CONCRETE LAB MANUAL CITech 2022

CONCRETE AND HIGHWAY MATERIALS LABORATORY - 2022
MANDATORY INSTRUCTIONS
1. Students should report to the labs concerned as per the time table.
2. Record should be updated from time to time and the previous experiment must be signed by
the faculty in charge concerned before attending the lab.
3. Students who turn up late to the labs will in no case be permitted to perform the experiment
scheduled for the day.
4. After completion of the experiment, certification of the staff in-charge concerned in the
observation book is necessary.
5. Students should bring an observation book of about 100 pages and should enter the
readings/observations/results into the notebook while performing the experiment.
6. The record of observations along with the detailed experimental procedure of the experiment
performed in the immediate previous session should be submitted and certified by the staff
member in-charge.
7. Not more than FIVE students in a group are permitted to perform the experiment on a setup.
8. The group-wise division made in the beginning should be adhered to, and no mix up of
student among different groups will be permitted later
9. The components required pertaining to the experiment should be collected from
Lab- in-charge after duly signing in the logbook.
10. When the experiment is completed, students should disconnect the setup made by them and
should return all the components/instruments CLEANED taken for the purpose.
11. Any damage of the equipment or burnout of components will be viewed seriously either by
putting penalty or by dismissing the total group of students from the lab for the
semester/year.
12. Students should be present in the labs for the total scheduled duration.
13. Students are expected to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment before coming to
Laboratory.
DRESS CODE:
 Boys - Formal dress with tuck in and shoes.
 Girls - Formal dress with tuck in shoes.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TESTS ON CEMENT ................................................................................................................. 1
EXPERIMENTNO:01...............................................................................................................................1
Normal Consistency Test for Cement .................................................................................................1
EXPERIMENTNO:02...............................................................................................................................4
Setting Time of Cement ......................................................................................................................4
EXPERIMENTNO:03...............................................................................................................................7
Compressive Strength of Cement .......................................................................................................7
EXPERIMENTNO:04............................................................................................................................. 10
Fineness Test For Cement ............................................................................................................... 10
EXPERIMENTNO:05............................................................................................................................. 13
Specific Gravity Test For Cement .................................................................................................... 13
TESTSON CONCRETE ............................................................................................................ 15
EXPERIMENTNO:06............................................................................................................................. 15
Mix design....................................................................................................................................... 15
EXPERIMENTNO:07............................................................................................................................. 20
Slump Test....................................................................................................................................... 20
EXPERIMENTNO:08............................................................................................................................. 23
Compaction Factor Test .................................................................................................................. 23
EXPERIMENTNO:09............................................................................................................................. 26
Vee – Bee Consisto meter Test ......................................................................................................... 26
EXPERIMENTNO:10............................................................................................................................. 28
Compressive Strength of Concrete ................................................................................................... 28
EXPERIMENTNO:11............................................................................................................................. 31
Split Tensile Strength of Concrete.................................................................................................... 31
EXPERIMENTNO:12............................................................................................................................. 33
Test on Flexural Strength of Beams ................................................................................................. 33
PART B: HIGHWAY MATERIALS LAB ................................................................................. 35
TESTSON AGGREGATES ....................................................................................................... 35
EXPERIMENTNO:13............................................................................................................................. 35
Aggregate Crushing Test ................................................................................................................. 35
EXPERIMENT NO:14 ............................................................................................................................ 38

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Abrasion Test .................................................................................................................................. 38
EXPERIMENTNO:15............................................................................................................................. 42
Aggregate Impact Test..................................................................................................................... 42
AGGREGATE SHAPETESTS .................................................................................................. 46
EXPERIMENTNO:16............................................................................................................................. 46
Flakiness Test.................................................................................................................................. 46
Elongation Test &combined index ................................................................................................... 48
Angularity Number .......................................................................................................................... 50
TESTS ONBITUMINOUSMATERIALS .................................................................................. 52
EXPERIMENTNO:17............................................................................................................................. 52
Specific Gravity Test For Bitumen ................................................................................................... 52
EXPERIMENTNO:18............................................................................................................................. 54
Penetration Test .............................................................................................................................. 54
EXPERIMENTNO:19............................................................................................................................. 57
Viscosity Test .................................................................................................................................. 57
EXPERIMENTNO:20............................................................................................................................. 59
Ductility Test ................................................................................................................................... 59
EXPERIMENTNO:21............................................................................................................................. 61
Softening Point Test ........................................................................................................................ 61
EXPERIMENTNO:22............................................................................................................................. 64
Marshal Stability Test...................................................................................................................... 64
TESTS ON SOIL ....................................................................................................................... 69
EXPERIMENTNO:23............................................................................................................................. 69
CBR Test ......................................................................................................................................... 69
TESTS ON SELFCOMPACTINGCONCRETE ........................................................................ 73
EXPERIMENTNO:24............................................................................................................................. 73
Slump Flow Test .............................................................................................................................. 73
EXPERIMENTNO:25............................................................................................................................. 75
L-boxtest method ............................................................................................................................. 75
EXPERIMENTNO:26............................................................................................................................. 77
V- Funnel Test ................................................................................................................................. 77

