Department of Civil Engineering Structural Design

Earthquake load analysis on structures

A residential building of four storey which made of reinforced concrete framed structures which
is located in Adama town. The building is symmetry and regular in its plan and elevation. If it is
planned to construct on the site of deep deposit of dense sand, by using following data compute:

a) Calculate base shear force 𝐹𝑏

b) Distribute the base shear force to each storey 𝐹𝑖 to obtain storey shear forces 𝑉𝑖

Given data:

 Thickness of floor and roof slabs = 150𝑚𝑚

 Live load 2𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 on floors and 1𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 on roof slabs

 Cross-section of floor and top tie beams = 250𝑚𝑚 ∗ 350𝑚𝑚

 Cross-section of grade beams = 250𝑚𝑚 ∗ 400𝑚𝑚
 Cross-section of all columns = 250𝑚𝑚 ∗ 450𝑚𝑚
 Thickness of external infill HCB walls = 250𝑚𝑚
 Thickness of internal infill HCB walls = 150𝑚𝑚
 Walls are located on beams only
 Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 25𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3

 Unit weight of HCB wall = 14𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3

 Height of parapet wall = 1𝑚

 Thickness of parapet HCB walls = 250𝑚𝑚
 Height of each floors and foundation columns are indicated on the elevation plan
 Assume dimensions of isolated footing pad = 1.5𝑚 ∗ 1.5𝑚 ∗ 0.4𝑚

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Floor plan for all storeys

Floor dimension = 10.45𝑚 ∗ 12.25𝑚

Frame in the 𝑥 −direction

Frame in the 𝑦 −direction

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Solution:

Step 1: Check criteria for the lateral force method of analysis (Equivalent static method of
analysis)

The “lateral force method of analysis” for buildings meeting the conditions:

 Building should meet the criteria for regularity in elevation

 Fundamental periods of vibration 𝑇1 of the building in the two main directions which are
smaller than the following values:

𝟒𝑻
𝑻𝟏 ≤ { 𝑪
𝟐. 𝟎𝑺

Where 𝑇𝐶 the upper limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration is branch and 𝑆 is the
soil factor

For buildings with heights of up to 𝟒𝟎𝒎, the value of 𝑇1 (in sec) may be approximated by the
following expression:
3⁄
𝑇1 = 𝐶𝑡 ∗ 𝐻 4

𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟓 for moment resistant space steel frames

𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟓 for 𝐦𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐬 and
Where 𝐶𝑡 =
for 𝐞𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐛𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐞𝐥 𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐞𝐬
{ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟎 for all other structures

𝑯 is the height of the building in 𝑚 from the foundation or from the top of a rigid basement.

In this example, the structural system is moment resistant space concrete frames 𝐶𝑡 = 0.075 and
height of the building 𝐻 = 4 ∗ 3.5 + 1.5 = 15.5𝑚 ≤ 40𝑚.

3⁄
𝑇1 = 0.075 ∗ (15.5) 4 = 0.586𝑠𝑒𝑐

As per ES EN 1998:2015 section 3.2.1and Annex D, for seismic hazard zonation for selected
towns, Adama town is zone 4 (zones of high seismicity). For high seismicity zones, Type 1
elastic response spectra is used. In this example, the ground conditions is deep deposit of dense
sand (Ground type C).

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Table 3.2: Values of the parameters (𝑺, 𝑻𝑩 , 𝑻𝑪 and 𝑻𝑫 ) describing the recommended Type 1
elastic response spectra

For ground type C: 𝑆 = 1.5, 𝑇𝐵 = 0.10𝑠𝑒𝑐, 𝑇𝐶 = 0.25 sec 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇𝐷 = 1.2𝑠𝑒𝑐

4𝑇𝐶 = 4 ∗ 0.25 = 1.0𝑠𝑒𝑐

∴ 𝑇1 = 0.586𝑠𝑒𝑐 ≤ { … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 𝑂𝑘!
2.0𝑆 = 2.0 ∗ 1.5 = 3.0𝑠𝑒𝑐

The building is symmetry and regular in its plan and elevation. Hence, we can use lateral force
method of analysis.

