Final Thesis Ibsa

ETHIOPIAN CIVIL SERVICE UNIVERSITY
College of Urban Development and Engineering
Urban Land Development and Management Department
The Research Is Titled “The Challenge of Urban Land Management

in Chelenko Town"
By
Ibsa Abdi
[June, 2024]
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
The College of Urban Development and Engineering
Department of Urban Land Development and Management
The Research Is Titled “The Challenge of Urban Land Management

in Chelenko Town"
BY
Ibsa Abdi
A thesis was a [master's degree] submitted to the [Department of Urban Land Development and
Management] at the Ethiopian Civil Service University's School of Urban Development and
Enginaring, partially fulfilling the requirements for a master's degree in [urban land development
and management].
Advisor: Dr.Demeke.H
[June, 2024]
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2024[Ibsa Abdi]
DECLARATION
I
ETHIOPIA CIVIL SERVICE UNIVERSITY
College of Urban Development and Engineering
Department of Urban Land Development and Management
Dissertation/Thesis for Defense
I here certify that I have supervised, read, and evaluated this thesis or dissertation titled “The
Challenge of Urban Land Management in Chelenko Town” by Ibsa Abdi, prepared under my
guidance. I recommend the thesis or dissertation be submitted for oral defen
Advaser name Signature Date
………………… ……………. …………..
Supervisor's name Signature Date
………………… …………….. …………..
Co-supervisor'sname Signature Date
………………… …………….. ……………..
Name of DepartmentHead Signature Date
……………………….. ……………….. …………….
II
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
At the outset, I would like to extend my gratitude to God, known as "Allah," for His immense aid
in completing my study project and for His unwavering support throughout my life.
I sincerely appreciate the continuous feedback, encouragement, guidance, and support provided
by my primary advisor, Dr. Demeke H., in the development of this research paper. The valuable
information shared by them has greatly contributed to my research work.
I would also like to acknowledge the assistance received from the staff members at the Chelenko
town municipality, the town land administration office, and the Chelenko 01 and 02 Kebele
administration offices. Their cooperation in providing essential primary and secondary data has
been instrumental in analyzing the challenges of urban land management in the town.
Lastly, I am thankful to my family and all my partners who have supported me emotionally
throughout my research work. Their assistance, in various forms, has contributed to my well-
being during this endeavor.
III
Table of content
DECLARATION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ACKNOWLEDGMENT----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LIST OF FIGURE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LIST OF TABLE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ACRONYMS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER ONE----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.1. GENERAL BACKGROUND OF STUDY------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1
1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2
1.3. RESEARCH QUETIONS-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.4. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
1.4.1. General Objectives of the Study--------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.4.2. Specific Objectives of the study---------------------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.5. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH---------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.6. STUDY SCOPE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4
1.7. ORGANIZATION OF THE PAPER------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4
CHAPTER TWO---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.1. THEORETICAL LITERATURE REVIEW----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.1.1. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.1.2. Review of Concepts---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
2.1.2.1. Urban Land Management-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6
2.1.2.2. The significance of Governance and land management--------------------------------------------------7
2.1.2.3. The role of manpower and technical capacity on urban land management---------------------------7
2.1.2.4. Land Administration------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
2.1.2.5. Urban Land Administration-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
2.1.2.6. Land information system (LIS): A Land Management Tool---------------------------------------------9
2.1.2.7. Planning and Implementation of Urban Land Use--------------------------------------------------------9
2.1.2.8. Demand and supply land for housing----------------------------------------------------------------------10
2.1.2.8.1. Supply for land----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
2.1.2.8.2. Demand for land-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
2.1.2.9. Land Tenure--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
2.1.9. Informal settlement and Land Management-----------------------------------------------------------------11
2.1.9.1. Land speculation---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
2.1.9.2. Slum Settlements----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
2.1.9.3. Squatter settlements------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12
2.1.3. Review of Theories----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
2.1.3.1. Theory of institutions-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
2.1.3.2. Theory of Political Ecology--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
2.2. EMPIRICAL LITERATURE REVIEW------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 13
IV
2.2.1. Some African Countries' Experiences in Urban Land Management-------------------------------------13
2.2.1.1. Uganda's Urban Land Management------------------------------------------------------------------------13
2.2.1.2. Urban Land Management in South Africa----------------------------------------------------------------14
2.2.1.3. Urban Land Management Trend in Ethiopia--------------------------------------------------------------14
2.2.1.3.1. The era of imperial regime-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
2.2.1.3.2. The Dreg regime--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15
2.2.1.3.3.Post 1991----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
2.2.1.4. Legal frameworks in Ethiopia-------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
2.2.1.5. Institutional frameworks in Ethiopia-----------------------------------------------------------------------16
2.3. RESEARCH GAP---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
2.4. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
CHAPTER THREE-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY'S AREA---------------------------------------------------------------------------19
3.2. RESEARCH PARADIGM, DESIGN AND, APPROACH-------------------------------------------------------------20
3.2.1. Research Paradigm---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20
3.2.2. Research Design------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21
3.2.3. Research Approach--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
3.3. TYPES AND SOURCES DATA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
3.3.1. TYPE OF DATA--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
3.3.2. Sources of Data------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
3.4. SAMPLING DESIGN-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
3.4.1. Population and Sampling frame------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22
3.4.2. Sampling Unit--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
3.4.3. Sample Size Determination------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
3.4.4. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE AND PROCEDURE--------------------------------------------------------------------23
3.5. DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENTS------------------------------------------------------------------------------23
3.6. METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 24
3.6.1. Quantitative Data Analysis------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
3.6.2. Methods of qualitatives data analaysis----------------------------------------------------------------------24
3.6.3. Measurement of Variables-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
3.6.4. Model Specification---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24
3.8. ETHICAL CONSIDERATION----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26
CHAPTER FOUR-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.1. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND RESPONSES RATE OF RESPONDENTS----------------------------27
4.2. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS OF OBJECTIVE ONE--------------------------------------------------------------31
4.2.1. Finding of objective one--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
4.2.1.1. What is the major problemor challenges you have observed in land management in the study
area?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
4.3. FINDING AND DISCUSSION OF OBJECTIVE TWO----------------------------------------------------------------38
4.3.1. Finding of objective two--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
4.3.1.1. Do you get proper services from the land administration department of your town?---------------38
4.3.1.2. Human Resource of Chelenko Town Municipality------------------------------------------------------44
V
4.3.2. Discussion of Objective Two---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47
4.4. FINDING AND DISCUSSION OF OBJECTIVE THREE-------------------------------------------------------------49
4.4.1. Finding of Objective Three------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 49
4.4.1.1. What is the current status of land supply and demand in Chelenko Town?--------------------------49
4.4.1.2. What is reason behand the low land supply (land delivery) challenge for housing in chellenko
town----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
4.4.2. Discussion of Objective Three-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 53
4.5. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION OF OBJECTIVES FOUR------------------------------------------------------------55
4.5.1. Finding of Objectives Four------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55
4.5.1.1. What actions do you believe should be taken to improve the existing situation of urban land
management in Chelenko Town?-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55
4.5.2. Discussion of Objective Four--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 59
CHAPTER FIVE--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. SUMMERY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS---------------------------------------------------------------
5.1. SUMMARY OF FINDING--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61
5.2. CONCLUSIONS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.3. RECOMMENDATIONS---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64
5.4. FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65
REFERENCES------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPENDIX A: QUESTIONNAIRE--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPENDIX B: INTERVIEW AND FGD QUESTIONS--------------------------------------------------------------------------
VI
List of Figure
FIGURE 2.1: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK.......................................................................................................................................18
FIGURE 3.1: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY'S AREA ...........................................................................................................................20
FIGURE 4.1: THE MAJOR PROBLEMS OR CHALLENGES YOU HAVE OBSERVED IN LAND MANAGEMENT.........................................................31
FIGURE 4.2: THE LEVEL AND ADEQUACY OF THE MANPOWER AS WELL AS TECHNICAL INSTRUMENTS (EQUIPMENT)......................................39
FIGURE4.3: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ............................................................................................................................................46
FIGURE 4.4: LOW LAND SUPPLY (LAND DELIVERY) CHALLENGE FOR HOUSING IN CHELENKO TOW..............................................................51
FIGURE 4.5: TO IMPROVE THE EXISTING SITUATION OF URBAN LAND MANAGEMENT .............................................................................56
VII
List of Table
TABLE 3.1: THE TOTAL SAMPLE SIZES.........................................................................................................23

TABLE 3.2: SAMPLE SIZE OF KEBELE RESPONDENTS...................................................................................23
Table4. 1: Reliability cofficients of variables……………………………………………………………..27

TABLE 4.2: SEX OF THE RESPONDENT..........................................................................................................27
TABLE 4.3: AGE OF THE RESPONDENT.........................................................................................................28
TABLE4. 4: MARITAL STATUS OF RESPONDENT...........................................................................................28
TABLE4. 5: FAMILY SIZE OF THE RESPONDENT............................................................................................29
TABLE4. 6: INCOME OF THE RESPONDENT....................................................................................................29
TABLE4. 7: EDUCATION LEVEL OF RESPONDENT.........................................................................................30
TABLE4. 8: OCCUPATION OF THE RESPONDENTS..........................................................................................31
TABLE4. 9: THE ROOT CAUSES BEHIND THE CHALLENGES FACED IN URBAN LAND MANAGEMENT?...........32
TABLE4. 10: THE BASIC CONSTRAINTS OF STAFF AND LAND MANAGEMENT AND DELIVERY PROCESSES FOR
URBAN INHABITANTS AS WELL AS INVESTORS....................................................................................32
TABLE4. 11: MAIN CHALLENGES TO URBAN LAND MANAGEMENT IN THE MUNICIPALITY TOWN? FOR
SQUATTER SETTLEMENT......................................................................................................................33
TABLE4. 12: THE OBSTACLES IN MANAGING URBAN LAND WITHIN THE TOWN?.........................................33
TABLE4. 13: THE FREQUENT THAT AFFECT URBAN LAND MANAGEMENT IN CHELENKO TOWN?.................34
TABLE4. 14: IS THEIR EFFICIENT URBAN LAND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN TOWN MUNICIPALITY OFFICES?35
TABLE4. 15: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS........................................................................................................35
TABLE4. 16: DO YOU GET PROPER SERVICES FROM THE LAND ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT OF YOUR
TOWN?.................................................................................................................................................38
TABLE4. 17: HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE THE MUNICIPALITY'S HUMAN RESOURCE AND TECHNOLOGICAL
CAPABILITIES FOR URBAN LAND MANAGEMENT IN CHELENKO TOWN?..............................................40
TABLE4. 18: WHAT ARE THE MAJOR CHALLENGE OF MANPOWER IN THE MUNICIPALITY FOR URBAN LAND
MANAGEMENT?....................................................................................................................................40
TABLE4. 19: THE PROCEDURES OR STRATEGIES COULD BE IMPLEMENTED TO IMPROVE THE LEVEL OF
MANPOWER IN THE MUNICIPALITY FOR URBAN LAND MANAGEMENT?...............................................41
TABLE4. 20: WHAT ARE THE MAJOR CHALLENGES RELATED TO THE ADEQUACY OF TECHNICAL
INSTRUMENTS (EQUIPMENT) IN THE MUNICIPALITY FOR URBAN LAND MANAGEMENT?.....................42
TABLE4. 21: ARE THERE ANY ONGOING INITIATIVES OR PLANS IN THE MUNICIPALITY TO ADDRESS THE
MANPOWER AND TECHNICAL INSTRUMENT (EQUIPMENT) REQUIREMENTS IN YOUR TOWN
MUNICIPALITY?....................................................................................................................................43
TABLE4. 22: HAVE YOU OBSERVED ANY INSTANCES WHERE THE MUNICIPALITY'S HUMAN RESOURCES
WERE INSUFFICIENT FOR EFFECTIVE URBAN LAND MANAGEMENT?....................................................43
TABLE 4.23: REQUIRED AND EXISTING MAN POWER OF CHELENKO MUNICIPALITY....................................44
TABLE4. 24: ARE THERE ANY AREAS WHERE YOU THINK THE MUNICIPALITY'S TECHNOLOGICAL
CAPABILITIES COULD BE ENHANCED?..................................................................................................44
TABLE4. 25: DO YOU THINK THE EXISTING MAN POWER IS ENOUGH TO PROVIDE THE SERVICE ................45
TABLE4. 26: THE CURRENT STATUS OF LAND SUPPLY AND DEMAND IN CHELENKO TOWN?......................49
TABLE4. 27: ARE THERE ANY IMBALANCES BETWEEN THE SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF LAND IN YOUR TO. .51
TABLE4. 28: THE TRENDS OR CHANGES IN LAND SUPPLY AND DEMAND DYNAMICS OVER TIME IN YOUR .52
TABLE4. 30: THE BENEFITS OR OUTCOMES CAN BE EXPECTED FROM IMPLEMENTING THESE
RECOMMENDED SOLUTIONS?...............................................................................................................56
TABLE4. 31: WHO ARE THE PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS OR INDIVIDUALS/GROUPS AFFECTED BY THESE
PROBLEMS?..........................................................................................................................................57
TABLE4. 32: DO YOU CONSIDER THERE IS A LACK OF COORDINATION OR COLLABORATION AMONG
DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVED IN LAND MANAGEMENT IN TOWN MUNICIPALITY?.................58
TABLE4. 34: KEY FINDINGS CAN BE SUMMARIZED.......................................................................................61
VIII
Acronyms
DMS Degrees Minutes Seconds

EIAs Environmental impact assessments
GIS Geographic Information Systems
LIS Land Information System
SPSS Statistical package for the social
FGD Focus group discussion
FGD Focus group discussion
UN United nation
IX
ABSTRACT
The major purpose of the research was to analyze the difficulty of urban land management in the
Chelenko Town municipality, East Hararge Zone, Ethiopia. Descriptive research designs were used in
the research to achieve its goals. This report evaluates the problem of handling urban land and makes
recommendations for improving housing supply and long-term growth. It focuses on a specific area,
identifying problems, assessing available resources, analyzing housing demand, and making
recommendations. By utilizing both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies, the study used a
mixed research methodology.98 sample households were included in the systematic sampling and
random sampling investigations. The data gathered was analyzed using descriptive statistics with the
help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 25). The study's outputs include the
identification of the main land management issues (such as topographic challenges, inadequate
resources, boundary disputes, a shortage of manpower, etc.), the situation of the land currently
registered in the town, the current state of land supply and demand, the procedures in the land delivery
system, and the recommendation of the situation of the land currently and potential solutions based on
the issues identified. Reforming land administration services, fortifying legal and policy frameworks,
building institutional capacity, enhancing data and information management, and encouraging multi-
stakeholder engagement are some of the suggested solutions for Municipality Town's urban land
management problems. With these adjustments, the system for managing urban land should become more
inclusive, transparent, and efficient, which should promote the growth of dependable, equitable, and
sustainable urban settings. In order to put these solutions into practice, it will be necessary to reevaluate
and streamline land administration processes, digitize property records, fortify dispute resolution
procedures, expand staff capabilities, and introduce e-governance technologies. Additionally, these steps
will guarantee public involvement in land use planning and decision-making.
Keywords: Land, Informal settlement,good governance,and housing land delivery systems.
X
CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
Planning, developing, and regulating land in urban settings are all part of Governance of urban
areas, which prioritizes sustainable resource use while attending to Social, environmental, and
economical issues. Cities must dynamically adjust to changing requirements, which have an
influence on living standards, economic growth, and environmental resilience (Lindholm, 2019).
1.1. General Background of study
Urban land management is a multidimensional and complex field that encompasses various
aspects of the planning, development, and regulation of land within urban areas. The usage of
land plays a crucial role in building the physical form and function of towns, addressing issues
like the usage of land, infrastructure development, housing, transportation, and environmental
sustainability. As urban populations continue to grow worldwide, the demand for land for
housing, commercial development, and infrastructure increases. This puts pressure on existing
land resources, leading to challenges in managing urban land effectively and sustainably.
Effective administration of land in towns is essential for ensuring sustainable and inclusive urban
development. It involves processes such as parcel practice design, zoning regulations,
infrastructure development, affordable housing policies, and environmental conservation.
(Tessema & Adigeh, 2020). However, town land control faces various challenges. Inadequate
governance, corruption, limited resources, and competing interests among stakeholders often
hinder effective land management practices.
In African cities, management of urban land is a multifaceted problem combining environmental,

social, and economic aspects. Among the difficulties encountered include rapid urbanization,
informal settlements, property rights and land tenure, inadequate infrastructure, ineffective urban
governance, environmental sustainability, economic inequality, climate change, globalization,
and social and cultural dynamics. The ability of local governments to effectively design and
manage urban places is frequently outpaced by the rate of urbanization. Other major difficulties
include poor governance frameworks, inadequate infrastructure, and environmental deterioration.
Uneven development and land-use patterns are a result of economic inequality, and African cities
are becoming more susceptible due to climate change and vulnerability. Another problem is
balancing local settings with global tendencies. It is essential to comprehend and include various
cultural viewpoints into planning procedures. To tackle these obstacles, all-encompassing
approaches that take into account regional circumstances and cooperation between governmental
entities, communities, and other interested parties are necessary(Bansah, 2017).
1
Land records Town were decided on an irregular basis since, until recently, there was no
mechanism in place for land registration. The local municipal government does not yet have a
complete inventory of the land occupations in the town. The town's management of urban land is
further complicated by the old land distribution system that persists on the urban limits. The
existence of legal squatters who were placed in the town's growing zones by the rural woreda's
administration is another indication of the problem. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to
highlight the town's problems with management of urban land and attempt to offer a workable
solution that would assist the municipality in (Molefe & Nkhahle, 2019).
The Ethiopian town of Chelenko faces unique due to rapid urbanization and inadequate
infrastructure. To encourage sustainable development and restrain expansion, local authorities
should focus on comprehensive urban planning, including zoning restrictions and land-use plans.
Tenure of land and unofficial settlements can result from people lacking secure land tenure or
affordable housing. Regulations for regularizing informal settlements must be implemented.
Promoting partnerships, open discussions, and participatory planning procedures can help reach
agreements, enhance transparency, and consider community needs. It is essential to develop
capability and governance. Including investing in technology for data management and decision-
making, training courses, and knowledge-sharing websites. These recommendations are broad
and cannot be tailored to Chelenko's specific challenges. Consultation with local authorities,
specialists, and community members is necessary for creating suitable plans.
1.2. Statement of the Problem
Urban land makes up a very insignificant portion of the planet's surface, but it’s a significant
portion since it is home to over half of all people and the site of most economic activity
worldwide. Consequently, city land is a necessary resource for the socioeconomic growth of
urban centers worldwide as long as their population trend continues to rise. (Setiawan, 2016).
As any urban centers around the globe, there has been an increase in the population of urban
areas. It results in the formation of many problems like escalation (scarce) of land, less provision
of infrastructure, housing problem. The land development department of the town provides land
for different uses but land supplied by the department is not comparable with the existing
demand. It also performs the many functions like provision of title deeds, resolving of conflict,
provision of building permission and the like. The land management department of the town has
technical, skilled human power; institutional and material problems. Thus, poor urban land
management is among the critical problems of the town (Maheshwari et al., 2016).
African cities challenge number of issues related to urban land management, including
inadequate planning, fast population growth, unstable land tenure, informal settlements,
inadequate infrastructure, corruption, degrading environmental conditions, unequal economic
opportunities, vulnerability to climate change, low community involvement, pressures from
2
globalization, cultural and social dynamics. These problems impede both the well-being of urban
inhabitants and sustainable growth(Nero et al., 2019).
The primary obstacles to effective management of urban land in Chelenko Town may be related
to inadequate infrastructure, shaky land ownership, informal settlements, and environmental
sustainability. The rapid urbanization and growth of the area may also cause property disputes,
ambiguous property rights, and challenges managing land use and development. Furthermore,
the efficient administration of land used for cities in Chelenko Town may be hampered by
problems with openness, accountability, and involvement of the public in governance.
Chelenko's sustainability and well-being are endangered by the city's fast urbanization and
population increase. Economic inequality, overcrowding, and zoning violations all restrict access
to property, which hinders the development of homes and businesses. Concerns about
environmental sustainability and poor execution of urban policies endanger the town's existence.
By using the Chelenko Town as a case study, this study will attempt to close the gap in
knowledge. It also covered how to organize Chelenko Town's land management problem such
that it runs effectively, affordably, quickly, and fairly.
1.3. Research Quetions
The study's aforementioned goals will serve as the foundation for the following research
questions:
1. What are the main challenges to Chelenko Town's urban land management?
2. How do the municipality's human resources and technological capabilities look like?
3. What is the Status of the Towns Land Supply And Demand?
4. What should be done to improve the existing situation?
1.4. Objective of the Study