EXPERIMENTNO:27............................................................................................................................. 79
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U box test method on SCC ............................................................................................................... 79
Experiment No: 28… .......................................................................................................... 81
Non Destructive tests a) Rebound hammer b) Pulse velocity test ........................................... 81
VIVAQUESTIONS ........................................................................................................................................................... 89
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CONCRETE AND HIGHWAY MATERIALS LABORATORY 2022
TESTS ON CEMENT
EXPERIMENT NO: 01
NORMAL CONSISTENCY TEST FOR CEMENT
Aim: To determine, the standard consistency of a given cement sample by vicat apparatus.
Apparatus Used: - Vicat apparatus with vicat plunger, vicat mould, Measuring jar (100 ml
capacity), Weighing balance, weigh box, Glass plates,
Brief Theory: - The object of conducting this test is to find out the amount of water to be added
to the cement to get a paste of normal consistency, i.e. the paste of a standard solidity, which is
used to fix the quantity of water to be mixed in cement before performing tests for setting time,
soundness & compressive strength.
Experimental Procedure: -The standard consistency of a cement paste which permit vicat
plunger 'A' to penetrate to a height 5 to 7 mm the top of the vicat mould when the cement paste is
tested as described below,
1. For preparing one mould take 400gm of cement passing 850 micron IS sieve and prepare a
paste of cement with a weighed quantity of water, Taking care to see that the time of gauging
is between 3 to 5minutes.
2. Fill the vicat Mould resting upon non-porous plate with this paste. After completely filling the
mould, smooth off the surface of thepaste
3. Place the test block in mould with the non-porous testing plate under the rod attached with
plunger A. Lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of test block and release it quickly,
allowing it to sink into thepaste.
4. Prepare the trial pastes with varying percentage of water i.e. 24% 28%, 29%, 30% & 32% and
the test is done as described above, until the standard consistency isobtained.
Department of Civil Engineering, CITECH, Bangalore Page 1of 91

Tabular column:
Sl. No. No. of trials I II III IV V VI
01 Percentage of Water
02 Initial Reading
03 Final Reading
04 Height Penetrated mm
Sketch:

Result: The normal consistency of cementsample=%
IS specification: - The standard consistency of a cement paste which permits vicat plunger to
penetrate to a height of 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the vicat mould is varies from 24% to 34%
depending on the sample.
Conclusion:
Reference Code:
IS 5513 – 1976 Specification for vicat apparatus
IS 4031 – PART4 – 1988 Determination of consistency of standard cement paste

EXPERIMENT NO: 02
SETTING TIME OF CEMENT
Aim: To determine the initial & final setting time of given cement sample by vicat apparatus.
Apparatus Used: Vicat apparatus with vicat needles, Vicat mould, gauging trowel, measuring jar
(of 100 ml capacity), weighing balance, Stopwatch, weigh box, glass plate.
Brief Theory: Setting of cement means “stiffening” of cement paste. Broadly speaking, setting
refers to a change from fluid to a rigid state. In order that the concrete should be placed in place
conveniently, it is necessary that the initial setting time of cement is not too quick, & after it has
been laid, hardening should be rapid so that the structure can be made use of as early as possible.
Initial setting time is defined as the period elapsing between the time when water is added to the
cement and the time at which a needle of 1mm square section fails to pierce the test block to a
depth of about 5mm from the bottom of the mould. Final setting time is defined as the period
elapsing between the time when the water is added to the cement and the time at which the needle
of 1mm square section makes an impression on the test block, while the attachment fails to make
an impression on the test block.
Procedure:
1. Prepare a neat cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 P water. Where P= Standard
consistency.
2. The gauging time is kept between 3 to 5 minutes, Start the water is added to thecement.
3. Fill the vicat mould and smooth off the surface of the paste, & the mould is in the vicat 's
apparatus attached with needle 'B' for determination of initial settingtime.
4. Lower the needle gently in contact with the surface of the test block and release quickly,
allowing it to penetrate in to the testblock.
5. Repeat this procedure unites the needle fails to piers the block for about 5-mm measured from
the bottom of the mould.

6. The period elapsed between the time when water is added to the cement and the time at which
the needle fails to pierce is noted down as the initial settingtime.
7. For the determination of final setting time, replace the needle by 'C', the cement is considered
finally set, when, applying the needle 'C' gently to the surface of the testblock.
Tabular column:
Sl. No. No. of trials I II III IV V VI
01 Time in minutes
02 Initial Reading
03 Final Reading
04 Height of penetration in mm
(from Bottom)
Sketch:

Result:
IS Specifications: The initial setting time should not be less than 30 minutes & final setting time
should not be more than 600 minutes. For quick setting cement initial setting time should not be
less than 5 minutes & final setting time should not exceed 30 minutes.
Conclusions:
Reference Code:
IS 5513 – 1976 Specification for vicat apparatus
IS 4031 – 1988 Method of test for determining initial and final setting time of cement