Step 2: Determine design spectrum 𝑆𝑑 (𝑇1 ) [ES EN 1998:2015 section 3.2.2.5]

For the horizontal components of the seismic action, the design spectrum 𝑺𝒅 (𝑻) shall be
defined by the following expressions:

For 𝑇𝐶 = 0.25𝑠𝑒𝑐 ≤ 𝑇 = 0.586𝑠𝑒𝑐 ≤ 𝑇𝐷 = 1.2𝑠𝑒𝑐:

2.5 𝑇𝐶
𝑎𝑔 ∗ 𝑆 ∗ [ ]
𝑆𝑑 (𝑇) = { 𝑞 𝑇
≥ 𝛽 ∗ 𝑎𝑔

Where 𝑎𝑔 is the design ground acceleration on type A ground (𝑎𝑔 = 𝛾𝐼 ∗ 𝑎𝑔𝑅 )

𝑞 is the behavior factor

𝛽 is the lower bound factor for the horizontal design spectrum

𝑆 is the soil factor

𝛾𝐼 is the importance factor

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2.1. Design ground acceleration 𝑎𝑔

The seismic hazard map is divided into 5 zones where the ratio of the design bedrock
acceleration 𝑎𝑔 to the acceleration of gravity 𝑔 = 𝛼0 for the respective zones.

Adama town located in zone 4; 𝑎𝑔𝑅 = 0.15𝑔

In this example, the given building is a residential building and it’s categorized under ordinary
building not belonging in the other categories. For ordinary building, its importance class is class
II and it’s the importance factor 𝛾𝐼 = 1.0.

Table 4.3: Importance classes for buildings

Importance class Buildings description Importance factors 𝛾𝐼

I Buildings of minor importance for public safety, e.g. 0.8

agricultural buildings, etc.

II Ordinary buildings, not belonging in the other 𝟏. 𝟎

categories.

III Buildings whose seismic resistance is of importance 1.2

in view of the consequences associated with a
collapse, e.g. schools, assembly halls, cultural
institutions etc.

IV Buildings whose integrity during earthquakes is of 1.4

vital importance for civil protection, e.g. hospitals,
fire stations, power plants, etc.

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∴ 𝑎𝑔 = 1.0 ∗ 0.15𝑔 = 0.15𝑔

2.2. Behavior factors for horizontal seismic actions 𝒒 (ES EN 1998:2015 section 5.2.2.2)

Behavior factor 𝑞 is a factor used for purposes to reduce the forces obtained from a linear
analysis in order to account for the nonlinear response of a structure, associated with the
material, the structural system and design procedures.

The upper limit value of the behavior factor 𝑞 to account for energy dissipation capacity
(ductility classes) shall be derived for each design direction as follows:

𝑞 = 𝑞0 𝑘𝑤 ≥ 1.5

Where 𝑞0 is the basic value of the behavior factor, dependent on the type of the structural system
and on its regularity in elevation;

𝑘𝑤 is the factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural systems with walls.

For buildings that are regular in elevation, frame system and assume DCM (medium ductility
class); the basic values of 𝑞0 for the various structural types are given in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1: Basic Value of the behavior factor, 𝒒𝟎 for systems regular in elevation

Where 𝛼1 is the value by which the horizontal seismic design action is multiplied in order to first
reach the flexural resistance in any member in the structure while all other design actions remain
constant;

𝛼𝑢 is the value by which the horizontal seismic design action is multiplied, in order to form
plastic hinges in a number of sections sufficient for the development of overall structural
instability while all other design actions remain constant. The factor 𝛼𝑢 may be obtained from a
nonlinear static (pushover) global analysis.

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Factor 𝛼𝑢 ⁄𝛼1 has not been evaluated through an explicit calculation for buildings which are
regular in plan, the following approximate values of 𝛼𝑢 ⁄𝛼1 may be used.

For frames or frame-equivalent dual systems

 One-storey buildings: 𝛼𝑢 ⁄𝛼1 = 1.1;

 Multi-storey, one-bay frames: 𝛼𝑢 ⁄𝛼1 = 1.2;
 Multi-storey, multi-bay frames or frame-equivalent dual structures: 𝛼𝑢 ⁄𝛼1 = 1.3.

In this example, the given building is multi-storey, multi-bay frames. Therefore, 𝛼𝑢 ⁄𝛼1 = 1.3.

𝑞0 = 3.0 ∗ 𝛼𝑢 ⁄𝛼1 = 3 ∗ 1.3 = 3.9

The factor 𝑘𝑤 reflecting the prevailing failure mode in structural systems with walls shall be
taken as follows:

1.00, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒 − 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠

𝑘𝑤 = {(1 + 𝛼0 )⁄3 ≤ 1, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 0.5, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 − 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 }
𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑠

Our building is frame systems, 𝑘𝑤 = 1.0.