1.4.1. General Objectives of the Study
The main objective of this study is to assess the existing urban land management challenges and
recommend possible solutions that would help improve the urban land management system.
1.4.2. Specific Objectives of the study
 The specific objective of the study is:

 To identify the major problems and causes of land management in the study area.
 To define the level and adequacy of the manpower as well as the technical instruments
(equipments) of the municipality.
 To define the existing situation in the demand and supply of land for housing.
 To forward appropriate recommendations and possible solutions based on identified
problems.
3
1.5. Significance of the Research
The municipality of Chelenko Town is better able to comprehend these difficulties and ensure
that urban property is managed properly as a result of this study on the town's land management
issues. Additionally, it facilitates the town's evaluation of the inefficiencies in land management
and, ultimately, its efforts to fix them. Moreover, it encourages additional research on the topic
by other scholars.
In order to solve problems like land usage disputes, environmental degradation, and
socioeconomic inequality, research on urban land management is essential. This work adds to the
body of knowledge on land management and urban studies as cities grow, offering a foundation
for more research and discussion. It is crucial for advancing academic understanding, shaping
practice and policy, and fostering the growth of more resilient and egalitarian societies.
1.6. Study Scope
Geographical scope: The case study was spacially limited with in Chelenko town including the
town's 01 and 02 kebele.
Thematic scope: focus is on identifying the issues that the resulted in the town's substandard
land supervision. Assessed was the town's land supply and demand, the land registration as well
as legalization system, the system of land delivery, tenure rights, and the municipality's
institutional capability for land management.
Temporal scope: The difficulties and dynamics related to irban land management in this
particular urban zone was the exclusive focus of the research on the difficulty of land
management in Chelenko town.The study extents the years 2018 to 2023, corresponding to the
recent and continuing. It will consider issues related to the town's environment, developments in
land use, population, and urban expantion.
The study was also focus only on the Chelenko town local context, taking into account the
unique socio-economic and cultural influences on urban land management. It won't cover
broader national or regional urban development policies or practices unless they are specifically
relevant to the difficulties that Chellenko Town is facing.
1.7. Organization of the Paper
The paper will consist of five chapters. The first chapter covers the study's broad background, the
background of the study area, the issue statement, the purpose, the research question, the
relevance of the study, its scope, and its limits. Chapter 2 covers definitions of terms and
concepts, as well as a survey of the literature on the assessment of urban land management
techniques. Chapter 3 provides the research methodology used for the entire study. Chapter Four
examines and discusses the collected data. Finally, the fifth chapter offers recommendations and
a conclusion.
4
CHAPTER TWO
2. Review of Related Literature
2.1. Theoretical Literature Review
2.1.1. Operational Definition
Land: - the solid portion of the Earth that is not submerged in water. It encompasses all naturally
existing topography, including plains, plateaus, valleys, mountains, and deserts, Furthermore to
man-made constructions like highways and buildings. A necessary resource for many uses, such
as residential and industrial development, agriculture, and leisure (Sharma, 2021).
Land management:- the process of supervising and determining how to use, develop, conserve,
and manage land resources(Alioshkina, 2020).
Land administration: with precise records of ownership, usage, and value, ensures social
fairness, economic progress and sustainable land use. It's the methodical management and
control of land resources (Ameyaw & De Vries, 2020).
Urban land:- Land inside a city or urban region that is set aside for different urban uses, such
residential, commercial, industrial, institutional, or recreational ones, is referred to as urban land
(Ghosh, 2021).
Good governance: - the efficient and responsible administration of public affairs, resources, and
institutions is referred to as good governance. It is distinguished by responsiveness, involvement,
accountability, transparency, and the rule of law (Androniceanu, 2021).
Informal settlements: - Slums, shantytowns, and squatter settlements are other names for,
which are essentially residential communities that grow up on undesignated property without a
legal purpose.
Speculation is the act of purchasing or disposing of assets, such stocks, commodities, or real
estate, with the intention of (Bouwmeester & Hartmann, 2021).
2.1.2. Review of Concepts
Urbanization and its Impact on Land Urbanization is the movement of people from rural areas to
towns, resulting in the contraction of infrastructure, housing, and services. This process offers
benefits like improved access to education, healthcare, and job opportunities but also has
significant impacts on land and the environment. Key effects include land use conversion,
5
increased impervious surfaces, fragmentation of landscapes, and the urban heat island effect, loss
of green spaces, soil degradation, and infrastructure development. Land use conversion leads to
the loss of valuable agricultural land and habitats, while increased impervious surfaces
cause flooding and water scarcity. Fragmentation of landscapes disrupts ecological connectivity
and increases the risk of extinction for certain species. The urban heat island effect results from
the use of concrete and asphalt, leading to higher temperatures and environmental impacts.
Sustainable urban planning and development practices, such as compact city designs, green
building initiatives, and urban farming, can help mitigate these negative impacts.(Balew &
Semaw, 2021).
2.1.2.1. Urban Land Management
Town and city planning, human settlements, infrastructure development, and social and
economic exchanges are all intricately interwoven activities that make up urban systems. The
sustainable growth and operation of urban areas, particularly in developing countries, depend
heavily on efficient management of urban land. This requires more than just planning; it calls for
an all-encompassing strategy for managing land, a crucial resource. (Workineh, 2021).
It can occasionally be challenging to comprehend the various land management ideas and how
they are used. Land can be related to planning, development, management, policy, and
governance. Land policy, which is under a nation's national development goals, is the highest
level in a land hierarchy. A nation's land policy is a legal document that outlines its goals and
strategies for the social, economic, and environmental uses of its natural resources and land. A
framework of laws and policies should be in place for efficient land administration. A
decentralized government system, where local governments have some authority in making
decisions about land management, is preferred over a centralized government structure,
according to. Due to their closer links to the community, local governments are typically more
knowledgeable about land-related issues and how to resolve them. (Fan Qui & Sun, 2020).
Managing urban land is a difficult one. Topic that includes social fairness, affordable housing,
sustainable environmental practices, infrastructure development and planning for land use. A
comprehensive strategy that considers the varied demands and interests of several stakeholders,
such as government officials, developers, local residents, and environmental campaigners, is
necessary for effective urban land management. Rapid urbanization it created in poor
infrastructure, illegal communities and environmental deterioration in many emerging nations.
These issues have the potential to worsen social inequality and obstruct sustainable development
if urban land management is not done properly. Adopting inclusive and participatory methods to
urban land management is crucial to addressing these concerns. This entails interacting with
local communities to learn about their goals and objectives and including their opinions in
decision-making procedures. Furthermore, open governance, unambiguous laws, and
enforcement and monitoring systems are necessary for efficient urban land management.
6
Furthermore, by encouraging green areas, energy-efficient infrastructure, and resilient urban
design, urban land management should place a high priority on environmental sustainability.
Additionally, it should work to guarantee that all citizens have access to basic services and
affordable housing options. In developing nations, inclusive planning strategies and
comprehensive planning techniques are essential to constructing more livable, equitable, and
environmentally sustainable urban environments (Bondage et al., 2019).
2.1.2.2. The significance of Governance and land management
Urban land policy goals are followed by governments worldwide and in order to facilitate land
management, they rely on a wide range of institutional framework and policy instruments.
Master plans, zoning, building laws, subdivision rules, and other public policies are some of the
tools that many communities utilize to control growth. Generally, the goals of these rules are to
preserve and improve property values, coordinate infrastructure expenditures with development,
and aid in the protection of the urban and natural environments. Controlling land hypothesis and
inflation, also giving the impoverished Land approach, are more challenging goals to
accomplish. Many officials believe that tougher measures are needed to achieve these aims, such
as nationalizing land, developing public land, and establishing highly centralized property
registration systems to regulate and track land use ownership. In scholarly literature, the
significance of land administration and policy in urban settings is well acknowledged. Effective
governance, especially the management of land resources, is crucial for sustainable urban
growth, claim (Menzori et al., 2021).
2.1.2.3. The role of manpower and technical capacity on urban land management
There is one substantial correlation between human and technological capabilities and urban land
management. Skilled professionals in land use planning, infrastructure development,
environmental sustainability, and social equality are necessary for effective urban land
management. In order to evaluate and analyze urban land concerns, create detailed plans, and
carry out strategies for sustainable urban development, these specialists must possess the
necessary technical skills. For The aim of performing field surveys, mapping, and data analysis
to support land use planning choices, manpower and technological capability are crucial. Experts
in the field are also required for the planning and execution of infrastructure projects, including
transportation, water and sanitation systems, and networks, as well as initiatives of inexpensive
homes. Technical know-how is also essential for tracking and assessing the results of initiatives
and policies related to urban land management. Additionally, so that involve stakeholders and
local people in participatory urban land management procedures, labor and technical expertise
are needed. This entails holding discussions, fostering agreement, and carrying out consultations
in order to make judgments about land use planning. To sum up, human resources and technical
proficiency are essential for efficient management of urban land as they facilitate the creation
and application of inclusive and sustainable Ideas for urban growth. The complex problems
7
related to urban land management in emerging nations would be difficult to solve without
qualified personnel and technological know-how (Rabbani & Hossain, 2019).
In summary, manpower and technical capacity are fundamental for effective urban land
management, as they enable the development and implementation of sustainable and inclusive
urban development strategies. Without skilled professionals and technical expertise, it would be
challenging to address the complex challenges associated with urban land management in
developing countries.
2.1.2.4. Land Administration
The significance of urban land administration for equitable land access, sustainable urban
development, and effective land-use management is the main emphasis of this thorough analysis.
It draws attention to the necessity of effective land registration, safe property rights, open land
governance, and urban spatial planning. Urban land administration must prioritize good
governance and transparency. Open data, information systems, and public involvement can all
help to fight corruption and advance these goals. Investment, economic expansion, and social
stability are all dependent on property rights and tenure security. For reliable record-keeping,
efficient land registration and cadastral systems are essential. Digital systems, cadastral mapping,
and geospatial technologies are being investigated. Urban expansion and infrastructure
development must be guided by land-use planning and spatial planning. Inadequate funding, land
speculation, informal settlements, capacity building, fast urbanization, and other problems face
urban land administration. Investing in technology and capacity building, fostering multi-
stakeholder collaborations, bolstering legislative frameworks, and expanding institutional
coordination are some strategies for improving urban land administration. In order to achieve
sustainable and equitable urban growth, urban land administration plays a crucial role, as the
review concludes.(Koroso, 2023).
2.1.2.5. Urban Land Administration
Urban land administration is a subset of urban land management that encompasses the
organization and dissemination of data and resources regarding land ownership, value, use, and
related resources. It also includes surveying and characterizing land parcels and providing
pertinent data to support the land market. (Teklemariam & Cochrane, 2021).
The context of urban theory concentrates on the governance, control, and mechanisms of urban
land. It includes a range of guidelines and procedures meant to guarantee the effective and long-
term utilization of urban land resources. This covers the environment, infrastructure provision,
and security of land tenure. Important elements of the notion of urban land administration consist
of: Land Tenure Security: This can help avert land conflicts and unofficial settlements by
guaranteeing that people and communities have safe rights to the land they live on. Coordinated
and sustainable delivery of infrastructure and services and management of urban growth and
8
development depend on an effective land use plan. Infrastructure Provision: Sufficient
infrastructure, including. (Teklemariam & Cochrane, 2021)
2.1.2.6. Land information system (LIS): A Land Management Tool
Effective land administration cannot be anticipated in the absence of an information system or

land register. The main goal of land registration is to provide a secure and trustworthy basis for
the purchase, use, and transfer of property rights the requirement for information services opens
the door for the state to offer another public good, which is the upkeep of correct land records
and information Duties and rights. All interested parties and the general public must have access
to information abaut the assignment and the nature of property rights use for land to be
transferred and used as collateral for credit. Reduced transaction costs can have significant
advantages since healthy land markets are necessary to guarantee effective resource allocation.
Publicly accessible data may also aid in the identification and better informing of choices about
externalities (Moges, 2018).
Therefore, facilitating the procedures involved in the transfer of property rights over land
between parties is one of the main purposes of land registration. It reduces the risks involved in a
party's decision to transact by making information transparent to all parties involved in the
transaction. In order to confirm legal ownership and warn others of any restrictions or limitations
on a particular property, land registration is essential. Furthermore, it functions as a medium for
disseminating data on lands and assets via cadastral maps, which illustrate the limits and official
sections of a specific region. This procedure is a crucial part of land management since it is
generally acknowledged as a means by which the government can guarantee the protection of
property rights and give correct information to the general public. (Zevenbergen & Augustinus,
2015).
2.1.2.7. Planning and Implementation of Urban Land Use
Public policy disciplines are involved in land use planning to ensure moral land management. It
is essential to reevaluate control strategies and techniques in order to better future generations. In
order to solve problems with lack of land records, registration systems, and legal systems that
affect social justice, affordable housing, and infrastructure development, developing African
nations must adopt an interdisciplinary approach. (Yirga, 2021)
Additionally, address the difficulties in managing urban land use in Africa and emphasize the
necessity of all-encompassing planning techniques. All of these studies emphasize how
important it is to manage urban land, how complicated urban growth is, and how important it is
to plan and execute projects well. Sustainable city growth in under-developed nations Cities may
solve the complex issues posed by urbanization and build more livable, egalitarian, and
ecologically sustainable urban settings by implementing inclusive planning techniques and
inclusive initiatives. (Mohamed and Worku, 2019).
9
2.1.2.8. Demand and supply land for housing
The supply and demand for land drive the land market, just like in any other. But unlike other
markets, land is not a homogeneous product; these forces govern the dynamics of land market
operations and, consequently, affect modifications to land pricing. Actors in the land market are
varied and frequently have competing interests. Each parcel is distinct, having a specific location
and physical characteristics. The cities of developing countries experience distortions in the land
market due to inadequate policies for land development and management. These policies contain
inadequate planning, poor service delivery and infrastructure land information systems, laborious
and slow land transaction procedures, and insufficient regulation of private land development,
which results in unplanned or corridor development of land in the urban periphery. Land
speculation is frequently caused by inefficiencies in the land market. (Wubneh, 2018).
2.1.2.8.1. Supply for land
Landowners' willingness to put their property up for sale (speculators may hold onto land in
anticipation of a significant price appreciation) and government restrictions on land use (via
zoning and land use control) all have an impact on the quality and supply of land. The number of
serviced plots that are accessible on the market is not entirely determined by the issues of land
tenure, land title, and registration, despite being some of the most significant elements
influencing the availability of lands. These regulations cover things like the minimum building
plot size, floor area ratios, plot setback from the minimum frontage of rights of way, and zoning
laws. (Aliqulova, 2023).
2.1.2.8.2. Demand for land
The need for land has several facets, including social, economic, and environmental aspects.
Particularly in emerging nations, rising urbanization drives land demand, placing strain on basic
services, housing supply, and urban infrastructure. Land demand has an impact on housing
affordability as well, making it more challenging for lower-income households to get suitable
housing. Global food demand, lifestyle changes, and population increases all have an impact on
the need for agricultural land. It is essential to balance land demand with other land uses,
including urban growth or conservation. Conversion of land use may have negative effects on the
environment, such as habitat loss and deforestation. Effective land use management requires
transparency and land governance. Resilience and climate change adaptation are essential for
sustainable development. The demand for and patterns of land use can be impacted by
digitalization and technological breakthroughs. For land-use policy to be egalitarian and
sustainable, international viewpoints are crucial. Through a comprehensive understanding of
variables such as urbanization, housing affordability, agricultural requirements, environmental
effects, and technological improvements, policymakers can effectively address sustainable
development issues.(UN-Habitat, 2016).
10
2.1.2.9. Land Tenure
It has a substantial impact on the quality and return of investments made in land and structures,
interacts strongly with other components of the urban economy, and is closely associated with
the mortgage market, which accounts for a sizable portion of borrowed funds in most nations
Every city in developing nations usually has a sizable population of less well-off residents living
in squatter settlements, who are tolerated to differing degrees by local authorities. Apart from
traditional squatter settlements, where individuals live on land illegally, there are also situations
in which landowners may not have followed all subdivision regulations or in which a subdivides
may have bought a plot without receiving accurate Briefing/Update on the tenure from the
original landowners (Glaeser & Gyourko, 2005).
2.1.9. Informal settlement and Land Management

2.1.9.1. Land speculation
Land specialization has the potential to push land prices above their productive worth, creating a
"bubble" in the land and real estate markets. Financial institutions that lend money to land
speculators find themselves unable to repay their debts when the "bubble" bursts, creating crises
in the financial markets. When there is a greater demand for land than there is available, either
now or in the near future, land speculation results. Numerous variables on both the supply and
demand sides may be to blame for this. Demand-side factors that contribute to land speculation
include an excess of rapid economic growth and a dearth of possibilities in economies that are
expanding more slowly (Dube, 2013).
2.1.9.2. Slum Settlements
Low-quality housing, a severe lack of basic social and physical services and infrastructure, a
high risk to one's health and environment, a failure to follow planning laws, tenancy instability,
improper street layout, a diverse population (particularly with regard to migration), and
unfavorable socioeconomic and living conditions are some of the characteristics that define slum
areas. Urban residential areas deemed unsuitable for human habitation are known as slums
(Dibekulu, 2021).
In conclusion, a number of factors, such as unplanned and haphazard urban growth, significant
influxes of rural-urban migration, excessively strict planning regulations, dysfunctional urban
land markets, public sector dominance in the provision of urban housing, and the
underperformance of the urban economy, are responsible for Ethiopia's ongoing land
management challenges in urban centers. Insecure tenure rights are a major problem for informal
settlements. The persistent prospect of being forcibly evicted and relocated without recompense
haunts the residents. The problems with land management that Ethiopian towns face are made
worse by the instability and vulnerability connected to these unauthorized settlements.
The town of Chelenko, the subject of this investigation, is not developing as is predicted. Its
growth trajectory has been impeded for a considerable amount of time. It is still very early in its
11
investing operations. The most important issue among the many things preventing the town from
developing is the wasteful use of land resources and how it will affect future urban growth.
Planning, regulating development, and urban government all depend on efficient land
management. Urban expansion therefore takes precedence, and the prudent management of
urban land is the primary duty of urban managers. In light of this, the study aims to pinpoint the
opportunities and difficulties related to urban land management in the research region.
2.1.9.3. Squatter settlements
Areas where land has been taken without authorization are known as informal settlements. They
frequently appear on marginal or ecologically unstable ground, such as that which is close to
railroads, rivers, and canals. These communities may also appear on vacant government-owned
land. Squatter settlements are impromptu and lack careful planning. Usually, a few families find
an empty plot and set up a temporary homestead first. As new families move in, these towns
naturally expand if they are not forced to leave. Squatters sometimes underinvest in their homes
because of their unlawful tenure status, and since they constantly fear eviction, their living
conditions may stay subpar for years. In conclusion, severe planning restrictions, widespread
rural-to-urban migration, unplanned and uncontrolled urban growth, and other factors have
spurred (Shah, 2014).
2.1.3. Review of Theories

2.1.3.1. Theory of institutions
Political ecology theory and institutional theory are two theoretical frameworks that may be used
to examine urban land management concerns in Ethiopia. According to institutional theory,
people and social groupings are shaped by the institutions and organizations that surround them.
This theory may help explain how Ethiopia's institutional structure affects the way urban land
governance is carried out. For instance, some academics contend that Ethiopia's uneven and
fragmented land management rules and regulations provide difficulties for government officials,
developers, and individuals in terms of compliance. (Pothier & Millward, 2013).
2.1.3.2. Theory of Political Ecology
Political ecology theory, on the other hand, emphasizes how crucial it is to comprehend the
interactions between political, economic, and environmental challenges. This theory's proponents
claim that... to Robbins(2012) aims to understand how the distribution and utilization of natural
resources are influenced by power dynamics, financial concerns, and cultural values. This theory
might be applied to Ethiopian urban land management to investigate the ways in which political
and economic interests impact the distribution and utilization of land in urban settings(Yeshitela,
2019) for instance, makes the case that influential parties, including developers and political
elites, influence land use choices in ways that advance their own agendas at the detriment of
underprivileged people.
12
(Smith & Jones, 2018) change by another phrase: They emphasized the complexities and
challenges associated with efficiently managing land in urban environments and talked about a
variety of viewpoints and theories pertaining to urban land management. The writers gave a
thorough analysis of the literature on the subject and offered insights into the many theoretical
frameworks that may be applied to comprehend and resolve the problems related to urban land
management. Another way to put it is this: Academics, legislators, and industry professionals
who are attempting to navigate the difficult terrain of urban land management might find great
value in their study as a foundation for doing so.
2.2. Empirical Literature Review
This empirical literature review takes a wide-ranging look at the global challenges surrounding
urban land management, delving into issues of governance, informal settlements, climate change
impacts, gentrification, technological innovations, community engagement, economic
inequalities, international cooperation, post-pandemic complexities, and cultural considerations.
Key areas explored include land tenure insecurity in Latin American cities, climate change
effects on urban land governance, gentrification's influence on land use, smart city technological
advancements, community involvement in Asian and African urban centers, economic disparity
impacts on land use patterns, and the role of international collaboration in tackling global urban
land challenges. The review underscores that addressing these multifaceted issues and advancing
sustainable urban development necessitates a comprehensive, context-sensitive approach. It
highlights the criticality of community participation, inclusive decision-making processes,
leveraging technological progress, accounting for cultural factors, and confronting economic
inequities. Through such holistic and contextually grounded efforts, these research endeavors can
contribute meaningful solutions to the myriad obstacles facing urban land management
worldwide. (Carrilho & Trindade, 2022).
2.2.1. Some African Countries' Experiences in Urban Land Management

