PRODUCT TAGGING

PRODUCT TAGGING

Product tags are used for easy identification of

products as well as for tracking and inventory purposes.

 PRODUCT TAGGING
Each time product tags are typed or scanned into
computer or transmitted in some other fashion, there
is a chance that one or more digits in the number
will change or be rearranged as they move from
one location to the other.
 PRODUCT TAGGING

•MOST COMMON TYPES OF TRANSMISSION ERROR:

 UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)
•THIS IS A UNIVERSAL
PRODUCT CODE (UPC).
NEARLY EVERY ITEM THAT
YOU PURCHASE FROM A
GROCERY STORE AND
DEPARTMENT STORE HAS A
UPC ON IT SOMEWHERE.

•THESE “BAR CODES” WERE

ORIGINALLY CREATED TO
HELP GROCERY STORES
SPEED UP THE CHECKOUT
PROCESS AND KEEP BETTER
TRACK OF INVENTORY.
UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)
 UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)

To avoid this error, we apply the method called

CHECK DIGIT SCHEMES.

An example is error-correcting codes, which are

able to identify errors and then correct them
automatically. Most check digit scheme append an
extra digit or digits (check digit/s) to the product
tag.
 UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)
IN A TWELVE-DIGIT UPC,
UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)
 UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)
THE SECOND SET OF FIVE DIGITS IDENTIFIES THE

MANUFACTURER

WHILE THE THIRD SET OF FIVE DIGITS IDENTIFIES THE PRODUCT.

UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)
THE LAST DIGIT X12 IS CALLED A CHECK
DIGIT. THIS DIGIT LETS THE SYSTEM
DETERMINE IF IT SCANNED THE NUMBER
CORRECTLY OR NOT. GIVEN THE ELEVEN-
DIGIT STRING X1X2 … X11, THE CHECK DIGIT
X12 IS APPENDED SUCH THAT THE WHOLE
TWELVE-DIGIT “CODEWORD” SATISFIES
 MODULAR ARITHMETIC
THE MATHEMATICAL STATEMENT

A ≡ B (MOD N)
(READ AS “A IS CONGRUENT TO B MODULO N)

MEANS THAT THE DIFFERENCE A – B IS

DIVISIBLE BY THE INTEGER N.
 MODULAR ARITHMETIC

AGAIN …
A ≡ B (MOD N)
MEANS A – B IS DIVISIBLE BY THE
INTEGER N.
 EXAMPLE

IT IS TRUE THAT …
61 ≡ 5 (MOD 2)
SINCE 61 - 5 = 56 IS DIVISIBLE BY THE
INTEGER 2.
 EXAMPLE

IT IS TRUE THAT …
61 ≡ 7 (MOD 9)
SINCE 61 - 7 = 54 IS DIVISIBLE BY THE
INTEGER 9.
MODULAR ARITHMETIC
IS IT TRUE THAT …
75 ≡ 15 (MOD 10) ?
MODULAR ARITHMETIC
IS IT TRUE THAT …
75 ≡ 15 (MOD 10) ?

YES!
 MODULAR ARITHMETIC

IS IT TRUE THAT …
78 ≡ 10 (MOD 7) ?
 MODULAR ARITHMETIC

IS IT TRUE THAT …
78 ≡ 10 (MOD 7) ?

NO!
UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)

= 3(0) + 7 + 3(7) + 3 + 3(3) + 0 + 3(3) + 4 + 3(4)

+ 5 + 3(1) + 7
= 80
UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)
UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)

0 33878 20296 2
 UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)

IS THIS A VALID UPC?

3-70501-09110-4
 UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC)

IS THIS A VALID UPC?

3-70501-09110-5
CHECK EQUATION FOR UPC
WITH 13 DIGITS
CHECK EQUATION FOR UPC
WITH 13 DIGITS
 ISBN
The international standard book number (ISBN)
code is used throughout the world by publisher to
identify properties of each book.

The first nine digits represent information regarding

its language, publisher and title.
The 10th digit is the check digit.

The whole 10 digits should satisfy

 ISBN
In the ISBN 0-8218-2626-X

0 tells that the book is published in either the US,

UK, Australia, NZ or Canada

8218 – identify the publishing company

code for American Mathematical Society

2626 - the number given to each book

X is the check digit

 ISBN
Consider the ISBN 0-387-94225-C. Find the value of the check digit C.
Solution. To find C, we solve the equation
1(0)+2(3)+3(8)+4(7)+5(9)+6(4)+7(2)+8(2)+9(5)+10(C)≡0(mod 11)
0+6+24+28+45+24+14+16+45+10C≡0(mod 11)
202+10C≡0(mod11)
when C=4 : 202+10(4)=202+40=242≡0(mod 11)
Hence, the complete ISBN is 0-387-94225-4.

Since January 1, 2007, ISBNs have contained thirteen digits.

The ISBN-13 check digit must range from 0 to 9 which satisfy
the equation:
 QUICK RESPONSE CODE
QR CODE
• THE QUICK RESPONSE (QR)
CODE WAS IN JAPAN BY
DENSO-WAVE IN 1994.
• IT IS DESIGNED TO ALLOW
HIGH SPEED COMPONENT
SCANNING.
• IT IS DETECTED AS A 2-
DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL
IMAGE BY A SEMI-
CONDUCTOR IMAGE
SENSOR.
 QUICK RESPONSE CODE
QR CODE
• THE SENSOR LOCATES THE
THREE DISTINCTIVE SQUARES AT
THE CORNERS OF THE IMAGE,
AND USES A SMALLER SQUARE
NEAR THE FOURTH CORNER TO
NORMALIZE THE IMAGE FOR
SIZE, ORIENTATION, AND ANGLE
OF VIEWING. THE SMALL DOTS
ARE THEN CONVERTED TO
BINARY NUMBERS AND THEIR
VALIDITY CHECKED WITH AN
ERROR-CORRECTING CODE.
 QUICK RESPONSE CODE
QR CODE
SMARTPHONE USERS INSTALL APP
TO
SCANS A DISPLAYED CODE
CONVERTS CODE TO A URL
SHOWS THE WEBSITE OF
COMPANY, STORE OR
PRODUCT ASSOCIATED WITH
THE CODE
 QUICK RESPONSE CODE
QR CODE
• QR CODE GENERATOR

HTTPS://WWW.QR-CODE-GENERATOR.COM/
MULTIMEDIA
 MULTIMEDIA

• It is the use of several media (e.g. text, graphics,

animation, video) to convey information.
• It also refers to the use of computer technology to
create, store and experience multimedia content.
Analog vs Bitmap Images
 Optimizing Web Graphics

• Images are compressed to produce smaller file size.

• Types of image compression
Uncompressed – Example: .bmp files
Non-lossy or lossless – compressed image looks
like the original image. Examples: .pcx, .gif, .png
Lossy – throws away some details in the image
which is not easily perceived by the human eye.
Examples: .pic, .jpeg
 GIF Format
• Graphics Interchange Format
• It is a bitmap image format for pictures with up to 256 different
colors.
• The internal compression algorithm used by gif is called the LZW
(Lempel-Zev-Welch), which is patented by Unisys Corporation.
 JPEG Format
• Joint Photographic Experts Group