EXPERIMENT NO: 03
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT
Aim: To determine the compressive strength of cement mortar cubes of 1:3 proportion after 3
days and 7 days curing.
Apparatus Used: CTM, Cube moulds, Vibrating machine, measuring jar, trowels, non- porous
plate, balance and weight box etc.
Brief Theory: The compressive strength of cement mortar is determined in order to verify
whether the cement conforms to IS specification (IS: 269 - 1976) and to know whether it will be
able to get the required compressive strength of cement mortar cubes.
Experimental Procedure:
1. The material for each cube shall be mixed separately and the quantities of cement and
standard sand shall be asfollows.
Cement = 200gm
Sand =600gm
Water = (P/4 +3) %, [P= the percentage of water for standard consistency]
2. Place the mixture of cement and standard sand in the proportion of 1:3 by mass on non-porous
plate and mix it dry with a trowel for 1 minute and then with water until the mixture is of
uniform colour. The time of mixing shall not be less than 3minutes.‟
3. Place the assembled mould on the table of the vibrating machine firmly.
4. Immediately after mixing the mortar, fill the entire quantity of mortar in the cube mould and
compact by vibration.
5. The period of vibration shall be2minutes.
6. Remove the mould from the machine and keep it at a temperature of 27 0c for 24hours.

7. Remove the cube from the mould and immediately submerge in water for 7 days. Keep the
cubes wet till they are placed in machine for testing.
8. Test the specimens at the required periods (3 days, 7 days)
Sketch: -
Calculations: Compressive strength of cement = load /area=N/mm2
IS Specifications: For ordinary Portland cement the compression strength at 3 days and 7
dayscuring should be not less than 16N/mm2 and 22N/mm2.
Conclusions:

Result: The compressive strength of cement for given sample= N/mm2
Reference Code: -
IS 7246–1974 Recommendations for use of table vibrators consolidating concrete
IS 4031 - PART 7 - 1988 Method of test for strength ofconcrete
IS 269: 1967 Specifications for ordinary and low Portland cement.
IS: 650 – 1966 Specification for standard sand for testing of cement.

EXPERIMENT NO: 04
FINENESS TEST FOR CEMENT
Aim: To determine the fineness value for cement as represented by specific surface expressed as
total surface area in sq. cm/gm by air permeability apparatus
Apparatus required: Air permeability cell, perforated disc, manometer, filter paper discs,
Dibutyl pthalate etc.
Brief Theory: The fineness of cement is a measure of the size of particles of cement and is
expressed in terms of specific surface of the cement. It is an important factor in determining the
rate of gain of strength and uniformity of quality. For a given weight of cement, the surface area is
more for finer cement than for coarser cement. The finer the cement, the higher is the rate of
hydration, as more specific area is available for chemical reaction. This results in early
development of the strength. Thus the specific surface of cement is calculated based on the
relation between flow air through the cement bed and the surface area of the particles comprising
the cement bed. From this the surface area per unit weight of the body material can be related to
the permeability of a bed of a givenporosity.
Procedure:
1. The cement bed in the permeability cell is 12cm high and 2.5 cm indiameter.
2. Knowing the density of cement the weight required to make a cement bed of porosity of
0.475 can be calculated.
3. This quantity of cement is placed in the permeability cell in a standard manner.
4. Slowly pass on air through the cement bed at a constant velocity until the flow meter
shows a difference in level of30-50cm.
5. Read the difference in level h1 of the manometer and the difference in level h2 of the flow
meter.
6. Repeat these observations to ensure that steady conditions have been obtained by a
constant value of h1/h2. Specific surface is calculated by the formula:

Sw = K √ h1/h2
Where
K= 14  3 A
D 1  CL

ξ = porosity i.e. o.475
A = Area of the cement bed
L = Length of the cement bed
D = Density ofcement
C = Flow meter constant
Result: The Specific surface of the cementis=sq. cm / gm
IS Specification: Fineness requirement of cement as per IS 269 - 1976
Rapid Low
Property Ordinary Hardening Heat
Specific surface (sq. cm/gm) by

air permeability method, not less 2250 3250 3200
than
Reference Code:
IS 5516: 1996 Specification for variable flow type air permeability apparatus (Blaine type)
IS 269 – 1976 Specifications for ordinary and low Portland cement.

EXPERIMENT NO: 05
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST FOR CEMENT
Aim: To determine the specific gravity value for cement
Apparatus Required: Density bottle, kerosene, balance
Brief theory: The specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the mass of a given volume of the
material to the mass of an equal volume of water.
Procedure:
1. Weigh the specific gravity bottle dry. Let the mass of empty bottle be w1
2. Fill the bottle with distilled water and weigh the bottle filled with water. Let the mass be w2
3. Wipe dry the specific gravity bottle and fill it kerosene and weigh. Let this mass be w3
4. Pour some of the kerosene out and introduce a weighed quality of cement (about 50gms) into
the bottle. Roll the bottle gently in inclined position until no further air bubbles rise to surface.
Fill the bottle to the top with kerosene and weigh it. Let this mass be w4.
5. Specific gravity of kerosene S=W3-W1/W2-W1
Observations & Calculations:
Weight of the specific gravity bottle (W1) =
Weight of the specific gravity bottle filled with water (W2) =
Weight of the specific gravity bottle filled with kerosene (W3)=
Weight of the specific gravity bottle half filled with cement and rest with kerosene (W4gm) =
Weight of cement = W5gm
Specific gravity of kerosene = S=W3-W1/ W2-W1

Specific gravity of cement = W5 (W3-W1)/ (W5+ W3-W4) (W2-W1)
Specific gravity =
Result: The specific gravity of given cement sample=
IS Specification: The specific gravity of Portland cement is generally about 3.15, but that of
cement manufactured from materials other than limestone and clay, the value may vary. Specific
gravity is not an indication of quality of cement. It is used in calculations of mixed proportions.
Conclusion:
Reference Code: IS 269 – 1976 Specifications for ordinary and low Portland cement.