∴ 𝑞 = 𝑞0 𝑘𝑤 = 3.9 ∗ 1.0 = 3.9 ≥ 1.5 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . 𝑂𝑘!

The value to be ascribed to β for use is found in the National Annex. The recommended value for
𝛽 is 0.2.

2.5 𝑇𝐶 2.5 0.25

𝑎𝑔 ∗ 𝑆 ∗ [ ] = 0.15𝑔 ∗ 1.5 ∗ 3.9 [0.586] = 0.061532𝑔
Thus, 𝑆𝑑 (𝑇) = { 𝑞 𝑇
≥ 𝛽 ∗ 𝑎𝑔 = 0.2 ∗ 0.15𝑔 = 0.03𝑔

∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑆𝑑 (𝑇) = 0.061532𝑔

Step 3: Determine total seismic mass of building (ES EN 1998:2015 section 3.2.4)

The inertial effects of the design seismic action shall be evaluated by taking into account the
presence of the masses associated with all gravity loads appearing in the following combination
of actions:

𝑚 = ∑ 𝐺𝑘,𝑗 + ∑ 𝜓𝐸,𝑖 𝑄𝑘,𝑖

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Where 𝜓𝐸,𝑖 is the combination coefficient for variable action 𝑖 (see ES EN 1998:2015 section
4.2.4)

The combination coefficients 𝜓𝐸,𝑖 for the calculation of the effects of the seismic actions shall be
computed from the following expression:

𝜓𝐸,𝑖 = 𝜑 ∗ 𝜓2,𝑖

Table 4.2: Values of 𝜑 for calculating 𝜓2,𝑖

Table A1.1: Recommended values of 𝜓2,𝑖 factors for buildings (Source: Adopted from ES EN
1992-1-1:2015)

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non-structural
members to be considered for a given storeys
𝑊5

𝑊4

and
structural
𝑊3

of
𝑊2

Weight
𝑊1

Weight at roof level 𝑊5

Variable actions at roof level= 𝜓𝐸,𝑖 𝑄𝑘,𝑖 = 𝜑 ∗ 𝜓2,𝑖 ∗ 𝑄𝑘,𝑖

𝜑 = 1.0 for roof storey 𝑄𝑘,𝑖 = 1𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 for roof slab and 𝜓2,𝑖 = 0.3 for residential building

𝜑 ∗ 𝜓2,𝑖 ∗ 𝑄𝑘,𝑖 = 1.0 ∗ 0.3 ∗ 1𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 (9.95𝑚 ∗ 11.75𝑚) = 35.074𝑘𝑁

Dead load 𝐺𝑘,𝑗 at roof level

Walls weight

Walls Dir. Length (𝑚) Height Thickness N0 𝛾(𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 ) Weight (𝑘𝑁) Total
(𝑚) (𝑚) weight (𝑘𝑁)
𝑥 4.55 1.55 0.25 4 14 98.735
Exterior
𝑦 3.75 1.55 0.25 6 14 122.0625
𝑥 4.55 1.55 0.15 4 14 59.241 ∑ 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠
Interior
𝑦 3.75 1.55 0.15 3 14 36.61875 = 472.06𝑘𝑁
Parapet 𝑥 10.45 1.00 0.25 2 14 73.15
𝑦 11.75 1.00 0.25 2 14 82.25

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Slab weight

Total floor width (𝑚) Total floor length (𝑚) Thickness (𝑚) 𝛾(𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚3 ) Weight (𝑘𝑁)
Slab 10.25 12.25 0.15 25 470.86
Beams weight

Beam Width Depth Length N0 𝛾(𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 ) Weight (𝑘𝑁) Total weight (𝑘𝑁)
(𝑚) (𝑚) (𝑚)
𝑥 −dir. 0.25 0.20 4.55 8 25 45.50 ∑ 𝑊𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝑦 −dir. 0.25 0.20 3.75 9 25 42.1875
= 87.70𝑘𝑁
Columns weight

Width Depth Length N0 𝛾(𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 ) Weight (𝑘𝑁) Total weight (𝑘𝑁)