2.2.1.1. Uganda's Urban Land Management
A GIS system and a land information management system that can handle both cadastral and
non-cadastral parcels as foundation data in the same land record system are necessary for
Uganda's strategic action plan, which is now being implemented. In terms of projects, they are
methodically deciding on each parcel at the local level and utilizing the generated geographic
data to offer social and economic services. Owing to Uganda's past, a sizable portion of land with
several inhabitants who have been granted occupation rights and the ability to seek a new title
has been recorded. This means that without a suitable land information system, the land
information management system cannot contain information about the registered rights under the
traditional titling system or the new customary or occupancy titles that individuals can obtain
under the 1998 land law. The bulk of the population will not be able to receive cheap and durable
tenure security from GIS Uganda, nor will they be able to receive the anticipated economic and
13
social services at scale from them. Additionally, by employing regional archives as a component
of decentralized land management systems, they won't be able to improve disclosure and control
of the land system. The provision of information to manage conflict and settle disputes will be
another essential role of Uganda's land information management system. This means that the
system needs to be beneficial not only to local governments but also to other government
departments that deal with conflict resolution, including the Department of Justice. Thus, it is
vital for the nation to regulate the flow of spatial information from the local to the national level
and across agencies. (UN-Habitat, 2003).
2.2.1.2. Urban Land Management in South Africa
Although 80–90% of South Africa is covered by the cadastral system, 25–30% of the population
does not reside there. The majority of these individuals reside in their former homelands.
Cadastral data serves as the basis for South Africa's comprehensive geographic data
infrastructure. Nevertheless, South Africa has the same issue as Uganda and the majority of
emerging nations. To be able to manage and develop land in both the perilous urban and rural
parts of the former home lands The same land information system deployed to create cadastral
data also needs to be utilized to create non-cadastral optional information. Currently, land
surveyors are trying to survey properties in one tiny community in the old Transkei homelands.
Purely due to the lack of an alternative geographic information system available to the
municipality for service cost recovery. (UN-Habitat, 2003).
2.2.1.3. Urban Land Management Trend in Ethiopia
Various trends and problems have impacted Ethiopia's urban land management. The demand for
housing, infrastructure, and services has surged due to rapid urbanization, placing strain on land
management systems. The land lease system in the nation is based on leasing rather than selling
urban land. Zoning and spatial planning are crucial elements in managing urban land. The
efficiency of urban land management is impacted by issues with land administration, such as
land registration and enforcement. Urban land management and infrastructure development are
intimately related, and government programs seek to solve these issues. Environmental factors
are getting more weight in planning and land management choices, and community involvement
is growing in these processes. Utilizing technology, such as Geographic Information System
(GIS) tools, is helping to increase efficiency and expedite land-related procedures. Programs for
affordable housing are being introduced to meet the housing demands of the expanding urban
population. To address new issues and enhance the overall legal framework for urban land
management, legislative amendments may be put into place (Mohamed & Worku, 2019).
Ethiopia's urban space usage: housing, industry, commerce, services, circulation, leisure time,
and other activities, is under strain due to the country's fast population expansion. There is still a
waiting list of thousands of applications, indicating that the land distribution system's
shortcomings are not meeting the demand for urban property. The issue lies not in urban land
14
held by the public but rather in the absence of organized data on the area's location, ownership,
usage, regulations, and legal framework. Traditional urban land management techniques, such as
master planning, have not worked. Appropriate planning strategies and regulations are required
in order to expand and improve the land management and information system. This will need
major capital upgrades, additional manpower, new land management policies, and a new
organizational structure. The expenditures might be swiftly recovered by addressing the system's
numerous issues, including (Abraham & Firaol, 2019).
2.2.1.3.1. The era of imperial regime
Land administration in Ethiopia was once under the control of feudal rulers. Formers had farms,
but they were only renters. The development of Addis Ababa as a fortified establishment used by
feudal lords to divide the city's territory through kingly provided the most significant and
detrimental result of feudal land ownership. As a result, the tenants and renters of the feudal
lords without title deeds constructed subpar homes in the form of a village or camp.
Subsequently, the landowners constructed a large number of substandard rental homes, which
were eventually nationalized as additional homes known as kebele houses. The majority of these
homes made up a significant portion of the slum regions in the. (Dibaba, 2020).
2.2.1.3.2. The Dreg regime
Land became readily accessible when Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown by the military in
the early 1970s. However, the Derge administration displayed partiality by giving its own cadres
or political allies the best and largest land tracts. The land would then be purchased by a
middleman, who would resell it for a profit.
2.2.1.3.3.Post 1991
Since 1991, one of the top goals of the new administration has been to eliminate all middlemen
and give the people back control of the property. The government and the land user would be the
parties involved in this interaction. Ethiopian land is not for sale or purchase; as stated explicitly,
the nations, people groups, and ethnic groups of Ethiopia will not be transferred or sold in any
other manner. The 1993 proclamation gave regional authorities control over land transfers and
acquisitions. (Ambaye, 2015).
Since there is a great deal of demand for urban land use (residential, commercial, industrial,
service, transportation, recreational, and other uses) due to the rapid population expansion, many
applications are typically kept on waiting lists because of issues and limitations with the land
allocation system. Furthermore, there is a lack of organized information about the ownership,
location, kind of use, standards, and regulations related to the use of urban land, which results in
the uneconomic use of land, a more complex land allocation procedure, improper land use,
needless boundary disputes, and the occupation of land without a title deed.It is imperative to
15
devise suitable planning techniques and policies to enhance and broaden the land management
and information systems in order to prevent these complications. This calls for the creation of
new organizational structures, new land management policies, competent and sufficient labor, as
well as significant capital expenditures. (Datta & Chakraborty’s, 2016). This paper offers a
thorough summary of the difficulties encountered in managing urban land globally, including
increasing urbanization, unofficial settlements, encroaching land, and insufficient infrastructure.
The report also covers prospects and possible fixes for improving urban land management.
2.2.1.4. Legal frameworks in Ethiopia
Ethiopia's urban land management system is regulated by a number of national and regional
laws, rules, and policies. The City Lease Holding Proclamation No. 721/2011, the Land
Administration Proclamation No. 456/2005, the Urban Planning and Development Proclamation
No. 475/2005, and the Constitution are important documents. While local authorities create
master plans and zoning rules, regions have the authority to implement regional land laws and
regulations. Proclamation No. 299/2002, which mandates environmental impact assessments
(EIAs) for development projects, also stipulates the taking of landholdings for usage by the
general public and indemnification. The legal foundation for expropriating land for public use
and compensating impacted landholders is established by Proclamation No. 455/2005. It is
imperative that scholars, decision-makers, and interested parties confer with pertinent authorities
to obtain up-to-date information on urban land management in Ethiopia.
2.2.1.5. Institutional frameworks in Ethiopia
The institutional frameworks in Ethiopia present a number of issues for the management of urban
land. These include a disjointed institutional structure, insufficient capacity and resources,
uneven legal frameworks, problems with land registration, lax enforcement of regulations, little
public involvement, pressures from urbanization that is happening quickly, problems with
dishonesty and governance, a limited integration of technology, resilience to climate change,
coordination between government levels, and Inequality in society and economy. The disarray
may cause problems with coordination and impede the success of urban planning. Confusion and
implementation difficulties might arise from inconsistent legal frameworks. Land ownership
conflicts can result from ambiguous parcel ownership activities and insecure possessions rights.
Unceremonious disbursements and unapproved projects may arise from lax enforcement of
restrictions. Insufficient public understanding and engagement can also impede sustainable
development. Reforming institutional structures, modernizing legislative frameworks, building
capacity, encouraging openness, and encouraging community involvement in urban land
management procedures are all necessary to meet these issues (Mitiku, 2021).
16
2.3. Research Gap
Through thorough analysis, historical considerations, stakeholder perspectives, comparative

studies, the effects of urbanization, and technological integration, the difficulties of managing the
urban area in Chelenko Town remain mainly unexplored. The distinct setting and dynamics of
Chelenko Town might not have been sufficiently explored by previous studies, and there might
not be a full understanding of the town's socioeconomic and environmental characteristics.
Furthermore, it is possible that the existing body of research fails to sufficiently take into account
the viewpoints of different stakeholders, and drawing comparisons with other cities may not
yield insightful data. Closing these gaps may result in more successful plans and policies for
sustainable urban development.
2.4. Conceptual Framework
A policy framework, a legal framework, institutional capacity, a main geodetic network, funding
and finance, education and training, and stakeholder engagement are the fundamental
prerequisites or foundations for land governance. Poor land governance will result from either a
weak foundation or an absence of these fundamental requirements. Laws pertaining to land
management and administration should clearly define the institutions involved in these activities
as well as provide explicit requirements that do not conflict or overlap with one another within
the institutional structure. It is necessary to specify who is in charge of developing land policies,
what institution is in charge, and who is in charge of carrying them out (Solomon Asmamaw,
2019).
The conceptual framework for tackling the challenges associated with urban land management
includes methodically examining the main issues, gauging the dynamics of supply and demand
for housing-related land, determining the sufficiency of the municipal labor force, and making
ideas and preparations. The framework comprises identifying the main issues and their causes,
evaluating infrastructural and technical constraints, analyzing community awareness and
engagement, and reviewing legal and policy concerns. Along with assessing land availability and
market dynamics, it also evaluates the supply and demand for housing-related land. The
administrative effectiveness, resource distribution, and labor capabilities of the municipality are
all assessed by the framework. Policy changes, technology integration, community involvement
tactics, capacity building, sustainable urban development methods, monitoring, and assessment
systems are among the recommendations. By using this framework, the research will be able to
analyze urban land management issues in great detail, comprehend supply and demand
dynamics, evaluate the municipal workforce, and offer practical suggestions for sustainable
urban growth.
17
Sustainable Urban development Hampered
Land Informal urban

speculation expansion
Urban rural Insecurity

Squatter Less
conflict of tenure investment
settlement
Poor Unmet Formal Informal land

Land Demand land supply market
Record For land Shortage
Challenge in urban land management
Technological Policy Lack of multi- Rising demand for Limited capacity of

problem constraints sectoral land and urban municipality
integration sprawl (Financial and
skilled manpower)
Figure2.1: Conceptual framework
18
CHAPTER THREE
3. Research Methodology
3.1. Description of the Study's Area
Chelenko Town is situated in the eastern Hararge Zone of the Orormia regional state, which is in
eastern Ethiopia. It’s located to the east of Addis Ababa City at 489 km, west of Harar Town at
83 km, and 77 km west of Dire Dada. This town is located between the latitude and longitude of
Its coordinates are 9°24'0" N and 41°34'0" E in DMS (Degrees Minutes Seconds), or 9.4 and
41.5667 (in decimal degrees). In the north, south, east, and west, the town is bordered by the
local Kebeles of Ifa Jalala, Bikiye, Gadara, Walensu, and Doke, respectively. The land form of
the town is up and down the land, and the town is surrounded by mountains or situated beside the
"Eydu" mountain. This town was established in 1880 by the famous Chelenko, who gave advice
and traditional medicine to the people. In 2008, Chelenko Town was put under new urban reform
by the urban proclamation of 195/2008 and the improved 196/2008 of the Oromia regional state.
During this time, the town serves as a seat for Chelenko rural district administration and the
Chelenko Town municipal administrative body. Demography According to the Finance and
Economic Development Office 2021, the total urban population is 23,829; from this, the
numbers of males and females are 11376 and 12453, respectively. (Chelenko town municipality,
2023).
Topographic features of the town are plan 71%, mountain 23%, and 6% with a latitude of 1860
meters above sea level. The elevation of “Eydu” Mountain is 2236 m (7335 feet) above sea level.
The land form of the town is surrounded by mountains, and the center is low land. Land uses in
the study area include residential, agricultural, open spaces, forest, and other built areas. The
climate of the town has a midland (locally called Wainadega) agroclimate zone with an annual
rainfall of 900–1100 mm. The average minimum and maximum temperature of the area are 150
°C and 250 °C, respectively. The main economic activities in the town are trade, services, and
agriculture. There are also social services, including primary and secondary schools, technical
and vocational education institutes, hospitals, clinics, banks, postal services, and so on.
Additionally, small microenterprises Woodwork and metalworking mills are among the small
industries in the town (Finance and Economic Development Office, 2021). Chelenko Town has
links with surrounding areas, especially Chat Day. Day-to-day neighboring areas are also far
away, and the town gets grain products, livestock products, and natural resources (fuel). Wood
and charcoal) and labor from surrounding areas and have main other economic activities.
(Chelenko town municipality, 2023)
19
Figure3. 1: Description of the Study's Area (Source 3.1: Satellite Image Extracted using ARCGIS
10.8(2022)
3.2. Research Paradigm, Design and, Approach
3.2.1. Research Paradigm
A key component of the choice of a research paradigm is known as study design. Which
influences the researcher's methodology for producing information and interpreting results. The
methodology, data collecting strategies, and analytic approaches will all be impacted by the
research paradigm chosen while examining the difficulties associated with urban land
management. The following two popular research paradigms will be used in this research given
the mixed metheds adopted. They could be used to the examination of issues related to urban
land management in away described below:
1) Positivist Paradigm: The positivist paradigm is predicated on the idea that empirical
observation and measurement may be used to study an objective reality. A positivist
approach to the problems of urban land management can use quantitative techniques, such
statistical analysis and surveys, to pinpoint and measure particular problems based on facts
that can be observed. Finding quantifiable variables and causal linkages would be the main
goals.
2) The constructivist/interpretivist paradigm emphasizes the subjective nature of reality and the
importance of understanding social occurrences from the perspectives of those involved,
using qualitative techniques like interviews and ethnographic research.
20
3.2.2. Research Design
A researcher will employ both quantitative and qualitative research methods for this study.
Employing both qualitative and quantitative methods in a single study will enable the researcher
to see the research issue in multidimensional directions. According to(Toraman, 2022), a mixed
approach is the incorporation of various qualitative and quantitative strategies within a single
study. The choice of a mixed approach will help the researchers evaluate the difficulties of
managing an urban area. Encounters or meets via collecting diverse types of data.
3.2.3. Research Approach
The research approach for this study involves literature review, stakeholder engagement, data
collection, policy analysis, technology and innovation, community impact assessment, and policy
recommendations. It helps understand current practices, identify challenges, and potential
solutions, assesses policy effectiveness, and evaluates social and environmental impacts.
3.3. Types and sources Data
3.3.1. Type of Data
A researcher was employ mixed method, the both quantitative and qualitative research methods
for this study. Employing both qualitative and quantitative methods in a single study will enable
the researcher to see the research issue in multidimensional directions. According to Truman
(2022) a mixed approach is the incorporation of various qualitative and quantitative strategies
within a single study. The choice of mixed approachs will help the researcher to assess the
challenges of urban land management encountering or meet via collecting diverse types of data.
3.3.2. Sources of Data
Data from both primary and secondary sources were used in this investigation:
Primary data includes field surveys, in-person interviews, direct observation, and
questionnaires used to collect primary data. Supplementary information is obtained from both
public and private records. The primary data that I use will consist of the town's sample residents
in addition to the land management and development agency, the municipality, investment
office, and municipal administration office process owners, questionnaires, semi-structured
interviews, and focus group discussions are create.In order to gather comprehensive information
about land management-related issues, policies, programs, strategies, implementation challenges,
opportunities, experiences, and future wills, in-depth interviews were conducted with the
manager and experts of the town's mayor, the land management and development office, the
investment office, the design and construction office, the kebele administrators, and the
municipal administrative office process owners.
21
Secondary data the study and guarantee the validity of the research wich includes, relevant
books both published and unpublished: journals, articles, yearly reports, and pertinent
government documents are the sources of the secondary data.
3.4. Sampling Design
Sample design must be determined in order to produce high-quality research results. Due to
constraints on time, finances, and feasibility, sampling is preferred over surveying the whole
population. To get accurate data from concerned officials, information sources are specifically
identified, and stratified or methodical random sampling was used for the study's sampling
technique. Squatter settlers, slum dwellers, other lawful inhabitants, municipal authorities, and
specialists make up the study's sample. A stratified sample, depending on the kind of dwellers for
land occupancy, will be utilized to classify the town home occupants. Systematic random
sampling will be the method employed to choose a sample household.
3.4.1. Population and Sampling frame
The study's population is the local community living in Chelenko Town. The researcher will
select the sample from the two kebeles 01 and 02 of the town within this population. These
kebeles were selected based on the accessibility and availability of knowledgeable and
experienced individuals on urban land. The sample frame is the subset of the population that the
researcher plans to draw the sample size from for the final questionnaire survey of the research.
3.4.2. Sampling Unit
For this study, the sampling unit is individuals who have knowledge and experience in problems
of urban land management in the local community. We will randomly select who have been
involved in problems of urban land management. Depending on the kind of dwellers for land
habitation.
3.4.3. Sample Size Determination
The sample size (n) for this study will be determined using the, (Yamane's 1967 formula) for
specified margin of error 10% and confidence level 90% household numbers were chelenko
town, the formula below is used to calculate the sample size as following:
n = N / (1 + Ne^2)
Where:
n = sample size
N = total household e = margin of error (desired level of precision) =0.1
n = 4,600/ (1 + 4,600 (0.1) ^2)
n = 4,600 (1 + 4,600 (0.01)
n = 4,600 (1 +46)
n = 4,600/ 47
N ≈ 97.87 approxmatly n=98
22
The sample size for town was established from the whole sample size using the household size of
town by the systematic sampling formula.
Therefore, the sample sizefor this study was 98 respondents.
Table 3.1: The total sample sizes

No Name of the office selected Total No Employee No. of Samples
in Each Office
1 Landadministration office 13 13/1+13*0.1*0.1=11 9.01

2 Municipality 9 9/1+9*0.1*0.1=8 6.55
3 Investment office 5 5/1+5*0.1*0.1=5 4.09
Total employee’s office 29 24 19.67
selects
4 Total households 98 80.32
Total sample size 122 100
Source:-Own computation, 2024
No Name of Kebele selects Total No of HH No of sample size Sample %