IMPORTANT NOTES:


TESTS ON CONCRETE
EXPERIMENT NO: 06
MIX DESIGN
Aim: To determine the mix design of concrete
Brief Theory: Mix design can be defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of
concrete and determining their relative proportions with the object of producing concrete of
certain minimum strength and durability as economically as possible. This is to achieve minimum
strength and durability and also to make the concrete in the most economical manner.
Procedure:
A-1 Stipulations for Proportioning
1 Grade Designation
2 Type of Cement
3 Maximum Nominal Aggregate Size
4 Minimum Cement Content (MORT&H 1700-3 A)
5 Maximum Water Cement Ratio (MORT&H 1700-3 A)
6 Workability (MORT&H 1700-4)
7 Exposure Condition
8 Degree of Supervision
9 Type of Aggregate
10 Maximum Cement Content (MORT&H Cl. 1703.2)

11 Chemical Admixture Type
A-2 Test Data for Materials
1 Cement Used
2 Sp. Gravity of Cement
3 Sp. Gravity of Water
4 Chemical Admixture
5 Sp. Gravity of 20 mm Aggregate
6 Sp. Gravity of 10 mm Aggregate
7 Sp. Gravity of Sand
8 Water Absorption of 20 mm Aggregate
9 Water Absorption of 10 mm Aggregate
10 Water Absorption of Sand
11 Free (Surface) Moisture of 20 mm Aggregate
12 Free (Surface) Moisture of 10 mm Aggregate
13 Free (Surface) Moisture of Sand
14 Sieve Analysis of Individual Coarse Aggregates
15 Sieve Analysis of Combined Coarse Aggregates

15 Sp. Gravity of Combined Coarse Aggregates
16 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregates
A-3 Target Strength for Mix Proportioning
1 Target Mean Strength (MORT&H 1700-5)
2 Characteristic Strength @ 28 days
A-4 Selection of Water Cement Ratio
1 Maximum Water Cement Ratio (MORT&H 1700-3 A)
2 Adopted Water Cement Ratio
A-5 Selection of Water Content
1 Maximum Water content (10262-table-2)
2 Estimated Water content for 50-75 mm Slump
3 Super-plasticiser used
A-6 Calculation of Cement Content
1 Water Cement Ratio
2 Cement Content (160/0.42)

A-7 Proportion of Volume of Coarse Aggregate & Fine Aggregate Content
1 Vol. of C.A. as per table 3 of IS 10262:2009
2 Adopted Vol. of Coarse Aggregate
3 Adopted Vol. of Fine Aggregate ( 1-0.62)
A-8 Mix Calculations
1 Volume of Concrete in m3
2 Volume of Cement in m3
(Mass of Cement) / (Sp. Gravity of Cement)x1000
3 Volume of Water in m3
(Mass of Water) / (Sp. Gravity of Water)x1000
4 Volume of Admixture @ 0.5% in m3
(Mass of Admixture)/(Sp. Gravity of Admixture)x1000
5 Volume of All in Aggregate in m3
Sr. no. 1 – (Sr. no. 2+3+4)
6 Volume of Coarse Aggregate in m3
Sr. no. 5 x 0.62
7 Volume of Fine Aggregate in m3

Sr. no. 5 x 0.38
A-9 Mix Proportions for One Cum of Concrete (SSD Condition)
1 Mass of Cement in kg/m3
2 Mass of Water in kg/m3
3 Mass of Fine Aggregate in kg/m3
4 Mass of Coarse Aggregate in kg/m3
Mass of 20 mm in kg/m3
Mass of 10 mm in kg/m3
5 Mass of Admixture in kg/m3
6 Water Cement Ratio
Result: The mix design of concrete is
IS Specification:
Conclusion:
Reference Code:
IS 10262-2009 & MORT&H

EXPERIMENT NO: 07
SLUMP TEST
Aim: To determine the consistency of concrete mix of given proportions by the slump test.
Apparatus: Iron pan to mix concrete, weighing platform spatula, trowels, slump test apparatus
with 300 mm scale, tamping rod, balance to weigh up to 30 kg
Brief Theory: Unsupported fresh concrete, flows to the sides and a sinking in height takes place.
This vertical settlement is known as slump. In this test fresh concrete is filled into a mould of
specified shape and dimensions and the settlement or slump is measured when supporting mould
is removed. Slump increases as water-content is increased.
Procedure: Four mixes are to be prepared with water cement ratio of 0.50. 0.60.0.70 and 0.80
respectively, for each mix 10 kg of coarse aggregate, 5 kg of sand and 2.5 kg of cement is taken.
1. Mix the constituents thoroughly to get a uniform colour and then add water. Place the mixed
concrete in the cleaned slump cone mould in 4 layers, each approximately ¼ of the height of
the mould. Tamp each layer 25 times with tamping rod distributing the strokes in a uniform
manner over the cross section of the mould. For the second and subsequent layers the tamping
rod should penetrate in to the under laying layer.
2. Strike off the top with a trowel or tamping rod so that the mould is exactly filled.
3. Remove the cone immediately, raising it slowly and carefully in the vertical direction.
4. As soon as the concrete settlement comes to a stop, measure the subsidence of concrete (in
mm), which will give the slump.

