drawings of machine components and the layouts of them are prepared. In the
field of civil engineering, plans and layouts of the buildings are prepared. In the field of electrical
engineering, the layouts of power distribution system are prepared. In all fields of engineering use of
computer is made for drawing and drafting.
• The use of CAD process provides enhanced graphics capabilities which allows any designer to
•  Conceptualize his ideas
•  Modify the design very easily
•  Perform animation
•  Make design calculations
•  Use colors, fonts and other aesthetic features.
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Benefits of CAD
• The implementation of the CAD system provides variety of benefits to the industries in design and production
as given below:
1. Improved productivity in drafting 2. Shorter preparation time for drawing
3. Reduced man power requirement 4. Customer modifications in drawing are easier
5. More efficient operation in drafting 6. Low wastage in drafting
7. Minimized transcription errors in drawing 8. Improved accuracy of drawing
9. Preparation of part list 10. Better designs can be evolved
11. Revisions are possible 12. Colours can be used to customize the product
13. Production of orthographic projections with dimensions and tolerances
14. Hatching of all sections with different filling patterns
15. Preparation of assembly or sub assembly drawings
16. Assistance in preparation of documentation
17. Machining and tolerance symbols at the required surfaces
18. Hydraulic and pneumatic circuit diagrams with symbols
19. Printing can be done to any scale
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CAD SOFTWARES
• The software is an interpreter or translator which allows the user to perform specific type of application or job
related to CAD. The following softwares are available for drafting
1. AUTOCAD
2. CRO
3. CATIA
4. SOLID WORKS
5. NX Unigraphics
6. FUSION 360
7. INVENTOR
8. SOLID EDGE
The above software’s are used depending upon their application
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User Interface
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Application Menu
• Command prompt
• The rectangular horizontal window at lower side of the screen is called the command area. The instructions
given to the computer through keyboard is shown in this area. It important to read the command prompt when
working with an unfamiliar command.
• To enter a command using the keyboard, type the command name on the command line and press Enter or the
Spacebar.
• Navigation Bar
• The navigation bar is a user interface element where you can access both unified and product-specific
navigation tools. Unified navigation tools are those that can be found across many Autodesk products.
Product-specific navigation tools are unique to a product.

• Drawing area & Cross Hair

• The rectangular large space between the pull-down menu bar and the command window is the drawing area.
The cursor moves moves in this area in the form of a cross hair as mouse is moved by the user. The cross hair
position is indicated by coordinate values shown at the left end of the status bar.
• View Cube
• The View Cube is a navigation tool that allows you to switch between viewing directions. While this is very
useful in 3D space, it is not very useful in 2D space. It is located in the upper right corner of the drawing area.
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Application Menu
• Quick access toolbar
• The Quick Access toolbar, displayed in the Drafting & Annotation workspace, is located at the very
top of the drawing window next to the Application button. The Quick Access toolbar may be
customized by adding or removing commands. This is done by right clicking on the toolbar and
selecting Customize Quick Access toolbar or selecting the arrow at the end of the toolbar.

• Status bar
• The status bar displays the cursor location, drawing tools, and the tools that affect the drawing environment. It
also provides quick access to some of the most commonly used drawing tools, Coordinates of the cross hair
(Cursor) and we can toggle the settings such ads grid, snap, polar tracking and object snap.
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Application Menu
• Draw Commands
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Application Menu
• Draw Commands
• 1. Point: The Point command will insert a point marker in your drawing at a position which you pick or at any
coordinate location which you enter in the Command window. Other ways of defining a point can be accessed
through the fly-out menu. The default point style is a simple dot, which is often difficult to see but you can change
the point style to something more easily visible or elaborate using the point style dialogue box.
Tool Bar: Menu → Draw → Point Command: Point (PO)
• 2. Line:
• Creates a straight line segment. It is used to draw lines continuously. Each segment is a line object that can be
edited separately.

Tool Bar: Menu → Draw → Line Command: Line (L)

• Continue: Continues a line from the endpoint of the most recently drawn line.
• Close: End the line segment at the beginning of the first line segment, which forms a closed loop of line segment.
• Undo: Erases the most recent segment of a line sequence.
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Application Menu
3. Construction Line (XL):
• The construction line (XLINE) command creates a line of infinite length which passes through two picked points.
Construction lines are very useful for creating construction frameworks or grids. Construction lines are not normally
used as objects in finished drawings. Therefore, it is usual to draw all your construction lines on a separate layer
which will be turned off or frozen prior to printing.
• Construction line options
•  Hor: Creates a horizontal construction line.
•  Ver: Creates a vertical construction line.
•  Ang: Creates a construction line at a specified angle.
•  Bisect: Create a construction line that bisects an angle defined by 3 points.
•  Offset: Creates a construction line that is offset from an existing line by a specified distance.
Tool Bar: Menu → Draw → Xline Command: Xline (xl)

4. Polyline (Pline):
• The PLINE command differs from the LINE command in that the segments of the PLINE are connected. When
using the LINE command, each segment is its own object. When using PLINE, all line segments are one object.
Tool Bar: Menu → Draw → Polyline Command: Pline (PL)