1 01 2320 2320/4600*98=49 50
2 02 2280 2280/4600*98=50 50
Total 4600 98 100
Table 3.2: Sample size of Kebele respondents
Source:-Own computation, 2024
3.4.4. Sampling Technique and procedure
According to the Chelenko town municipality report, in 2023, there will be 4600 households
residing in the research area. To choose samples from the study population, non-probability and
probability sampling procedures were both applied.Purposive sampling procedures from non-
probability sampling will be employed by government officials, while stratified sampling
techniques from probability sampling will be used for household selection.
3.5. Data Collection Instruments
In order to comprehend urban land management practices and issues, this study combined
qualitative and quantitative data collection approaches. Surveys, both open-ended and structured,
were employed to collect accurate data from residential urban homes. To get a more
comprehensive understanding of land management challenges, in-depth interviews were held
with officials and stakeholders from the Chelenko town municipality. The utilization of multiple
data collection methods, including questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions,
ensured a comprehensive and multi-dimensional approach to data collection. This approach
enabled the researchers to obtain a holistic understanding of the practices of urban land
management from various angles and perspectives.
As portion of the data collection process, interviews were done in addition to the questionnaire.
These were pre-planned interviews with a prearranged list of questions. They gave participants
the chance to have in-depth conversations, which allowed for a deeper investigation of certain
subjects or the development of themes. Rich qualitative data was obtained from the interviews,
23
which captured in-depth accounts and firsthand experiences with using control of land
techniques.
Likewise, focus groups were arranged to collect information in a collective environment. A small
number of individuals participated in these discussions, which were led by the researchers and
entailed participatory dialogue.The focal group talks provided an opportunity to explore various
viewpoints on study techniques and to get collective views.In the end, this strong technique
helped policymakers and urban planners make better-informed and efficient decisions.
3.6. Methods of Data Analysis
In order to achieve the study's goals, both quantitative and qualitative methodologies will be
used.
3.6.1. Quantitative Data Analysis
The quantitative data analysis was carried out using a computer program called statistical
packages for social science (SPSS). The quantitative data collected from the survey
questionnaire will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, such as percentages,
figures, mean values, and frequency. Techniques were employed.
3.6.2. Methods of qualitatives data analaysis
This method of inquiry makes use of word-based data analysis. Utilizing a methodical and
coherent approach to data analysis is beneficial for deriving significant conclusions and
suggestions, especially for the patterns, trends, and connections that may be inferred from the
collected data.Because hermeneutic testing is a true interpretive approach for investigation data
and enables the researcher to "interpret," . The researcher will employ it to analyze qualitative
data. (Sechelski & Onwuegbuzie, 2019).
3.6.3. Measurement of Variables
Measuring factors in urban land management can provide a number of difficulties. These might
include problems including growing demand for land, governmental restrictions, inadequate
infrastructure, insecure land tenure, low investment, and informal urbanization. It is imperative
that these issues be resolved efficient for research (Uwayezu, E., & de Vries, W, 2018).
3.6.4. Model Specification
The model intends to investigate policy and governance, technology integration, environmental
sustainability, historical evolution, current issues, social justice and inclusion, and policy and
governance. Data analysis, surveys, interviews, case studies, and literature reviews are all part of
the technique. A thorough grasp of urban land management, suggestions for legislation, insights
into technology integration, and sustainability standards are among the anticipated results. The
24
model is important because of its influence on policy, scholarly contributions, and real-world
applications. It attempts to ensure that the system is flexible and robust to changing
circumstances by aiding in the development of efficient and sustainable urban land management
techniques.(Trane et al., 2023).
3.7. Data validity and reliability

3.7.1. Data validity
Validity is the degree to which the results are accurate as seen by the participant, reader, or
researcher. There are three main strategies: presenting contradictory evidence, confirming
membership, and utilizing multiple data sources (Schoch, 2020). As a result, the researcher will
make use of it to bolster the reliability of the results. The process of triangulating data will
involve compiling empirical data from several sources. For the case study of housing
management in Chelenko Town, for example, interviews with the maintenance, kebele, land
administration, tenants, client services, and maintenance staff units of housing managers will be
undertaken. Because information from several sources is compared, research can report on
claims that are both validated and invalidated.
Before the actual data collection, a pilot test will be conducted to assess the validity of the
questions and, consequently, the validity of the data that will be obtained using the instruments.
Officers who will not be members of the study's actual population will conduct the pilot exams.
A case study supports the researcher's assessment of the instrument's usability and clarity. A
pretest has the advantage of allowing for mistake detection and providing the researcher with an
opportunity to teach research assistants before the start of the main study, according to
Menjo(2013).
For research on urban land management, reliable data is essential since it serves as the
foundation for wise decisions and efficient policy creation. The procedure of dependable and
standardized data collection techniques, source verification, temporal validity assurance, spatial
accuracy assurance, consistency checks, cross-validation of data, random or stratified sampling
approaches, expert consultation, documentation and metadata, pilot testing, and data
transparency are important factors to take into account. By using these techniques, decision-
makers may be sure that the data they rely on is accurate, trustworthy, and indicative of actual
circumstances. To guarantee the authenticity and dependability of the data, researchers should
also take into account expert advice, documentation and metadata, pilot testing, and data
openness. Researchers and practitioners may improve the validity of data in urban land
management studies by putting these strategies into practice.
3.7.2. Data reliability
Reliability will be achieved through consistent data collection procedures, appropriate sampling
techniques, and the use of standardized measurement scales. Reliability refers to the consistency,
25
steadiness, and stability of the data. According to (Blumberg, 2014), a researcher's goal while
measuring a variable is to ensure that the results of the measurement are accurate and consistent.
The the chances of doing an incorrect action affects how reliable a study is.According to Menjo
(2013)hypothesis, dependability decreases as a random error increases. Therefore, the results
must be both valid and dependable in order for a researcher with the intention to be adept to use
them.
3.8. Ethical Consideration
The ethical guidelines for this research will be adhered to, including voluntary participation, no
participant injury, no violation of privacy, and no deceit. The information provided will remain
anonymous and confidential with regard to recordings and data, and it is noted that the data will
be deleted once the project is over. As a result, every stage of the study will address pertinent
ethical concerns.
26
CHAPTER FOUR
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Municipality Town's handling of urban land study endeavors to tackle the issues that the city
faces due to its swift urbanization and uncontrolled growth. The study, which polled 98
participants, found important concerns that require cooperation across different stakeholders in
order to be addressed. The results show a lack of trust in the system, unhappiness with the
efficiency of the town's land administration department, and urgent issues with growing demand,
limited municipal capacity, and a lack of multi-sectoral integration, legislative restrictions, and
technology limits. The study suggests a thorough strategy for reforms that includes evaluating
laws, fortifying institutions, expanding stakeholder collaboration, and advancing data and
procedures.
Effective urban land management is becoming more difficult due to Municipality Town's fast
urbanization and population increase. The primary goal of this study was to look into the main
concerns and problems the community has with managing its land resources. The 98 respondents
to the study provided crucial insights for tackling the problems associated with urban land
management, including the following essential findings: Mainly 34.7% of respondents expressed
satisfaction with the services received. A dissatisfaction expressed by 74.5% of respondents with
the overall efficacy of the town's system for control urban land.
4.1. Demographic Characteristics and Responses Rate of Respondents
Table4. 1: Reliability cofficients of variables

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Alpha N of Items
.818 48
Source, Analysis of survey data 2024
The result of releablity analysis in table 4.1 With a Cronbach's Alpha score of 0.818, the dataset's
dependability statistics demonstrate strong internal consistency and reliability, suggesting that
the 48 items are dependable in assessing the underlying construct. For most research
applications, a Cronbach's Alpha score of 0.7 or above is considered acceptable; values between
0.8 and 0.9 indicate strong reliability. (The manpower and technical instrument (equipments), in
the demand and supply land for housing, recommendation and possible solutions based on
identified Problems.which implementation mean the internal concsistence and reliability of
instrument is reliable/very acceptable for data analaysis.
Table 4.2: sex of the respondent

Frequency Percent
Valid Male 68 69.4
Female 30 30.6
Total 98 100.0
27
In total, there were 98 "Percentage of Respondents", making up 100% of the cumulative
percent .the best expression for finding the total response frequency, percent, and percentage of
respondents related to the sex of therespondents would be: To determine the total response
frequency, percent, and percentage of respondents by sex, I would first look at the frequency
distribution. The SPSS output shows the following: Percent: 69.4%, 30.6%Valid Percent: 69.4%,
30.6% Cumulative Percent: 69.4%, 100.0%.This indicates that 69.4% of the respondents are in
one sex category, while 30.6% are in the other sex category. The "Percentage of Respondents"
column shows that these percentages are valid, meaning they are based on the total number of
respondents with non-missing values for the sex variable.The Cumulative Percent column shows
that 69.4% of the respondents are in the first sex category, and 100.0% are sex categories
combined (69.4% + 30.6% = 100.0%). So in summary, the total response frequency, percent, and
percentage of respondents by sex can be described as 69.4% for one sex category and 30.6% for
the other sex category, based on the valid responses.
Table 4.3: Age of the respondent

Frequency Percent
Valid 18-25 12 12.2
26-35 36 36.7
36-45 36 36.7
above 45 14 14.3
Total 98 100.0
In total, there were 98 "Percentage of Respondents," making up 100% of the cumulative percent
provided, which shows the frequency distribution of the age groups in the dataset. The results
indicate that the largest age group represented is the 26-35 and 36-45 year old categories, with
each comprising 36.7% of the total sample. The next largest group is those above the age of 45,
making up 14.3% of the sample. The smallest age group is those between 18 and 25 years old,
accounting for 12.2% of the total. The cumulative percent column shows that 49% of the sample
is 35 years old or younger, while 85.7% is 45 years old or younger.
Limitations and Generalizability: The findings from this sample may have limited
generalizability to the larger population, as the gender composition of the sample does not
correspond to the expected distribution in the population. Any conclusions drawn from the
survey should be made with caution, and the potential effects of the gender imbalance on the
study's results should be carefully considered.
Table4. 4: Marital status of respondent

Frequency Percent
Valid Single 14 14.3
Married 75 76.5
Divorce 6 6.1
widowed 3 3.1
Total 98 100.0
28
The survey output yields the following data, which may be used to calculate the total number of
respondents, frequency, percent, and percentage of respondents by marital status: The "Total"
row indicates that the "Percentage of Respondents" is 98. The frequency distribution displays the
total number of participants in every category related to marital status. Of the respondents, 74 are
single, 75 are married, 6 have divorced, and 3 have become widowed. The proportion that each
marital status group represents out of the 98 respondents overall is displayed in the percent
column: 14.3% are single; 76.5% are married; 6.1% are divorced; 3.1% are widowed.Since these
percentages add up to 100.0%, the valid percent column attests to their validity. The cumulative
proportion of responses across the categories of marital status is displayed in the cumulative
percent column: 14.3% are unmarried; 90.8% are married (14.3% + 76.5%); 96.9% are divorced
(14.3% + 76.5% + 6.1%); 100.0% widowed (14.3% + 76.5% + 6.1% + 3.1%).
In summary, there were 98 responders in all, and the majority (76.5%) were married. The
remaining proportions were single (14.3%), divorced (6.1%), and widowed (3.1%). Ninety-eight
percent of respondents are married or single, according to the cumulative percentage.
Table4. 5: Family size of the respondent

Frequency Percent
Valid 1-4 34 34.7
5-9 51 52.0
above 10 13 13.3
Total 98 100.0
Source, Analysis of survey data, 2024
The valid percent column attests to the legitimacy of these percentages because their sum equals
100.0%. The cumulative percent column shows the cumulative percentage of replies for each
category of marital status: One in four people are single (14.3%), married (90.8%; 14.3% +
76.5%); divorced (96.9%; 14.3% + 76.5% + 6.1%); and widowed (100.0%).All told, 98 people
responded, with married people making up the majority (76.5%). Singles (14.3%), divorced
(6.1%), and widows (3.1%) made up the remaining percentages. According to the cumulative
data, 98% of participants are either single or married.In conclusion, out of the 98 respondents,
the majority (52.0%) had a family size of 5–9 members, followed by 1-4 members (34.7%) and
more than 10 members (13.3%). According to the cumulative proportion, 86.7% of respondents
have a family size of nine people or fewer.
Table4. 6: Income of the respondent

income of the respondent Frequency Percent
Valid high 24 24.5
middle 48 49.0
Low 26 26.5
Total 98 100.0
The total number of respondents and their distribution by income level are shown in the next
paragraph: Twenty-five percent of the 98 respondents said they had a high income, forty-nine
percent said they made a moderate income, and twenty-six percent said they made a low income.
29
This indicates that almost a quarter of respondents (24.5%) have a high income, slightly more
than a quarter (26.5%) have a low income, and nearly half of respondents (49.0%) are in the
middle-income group.
In many nations, the income distribution in this poll is bell-shaped, with the bulk of respondents
falling into the middle-income range. In contrast to the general community, where the top 20–
25% of earners often control a disproportionately significant percentage of income, the survey
findings indicate that a high number of respondents (49.0%) fall into this category. Additionally,
the proportion of respondents with high incomes (24.5%) is slightly higher. The percentage of
low-income responders (26.5%) is marginally lower than the whole population, where the
poorest 20–25% of earners frequently experience financial hardship. However, understanding the
precise income distribution in the pertinent region or nation, as well as the survey's sample
strategy and income classifications, would be necessary for a more accurate comparison.
Table4. 7: Education level of respondent

Education level of respondent Frequency Percent
Valid 12 Grade and less 44 44.9
college diploma 27 27.6
Bachelor’s degree 23 23.5
master’s degree 4 4.1
Total 98 100.0
A total of 98 respondents provided information for the poll, revealing information on their
educational backgrounds. 44 respondents, or over half of the sample, said they had completed no
more than the 12th grade. With 27.6% of the total respondents (27), the second biggest group
had a college degree. In addition, twenty-three respondents, or 23.5% of the total, had a
bachelor's degree, and four respondents, or 4.1% of the total, had a master's degree. The bulk of
the respondents had a college graduation or above, and their educational backgrounds spanned
from less than 12th grade to a master's degree.
Based on the data provided, it seems that the survey analyzed the demographics of income and
education level. However, it is likely that the survey collected data on other demographic factors
as well. For instance, the survey might have also examined the age range of respondents, such as
18-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, and 55 or older. Additionally, the survey could have collected data
on gender distribution, including male, female, or other. Occupation or profession was another
potential area of investigation, with categories like student, working professional, entrepreneur,
or retiree. Marital status, including single, married, divorced, or widowed, might have also been
explored. Furthermore, the survey might have looked at the location or region of respondents,
such as urban, rural, or suburban areas. Ethnicity or race, encompassing categories like
Caucasian, African American, Asian, Hispanic, or other, could have been another demographic
factor analyzed. While these are just a few possibilities, the actual demographic factors examined
in the survey might differ. A review of the survey report or data would provide more insight into
the specific demographic factors that were actually analyzed.
30
Table4. 8: Occupation of the respondents
occupation of the respondents Frequency Percent
Valid Farming 7 7.1
Trading 48 49.0
Service provider 39 39.8
Others 4 4.1
Total 98 100.0
The survey output for 98 participants were included in the analysis. The occupation of the
respondents shows that the majority, 49%, are involved in trading, while 39.8% are service
providers. This could indicate that the sample.
4.2. Findings and discussions of objective one

4.2.1. Finding of objective one
4.2.1.1. What is the major problem or challenges you have observed in land management in
the study area?
The capability of the municipality and a lack of cross-sector integration are the primary barriers
to urban growth, according to the statistics. In addition to impeding economic growth and the
provision of services, these problems also raise the risk of environmental damage due to urban
expansion and growing land demand. Effective implementation is also restricted by policy
limitations. Municipalities should support multi-sectoral integration, manage land and urban
sprawl through compact urban development or sustainable land use rules, and enhance capacity
through training programs in order to address these issues. The information gathered from the
municipality's residents shows the main issues or difficulties you have seen with land
management below the numbers.
Figure4.1: The major problems or challenges you

31 have observed in land management
(Source, Analysis of survey data 2024)
In all, there are 98 "Percentage of Respondents". In the analysis, five primary responses were
identified. The most often reported response, with a frequency of thirty (30.6%), was "Rising
demand for land and urban sprawl." At 21 (21.4%), "Lack of multi-sectoral integration" was
ranked second. "Limited capacity of municipality (Financial and skilled manpower)" was the
third most often provided response, with a frequency of 25 (25.5%). With frequencies of 10
(10.2%) and 12 (12.2%), respectively, the phrases "technological problem" and "policy
constraints" were reported less frequently, with a corresponding proportion of the total for each
response. The cumulative percent and the percentage of respondents for each response matched
their corresponding percentages since there were no incorrect or missing replies.
Table4. 9: The root causes behind the challenges faced in urban land management?
Variable Frequency Percent
Valid Rapid urbanization 25 25.5
Ineffective governance 27 27.6
lack of public awareness 10 10.2
Insufficient funding 13 13.3
Inadequate infrastructure 23 23.5
Total 98 100.0
There were 98 replies in all, yielding a "Percentage of Respondents" rating of 100%.According

to the facts presented, the following are the main underlying reasons of the difficulties
encountered in urban land management: Insufficient governance, representing 27.6% of all
replies. Rapid urbanization, which accounts for 25.5% of the replies, comes in just after this. A
significant contributing element, accounting for 23.5% of the total, is inadequate infrastructure.
Though not as much as the first three causes, inadequate finance (13.3%) and low public
awareness (10.2%) are also factors in the problems facing urban land management. The
following are the cumulative percentages, "Percentage of Respondents," overall response
frequencies, and percentages: Rapid urbanization (frequency: 25, percent; 25.5%; percentage of
respondents; 25.5%; cumulative percent); ineffective governance (frequency: 27, percent; 27.6%;
percentage of respondents; 27.6%; cumulative percent: 53.1%); lack of public awareness
(frequency: 10, percent; 10.2%; percentage of respondents; 10.2%; cumulative percent: 63.3%);
insufficient funding (frequency: 13, percent; 13.3%; percentage of respondents; 13.3%;
cumulative percent: 76.5%); and inadequate infrastructure (frequency: 23, percent; 23.5%;
percentage of respondents; 23.5%; cumulative percent; 100.0%).
Table4. 10: the basic constraints of staff and land management and delivery processes for urban
inhabitants as well as investors.
Frequency Percent
Valid Financial 39 39.8
Technical 38 38.8
human power 15 15.3
lack of clear and legal procedure 6 6.1
32
Total 98 100.0
There were 98 replies in all, and all of them were legitimate.According to the report, the biggest
obstacles that urban dwellers and investors encounter in the land management and delivery
procedures are those related to finances and technology. 39.8% of responders cited financial
restrictions, while 38.8% mentioned technical difficulties. The percentages are 15.3% and 6.1%,
respectively, for human resource capacity and unclear processes.The following are the
cumulative percentages, valid percentages, total response frequencies, and percentages: Human
power (Frequency: 15, Percent: 15.3%, "Percentage of Respondents": 15.3%, Cumulative
Percent: 93.9%), financial (Frequency: 39, Percent: 39.8%, "Percentage of Respondents": 39.8%,
Cumulative Percent: 39.8%), technical (Frequency: 38, Percent: 38.8%, Valid Percent: 38.8%,
Cumulative Percent: 78.6%), and absence of explicit and legal procedure (Frequency: 6, Percent:
6.1%, Valid Percent: 6.1%, Cumulative Percent: 100.0%).
Table4. 11: main challenges to urban land management in the municipality town? for squatter
settlement
Frequency Percent
Valid Poor land registration and lack of cadastral system’ 18 18.4
Lack of integration with different institution 21 21.4
Inefficient land delivery system 59 60.2
Total 98 100.0
In all, 98 answers were received, meaning that 100% of the respondents were involved. The
overall response frequencies, valid percentages, cumulative percentages, and percentages are as
follows: Poor land registration and lack of cadastral system (Frequency: 18, Percent: 18.4%,
"Percentage of Respondents": 18.4%, Cumulative Percent: 18.4%), Lack of integration with
different institution (Frequency: 21, Percent: 21.4%, Valid Percent: 21.4%, Cumulative Percent:
39.8%), and Inefficient land delivery system (Frequency: 59, Percent: 60.2%, Valid Percent:
60.2%, Cumulative Percent: 100.0%).
It will be necessary to solve these significant issues—particularly the inefficient land delivery
system, the lack of institutional coherence, and the gaps in land registration and cadastral data—
in order to improve urban land management in the Municipality Town's squatter settlements.
Urban land management issues facing the Municipality Town include inadequate land
registration and the absence of a comprehensive cadastral system. It is advised to increase
efficiency through stakeholder meetings, streamlined land delivery processes, e-governance
technologies, inter-institutional committees, integrated platforms, contemporary land registration
systems, and official training.
Table4. 12: The obstacles in managing urban land within the town?
Frequency Percent
Valid YES 93 94.9
NO 5 5.1
Total 98 100.0
33
A total of 98 "Percentage of Respondents" were gathered, which is 100% of the cumulative

percent. According to the findings, a sizable fraction of participants (94.9%) have encountered
unique difficulties or obstructions in managing urban property inside the municipality. Just 5.1%
of participants said they haven't run into any problems like that.The overwhelming majority of
"YES" responses (94.9% of the total) emphasizes the significant challenges and obstacles that
the town's government or relevant stakeholders have encountered when overseeing urban
property.On the other hand, The 5.1% of respondents who answered "NO" indicate that a tiny
percentage of respondents had not encountered any particular challenges or barriers in this area.
The following are the cumulative percentages, total response frequencies, and percentages: YES
(93 frequency, 94.9% percent, 94.9 percent cumulatively). NO (Cumberal percent: 100.0%,
frequency: 5, percentage: 5.1%)The overwhelming majority of respondents indicating that they
have faced specific difficulties or obstacles when it comes to keeping land across the town
highlights the significant challenges and barriers that need to be addressed in order to improve
the municipality's urban land management practices and outcomes.
Table4. 13: the frequent that affect urban land management in chelenko town?
Frequency Percent
Valid YES 44 44.9
NO 54 55.1
Total 98 100.0
98 "Percentage of Respondents" in all, or 100% of the cumulative percent, were collected.