Sketch:

Result:
Water-Cement Ratio Slump in mm
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
IS Specifications:
Sl. Slump, Water Cement

Description
No mm Ratio
01 Concrete for roads & mass concrete 25 to 50 0.70
02 Concrete for R.C.C beams and slabs 50 to 100 0.55
03 Columns and retaining walls 75 to 125 0.45
04 Mass concrete in foundation 25 to 50 0.70
Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT NO: 08
COMPACTION FACTOR TEST
Aim: To determine the workability of concrete mix of given proportions by the compaction factor
test.
Apparatus: Compaction factor apparatus, trowels, measuring jar, balance, tamping rod.
Theory: Compaction factor is adopted to determine the workability of concrete, where nominal
size of the aggregate does not exceed 40 mm. It is based upon the definition, that workability is
that property of the concrete which determines the amount of work required to produce full
compaction.
Procedure:
1. Keep the compaction factor apparatus on a leveled ground and apply grease on the inner
surface of the hopper andcy1inder.
2. Fasten the flap doors.
3. Weigh the empty cylinder accurately and note down the mass as W1kg.
4. Four mixes are to be prepared with water cement ratio 0.5, 0.6, 0.7 & 0.8 respectively for each
mix take 9 kg of aggregate, 4.5 kg of sand & 2.25kg of cement.
5. Add the required amount of water to the above mixture and mix it thoroughly until concrete
appears to be homogeneous.
6. Till the freshly mixed concrete in the upper hopper gently and carefully with hand scoop
without compacting
7. After2minutes,release the trap door so that the concrete may fall in to the
lower hopper bringing the concrete into standard compaction.
8. Immediately after the concrete has come to rest open the trap door of lower hopper and allow
the concrete to fall into the cylinder bringing the concrete into the standard compaction.

9. Remove the excess concrete above the top of the cylinder and find the mass of partially
compacted concrete say w2kg.
10. Refill the cylinder with the same sample of concrete vibrating each layer heavily and weigh
the cylinder filled with fully compacted concrete say W3kg.
Observation & Calculations:
Mass with Mass with

Mass with Mass with
partially fully
Water partially fully Compactio
Sl. compacted compacted
Cement compacted compacted n Factor =
No. concrete concrete
Ratio concrete concrete [W2 –
W2 W3 W1/W3 –
W2 –W1 W3 –W1
W1]
01 0.5
02 0.6
03 0.7
04 0.8

Sketch:
Result: Plot a curve between water cement ratio and compaction factor.
Conclusion: It is more precise and sensitive than slump test and is particularly useful for concrete
mixes of low workability as are normally used when the concrete is to be compacted by vibration,
such concrete may constantly fail to slump.
Reference Code:
IS: 1199 – 1959 – Specification to find workability of freshly prepared concrete

EXPERIMENT NO: 09
VEE – BEE CONSISTOMETER TEST
Aim: To determine the workability of concrete mix of given proportions by the Vee-Bee
Consistometer.
Apparatus: Vee-Bee apparatus, trowels, measuring jar, balance, tamping rod, a cylindrical
container and a sheet metal slump cone.
Procedure:
1. Place the sheet metal slump cone in the cylindrical container of the Consistometer. Fill the
cone in four layers, each approximately one quarter of the height of the cone. Tamp each layer
with twenty five strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod. The strokes are distributed in
a uniform manner over the cross-section of the cone and for the second and subsequent layer
the tamping bar should penetrate into the underlying layer. After the top layer has been
rodded, Struck off level the concrete with a trowel so that the cone is exactly filled
2. Move the glass disc attached to the swing arm and place it just on the top of the slump cone in
the cylindrical container. Adjust the glass so as to touch the top of the concrete cone, and note
the initial reading on the graduated rod.
3. Remove the cone from the concrete immediately by raising it slowly and carefully in the
vertical direction. Lower the transparent disc on the top of concrete. Note down the reading on
the graduated rod.
4. Determine the slump by taking the difference between the readings on the graduated rod
recorded in the steps (2) and (3) above.
5. Switch on the electrical vibrations and start the stop watch. Allow the concrete to remould by
spreading out in the cylindrical container. The vibrations are continued until the concrete is
completely remolded that is the surface becomes horizontal and the whole concrete surface
adheres uniformly to the transparent disc.
6. Record the time required for complete remolding in second which measures the workability
expressed as number of Vee – Bee seconds.

Sketch:
Result: The consistency of the concrete is Vee – Bee Seconds.
Reference Code: - IS: 1199 - 1959

EXPERIMENT NO: 10
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Aim: To determine the compressive strength of concrete
Apparatus: Standard size mould, tamping rod, balance, weight box & compression testing
machine
Brief Theory: The strength of compression has a definite relationship with all the properties of
concrete. The height of the specimen and its lateral dimensions greatly influences the result.
Procedure:
1. Calculate the material required for the mix (1:2:4) with water cement ratio0.6
2. Sieve the fine aggregate using 4.75mm and coarse aggregate using 10mm IS sieve.
3. Weigh the required quantity of materials.
4. Add the required quantity of water to the dry mix and mix thoroughly.
5. Fill the mould with the mix in three layers by giving 25 blows in each layer.
6. After 24 hours remove the specimen from the mould.
7. Now place the specimen in water for curing.
8. After 28 days curing it is tested in compression testing machine.
9. The load is increased until the specimen fails. Note down the maximum loading.