(𝑚) (𝑚) (𝑚)
Columns 0.25 0.45 1.75 12 25 59.0625 59.0625
Total seismic load at roof level = ∑ 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 + ∑ 𝑊𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 + ∑ 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 + ∑ 𝑊𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 + ∑ 𝜓𝐸,𝑖 𝑄𝑘,𝑖

𝑊5 = 472.06 + 87.70 + 59.0625 + 470.86 + 35.074 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟔𝒌𝑵

Weight at 1st, 2nd and 3rd floor levels (𝑊2 , 𝑊3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑊4 )

Walls weight

Walls Dir. Length (𝑚) Height Thickness N0 𝛾(𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 ) Weight (𝑘𝑁) Total
(𝑚) (𝑚) weight (𝑘𝑁)
𝑥 4.55 3.1 0.25 4 14 197.470
Exterior
𝑦 3.75 3.1 0.25 6 14 244.125 ∑ 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠
𝑥 4.55 3.1 0.15 4 14 118.482 = 633.317𝑘𝑁
Interior
𝑦 3.75 3.1 0.15 3 14 73.240
Slab weight

Total floor width (𝑚) Total floor length (𝑚) Thickness (𝑚) 𝛾(𝑘𝑁 ⁄𝑚3 ) Weight (𝑘𝑁)
Slab 10.25 12.25 0.15 25 470.86

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Beams weight

Beam Width Depth Length N0 𝛾(𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 ) Weight (𝑘𝑁) Total weight (𝑘𝑁)
(𝑚) (𝑚) (𝑚)
𝑥 −dir. 0.25 0.20 4.55 8 25 45.50 ∑ 𝑊𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝑦 −dir. 0.25 0.20 3.75 9 25 42.1875
= 87.70𝑘𝑁
Columns weight

Width Depth Length N0 𝛾(𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 ) Weight (𝑘𝑁) Total weight (𝑘𝑁)

(𝑚) (𝑚) (𝑚)
Columns 0.25 0.45 3.5 12 25 118.125 118.125
Variable actions at 1st, 2nd and 3rd floor levels = 𝜓𝐸,𝑖 𝑄𝑘,𝑖 = 𝜑 ∗ 𝜓2,𝑖 ∗ 𝑄𝑘,𝑖

𝜑 = 0.5 for independent occupied storey 𝑄𝑘,𝑖 = 2𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 for roof slab and 𝜓2,𝑖 = 0.3 for
residential building

𝜑 ∗ 𝜓2,𝑖 ∗ 𝑄𝑘,𝑖 = 0.5 ∗ 0.3 ∗ 2𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 (9.80𝑚 ∗ 11.45𝑚) = 33.663𝑘𝑁

Total seismic load at each floor levels

= ∑ 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 + ∑ 𝑊𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 + ∑ 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 + ∑ 𝑊𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 + ∑ 𝜓𝐸,𝑖 𝑄𝑘,𝑖

𝑊2 = 𝑊3 = 𝑊4 = 633.317 + 87.70 + 118.125 + 480.05 + 33.663 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟓𝒌𝑵

Weight at ground floor level 𝑊1

Walls weight

Walls Dir. Length (𝑚) Height Thickness N0 𝛾(𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 ) Weight (𝑘𝑁) Total
(𝑚) (𝑚) weight (𝑘𝑁)

𝑥 4.55 1.55 0.25 4 14 98.735

Exterior
𝑦 3.75 1.55 0.25 6 14 122.0625 ∑ 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠

𝑥 4.55 1.55 0.15 4 14 59.241 = 472.06𝑘𝑁

Interior
𝑦 3.75 1.55 0.15 3 14 36.61875

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Grade beams weight

Grade Width Depth Length N0 𝛾(𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 ) Weight (𝑘𝑁) Total weight (𝑘𝑁)
Beam (𝑚) (𝑚) (𝑚)

𝑥 −dir. 0.25 0.40 4.55 8 25 91 ∑ 𝑊𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠

𝑦 −dir. 0.25 0.40 3.75 9 25 84.375 = 175.375𝑘𝑁

Columns weight

Width Depth Length N0 𝛾(𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 ) Weight (𝑘𝑁) Total weight (𝑘𝑁)

(𝑚) (𝑚) (𝑚)

Columns 0.25 0.45 3.25 12 25 109.69 109.69

Weight of isolated footing pad

Width Length Depth N0 𝛾(𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 ) Weight (𝑘𝑁) Total weight (𝑘𝑁)