According to the statistics, 44.9% of the respondents (or 44 times) selected "YES" when asked
this question, proving that the town's urban land management is impacted by recurrent problems
or trends. This implies that a considerable proportion of the involved parties have noted and
encountered ongoing difficulties in this domain.Nonetheless, 55.1% of respondents (or 54 times)
gave the "NO" response, meaning they saw no patterns or recurrent problems impacting
Chelenko Town's urban land management. This indicates that a small percentage of respondents
do not think the town's land management system is beset by persistent or pervasive issues.The
respondents' divergent views are further demonstrated by the cumulative percents of 44.9% for
the "YES" response and 100% for the "NO" response. Although a significant portion of the
stakeholders have noted recurrent problems, a bigger majority does not believe that these
patterns are having an impact on Chelenko Town's urban land management.In order to establish
focused and efficient solutions to address the highlighted challenges, the data overall emphasizes
the necessity for a deeper examination into the underlying variables and trends that may be
impacting urban land management in the municipality.
34
Table4. 14: is their efficient urban land management system in town municipality offices?
Frequency Percent
Valid YES 23 23.5
NO 73 74.5
unsure 2 2.0
Total 98 100.0
98 "Percentage of Respondents" in all, or 100% of the cumulative percent, were collected.

According to the findings, the majority of respondents (74.5%) think that the local municipality
offices lack an effective urban land management system. This indicates a sizeable percentage of
stakeholders who believe the municipality's strategy to manage urban land has major
shortcomings or space for improvement. Conversely, just 23.5% of respondents selected "yes,"
indicating that fewer than 25% of interested parties think the town has a productive framework in
place for managing urban land. Furthermore, 2.0% of respondents said they were "unsure" about
the effectiveness of the municipality's urban land management system. The cumulative
percentages, overall response frequencies, and percentages are as follows: Indeed, 23 times,
23.5% of all times, 23.5% cumulative percent, 74.5% (frequency: 73), 2.0% (percentage: 2.0%),
and 100.0% (cumulative) as NO. The resounding majority of "no" answers suggests that
stakeholders generally believe the local municipality's urban land management system is not
operating well. This implies that major adjustments or changes could be required to remedy the
alleged flaws and guarantee better land management in Chelenko Town.
Table4. 15: Descriptive Statistics

Variable N Min Max Mean Std.
Deviation
The lack of clear land use policies contributes 98 2 5 4.58 .641
to urban land management challenges.
Limited capacity of municipality (Financial 98 3 5 4.59 .671
and skilled manpower)
Lack of multi-sectorial integration 98 4 5 4.98 .142
Rising demand for land and urban sprawl 98 1 4 1.92 .782
Rapid urbanization and population growth 98 2 5 4.47 .706
strain existing land resources.
The existing infrastructure sufficient in the 98 2 5 4.35 .675
municipality?
Valid N (list wise) 98
There were 98 respondents who responded to every statement, suggesting a complete dataset,
according to the "Percentage of Respondents" (list wise). The descriptive statistics give
important information about the main elements influencing Chelenko Town's urban land
management.First, the data shows that, with a mean score of 4.58 on a 5-point scale, the absence
of explicit land use rules is considered to be a major contributing factor to urban land
35
management issues.Similar to this, with a mean score of 4.59, the municipality's low ability in
terms of funding and competent labor is likewise seen as a significant barrier.With a mean score
of 4.98 out of 5, respondents overwhelmingly agreed that the absence of multi-sectoral
integration is a major problem. Urban sprawl and growing land demand, on the other hand, got a
lower mean score of 1.92, indicating that they might not be as urgent issues as the other
categories.With a mean score of 4.47, rapid urbanization and population increase are also
considered a serious concern, as they put demand on the available land resources.With a mean
score of 4.35, the data also raises the possibility that the municipality's current infrastructure may
not be adequate.The descriptive data as a whole demonstrate the complexity of the urban land
management problems that Chelenko Town faces, with problems ranging from capacity and
policy constraints to integration difficulties and population pressures on land resources. The
creation of focused solutions and tactics to overcome the noted challenges can be aided by these
findings.
4.2.2. Discussion of Objective One
Collaboration amongst a range of parties is necessary for urban land management, including
governmental organizations, financiers, developers, environmentalists, infrastructure providers,
and supporters of social and inexpensive housing. It's critical to manage regulations, balance
needs, and deal with the growing housing demand. Unplanned growth and environmental
degradation can result from difficulties including urban sprawl, capacity constraints, and a
deficiency of multi-sectoral integration in Municipality Town for unlawful resident, in addition
to regulatory limits and technological problems.
A number of issues, including ineffective bureaucracy, a shortage of trained staff, a lack of

funding, convoluted processes, and poor communication, can affect land administration services.
Reforms include digitizing land records, implementing contemporary technology, and
automating procedures are required to rebuild public confidence. It is also essential to reinforce
legal frameworks, improve stakeholder cooperation, and put anti-corruption measures in place.
Participation by the public in land administration procedures promotes legitimacy,
accountability, and openness.
The survey results reveal a significant opening now the satisfaction and efficiency of the town's
land admin constituent part. 34.7% of respondents reported receiving proper services from the
department, while 65.3% did not. This indicates a majority of respondents are dissatisfied with
the services provided by the department. Reasons for dissatisfaction include delays in processing
applications, lack of responsiveness or transparency, difficulties in obtaining land-related
documents, and inadequate customer service. To improve the quality and efficiency of services,
measures such as streamlining administrative processes, enhancing communication and
transparency, and implementing customer-oriented service delivery approaches are needed.
36
Efficient urban land management in town municipality offices was expressed by 23.5% of
respondents, while 74.5% expressed dissatisfaction. 2% were unsure about the efficiency of the
system. The results imply that preserving urban parcels in Chelenko Town is accompanied by
difficulties and obstacles, with a significant percentage of respondents recognizing recurring
issues. There is a lack of confidence in the efficiency of the system in town municipality offices,
with a large majority expressing dissatisfaction or uncertainty.
Major Problems or Challenges in Land Management Rising Response for Land-dwelling and
Urban Sprawl: This was identified by 30.6% of respondents, indicating that rapid urbanization
and most significant challenges. This can lead to unplanned expansion, inefficient land use, and
environmental degradation. Limited Capacity of Municipality (Financial and Skilled Manpower)
Accounting for 25.5% of responses, this highlights that municipalities often lack the financial
resources and skilled personnel needed to manage land effectively. Lack of Multi-Sectoral
Integration Reported by 21.4% of respondents, this issue underscores the need for better
coordination among different sectors to streamline land management processes and policies.
Policy Constraints. Identified by 12.2% of respondents, policy-related issues suggest that
existing regulations and policies may be inadequate or restrictive, complicating effective land
management. Technological Problems. Mentioned by 10.2% of respondents, this indicates that
technological inadequacies, such as outdated systems or lack of technological infrastructure,
pose significant challenges. Rapid urbanization and population growth are perceived as
significant factors straining existing land resources, posing challenges in providing adequate
infrastructure, services, and amenities to meet the needs of a growing urban population. The
existing infrastructure is generally seen as sufficient for urban land management, with a low
standard deviation of 0.675.
The lack of multi-sectoral integration is another significant challenge, as respondents believe the
municipality struggles to coordinate efforts across different sectors involved in land
management. Rising demand for land and urban sprawl is also perceived as a challenge, as
increased demand and uncontrolled expansion put pressure on existing land resources. Rapid
urbanization and population growth are also perceived as straining existing land resources, with
respondents generally agreeing on the impact of these challenges.
Implementing policies and programs that promote social and affordable housing, encourage
mixed-income neighborhoods, and facilitate housing finance for low-income populations can
help achieve sustainable, inclusive, and livable urban environments. Overall, integrating the
perspectives and interests of various stakeholders is crucial for creating sustainable, inclusive,
and livable urban environments. Limited enforcement and compliance mechanisms can also
hinder the implementation of recommendations and solutions. Lack of long-term planning and
vision for sustainable development can result in fragmented and ad-hoc land management
practices.
37
Enforcement agencies are essential for ensuring land use regulations and to tackle major issues in
land management, a thorough analysis and assessment are necessary. This includes reviewing
existing policies and regulations, assessing the capacity and effectiveness of land management
institutions, improving data collection and analysis such as satellite imagery, geographic
information systems (GIS), public records, strengthening land use planning processes,
integrating sustainability principles, enhancing enforcement mechanisms, improving interagency
coordination, and promoting public awareness and education. This will help identify gaps,
inconsistencies, and outdated provisions, and ensure compliance with regulations and prevent
unauthorized land use changes. Promoting interagency coordination and public awareness about
responsible land management can also contribute to a more robust and effective system.
The study emphasizes the need for collaboration among various stakeholders for effective urban
land management. Challenges include urban sprawl, capacity constraints, and lack of multi-
sectoral integration. Inefficient land administration services, bureaucratic hurdles, and poor
communication contribute to these issues. Reforms like digitizing land records, implementing
technology, and automating processes are needed. Public participation in land administration
processes promotes legitimacy and transparency. A comprehensive approach, including
reviewing policies, assessing institutions, improving data collection, and promoting public
awareness, is needed to create sustainable, inclusive, and livable urban environments.
According to interview and FGD, The main challenges faced in land management in this area
include rapid urbanization, encroachment on agricultural land, and lack of coordinated land use
planning. Factors contributing to these issues include population growth, economic development
priorities, weak land tenure systems, and inadequate enforcement of land use regulations. There
is also a lack of political will to prioritize sustainable land management practices. Conflicts have
arisen between local farmers and government authorities over land acquisition for infrastructure
projects and industrial development, leading to resentment and distrust.
4.3. Finding and discussion of objective two