Observations & calculations:
Diameter =
Height =
Volume of the cylinder =
Density of cement concrete = 2400 kg /m3
Weight of cement concrete =
Add 10 % wastage to total weight of cement concrete =
For 1:2:4 proportion
Weight of cement = 1/7x total weight
Weight of sand = 2/7 x total weight
Weight of coarse aggregate = 4/7x total weight
Assume 0.6 water cement ratio, weightofwater =
Area =
Compressive stress =load/area =

Sketch:
Result: The compressive strength of cement concrete=
Reference Code:
IS 516 – 1959: Method of Test for Strength

EXPERIMENT NO: 11
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE
Aim: Determine the split tensile strength of the given concrete mix
Apparatus: CTM, Bearing Plate, Trowel, Mould, Tamping Rod Etc.
Brief Theory: Tensile strength is one of the basic and important properties of concrete. The
concrete is not usually expected to resist the direct tension because of its low tensile strength and
brittle nature. However the determination of tensile strength of concrete is necessary to know the
load at which the concrete member may crack. The cracking is a form of tension failure.
Procedure:
1. Calculate the materials required for the given proportion and quantity of water.
2. Weigh the materials.
3. Mix the materials thoroughly to obtain a uniform mix.
4. Add the required quantity of water and mix well.
5. Fill the mould in three different layers.
6. Each layer should be tamped with 25blows.
7. After 24 hours remove the specimen from the mould.
8. Now place the specimen in water for curing for 28days.
9. After curing it is tested in compression testing machine.

Sketch:
Splittensilestrength = 2P/ DL= N/mm2
P =load in Newton, D =diameter of specimen, L =length of specimen
Result: The split tensilestrengthis N/mm2
Reference Code: IS 5816 – 1970 Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete Method of Test

EXPERIMENT NO: 12
TEST ON FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF BEAMS
Aim: To determine, the strength of concrete using flexural test
Apparatus: The following apparatus are required for the test.
1. Prism mould (15 cm x 15 cm x 70 cm)
2. Universal Testing Machine
Brief Theory: Concrete is relatively strong in compression and weak in tension. In RCC concrete
members, little dependence is placed on tensile strength of concrete since steel reinforcing bars
are provided to resist all tensile forces. However, tensile stresses are likely to develop in concrete
due to drying shrinkage, rusting of steel reinforcement, temperature gradient and many other
reasons. Therefore, the knowledge of tensile strength of concrete is of importance.
Procedure:
1. Test specimens are stored in water at a temperature of 24o C to 30o C for 48 hours before
testing. They are tested immediately on removal from the water whilst they are still wet
condition.
2. The dimension of each specimen should be noted before testing.
3. The bearing surface of the supporting and loading rollers is wiped and clean, and any
loose sand or other material removed from the surfaces of the specimen where they are to
make contact with the rollers.
4. The specimen is then placed in the machine in such manner that the load is applied to the
upper most surface as cast in the mould
5. The axis of specimen is carefully aligned with the axis of the loading device. No packing
is used between the bearing surfaces of the specimen and rollers.
6. The load is applied without shock and increasing continuously at a rate of the specimen.
The rate of loading is 4kN/min for the 15cm specimen and 18 KN /min for the 10cm
specimen.

7. The load is increased until the specimen fails and the maximum load applied to the
specimen during the test is recorded
Sketch:
Flexural Testing on concrete
Result: The flexural strength of concrete is N/mm2
Conclusion:
Reference Code:
IS 7246–1974 Recommendations for use of table vibrators consolidating concrete
IS 4031 - PART 7 - 1988 Method of test for strength of concrete
IS 269: 1967 Specifications for ordinary and low Portland Cement
IS: 650 – 1966 Specification for standard sand for testing of cement

PARTB:HIGHWAYMATERIALSLAB
TESTS ON AGGREGATES
EXPERIMENT NO: 13
AGGREGATE CRUSHING TEST
Aim: To determine, the aggregate crushing value.
Apparatus: The following apparatus are required for the test.
1. Steel cylinder (diameter-15.2cm, height-13to14cm)
2. Cylindrical measure (diameter-11.5cm,height-18cm)
3. Steel tamping rod (diameter-1.6cm, length 45 to60cm)
4. Balance
5. Compression testing machine (capacity-40t, rate ofloading-4t/m)
Brief Theory: The stone used as road aggregate should have resistance to crushing under traffic
wheel loads. If the aggregates are weak the stability of the pavement structure is adversely
affected. Aggregates possessing low aggregate crushing value should be preferred.
Procedure:
1. Oven dry aggregate passing 12.5mm IS sieve and retained on 10mm IS sieve is selected for
the test.
2. The sample aggregates in three layers of approximately equal depth and each layer being
tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the tamping rod fill the cylindricalmeasure.
3. After tamping the third layer, the top surface is leveled using the tamping rod as straight edge.
The test sample weight is taken asW1gms.