(𝑚) (𝑚) (𝑚)

Footing 1.5 1.5 0.4 12 25 270 ∑ 𝑊𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠

pad
= 270𝑘𝑁

Total seismic load at ground floor level

= ∑ 𝑊𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠 + ∑ 𝑊𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑠 + ∑ 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠 + ∑ 𝑊𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠

𝑊1 = 472.06 + 175.375 + 109.69 + 270 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟕. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝒌𝑵

∴ Total seismic weight of the building 𝑊𝑇 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + 𝑊3 + 𝑊4 + 𝑊5

= 1027.125 + 3 ∗ 1343.665 + 1124.76 = 6182.88𝑘𝑁

𝑊𝑇 6182.88∗103 𝑁
Total seismic mass of the building 𝑚 = = 9.81𝑚⁄ = 630263𝑘𝑔
𝑔
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2

Step 4: Determine base shear force 𝐹𝑏 (ES EN 1998:2015 section 4.3.3.2.2)

The seismic base shear force 𝑭𝒃 for each horizontal direction in which the building is analyzed
shall be determined using the following expression:

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𝐹𝑏 = 𝑆𝑑 (𝑇1 ) ∗ 𝑚 ∗ 𝜆

Where 𝑆𝑑 (𝑇1 ) is the ordinate of the design spectrum = 0.061532𝑔

𝝀 is the correction factor accounts for the effective modal mass of the 1st mode is smaller on
average by 15% than the total building mass.

𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 if 𝑻𝟏 < 𝟐𝑻𝑪 and the building has more than two storeys
𝜆={
𝟏. 𝟎 otherwise

𝑇1 = 0.586𝑠𝑒𝑐 ≮ 2𝑇𝐶 = 2 ∗ 0.25 = 0.5𝑠𝑒𝑐. ∴ Take 𝜆 = 1.0.

𝐹𝑏 = 𝑆𝑑 (𝑇1 ) ∗ 𝑚 ∗ 𝜆 = 0.061532 ∗ 9.81𝑚⁄𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ∗ 630263𝑘𝑔 ∗ 1.0 = 380445𝑁

= 380.445𝑘𝑁

Step 5: Distribution of the horizontal seismic base shear force to storeys 𝑭𝒊 (ES EN 1998:2015
section 4.3.3.2.3)

When the fundamental mode shape is approximated by horizontal displacements increasing

linearly along the height, the horizontal forces 𝑭𝒊 should be taken as being given by:

𝑍𝑖 ∗ 𝑚𝑖
𝐹𝑖 = 𝐹𝑏 ∗
∑ 𝑍𝑗 ∗ 𝑚𝑗

Where 𝑍𝑖 , 𝑍𝑗 are the heights of the masses 𝑚𝑖 , 𝑚𝑗 above the level of application of the seismic
action (foundation or top of a rigid basement)

Storey 𝑍𝑖 (𝑚) 𝑊𝑖 (𝑘𝑁) 𝑚𝑖 (𝑘𝑔) 𝑍𝑖 ∗ 𝑚𝑖 𝐹𝑖 (𝑘𝑁)

Ground 1.5 1027.125 104701.835 157052.7525 11.000
First 5.0 1343.665 136968.9093 684844.546379 48.010
Second 8.5 1343.665 136968.9093 1164235.729 81.617
Third 12 1343.665 136968.9093 1643626.9116 115.224
Roof level 15.5 1124.76 114654.43425 1777143.73 124.584
∑ 5426903.67 380.445

Earthquake Load on structures Page 13

Department of Civil Engineering Structural Design

Frame in the 𝑥 −direction

Frame in the 𝑦 −direction

Earthquake Load on structures Page 14

Department of Civil Engineering Structural Design

Step 6: Determine the storey shear forces 𝑉𝑖 for each storey

Storey 𝑍𝑖 (𝑚) 𝐹𝑖 (𝑘𝑁) 𝑉𝑖 (𝑘𝑁)

Roof level 15.5 124.584 124.584

Third 12 115.224 = 124.584 + 115.224 = 239.808

Second 8.5 81.617 = 239.808 + 81.617 = 321.425

First 5.0 48.010 = 321.425 + 48.010 = 369.435

Ground 1.5 11.000 = 369.435 + 11 = 380.445

Shear diagram

Earthquake Load on structures Page 15