4.3.1. Finding of objective two
4.3.1.1. Do you get proper services from the land administration department of your town?
Table4. 16: Do you get proper services from the land administration department of your town?
Frequency Percent
Valid YES 34 34.7
NO 64 65.3
Total 98 100.0
In total, there were 98 "Percentage of Respondents", making up 100% of the cumulative percent.
The data reveals that the majority of respondents (65.3%) do not believe they are receiving
proper services from the land administration department of Chelenko Town. This suggests a
38
widespread perception among stakeholders that the land administration department is not
effectively serving the needs of the community. In contrast, only 34.7% of respondents answered
"YES", indicating that less than a third of stakeholders are satisfied with the services provided by
the land administration department. To summarize the total response frequencies, percentages,
and cumulative percentages: YES (Frequency: 34, Percent: 34.7%, Cumulative Percent: 34.7%)
NO (Frequency: 64, Percent: 65.3%, Cumulative Percent: 100.0%) The significant majority of
"NO" responses highlights a concerning issue with the performance and effectiveness of the land
administration department in Chelenko Town. This suggests that the municipality may need to
undertake a thorough review of the department's operations, identify areas for improvement, and
implement measures to enhance the quality and accessibility of land administration services for
the community.
Further investigation may be necessary to understand the specific concerns and pain points
experienced by stakeholders, as well as to identify the underlying factors contributing to the
perceived deficiencies in the land administration department's service delivery. Addressing these
issues could be crucial in improving the overall land management and administration processes
within the municipality.Because to the land administration department's inefficiencies, lack of
transparency, lack of resources, poor customer service, and complicated legal framework, most
respondents in their town feel that the department's services are inadequate. Tasks like property
transfer, titling, and land registration can be delayed and mistake-prone due to inefficiencies, and
a lack of openness might give the impression that there is corruption or partiality. Inadequate
staffing, antiquated technology, and inadequate funding can all impede the provision of effective
services. Resolving these problems can enhance service delivery and public opinion.
The department of land administration must deal with issues such inadequate coordination, red
tape, accessibility, public awareness, and training. The department should start public awareness
campaigns, streamline administrative procedures, bolster agency collaboration, increase
accessibility through extended hours or online services, and provide funding for employee
development and capacity-building initiatives in order to improve services.
The total number of responses is 98, with a 100% valid response rate Skilled workforce shortage
(Frequency: 26, Percent: 26.5%, Valid Percent: 26.5%, Cumulative Percent: 26.5%), Outdated
technology and equipment (Frequency: 27, Percent: 27.6%, "Percentage of Respondents":
27.6%, Cumulative Percent: 54.1%), Lack of training programs for staff (Frequency: 33, Percent:
33.7%, "Percentage of Respondents": 33.7%, Cumulative Percent: 87.8%), and Inadequate
budget for staffing and equipment (Frequency: 12, Percent: 12.2%, "Percentage of Respondents":
12.2%, Cumulative Percent: 100.0%)..Addressing these challenges related to staff training,
technological capabilities, and budgetary constraints will be crucial for the municipality to
effectively manage urban land in Chelenko Town.
39
Figure4. 2: the level and adequacy of the manpower as well as technical instruments (equipment).
Frequency Percent
120
100
80
60
98 100
40
20
25 25.5 26 26.5 24 24.5 17 17.3
0 6 6.1
Skilled workforce Outdated Lack of training Inadequate All Total
shortage technology and programs for staff budget for
equipment staffing and
Valid equipment
Table4. 17: How would you describe the municipality's human resource and technological
capabilities for urban land management in Chelenko Town?
Frequency Percent
Valid Strong and well-equipped 2 2.0
Adequate but could benefit from improvement 4 4.1
Insufficient and need significant improvement 92 93.9
Total 98 100.0
In total, there were 98 the total number of responses is 98, with a 100% valid response rate,
making up 100% of the cumulative percent. The survey shows that only 2.0% of respondents
believe the municipality has sufficient human resources and technological infrastructure for
effective urban land management in Chelenko Town, indicating a low overall perception. About
4.1% of the respondents view the municipality's human resource and technological capabilities
for urban land management in Chelenko Town as adequate but with room for improvement. The
majority of respondents in Chelenko Town, accounting for 93.9%, believe the municipality's
human resource and technological capabilities for urban land management are insufficient and
need significant improvement.
Table4. 18: What are the major challenge of manpower in the municipality for urban land
management?
Valid Inadequate staffing and limited human resources 40 40.8
Lack of specialized expertise in urban land management 17 17.3
Insufficient training and professional development opportunities 41 41.8
Total 98 100.0
In total, with a 100% percentage of respondents, this makes up 100% of the cumulative percent.
The data reveals that the major problems associated with the level of manpower in the
40
municipality for urban land management are primarily three-fold: Insufficient training and
professional development opportunities (frequency: 41, percent: 41.8%, valid percent: 41.8%,
cumulative percent: 100.0%) Inadequate staffing and limited human resources (frequency: 40,
percent: 40.8%, total number of responses: 98, with a 100% valid response rate of 40.8%,
cumulative percent: 40.8%) Lack of specialized expertise in urban land management (frequency:
17, percent: 17.3%, valid percent: 17.3%, cumulative percent: 58.2%) The data suggests that the
municipality is facing significant challenges in terms of providing adequate training and
professional development opportunities for its staff, as well as maintaining a sufficient level of
staffing and human resources to effectively manage urban land issues. Additionally, the lack of
specialized expertise in urban land management within the municipality is also perceived as a
major challenge, with over 17% of respondents identifying this as a key issue.
The cumulative percentage analysis shows that these three factors collectively account for all
the.These findings highlight the need for the municipality to prioritize investments in staff
training, professional development, and the recruitment of personnel with specialized expertise
in urban land management. Addressing these manpower-related challenges could be crucial to
enhancing the municipality's capacity to effectively manage and administer urban land resources.
Table4. 19: The procedures or strategies could be implemented to improve the level of manpower in the
municipality for urban land management?
Frequency Percent
Valid Hiring additional staff with relevant 24 24.5
expertise
Providing training and capacity-building 42 42.9
programs for existing staff
Establishing partnerships with educational 27 27.6
institutions for skill development
Offering competitive salaries and benefits 5 5.1
to attract and retain talent
Total 98 100.0
In total, there were 98 the total number of responses is 98, with a 100% "Percentage of
Respondents” rate, The data suggests that there are three key procedures or strategies that could
be implemented to improve the level of manpower in the municipality for urban land
management: Providing training and capacity-building programs for existing staff (Frequency:
42, Percent: 42.9%, Percentage of Respondents: 42.9%, Cumulative Percent: 67.3%)
Establishing partnerships with educational institutions for skill development (Frequency: 27,
Percent: 27.6%, 27.6%, Cumulative Percent: 94.9%),Hiring additional staff with relevant
expertise (Frequency: 24, Percent: 24.5%, The total number of responses is 98, with a 100%
valid response rate: 24.5%, Cumulative Percent: 24.5%)The data indicates that the most widely
supported strategy is providing training and capacity-building programs for the municipality's
existing staff, with over 42% of respondents identifying this as a key approach. This suggests
that investing in the professional development and upskilling of the current workforce is seen as
a crucial step in improving the municipality's manpower capabilities for urban land management.
41
Establishing partnerships with educational institutions for skill development is the second most
preferred strategy, with over 27% of respondents endorsing this approach. This highlights the
potential value of leveraging external resources and expertise to enhance the knowledge and
capabilities of the municipality's personnel.Finally, hiring additional staff with relevant expertise
is also recognized as an important strategy, with nearly 25% of respondents identifying this as a
key solution.Overall, the findings suggest that a multi-pronged approach, combining staff
training and development, institutional partnerships, and targeted hiring, could be an effective
way for the municipality to address the manpower-related challenges in urban land management.
Table4. 20: What are the major challenges related to the adequacy of technical instruments
(equipment) in the municipality for urban land management?
Frequency Percent
Valid Limited budget for procurement and maintenance of equipment 8 8.2
Outdated or obsolete instruments that hamper productivity 47 48.0
Insufficient access to modern mapping and surveying 39 39.8
technologies
Inadequate training and knowledge to operate technical 4 4.1
instruments
Total 98 100
Source: Analysis of Survey Data 2024
In total, there were 98 the total number of responses is 98, with a 100% valid response rate,
making up 100% of the cumulative percent. The data reveals that the major challenges related to
the adequacy of technical instruments (equipment) in the municipality for urban land
management are: Outdated or obsolete instruments that hamper productivity (Frequency: 47,
Percent: 48.0%, the total number of responses is 98, with a 100% valid response rate: 48.0%,
Cumulative Percent: 56.1%) Insufficient access to modern mapping and surveying technologies
(Frequency: 39, Percent: 39.8%, the total number of responses is 98, with a 100% valid response
rate: 39.8%, Cumulative Percent: 95.9%) Limited budget for procurement and maintenance of
equipment (Frequency: 8, Percent: 8.2%, the total number of responses is 98, with a 100% valid
response rate: 8.2%, Cumulative Percent: 8.2%) Inadequate training and knowledge to operate
technical instruments (Frequency: 4, Percent: 4.1%, the total number of responses is 98, with a
100% valid response rate: 4.1%, Cumulative Percent: 100.0%)
The data indicates that the most significant challenge is the prevalence of outdated or obsolete
instruments, which is reported by nearly half (48.0%) of the respondents. This suggests that the
municipality is struggling to keep its technical infrastructure up-to-date, which can negatively
impact productivity and the overall effectiveness of urban land management efforts.The second
major challenge is the insufficient access to modern mapping and surveying technologies, as
reported by 39.8% of respondents. This highlights the need for the municipality to invest in more
advanced tools and technologies to enhance its data collection, analysis, and decision-making
capabilities in urban land management.
42
Limited budget for the procurement and maintenance of equipment is also identified as a
significant challenge, with 8.2% of respondents citing this as a key issue. This indicates that the
municipality may face financial constraints in upgrading and maintaining its technical
instruments.Finally, the data shows that inadequate training and knowledge to operate technical
instruments is a lesser but still relevant challenge, as reported by 4.1% of respondents. This
suggests that the municipality may need to focus on capacity-building and skill development to
ensure that its personnel can effectively utilize the available technical instruments.Overall, the
findings suggest that the municipality needs to address a range of challenges, including outdated
equipment, limited access to modern technologies, budget constraints, and skill gaps, in order to
enhance the adequacy of its technical instruments for effective urban land management.
Table4. 21: Are there any ongoing initiatives or plans in the municipality to address the
manpower and technical instrument (equipment) requirements in your town municipality?
Frequency Percent
Valid YES 63 64.3
NO 35 35.7
Total 98 100.0
The analysis of the "Valid" variable, which is divided into "YES" and "NO" categories, reveals
that 63 cases (64.3%) are in the "YES" category, while 35 cases (35.7%) are in the "NO"
category. In this case, the "YES" category accounts for 64.3% of the valid cases, while the "NO"
category accounts for 35.7%.This indicates that out of all the valid responses, 64.3% were "YES"
and 35.7% were NO. For the "YES" category, the cumulative percentage is 64.3%, which means
that 64.3% of the cases fall into the "YES" category.
The relatively high percentage of "YES" responses suggests that the municipality is taking some
proactive steps to address the challenges related to manpower and technical equipment.
However, the fact that over a third of respondents are unaware of such initiatives or plans points
to a potential need for better communication and transparency around the municipality's efforts
in this area.Further investigation may be warranted to better understand the specific initiatives or
plans the municipality has in place, as well as the perspectives and experiences of different
stakeholder groups regarding the adequacy of the municipality's response to the manpower and
technical instrument requirements in Chelenko Town.
Table4. 22: Have you observed any instances where the municipality's human resources were
insufficient for effective urban land management?
Frequency Percent
Valid YES 3 3.1
NO 95 96.9
Total 98 100.0
43
The data provided indicates that the vast majority of respondents have not observed instances
where the municipality's human resources were insufficient for effective urban land management
in Chelenko Town.Specifically, 96.9% of the respondents (with a frequency of 95) answered
"NO" when asked if they had observed any such instances of human resource insufficiency. This
represents an overwhelming majority of the stakeholders surveyed.In contrast, only 3.1% of
respondents (with a frequency of 3) answered "YES", indicating that they had observed cases
where the municipality's human resources were insufficient for effective urban land
management.The cumulative percent data further reinforces this finding, showing that 100% of
the respondents either did not observe any issues with human resource sufficiency (96.9%) or did
not provide a positive response.
According to the statistics, there have been no documented cases of inadequacy, indicating that
the Chelenko Town municipality has sufficient human resources to manage urban land properly.
To completely evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of urban land management in Chelenko
Town, however, more monitoring and assessment of the municipality's capability and resource
allocation are required. The data presented here simply represents the opinions and observations
of the respondents.
4.3.1.2. Human Resource of Chelenko Town Municipality
The municipality's present organizational structure calls for 15 statutory workers across all
departments and divisions. The required and occupied human resources for each department or
job section in Chelenko Town are displayed in the table below.
Table 4.23: Required and existing man power of Chelenko municipality, 2016E.C.
Work section Required Existed Gap
Number Percent (%)
Land development and administration 13 7 6 37.5
Land registration or cadastral system 10 5 5 31.25
group
Land banking section 8 3 5 31.25
Total 31 15 16 100
Source: Chelenko town municipality, 2024 G.C.
The necessary and existent elements in the various work parts are compared in the table. In total,
there were 98 "Percentage of Respondents", making up 100% of the cumulative percent there is a
discrepancy of 31.25% in the group of land registration or cadastral system, 37.5% in land
development and administration, and 31.25% in the land banking part. There are 16 components
in total missing, which makes up 100% of the necessary pieces. The land development and
administration sector has the biggest disparity, although the land banking and land registration or
cadastral system groups have similar percentage gaps. According to the research, these
differences should be addressed, paying special attention to the bigger inequalities in land
development and administration.
44
Table4. 24: Are there any areas where you think the municipality's technological capabilities could be
enhanced?
Frequency Percent
Valid YES 3 3.1
NO 95 96.9
Total 98 100.0
98 valid replies in all, or 100% of the cumulative percent, were received. According to the data
presented, a significant proportion of the participants hold the opinion that there are no potential
areas for improving the technological capabilities of the municipality in Chelenko
Town.Specifically, when asked if they believed the municipality's technical skills might be
enhanced, 96.9% of the respondents (with a frequency of 95) gave the "NO" response. This sums
up the vast majority of the stakeholders who were polled.However, just 3.1% of respondents
(with a frequency of 3) indicated that they thought there were certain areas where the
municipality's technology skills might be improved by providing a "YES" response.This result is
supported by the cumulative percent data, which reveals that 100% of respondents either did not
believe that improving technical capabilities was necessary (96.9%) or did not regard it as
necessary. Or
According to the study's findings, Chelenko Town has the technical know-how to manage urban
land because no participant pointed out any areas that needed improvement. To properly grasp
the problem, more research is necessary because the data just represents the opinions of the
respondents. Even with this favorable impression, it is still a good idea to periodically assess
technology in order to pinpoint any areas that need to be updated and improved.
Table4. 25: Do you think the existing man power is enough to provide the service in your town?
Frequency Percent
Valid YES 8 8.2
NO 86 87.8
unsure 4 4.1
Total 98 100.0
There were 98 valid responses in total, accounting for 100% of the cumulative percent. NO
Responses: 86 out of 98 respondents (87.8%) believe that the current manpower is insufficient.
This majority opinion suggests that there is a widespread perception that there is not enough
workforce to meet the service demands within the town municipality. YES Responses: Although
a smaller proportion, 8 respondents (8.2%), indicate that they believe the existing manpower is
adequate. Despite being a minority, their perspective offers a contrasting viewpoint, highlighting
the diversity of opinions within the sample. Unsure Responses: 4 respondents (4.1%) express
uncertainty about the adequacy of the existing manpower. This group's uncertainty suggests a
lack of clarity or consensus among a small portion of respondents
45
115
4.41 0.823
110
1.152
105
1.63
0.459
0.419
0.412
5
2 1.22
2 1.21
2 1.3
4
1 1 10
100
2
1
95
98
98
98
98
98
98
98
90
The municipal- Technical Training and Budgetary Collaborations Do you think Valid N
ity possesses equipment capacity-build- constraints with external the existing (leastwise)
adequate and resources ing programs hinder the agencies en- man power is
skilled man- are readily are provided acquisition of hance the enough to
power for ef- available for to municipal modern land municipality's provide the
fective land land surveying staff regularly. management technical ca- service in
management. and planning. technologies. pabilities. town munici-
N Min Max Mean Std. Deviationpality offices?
Figure4. 3: Descriptive Statistics (Source, Analysis of survey data 2024)
Overall, the parcentage of respondents for these findings is 98. The descriptive statistics provide
valuable insights into the survey responses. The table presents the frequency, percent, percentage
of respondents, and cumulative percent for each item. For the statement "The municipality
possesses adequate skilled manpower for effective land management, the minimum response was
1, indicating strong disagreement, while the maximum was 4, suggesting moderate agreement.
On average, the respondents' mean response was 1.63, with a standard deviation of
1.152.Regarding the availability of technical equipment and resources for land surveying and
planning.The minimum response was 2, indicating some agreement, and the maximum was 5,
indicating strong agreement. The mean response was 4.41, with a standard deviation of 0.823.
For the statement concerning training and capacity-building programs provided to municipal
staff regularly. The responses were unanimous, with a minimum and maximum of 1, indicating
46
complete agreement. The mean response was 1.00, with no standard deviation.In terms of
budgetary constraints hindering the acquisition of modern land management technologies, .The
minimum response was 1, indicating strong disagreement, while the maximum was 2, suggesting
some disagreement. The mean response was 1.22, with a standard deviation of 0.419.Regarding
collaborations with external agencies enhancing the municipality's technical capabilities.The
minimum response was 1, indicating strong disagreement, while the maximum was 2, suggesting
some disagreement. The mean response was 1.30, with a standard deviation of 0.459.
Lastly, the question asked whether the existing manpower is enough to provide services in town
municipality offices. The minimum response was 1, indicating strong disagreement, while the
maximum was 2, suggesting some disagreement. The mean response was 1.21, with a standard
deviation of 0.412.These statistics provide valuable information about the distribution and trends
in respondents' opinions. They allow us to understand the general sentiment and level of
agreement or disagreement on each statement.
4.3.2. Discussion of Objective Two
The study aims to assess the existing urban land management challenges and recommend
solutions to improve the system. It focuses on defining the level and adequacy of manpower and
technical instruments in the municipality. Manpower is crucial for effective land administration,
planning, and enforcement. The study was identify gaps in manpower, such as understaffing,
lack of specialized skills, or high turnover rates, which may hinder the efficiency and
effectiveness of urban land management.
Technical instruments and equipment are also assessed, including surveying equipment,
Geographic Information System (GIS) software, and data management systems. The study will
identify any deficiencies or limitations in these areas to understand and address potential barriers
to effective urban land management.The capacity and training needs of the municipality will also
be evaluated. This assessment will help identify areas where additional training and capacity-
building initiatives are required to enhance the skills and knowledge of staff involved in urban
land management. Factors such as technological advancements, changes in land management
practices, and emerging challenges may necessitate upgrading the skills and competencies of the
workforce.
The findings was have significant implications for urban land management. By understanding
existing strengths and weaknesses, the municipality can make informed decisions and allocate
resources accordingly. The study will provide recommendations on strategies to address
identified gaps, such as hiring additional staff, providing training programs, or
acquiring/upgrading technical instruments and equipment. Strengthening the manpower and
technical instrument aspects of urban land management can lead to improved efficiency,
accuracy, and transparency in land administration, planning, and enforcement processes.
47
The adequacy and condition of technical instruments and equipment are crucial for accurate data
collection, analysis, and decision-making. The study will assess the availability and functionality
of instruments like surveying equipment, computers, software applications, and databases,
considering factors such as suitability, need for upgrades, and accessibility. Identifying
deficiencies or limitations in these instruments will guide the municipality in making informed
decisions about investing in modern technologies and infrastructure for improved urban land
management.
The survey analysis of Chelenko Town's human resource and technological capabilities for urban
land management reveals significant challenges. The majority of respondents (93.9%) perceive
these as insufficient, with a shortage of skilled workforce, outdated technology, lack of training
programs, and inadequate budget. Three major challenges related to the level of manpower
include inadequate staffing, lack of specialized expertise, and insufficient training and
professional development opportunities. Major challenges identified include inadequate staffing
(40.8%), lack of specialized expertise (17.3%), and insufficient training and professional
development opportunities (41.8%). These issues can lead to delays, inefficiencies, and a lack of
knowledge in addressing land management issues.
To improve manpower, strategies include hiring additional staff with relevant expertise,
providing training and capacity-building programs, establishing partnerships with educational
institutions, and offering competitive salaries and benefits. These strategies can enhance the
knowledge and skills of personnel, leading to more effective urban land management.
Technological instrument challenges include limited budget for procurement and maintenance
(8.2%), outdated or obsolete instruments (48.0%), insufficient access to modern mapping and
surveying technologies (39.8%), and inadequate training and knowledge to operate technical
instruments (4.1%). Investment in modern and reliable technical instruments is needed, along
with training programs for staff.
The survey output reveals that the municipality's human resource and technological capabilities
for effective land management are perceived as inadequate. The mean score of 1.63 indicates that
the municipality's skilled manpower is insufficient for effective land management. The mean
score of 4.42 suggests that technical equipment and resources are readily available for land
surveying and planning. The mean score of 1.00 indicates that training and capacity-building
programs are regularly provided to municipal staff. However, budgetary constraints hinder the
acquisition of modern land management technologies. The mean score of 1.22 suggests that
budgetary constraints hinder the acquisition of modern technologies. The mean score of 1.30
suggests that collaborations with external agencies enhance the municipality's technical
capabilities. The mean score of 1.21 suggests that the municipality's existing manpower is not
enough to provide services in town municipality offices. The findings suggest that the
48
municipality needs to address these challenges and consider strategies to improve manpower and
overcome budgetary constraints to effectively manage land in town municipality offices.
The survey results indicate that the municipality's skilled manpower is perceived as inadequate
for effective land management, with a mean score of 1.63. This suggests a lack of qualified
personnel with the necessary expertise to efficiently manage land in the municipality. The
availability of technical equipment and resources is also perceived as available, with a mean
score of 4.42. Training and capacity-building programs are regularly provided to municipal staff,
suggesting that the municipality has implemented initiatives to enhance their skills and
knowledge.
Financial limitations impede the municipality's ability to purchase contemporary land

management technology, suggesting a deficiency of funds. Enhancing technical skills and access
to knowledge can be achieved through collaborations with other entities. With a low standard
deviation, the current workforce is not up to the expectations of land management services. The
municipality should look for partnerships to enhance land management techniques, recruit and
retain skilled staff, and set aside enough money for technology purchase in order to handle these
issues.
According to interview and FGD, The municipality faces a bureaucratic system, with redundant
departments and overlapping responsibilities, leading to resource waste and inefficient service
delivery. Overstaffed departments and outdated equipment hinder modern use. Political
interference, nepotism, and complacency contribute to inadequate human and technical
resources. Systemic issues like bureaucracy, corruption, and leadership failure exacerbate the
challenges, with short-sighted budget allocations and resistance to change.Maybe we should take
a closer look at the interview questions, focusing more on providing solutions. We could
investigate the underlying reasons in detail while also coming up with practical suggestions for
filling up staffing shortages, improving technical capabilities, and promoting an innovative and
exceptional culture within the municipality. The goal ought to be to have a fruitful discussion
that results in suggestions that local authorities can implement.
4.4. Finding and Discussion of Objective Three

4.4.1. Finding of Objective Three
4.4.1.1. What is the current status of land supply and demand in Chelenko Town?
Table4. 26: The current status of land supply and demand in Chelenko Town?
Frequency Percent
Valid High demand and low supply 92 93.9
Balanced demand and supply 3 3.1
Low demand and high supply 3 3.1
Total 98 100.0
49
There have been 98 replies in total, accounting for 100.0% of all legitimate responses.The
following expression would be the most accurate way to get the cumulative percent, percentage
of respondents, total response frequency, and percent based on the facts provided: According to
the statistics, there is now a "high demand and low supply" situation regarding land availability
and demand in Chelenko Town. This situation accounted for 92 out of the total valid replies, or
93.9%. With a total percentage of 93.9%, this is the biggest category. The following two
categories, "Low demand and high supply" and "Balanced demand and supply," each had three
replies, or 3.1% of all valid responses, in total. These two groups have cumulative percentages of
96.9% and 100.0%, respectively.
The data presented indicates that, as of 2024-05-28, Chelenko Town's land supply and demand
are as follows: Low supply and high demandAccording to the statistics, Chelenko Town has a
low supply of land and a strong demand for it, with 93.9% of respondents reporting this. This
indicates that there may be a scarcity of land in Chelenko Town as demand is greater than
supply. As competition increases for scarce land resources, this mismatch may result in increased
land and property prices.
There are a number of variables that might contribute to the high demand and low supply of land
in a given circumstance, including population expansion without commensurate income
increases, real estate speculation, a lack of land zoning or development, high building prices, and
a dearth of affordable housing initiatives. Due to competition for the limited supply of housing
brought on by migration or rising birth rates, population expansion is driving up prices even
while earnings are not keeping up. Land that is undeveloped or abandoned may be bought by
investors to resell at a profit, lowering the supply of potential homes. In order to meet the
demands of lower-income demographic groups, government incentives or subsidies for the
construction of workforce housing are also crucial.
Chelenko Town's limited land supply in combination with strong demand might result in
gentrification, increased real estate costs, and decreased affordability. This might lead to a "land
bubble" if prices start to diverge from the core of the economy. Proactive land use planning,
zoning laws, and governmental interventions are required to guarantee sustainable growth. The
community can be involved in land use planning and decision-making processes by the local
government through community-based committees, seminars, open forums, and public meetings.
Exchange of information and transparency are crucial.
4.4.1.2. What is reason behand the low land supply (land delivery) challenge for housing in
chellenko town
Chelenko Town's limited land supply in combination with strong demand might result in
gentrification, increased real estate costs, and decreased affordability. This might lead to a "land
bubble" if prices start to diverge from the core of the economy. Proactive land use planning,
zoning laws, and governmental interventions are required to guarantee sustainable growth. The
community can be involved in land use planning and decision-making processes by the local
50
government through community-based committees, seminars, open forums, and public meetings.
Exchange of information and transparency are crucial.
The data suggests that the most significant reason behind the low land supply for housing in
Chellenko Town is the limited availability of land for development, as reported by 21.4% of
respondents. This indicates that there may be constraints on the amount of land that is suitable or
zoned for residential development within the town.Closely related to this challenge is the lack of
access to financing for housing, which was cited by 20.4% of respondents. This suggests that the
inability of potential homeowners or developers to secure the necessary financial resources may
be further exacerbating the land supply issue.
Inefficient land use planning is also identified as a major reason, with 20.4% of respondents
highlighting this as a contributing factor. This suggests that the town's approach to land use
management and zoning may not be optimized to facilitate the efficient allocation of land for
housing development.The lack of adequate land, as reported by 19.4% of respondents, further
underscores the scarcity of available land resources within the town.Developing affordable
housing policies is also mentioned as a reason, indicating that the town may need to explore
policy interventions to address the affordability challenges that may be limiting the demand for
housing and contributing to the low land supply.Overall, the findings suggest that Chellenko
Town is facing a multifaceted challenge in terms of land supply for housing, with issues related
to land availability, financing, planning, and affordability all playing a role in this complex
problem.
Figure4.4: low land supply (land delivery) challenge for housing in chelenko town (Source, Analysis of
survey) data 2024)
Table4. 27: Are there any imbalances between the supply and demand of land in your town?
51
Frequency Percent
Valid YES 92 93.9
NO 6 6.1
Total 98 100.0
98 valid replies in all, or 100% of the cumulative percent, were received.According to the
statistics presented, a considerable proportion of the respondents do not see any notable
disparities in the availability and demand for land within the Chelenko Town municipality.To be
more precise, when asked if they believed that there were any imbalances between the supply
and demand of land in the town, 93.9% of the respondents (with a frequency of 92) responded
negatively. This sums up the vast majority of the stakeholders who were polled.The fact that just
6.1% of respondents (out of 6) selected "YES" indicates that people do believe there are
disparities between the supply and demand of land in Chelenko Town. This conclusion is further
supported by the cumulative percent data, which reveals that 93.9% of respondents do not
believe that there are supply-demand imbalances, with only 6.1% expressing a different opinion.
According to the statistics, the respondents believe that there is typically enough land in the
Chelenko Town municipality to fulfill the present and future needs of the local population and
economic activity. The absence of imbalances that have been observed indicates that land
resources are being managed and allocated by the local authorities to meet the development
demands of the municipality.It is crucial to remember that this data just represents the
respondents' opinions and observations; additional elements or viewpoints could not have been
included in the poll. A comprehensive evaluation of the equilibrium and effectiveness of land
management in Chelenko Town would need continuous observation and examination of land
supply, demand trends, and use patterns.To spot any new supply and demand mismatches or
imbalances, the municipality should keep a careful eye on the land market and interact with
stakeholders. To guarantee that the town's land resources are used efficiently and fairly to
promote sustainable urban growth, proactive and strategic land use planning might be helpful.
Table4. 28: The trends or changes in land supply and demand dynamics over time in your town?
Frequency Percent
Valid YES 63 64.3
NO 35 35.7
Total 98 100.0
98 valid replies in all, or 100% of the cumulative percent, were received. According to the
statistics, most respondents have seen changes or trends in the dynamics of land supply and
demand in the Chelenko Town municipality over time.Regarding the question of whether they
have seen any trends or shifts in the town's supply and demand for land, 64.3% of the
respondents (or 63 times) gave the "YES" response. This clearly reflects the majority of the
questioned stakeholders.Conversely, 35.7% of participants total in total, 98 valid responses were
received, accounting for 100% of the cumulative percent. The data indicates that throughout
52
time, the majority of respondents have observed shifts or patterns in the dynamics of the supply
and demand for land in the Chelenko Town municipality.64.3% of respondents, or 63 times, said
"YES" when asked if they had seen any trends or changes in the town's supply and demand for
land. This demonstrates how most of the stakeholders that were questioned felt.On the other
hand, 35.7% of respondents
According to this data, there appears to be some movement in the land management situation in
Chelenko Town, and most members of the community have noticed changes in the dynamics and
patterns of the local land market over time. This might be the result of things like pressures from
urbanization, changes in land use, economic development, and population growth.To better
understand how the land is changing, and the municipality should look into the nature and causes
of these observed changes in more detail. Demand and supply trends in the community. More
proactive and flexible land use planning and management techniques can be informed by this
data to guarantee fair and sustainable access to land resources.The majority opinion suggests that
there is some change occurring in the local land market, despite the fact that a sizable number of
respondents did not see any trends. To effectively manage the changing land-related possibilities
and problems in Chelenko Town, the municipality will need to involve stakeholders and conduct
ongoing monitoring and data gathering.