4. The cylinder of the test apparatus is placed in position on the base plate & the test sample is
transferred into the cylinder in three layers each layer being tamped25times.
5. The surface of the aggregate is leveled and the plunger inserted.
6. The Cylinder with the test sample and plunger in position is placed on CTM.
7. Load is then applied through the plunger at a uniform rate of 4tonnes/minutes until the total
load of 40tonnes and then the load is released.
8. Aggregates including the crushed portion are removed from the cylinder and sieved on a
2.36mm IS sieve, the material which passes this sieve is collected and taken W2Gms.
Sketch:

Tabular Column:
Weight of Aggregate Average

Sample Total weight of aggregate passing crushingvalue aggregate
number oven dry sample through 2.36mm crushing
IS sieve w2 gm =W2/W1x100% value
Result: Aggregate crushingvalueis %
IS Specification: Indian road congress and ISI have specified that the aggregate crushing value of
the coarse aggregate used for the cement concrete pavement at surface should not exceed 30%.
For aggregates used for concrete other than wearing surfaces the aggregate crushing value should
not exceed45%.
Conclusion:
Reference Code:
IS: 2386 Part IV Indian standard methods of test for concrete
IS: 383 1970 Indian Standard specifications for Coarse and fine aggregate
IRC 15 – 1970 Standard specification and code of practice for construction of concrete roads

EXPERIMENT NO: 14
ABRASION TEST
Aim: Determine an aggregate abrasive value. (Hardness of aggregate)
Apparatus:
1. Los-Angeles machine (diameter-70cm,length-50cm).
2. Steel balls (diameter-48cm, weight-390 to445g).
3. Balance.
4. Sieves.
Brief Theory: Due to movement of traffic the road stones used in the surfacing coarse are
subjected to wearing action at top. Resistance to wear or hardness is hence an essential property
for road aggregates. To determine abrasion value Los-Angles abrasion test is commonly adopted.
Procedure:
1. Clean dry aggregate, confirming to any one of the grading A to G is used for the test.
Aggregates weighing 5Kg for grading A, B, C or D and 10Kg for grading E, for G may be
taken as test specimen and placed in the cylinder and is noted as W1gms.
2. The abrasive charge is also chosen depending upon the aggregate and is placed in the cylinder
of the machine; the cover is then fixed dust tight.
3. The machine is rotated for 500 revolutions for grading A, B, C and D for grading E, F, G it
shall be rotated for 1,000 revolutions.
4. After the desired number of revolutions, the machine is stopped and the material is discharged
from the machine taking care to take out entire stonedust.
5. Using 1.7mm IS sieve the material is sieved and the coarser material is retained on the sieve is
taken as W2gms.

Observations & Calculations: -
1. Type of aggregate =
2. Grading =
3. Number of spheres used =
4. Weight of charge =
5. Number of revolution =
Test. Test. Test.

Particulars No No No Average
(1) (2) (3)
Weight of specimen=W1 g
Weight of specimen after abrasion test, coarser

than 1.70mm=W2 gms
Percentage wear= (W 1-W 2) / W 1x100

Sketch:
Result: Abrasive value =%
IS Specification: -This test condition is considered more representative of field condition. The
maximum allowable Los-angeles abrasion value of aggregates as specified by IRC for different
methods of construction are as shown in the table.
Sl. Los-Angeles abrasion

Type of pavement layer
No. value maximum%
01 Water bound macadam sub base course 60
02 WBM base course with bituminous surfacing 50
03 WBM surfacing course 40

Conclusion:
Reference Code:
IS 2386 - Part IV Indian standard methods of test for concrete
IS 383 - Indian Standard specification for Coarse and fine aggregate

EXPERIMENT NO: 15
AGGREGATE IMPACT TEST
Aim: Determine the aggregate impact value.
Apparatus: Impact Testing Machine, Cylindrical measure, Tamping rod, Sieves of size 12.5mm,
10mm, 2.36mm, Balance, Oven.
Brief Theory: Toughness is the property of a material to resists impact. The test is designed to
evaluate the toughness of stones, i.e. the resistance of the stones to fracture under repeated impact
may be called as impact test for good stones.
Procedure:
1. Oven dry aggregate passing 12.5mm IS sieve and retained on 10mm IS sieve is selected for
the test.
2. The cylindrical measure is filled by the sample aggregates in three layers approximately equal
depth and each layer being tamped 25 times by the rounded end of the tamping rod.
3. After tamping the third layer, the top surface is leveled using the tamping rod as straight edge.
The test sample thus takes weight as W1gms.
4. The cup of the test apparatus is placed in position on the base plate, the test sample is
transferred into the cylinder in single layer being tamped 25 times and the surface of the
aggregate is leveled.
5. The hammer is raised until its lower face is 38mm above the upper surface of the aggregate in
the cup, and allowed to fall freely on aggregates for 15 times at an interval of one second.
6. The crushed aggregate is then removed from the cup and the whole of it is sieve on the
2.36mm IS sieve until no further significant amount passes. The fraction passing the sieve is
weighed accurate to 0.1gm. and noted as W2gm.