Variables N Min Max Mean Std.
Deviation
There is a clear understanding of the current 98 4 5 4.78 .419
demand for housing in the study area.
The available land supply is sufficient to meet the 98 1 1 1.00 .000
current housing demand.
Land speculation and hoarding contribute to 98 1 1 1.00 .000
housing affordability issues.
Affordable housing resourcefulness are adequately 98 1 1 1.00 .000
supported by government policies.
There is effective coordination between urban 98 1 3 1.77 .450
planning and housing development agencies.
Lack of access to financing for housing 98 4 5 4.65 .478
The data set included 98 percent of respondents for a number of characteristics pertaining to the
municipality's issues with urban land management. The variables "Lack of multi-sectoral
integration" (M=4.98, SD=0.142) and "Limited capacity of municipality (Financial and skilled
manpower)" (M=4.59, SD=0.671) have the highest mean scores, indicating that these are thought
to be important contributing factors to the problems with urban land management. With the
lowest mean score (M=1.92, SD=0.782), on the other hand, "Rising demand for land and urban
sprawl" may not be considered the main cause of the difficulties. The variables "Rapid
urbanization and population growth strain existing land resources" (M=4.47, SD=0.706), "The
existing infrastructure sufficient in the municipality" (M=4.35, SD=0.675), and "The lack of
clear land use policies contributes to urban land management challenges" (M=4.58, SD=0.641)
also have relatively high mean scores, indicating these are important considerations as well.
53
As interpreted by the 98 respondents, the data offers a thorough picture of the main causes of the
municipality's problems with urban land management. The high mean scores across a number of
criteria demonstrate the complexity of the issue and the requirement for a coordinated, multi-
sectoral strategy to successfully address these difficulties.
4.4.2. Discussion of Objective Three
The data provides a comprehensive picture of the primary reasons of the municipality's issues
with urban land management, as perceived by the 98 respondents. The high average scores for
several criteria show how complicated the problem is and how a coordinated, multi-sectoral
approach is needed to effectively solve these challenges.
Conducting a comprehensive analysis of the current housing supply and demand is crucial.
Classifying demand, assessing affordability, considering land use and development patterns,
examining market dynamics, and identifying sustainability issues are all necessary to achieve
this. The amount of income, house prices, mortgage interest rates, and rental costs are all
significant considerations. In addition, patterns of land use and development, as well as
regulations and the accessibility of infrastructure, must be considered. Analyzing outcomes with
comparable places may help determine the most effective ways to develop programs and
policies.
The results of the survey highlight the difficulties in providing land for housing in Chelenko
Town, which are mostly brought on by a lack of suitable land, restricted land available for
construction, difficulty obtaining financing, ineffective land use planning, and a lack of
affordable housing policies. According to 19.4% of respondents, there is not enough land
available for new housing developments, and 21.4% said the town's land resources are limited,
making it hard to meet demand for housing. Twenty.4% thought that obtaining financing was a
barrier to the construction of new homes. Ineffective land-use planning was found to be another
contributing element. 9.2% of respondents said that tightening land policies and regulations
would be a good way to improve urban land management. 34.7% thought that enhancing
enforcement and compliance mechanisms would be helpful, 35.7% thought that investing in
better human resources would be beneficial, and 20.4% thought that advancing technological
capabilities would be helpful. These steps can aid in addressing the issues and advancing
Chelenko Town's use of sustainable and efficient land management techniques.
The survey's findings point to a number of causes that are behind Chelenko Town's limited land
supply issue. Due to property ownership patterns, designations, and development issues,
landowners confront difficulties such inadequate land, restricted availability, inefficient land use
planning, and a lack of affordable housing legislation. Housing construction is also thought to be
hampered by financial issues, with 20.4% of respondents saying that they are unable to obtain
finance. This implies that expanding financing options may be a major way to address the issue.
An additional perceived problem is ineffective land use planning, which is cited by 20.4% of
54
respondents as a factor in the scarcity of available land. Another issue is the lack of policies
pertaining to affordable housing, as 18.4% of respondents feel that this makes matters worse.
This implies that, despite their perceived importance, affordable housing programs might not be
the main cause of the low land supply problem.
In relation to understanding current housing demand, available land supply, land speculation and
hoarding, government support for affordable housing, coordination between urban planning and
housing development agencies, and lack of access to housing financing, the survey's output
reveals a number of findings and perceptions. The majority of respondents were aware of the
current housing demand, disagreed that there was an adequate supply of land, strongly agreed
that land hoarding and speculation contribute to problems with housing affordability, and
thought that government policies sufficiently encourage resourcefulness in affordable housing.
The average rating for the statement "There is a clear understanding of the current housing
demand in the study area" was 4.78, and the low standard deviation suggests that respondents
were mostly in agreement. With a high degree of agreement among respondents, the statement
"the available land supply is sufficient to meet the current housing demand" obtained an average
grade of 1.00. The average rating for the statement "Land speculation and hoarding's contribution
to housing affordability issues" was 1.00, indicating a high degree of agreement among the
respondents. An average score of 1.00 was assigned to the statement "Government policies
adequately support affordable housing resourcefulness." The study's conclusion that most
respondents had difficulty obtaining financing for housing provided insightful information for
upcoming housing and land management-related talks and activities.
The survey elucidates the multifaceted factors that contribute to Chelenko Town's low land
supply challenge. These factors include insufficient land, restricted development opportunities,
financing concerns, ineffective land use planning, and a dearth of policies pertaining to
affordable housing. As such, additional research and strategies are imperative.
The main shortcoming of urban land management in the municipality offices, according to the
FGD participants' interviews, is that urban housing land delivery issues are marked by inefficient
land allocations for residents and inadequate land compensation for landowners. This results in
unauthorized construction and unofficial settlements, which posed the biggest obstacles to the
town government offices' ability to administer urban property. The total outcome demonstrated
the existence of an inefficient and ineffective urban dwelling land delivery system in the town
municipality offices' land management procedures.
Furthermore, it was discovered through interviews with a select group of government officials
and Kebele administrators that the allocation method, especially through the town's housing
cooperatives, and lease auctions are currently the most widely used methods of obtaining
property for residential development. A number of the informants stated that informal land
acquisitions were the easiest way for most residents of the community to acquire land. This
55
illegitimate Illegal land brokers made it possible to deliver land in this manner. On the other
hand, the peril-urban farmers were revealed to have inherited most of their land during the
interview.
4.5. Findings and Discussion of Objectives Four

4.5.1. Finding of Objectives Four
4.5.1.1. What actions do you believe should be taken to improve the existing situation of
urban land management in Chelenko Town?
98 valid responses in all, or 100% of the cumulative percent, were received. According to the
data presented, the following are the main steps that need to be taken to enhance Chelenko
Town's current state of urban land management: Invest in strengthening human resources
(frequency: 35, percent: 35.7%, percentage of respondents: 35.7%, cumulative percent: 79.6%),
Improved enforcement and compliance protocols (frequency: 34, percentage: 34.7%, respondent
percentage: 34.7%, cumulative percentage: 43.9%), improved technology capabilities (20%
frequency, 20.4% percent, 20.4% valid, and 100.0% cumulative). Boost land-related policies and
regulations (frequency: 9, percentage: 9.2%, respondent percentage: 9.2%, cumulative
percentage: 9.2%).
According to 35.7% of respondents, the data shows that investing in bettering human resources is
the most important course of action. This implies that developing the abilities, know-how, and
skills of those working in urban land management should be a top focus if one wants to see
improvements all around.34.7% of respondents emphasized the need for improved enforcement
and compliance methods, which is closely related to this. This emphasizes how critical it is to
fortify the institutional frameworks and procedures that guarantee the efficient application and
compliance with land management laws and guidelines. The data indicates that the most critical
action is to invest in improving human resources, as reported by 35.7% of respondents. This
suggests that enhancing the skills, knowledge, and capabilities of the personnel involved in urban
land management is a key priority for improving the overall situation. Closely aligned with this
is the need to enhance enforcement and compliance mechanisms, as highlighted by 34.7% of
respondents. This points to the importance of strengthening the institutional frameworks and
processes that ensure the effective implementation and adherence to land management policies
and regulations. This suggests that the regulatory framework controlling urban land management
in Chelenko Town may need to be reviewed and improved.Overall, the evidence points to the
possibility that Chelenko Town's urban land management issues may require a multifaceted
strategy centered on capacity building, enforcement, technology advancements, and
policy/regulatory
56
120
100 98
80
60
40 34 35
20
20
9
0
Strengthen land policies
Upgrade technological
Total
Enhance enforcement
and compliance mech-
Invest in improving
human resources
and regulations
capabilities
anisms
Frequency Percent
Valid
Figure4. 5: To improve the existing situation of urban land management in Chelenko Town?
Table4. 30: The benefits or outcomes can be expected from implementing these recommended solutions?
Frequency Percent
Valid Sustainable urban development 38 38.8
Improved access to affordable housing 23 23.5
Enhanced land governance and administration 21 21.4
Reduced informal settlements and encroachment 16 16.3
Total 98 100.0
In total, there were 98 Percentage of Respondents, making up 100% of the cumulative percent.
Based on the data provided, the potential benefits or outcomes that can be expected from
implementing the recommended solutions to improve urban land management in Chelenko Town
are:Sustainable urban development (Frequency: 38, Percent: 38.8%, Percentage of Respondents:
38.8%, Cumulative Percent: 38.8%), Improved access to affordable housing (Frequency: 23,
Percent: Cumulative Percent: 62.2%), Enhanced land governance and administration (Frequency:
21, Percent: 21.4%, Valid Percent: 21.4%, Cumulative Percent: 83.7%),Reduced informal
settlements and encroachment (Frequency: 16, Percent: 16.3%, Valid Percent: 16.3%,
Cumulative Percent: 100.0%)
The fact that 38.8% of respondents think sustainable urban development is the biggest advantage
suggests that Chelenko Town's expansion and management have been approached in a balanced
manner. While 21.4% anticipate improved land governance and administration, bolstering
institutional frameworks and decision-making procedures connected to urban land management,
23.5% anticipate increased access to affordable housing. These results are consistent with earlier
issues about the town's affordability and availability of land.
16.3% of respondents think that Chelenko Town's informal settlements and encroachment may
be lessened by better land management techniques. By putting these ideas into practice, we may
create a more livable, just, and well-managed urban environment by promoting sustainable urban
57
growth, improving access to affordable housing, fortifying land governance, and decreasing
informal settlements.
Table4. 31: Who are the primary stakeholders or individuals/groups affected by these problems?
Frequency Percent
Valid General public 34 34.7
Local government authorities 42 42.9
Private sector organizations 22 22.4
Total 98 100.0
In total, there were 98 Percentage of Respondents, making up 100% of the cumulative percent.
The data provided suggests that the primary stakeholders or groups affected by the land-related
issues in the Chelenko Town municipality are the local government authorities, the general
public, and private sector organizations.Specifically, 42.9% of the respondents (with a frequency
of 42) identified the local government authorities as the primary stakeholders affected by these
problems. This represents the largest group among the survey respondents.The general public
was the next most commonly cited stakeholder group, with 34.7% of respondents (a frequency of
34) indicating they are primarily affected by the land-related issues in the town.
Finally, 22.4% of respondents (with a frequency of 22) identified private sector organizations as
the primary stakeholders impacted by the land-related problems in Chelenko Town.The
cumulative percent data shows that 77.6% of the respondents believe the local government
authorities and the general public are the two main stakeholder groups affected by these land-
related challenges, while 22.4% see the private sector as the primary stakeholder.
According to this data, Chelenko Town's land-related problems appear to have far-reaching
effects on the public and private sectors as well as the local government's capacity to manage and
distribute land resources.In order to better understand these important stakeholder groups' unique
requirements, concerns, and viewpoints on the issues pertaining to the property, the municipality
should interact with them. This will be essential for creating all-encompassing and inclusive
plans to deal with the town's land management issues.In Chelenko Town, the local authorities
can strive towards more sustainable, efficient, and equitable land use planning and decision-
making by giving priority to the involvement and collaboration of these key stakeholders.
Table4. 32: Do you consider there is a lack of coordination or collaboration among different stakeholders
involved in land management in town municipality?
Frequency Percent
Valid YES 22 22.4
NO 76 77.6
Total 98 100.0
According to survey results, of the 98 respondents, 22.4% (or 22 respondents) indicated "YES"
when asked if they thought there was a lack of cooperation or coordination amongst the many
parties involved in land management in the town municipality. 77.6% of respondents, or 76
58
respondents, on the other hand, said "NO," indicating that they did not see this kind of lack of
cooperation or coordination.It is imperative to tackle these issues and foster efficient
coordination and cooperation among interested parties in order to improve land management
procedures within the town municipality. Various tactics, including enhancing communication
channels, cultivating partnerships, creating information-sharing platforms, and promoting
stakeholder engagement, can aid in surmounting these obstacles and advancing cooperative
decision-making procedures.

Descriptive Statistics
N Min Max Mean Std. Deviation
Collaborative partnerships between 98 4 5 4.92 .275
government, private sector, and communities
are essential for improving urban land
management.
Implementing transparent and accountable 98 4 5 4.92 .275
land governance mechanisms is crucial.
Strengthening public participation in decision- 98 4 5 4.92 .275
making processes can lead to more inclusive
land management practices.
Prioritizing sustainable land use and 98 4 5 4.92 .275
conservation efforts is imperative for long-
term urban development.
Investing in innovative technologies and data- 98 4 5 4.92 .275
driven approaches can enhance land
management efficiency.
98 valid responses in all, or 100% of the cumulative percent, were received.Important details
about the survey responses pertaining to many facets of urban land management are provided by
the descriptive statistics. For each item in the table, the cumulative percent, percentage of
respondents, frequency, and percent are displayed.All 98 respondents gave their responses to the
statement, "Collaborative partnerships between government, private sector, and communities are
essential for improving urban land management." Responses ranged from 4, which indicates
moderate agreement, to 5, which indicates great agreement. 4.92 was the average response, while
the standard deviation was 0.275.Regarding the importance of implementing transparent and
accountable land governance mechanisms, all 98 respondents answered. The minimum response
was 4, indicating moderate agreement, while the maximum was 5, suggesting strong agreement.
The mean response was 4.92, with a standard deviation of 0.275.Concerning the value of
strengthening public participation in decision-making processes for more inclusive land
management practices, all 98 respondents provided their answers. The minimum response was 4,
indicating moderate agreement, while the maximum was 5, suggesting strong agreement. The
mean response was 4.92, with a standard deviation of 0.275.
98 respondents to the survey expressed strong agreement on the significance of conservation and
sustainable land use for long-term urban development. Most people felt that in order to improve
land management effectiveness, cutting edge technologies and data-driven strategies were
59
essential. In order to manage land effectively, the poll also emphasized the importance of
cooperative partnerships, open governance practices, public involvement, sustainable land use,
and technology innovation.
4.5.2. Discussion of Objective Four
This study aims to assess urban land management challenges and recommend solutions to
improve the system. It involves identifying issues such as inefficient land administration, unclear
land tenure systems, inadequate land use planning, lack of transparency in land transactions,
encroachment on public land, and unsustainable land development practices. The study also
analyzes the causes and impacts of these challenges, such as institutional weaknesses,
governance deficiencies, legal and regulatory gaps, lack of capacity and resources, and
conflicting interests among stakeholders.
Primary stakeholders affected by the problems include the general public, local government
authorities, and private sector organizations. The general public, representing 34.7% of
respondents, recognizes the wide-ranging impact of inadequate urban land management on the
community. Local government authorities, representing 42.9%, acknowledge their role in land
management and their responsibility to address existing problems. Private sector organizations,
representing 22.4%, are also identified as stakeholders affected by the problems.
Descriptive The SPSS output presents descriptive statistics for a set of statements related to
urban land management. The sample size is 98, with a narrow distribution of responses. The
mean score for each statement is 4.92, indicating a high level of agreement among respondents.
This suggests a strong consensus on the importance of collaborative partnerships, transparent
governance, public participation, sustainable land use, and investing in innovative technologies
for effective land management. The low standard deviation (0.275) across all statements further
reinforces the consensus. By fostering collaborative relationships, implementing transparent
governance mechanisms, involving the public in decision-making processes, promoting
sustainable land use practices, and leveraging innovative technologies, urban areas can achieve
more effective and efficient land management, leading to sustainable development and improved
quality of life for residents.
The study Discussion, emphasizes the importance of collaboration between government, private
sector, and communities for improving urban land management. It emphasizes the need for
transparent and accountable land governance, public participation in decision-making processes,
and prioritizing sustainable land use for long-term urban development. The study also suggests
that investing in innovative technologies and data-driven approaches can enhance land
management efficiency. Overall, the respondents believe these factors are crucial for improving
urban land management.
60
According to FGD and interview, In order to determine the main factors influencing land
demand and to evaluate the availability and qualities of developable land, the municipality is
conducting a thorough review of land use and land management. In addition, the assessment
assesses the capabilities and assets of the local land management system, pinpointing any
oversights and promoting land-based development initiatives. In addition, the municipality is
evaluating the supply and demand of residential land, projecting both the present and future
levels of demand. The results will be utilized to create focused suggestions for enhancements,
such as infrastructure investments, institutional capacity building, policy and regulatory reforms,
and public-private partnership. The implementation strategy will specify deadlines, accountable
parties, and oversight procedures.
In conclusion, the survey provides valuable insights into the recommended actions to improve
urban land management in Chelenko Town, emphasizing the importance of strengthening land
policies and regulations, enhancing enforcement and compliance mechanisms, investing in
human resources, and upgrading technological capabilities. These stakeholders play crucial roles
in addressing the problems and achieving positive outcomes in urban land management in
Chelenko Town.
CHAPTER FIVE
5. SUMMERY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. Summary of Finding
The study's objectives were to evaluate the problems with urban land management and offer
fixes to strengthen the framework. The main problems that were found were ambiguous land
tenure arrangements, policy constraints, and ineffective land administration procedures. Effective
land management was impeded by the municipality's lack of technical tools and skilled labor.
Despite the strong demand for affordable housing, there remained a housing crisis due to a lack
of available land.
61
Table4. 34: key findings can be summarized
Obj 1 Poor land registration and lack of cadastral system’ 18 18.4
Lack of integration with different institution 21 21.4
Inefficient land delivery system 59 60.2
Total 98 100.0
Obj 2 YES 34 34.7
NO 64 65.3
Total 98 100.0
Obj 3 High demand and low supply 95 96.9
Balanced demand and supply 3 3.1
Total 98 100.0
Obj 4 General public 34 34.7
Local government authorities 42 42.9
Private sector organizations 22 22.4
Total 98 100.0
The following succinct summary of the main conclusions is based on the survey data provided:
The survey's results point to a number of important governance and land management
challenges. Poor land registration and the absence of a cadastral system are major obstacles, as
identified by 18.4% of respondents. This shows that it can be challenging to precisely document
land boundaries and ownership, which can result in disagreements and inefficiencies. 21.4% of
respondents emphasized the lack of integration across various institutions as another issue. This
suggests that there are difficulties in coordinating activities and exchanging information, leading
to disjointed approaches. According to the poll, 60.2% of participants believe that the land
delivery system is ineffective and that it slows the acquisition and transfer of land, impeding
economic growth and development. High demand and inadequate supply are also cited by 96.9%
of respondents as a major problem that raises land costs and restricts access. Diverse viewpoints
are represented in the study: 34.7% of respondents were members of the general public, 42.9%
were local government officials, and 22.4% were business sector organizations. This emphasizes
how important stakeholder participation and collaboration are. All things considered, the survey
offers policymakers and stakeholders insightful information on areas that need attention and
possible ways to make improvements.
Ineffective land delivery systems, insufficient institutional integration, inadequate land
registration, high demand and low supply, and stakeholder involvement are identified in the
report as major obstacles to land management. It is imperative to implement improvements to
land access procedures, foster greater collaboration, establish a comprehensive cadastral
framework, and address resource scarcity. Collaboration between local government
organizations, businesses, and the public and private sectors is also necessary for effective land
management.
Based on the frequency data provided, the key limitations in the study are:
 Ineffective land delivery system: 60.2% of respondents cited this as a critical challenge,
making it the most important issue.
62
 Lack of coordination and integration between various government agencies and
organizations involved in land management was cited by 21.4% of respondents as a
reason for the fragmentation of these institutions.
 Poor land registration and lack of cadastral system: - 18.4% of respondents pointed to the
lack of a comprehensive land registration and cadastral system as a significant limitation.
 Insufficient personnel and technological capability of the municipality: - According to
65.3% of participants, the municipality is deficient in personnel and technical
tools/equipment required for efficient land management.
 High demand and low supply of land for housing: 96.9% of respondents said that there is
an imbalance in the availability of land, particularly for housing.
These restrictions imply that there are substantial obstacles facing the study area's urban land
management system in relation to capacity issues, demand-supply imbalances, institutional
coordination, and land administration.
In order to improve the findings' generalizability, the research could:

Give more background information on the study area so that readers may see how these
difficulties' characteristics and levels of difficulty might vary in various urban
environments.
Examine the fundamental reasons and connections among the different restrictions found.
Talk about how these restrictions might affect the results of housing and urban
development in general.
Describe the extent and limitations of the suggested recommendations in relation to these
intricate, multidimensional land management problems.
This would make it easier for readers to judge how applicable and relevant the study's
conclusions and suggestions are to their particular urban settings.
5.2. Conclusions
The march of urbanization has increased the need for effective urban land management. Most
land applicants, primarily those seeking land for residential use, have difficulty getting
developed land from the municipality of Chelenko town. Squatters and unplanned settlements
arise in the periphery as a result of this imbalance between supply and demand. This affects how
well land is used, how new plans are carried out, and how much money the municipality has set
aside for activities that are more important than compensation payments.
Due to its shortcomings, the Chelenko town land distribution system is unable to supply the
city's need for urban land, particularly for residential usage. Locals wind up gaining land through
dubious sources and unscrupulous tactics as a result of this inefficiency. Land allocation is
affected by a number of issues, including topography, financial constraints, official indifference,
63
a lack of commitment, and intervention from numerous agencies. Ineffective urban land
management is exacerbated by these constraints. The imbalance between supply and demand in
the town's core and periphery encourages the development of formal land prices, squatter
settlements, and land speculation. The latest structural plan for the town isn't being followed,
which makes urban land management challenging. Solutions to these issues have been proposed.
Stakeholders in urban land management include citizens, developers, businesses in the private
sector, and community organizations. While developers emphasize land availability and
infrastructure expenses, residents place a higher priority on cheap housing. While community
organizations fight for fair land allocation, the preservation of cultural assets, and community
protection, private sector organizations place a higher priority on efficiency and openness.
Policies that are inclusive and egalitarian are improved by including these viewpoints.
When managing urban property, a variety of stakeholders, including residents, developers,

businesses in the private sector, and community organizations, need to be taken into account.
Developers prioritize land availability, regulatory processes, and infrastructure costs; residents,
on the other hand, prioritize affordable housing, secure land tenure, and minimum amenities.
Private sector groups prioritize efficiency and transparency in property transactions, whereas
community organizations strive for equitable land distribution, the preservation of cultural
heritage, and the safety of vulnerable populations. These differing viewpoints can be taken into
consideration when developing urban land management policies, resulting in more equitable and
inclusive outcomes. This will encourage greater accountability, openness, and sustainability in
land management, which will ultimately lead to better outcomes for the community at large.
5.3. Recommendations
Effective land management is crucial to ensuring that urban areas function as intended. The
following recommendations are made in an attempt to improve the insufficient urban land
management system that is in place right now and to achieve effective and successful urban land
management.
 It ought to be Create and put into effect comprehensive land management policies and
rules that address the issues that have been discovered, such as encroaching on unclaimed
property, corruption, or a lack of enforcement.
 The town municipality ought to revise its land management system in order to promote
appropriate land appraisal and establish the infrastructure required for the land market to
operate.
64
 The town municipality should be improve its land management practices, by Improve
transparency and accountability in land management processes through the use of
technology, such as online land registration systems or digitized land records.
 The vital process of land management requires a thorough assessment of the available
labor force and technological equipment, in addition to the provision of necessary
training programs and resources.
 To guarantee successful land management, foster collaboration among various
stakeholders such as government agencies, developers, landowners, and community
leaders.
 The town should be Determine whether there are any shortages or gaps in technical tools
and equipment or human resources. Take into account whether more staffing or training
is required, as well as whether modern, effective equipment needs to be purchased.
 Plans for capacity building should be given to technical staff by the municipality, which
should also oversee and administer the completed structural plan and cadaster.
 Determine any inequalities in home affordability by evaluating the affordability of
housing for various income groups. Think about how future population shifts, such as
the movement of urban to rural areas, might affect the availability and demand for
housing.
 It is recommended that the municipality updates the lengthy land delivery procedures
and establish a cadastral system that is both efficient and effective in order to deter
illegal land holding by residents, business owners, and peasants.
Finally, the paper recommends further investigation to find additional urban land management
concerns that have impeded urban land management in municipalities, such as the characteristics
of technology and human resource capabilities, the urban investment land delivery system,
Regularly evaluate and monitor land management techniques in order to determine progress and
make necessary modifications to the solutions that have been established.
Reforming land administration services, fortifying legal and policy frameworks, building
institutional capacity, enhancing data and information management, and encouraging multi-
stakeholder engagement are some of the suggested solutions for Municipality Town's urban land
management problems. With these adjustments, the urban land management system should
become more inclusive, transparent, and efficient, which should promote the growth of
dependable, equitable, and sustainable urban settings. In order to put these solutions into
practice, it will be necessary to reevaluate and streamline land administration processes, digitize
property records, fortify dispute resolution procedures, expand staff capabilities, and introduce e-
governance technologies. Additionally, these steps will guarantee public involvement in land use
planning and decision-making.
5.4. Future Research Directions
65
Examining the effects of fast urbanization on land management strategies, the study focuses on
variables such as migration, population increase, and economic development. It also looks at the
possibilities for smart city concepts and technology in urban land management, as well as
sustainable urban expansion. In regard to urban land management, the study investigates the
advantages, difficulties, and possible hazards of putting smart city plans into practice.
The paper examines the difficulties in managing land tenure dynamics, housing markets, and
land governance in urban informal settlements. It also looks at how to keep social justice intact
while modernizing and legitimizing these settlements. Along with analyzing land affordability
and the effects of laws, the study also examines the supply and demand for housing, taking into
account variables like population growth, migration patterns, and socioeconomic shifts.
With an emphasis on green spaces, sustainable land use, and the protection of natural resources
in urban areas, the study examines the connection between environmental conservation and land
management. In order to finance public amenities and urban infrastructure, it also examines land
value capture and financing techniques, such as land readjustment and land-based financing
schemes.The study examines how social involvement and stakeholder engagement affect urban
land management practices, with a particular emphasis on local communities, civil society
organizations, and marginalized groups. In order to handle new problems and advance
sustainable urban land management, it also covers the necessity of institutional and regulatory
reforms. For improved outcomes, the article also recommends multi-level governance and
interagency cooperation.
The goal of the study is to investigate how data-driven methods and technology might be used to
enhance urban land management techniques. It investigates how cutting-edge technology like
artificial intelligence, machine learning, and remote sensing may enhance planning for land use,
track changes in land, and aid in decision-making. The paper also discusses ethical issues
including equity and data privacy. The goal of the study is to offer guidance to planners,
politicians, and practitioners who want to use technology to improve and sustainably manage
property.Future research along these lines will help to better understand the potential and
problems in managing urban land, which will help to create more sustainable and effective
solutions to the many problems related to land use and urbanization.
The goal of the study is to investigate how data-driven methods and technology might be used to
enhance urban land management techniques. It investigates how cutting-edge technology like
artificial intelligence, machine learning, and remote sensing may enhance planning for land use,
track changes in land, and aid in decision-making. The paper also discusses ethical issues
including equity and data privacy. The goal of the study is to offer guidance to planners,
politicians, and practitioners who want to use technology to improve and sustainably manage
property.
66
67
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ii
APPENDIX A: Questionnaire

COLLEGE OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF URBAN LAND DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Dear Respondents,
This questionnaire's goal is to assist in gathering information for the research tittle "Challenges of Urban
Land Management in Cheleenko Town of Eastern Hararge Zone in Oromia, Ethiopia." The information
supplied is extremely secret and will only be used for the purpose of the study. Completing this
questionnaire has does not have any impact on the institution's image, goodwill, or any other aspect. The
task is intended to serve as a partial academic fulfillment of the master's requirements in urban land
development and management. Thus, in order for the research to be successful, the researcher respectfully
asks that you provide an honest response.
For further information please contact Ibsa Abdi by the following address.
Tel: - +251928049197
Thank you for your support.

Part I: Background of the Respondent
Sex/Gender/: 1.Male ( ) 2.Female ( )
Age (In Year): 1. 20 To 25 ( ) 2. 26 To 35 ( ) 3. 36 To 45 ( ) 4.Above 45 ( )
Marital Status 1= Single, 2= Married, 3 =Divorce, 4= Widowed
Level of Education: 1. 12 Grades and Less ( ) 2. College Diploma ( ) 3.Bachelor's Degree ( ) 4.Master’s
Degree ( )
Part II: Instruction: Please indicate your opinion in statement by ticking (√) on the applicable
spacesThe values of scales are 5 = strongly agree (SA), 4 = agree (A), 3 = neutral (N), 2= disagree
(D), 1 = Strongly Disagree (SD)
2.1 Questions Regarding to major problems and causes of land management

NO Description Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
major problems and causes of land Agree Disagree
management
1 The lack of clear land use policies
contributes to urban land management
challenges.
2 Limited capacity of municipality
(Financial and skilled manpower)
3 Lack of multi-sectoral integration
4 Rising demand for land and urban
sprawl
5 Rapid urbanization and population
growth strain existing land resources.
iii
6 The existing infrastructure sufficient in
the municipalit?
2.2 Questions Regarding to current situation of demand and supply for housing
# Description Strongly Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
the existing situation in the demand and Agree Disagree
supply of land for housing the municipality
7 There is a clear understanding of the current
demand for housing in the study area.
8 The available land supply is sufficient to
meet the current housing demand.
9 Land speculation and hoarding contribute to
housing affordability issues.
10 Affordable housing resourcefulness are
adequately supported by government
policies.
11 There is effective coordination between
urban planning and housing development
agencies.
12 Lack of access to financing for housing
2.3 Questions Regarding to manpower as well as technical instruments (equipment) of the land
managment
Agree Disagree
manpower as well as technical
instruments (equipment) of the land
managment
12 The municipality possesses adequate
skilled manpower for effective land
management.
13 Technical equipment and resources are
readily available for land surveying and
planning.
14 Training and capacity-building programs
are provided to municipal staff regularly.
15 Budgetary constraints hinder the
acquisition of modern land management
technologies.
16 Collaborations with external agencies
enhance the municipality's technical
capabilities.
17 Do you think the existing man power is
enough to provide the service in town
municipality offices?
2.4 Questions Regarding to Recommendations and possible solutions based on identified problems.
Agree Disagree
Recommendations and possible solutions
based on identified problems.
18 Collaborative partnerships between
government, private sector, and communities
are essential for improving urban land
management.
19 Implementing transparent and accountable
land governance mechanisms is crucial.
iv
20 Strengthening public participation in decision-
making processes can lead to more inclusive
land management practices.
21 Prioritizing sustainable land use and
conservation efforts is imperative for long-
term urban development.
22 Investing in innovative technologies and data-
driven approaches can enhance land
management efficiency.
Part III: 2.5 Questions regarding to main challenges of urban land management
Instruction: Please indicate your opinion in statement by ticking (√) on the applicable
Spaces
1. What are the major problems or challenges you have observed in land management in the study area?
a) Technological problem
b) Policy constraints
c) Lack of multi-sectoral integration
d) Rising demand for land and urban sprawl
e) Limited capacity of municipality (Financial and skilled manpower)
2. What is the root causes behind the challenges faced in urban land management?
a) Rapid urbanization
b) Ineffective governance
c) Lack of public awareness
d) Insufficient funding
e) Inadequate infrastructure
f) Other (please specify)
3. What are the basic constraints of staff and land management and delivery processes for urban
inhabitants as well as investors?
a) Financial []
b) Technical []
c) Human power
d) Lack of clear and legal procedure
e) Other
4. What do you perceive as the main challenges to urban land management in the Municipality Town?
Squatter settlement
a) Poor land registration and lack of cadastral system’
b) Lack of integration with different institution
c) Inefficient land delivery system
d) Other
6. Define the level and adequacy of the manpower as well as technical instruments (equipment) of the
municipality.
a) Skilled workforce shortage
b) Outdated technology and equipment
c) Lack of training programs for staff
d) Inadequate budget for staffing and equipment
v
7. How would you rate the current level of service in the municipality?
a) Inadequate, significantly below the required capacity
b) Moderately adequate, partially meeting the required capacity
c) Sufficient, meeting the required capacit
8. What are the major challenges related to the adequacy of technical instruments (equipment) in the
a) Limited budget for procurement and maintenance of equipment
b) Outdated or obsolete instruments that hamper productivity
c) Insufficient access to modern mapping and surveying technologies
d) Inadequate training and knowledge to operate technical instruments
e) Other (please specify)
9. What are the major challenges related to the level of manpower in the municipality for urban land
management?
a) Inadequate staffing and limited human resources
b) Lack of specialized expertise in urban land management
c) High turnover and retention issues
d) Insufficient training and professional development opportunities
10. What measures or strategies could be implemented to improve the level of manpower in the
a) Hiring additional staff with relevant expertise
b) Providing training and capacity-building programs for existing staff
c) Establishing partnerships with educational institutions for skill development
d) Offering competitive salaries and benefits to attract and retain talent
11. How the challenges do related to manpower and technical instruments impact the municipality's
ability to effectively manage urban land?
a) Delays and inefficiencies in land-related processes and services
b) Inaccurate data collection and analysis
c) Inability to provide timely and accurate land information to stakeholders
d) Difficulty in enforcing land regulations and policies
12. What measures or strategies could be implemented to enhance the adequacy of technical instruments
(equipment) in the municipality for urban land management?
a) Allocating sufficient budget for equipment procurement and maintenance
b) Upgrading existing instruments and technologies
c) Exploring partnerships with private companies for access to advanced equipment
d) Establishing a dedicated technical support team for equipment management
13. How well do you believe the identified problems in land management can be addressed with the
current resources and capabilities?
a) Not at all
vi
b) To a limited extent
c) Moderately well
d) Very well
14. What is the current status of land supply and demand in Chelenko Town? Please select one:
a) High demand and low supply
b) Balanced demand and supply
c) Low demand and high supply
15. What is reason behand the low land supply (land delivery) challenge for housing in chellenko town?
a) Lack Of adequate land
b) Limited availability of land for development
c) Lack of access to financing for housing
d) Inefficient land use planning
e) Develop affordable housing policies
16. What actions do you believe should be taken to improve the existing situation of urban land
management in Chelenko Town?
a) Strengthen land policies and regulations
b) Enhance enforcement and compliance mechanisms
c) Invest in improving human resources
d) Upgrade technological capabilities
Plan for sustainable urbanization and population growth
Other (please specify)
17. Provide appropriate recommendations and possible solutions based on identified problems.
a) Improve land administration and title registration processes
b) Develop affordable housing policies
c) Invest in training and capacity building for staff
d) Stakeholder engagement and collaboration
e) Reduced informal settlements and encroachment
f) Improve land administration and title registration processes
18. What potential benefits or outcomes can be expected from implementing these recommended
solutions?
a) Sustainable urban development
b) Improved access to affordable housing
c) Enhanced land governance and administration
d) Reduced informal settlements and encroachment
e) Other (please specify): ___________
19. What are the priority areas that require immediate attention and intervention?
a) Policy reform and regulatory changes
b) Capacity building and training programs
c) Infrastructure development or improvement
d) Stakeholder engagement and collaboration
e) Public awareness campaigns and education
vii
f) Other (please specify): ___________
20. Who are the primary stakeholders or individuals/groups affected by these problems? Please select all
that apply:
a) General public
b) Local government authorities
c) Private sector organizations
d) Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
e) Community or specific interest groups
f) Other (please specify): ___________
2.6 Questions regarding to main challenges of urban land management

Instruction: Please indicate your opinion in statement by ticking (√) on the applicable spaces
1. Have you encountered any specific difficulties or obstacles in managing urban land within the town?
a) Yes [] b) No [] c) Unsure []
2. Are there any frequent issues or patterns that affect urban land management in your town municipality?
3. Is their efficient urban land management system in your town municipality?
4. Are there any ongoing resourcefulness or plans in the municipality to address the manpower and
technical instrument (equipment) requirements in your town municipality?
5. Do you think that the land administration system of your town is efficient and effective?
A) Yes [] B) No [] C) Unsure []
6. Have you observed any requests where the municipality's human resources were insufficient for
effective urban land management in town municipality offices?
7. Are there any areas where you think the municipality's technological capabilities could be superior in
town municipality offices?
8. Do you think the existing man power is enough to provide the service in town municipality offices?
9. Are there any imbalances between the supply and demand of land in your town municipality?
10. Have you observed any trends or changes in land supply and demand dynamics over time in your
town municipality?
11. Do you consider there is a lack of coordination or collaboration among different stakeholders
involved in land management in town municipality?
a) Yes b) No c) Unsure
viii
APPENDIX B: Interview and FGD Questions
Part III: Dear respondent

This study is part of partial fulfillment for the master urban land Development and Management at
Ethiopia Civil Service University College of Urban Development and Engineering Studies. The purpose
of collecting data that will be used in the research study titled ‘challenges of urban land management in
Chelenko town in Oromia, Ethiopia. The results obtained will be beneficial to all stakeholders. You are
requested to answer the questions as honestly as possible so that the reliable information you will give
will be treated confidentially and be used only for the purpose of the study. Please share your insights and
experiences regarding the major problems and causes of land management in the study area. Feel free to
provide specific examples or elaborate on each point.
1. What do you consider to be the major challenge in land management in your town municipality?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. What are some of the causes or contributing factors to these problems in your town municipality?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------
3. How would you describe the current situation in terms of demand for land for housing in your town
municipality?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. How would you describe the current situation in terms of the supply of land for housing in your town
municipality?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Are there any specific challenges or issues related to the demand and supply of land for housing in your
town municipality?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. How would you assess the level of manpower in the municipality for effective land management in
your town municipality?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. Are there any specific areas where the manpower is lacking or needs improvement in your town
municipality?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------
8. How would you assess the adequacy of technical instruments (equipment) used for land management in
the
ix
municipality ?--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. Are there any specific technical instruments or equipment that are currently lacking or need
improvement in your town
municipality?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. What recommendations would you propose to address the identified problems in land management in
your town
municipality?---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. Are there any specific solutions or strategies you believe would be effective in improving the demand
and supply of land for housing in your town municipality?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------
12. Do you have any other comments, suggestions, or insights regarding the challenge of urban land
management in your town municipality?
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Thank you for your time!
Photograph of interview
Photograph Focus group discussion (FGD)
x
xi

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ETHIOPIAN CIVIL SERVICE UNIVERSITY

College of Urban Development and Engineering

Urban Land Development and Management Department

The Research Is Titled “The Challenge of Urban Land Management

The College of Urban Development and Engineering

Department of Urban Land Development and Management

The Research Is Titled “The Challenge of Urban Land Management

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

College of Urban Development and Engineering

Department of Urban Land Development and Management

Dissertation/Thesis for Defense

Advaser name Signature Date

………………… ……………. …………..

Supervisor's name Signature Date

………………… …………….. …………..

Co-supervisor'sname Signature Date

………………… …………….. ……………..

Name of DepartmentHead Signature Date

……………………….. ……………….. …………….

FIGURE 2.1: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK.......................................................................................................................................18

FIGURE 3.1: DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY'S AREA ...........................................................................................................................20

FIGURE4.3: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ............................................................................................................................................46

TABLE 3.1: THE TOTAL SAMPLE SIZES.........................................................................................................23

Table4. 1: Reliability cofficients of variables……………………………………………………………..27

DMS Degrees Minutes Seconds

1.1. General Background of study

In African cities, management of urban land is a multifaceted problem combining environmental,

1.2. Statement of the Problem

1.3. Research Quetions

1.4. Objective of the Study

1.4.2. Specific Objectives of the study

 The specific objective of the study is:

1.6. Study Scope

1.7. Organization of the Paper

2. Review of Related Literature

2.1. Theoretical Literature Review

2.1.1. Operational Definition

2.1.2. Review of Concepts

2.1.2.1. Urban Land Management

2.1.2.2. The significance of Governance and land management

2.1.2.4. Land Administration

2.1.2.5. Urban Land Administration

2.1.2.6. Land information system (LIS): A Land Management Tool

Effective land administration cannot be anticipated in the absence of an information system or

2.1.2.7. Planning and Implementation of Urban Land Use

2.1.2.8.1. Supply for land

2.1.2.8.2. Demand for land

2.1.9. Informal settlement and Land Management

2.1.9.2. Slum Settlements

2.1.3. Review of Theories

2.1.3.2. Theory of Political Ecology

2.2. Empirical Literature Review

2.2.1. Some African Countries' Experiences in Urban Land Management

2.2.1.2. Urban Land Management in South Africa

2.2.1.3. Urban Land Management Trend in Ethiopia

2.2.1.3.1. The era of imperial regime

2.2.1.3.2. The Dreg regime

2.2.1.4. Legal frameworks in Ethiopia

2.2.1.5. Institutional frameworks in Ethiopia

Through thorough analysis, historical considerations, stakeholder perspectives, comparative

Land Informal urban

Urban rural Insecurity

Poor Unmet Formal Informal land

1 Landadministration office 13 13/1+130.10.1=11 9.01