Trail No.
Sl.
Details Avg.
No. I II III
Total weight of aggregate sample filling the

1
cylindrical measure=W1 gm.
Weight of aggregate passing 2.36mm sieve after

2
the test=W2gm.
3 Aggregate impact value =W2/W1x100 %

Sketch:
Result: The aggregate Impact Value = %.
IS Specification: Aggregate Impact value is to classify the stones in respect of their toughness
property as indicated below.
Aggregate impact value:
< 10 %  exceptionally strong
10 - 20 %Strong
20 - 30 %Satisfactory for road surfacing
> 35 % weak for road surfacing.

Conclusion:
Reference Code:
IS 2386 Part IV Indian standard methods of test for concrete)
IS 383 Indian Standard specifications for Coarse and fine aggregate

AGGREGATE SHAPE TESTS
EXPERIMENT NO: 16
FLAKINESS TEST
Aim: Determine the flakiness Index of aggregates.
Apparatus:
Standard thickness gauge.
IS sieves of sizes 63, 50, 40, 31.5, 25, 20, 16, 12.5, 10, and 6.3mm
Balance.
Brief Theory:
An aggregate having least dimensions less than 3/5th of its mean dimension is termed flaky. For
base course, construction and cement concrete types, the presences of flaky & elongated particles
are considered undesirable as they may cause inherent weakness as possibilities of breaking down
under heavy loads.
Procedure:
Let the total weight of the sample will be W. Then sample is sieved with the sieves mentioned.
A minimum of 200 pieces of each fraction to be tested are taken and weighed.
In order to separate flaky materials, each fraction is passed in a specified slot of thickness gauge.
The amount of flaky material passing is weighed accurately and noted as w1, w2,w3
& soon.

Sketch:
Observations & Calculation:-
Flakiness Index= W1W2100= %

W
Result:
Flakiness Index ofAggregates= %
Reference Code: IS 2386-Part I - Indian standard methods of test for concrete

ELONGATION TEST & COMBINED INDEX
Aim: To determine the elongation Index of aggregates.
Apparatus: Length gauge, I S sieves 50, 40, 25, 20, 16, 12.5, 10, & 6.3mm, balance
Brief Theory:
Elongation Index
The elongation index of an aggregate is the particle having the largest dimension (length) is
greater than 9/5 times the mean dimension. The presence of excess flaky and elongated particles is
considered undesirable as they may cause inherent weakness with possibilities of breaking down
under heavy loads. The elongation test is not applicable to sizes smaller than 6.3mm.
Combined Index
The flaky particles passing through the respective slots of the thickness gauge are removed and
the Elongation index test is carried out on the remaining non-flaky particles. Let the value of of
Elongation index so determined be EIC. The combined index of the coarse aggregate sample is
then equal to (FI +EIC).
Procedure:
Let the total weight of the sample will be W. Then sample is sieved with the sieves mentioned.
The flaky particles passing through the respective slots of the thickness gauge are removed and
remaining non-flaky particles are selected for elongation index.
In order to separate elongated materials, each fraction is passed in a specified slot of lengthgauge.
The amount of material retained on length gauge slot is weighed accurately and noted as w1w2w3
& soon.

Sketch:
Observations & Calculation: -
Elongation Index = W1 W2 W3  = %

W
Combined Index = Flakiness Index + Elongation Index
Result:
Elongation IndexofAggregates = %
Combined IndexofAggregates = ................. %
Reference Code:
IS 2386 Part I (Indian standard methods of test for concrete), MORTH Specification.

ANGULARITY NUMBER
Aim: Determine the angularity Number of given sample of aggregates.
Apparatus: Tamping rod, metal scoop, balance, and metal cylinder
Brief Theory: The angularity number of aggregates is the amount by which the percentage voids
exceeds 33 after being compacted in a prescribed manner. The angularity number is found from
the expression;(67 minus the percent solid volume) here the value 67 represents the percentage
volume of solids of most rounded gravel, which would have 33 % voids.
Procedure:
1. Aggregates passing through 12.5 mm and retained on 10 mm IS sieve are taken for thetest.
2. The sample is first taken from the scoop in the heaped form and then poured in a metal
cylinder.
3. The metal cylinder is filled by the given sample in three layers and each layer is being tamped
100 times with the tamping rod.
4. After filling the metal cylinder with the aggregates is weighed. (w2gm)
5. Then the cylinder is emptied and the weight of the empty cylinder is taken.(w1gm)
6. Then the cylinder is filled with water and weight is taken. (w3gm)
Calculations:
Weight of empty cylinder W1 =
Weight of empty cylinder + aggregates W2 =

Weight of empty cylinder+water W3 =
Weight of the aggregate =w = W2-W1=
Weight of the water =C= W3-W1=
The angularity numbers is calculated as: Angularity number = 67 100 W

C G
G - Specific gravity ofaggregate.
Sketch: -
Result: The angularity number for the given aggregate sample is=
IS Specification: The angularity no. of aggregates generally ranges from zero for highly rounded
gravel to about 11 for freshly crushed angular aggregates. Slightly higher value of angularity
number also may be obtained in case of highly angular & flaky aggregates.
Conclusion:
Reference Code: -
IS 2386 Part I (Indian standard methods of test for concrete)

TESTS ON BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
EXPERIMENT NO: 17
SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST FOR BITUMEN
Aim: Determine the specific gravity for bitumen.
Apparatus: Specific gravity bottle, distilled water, bitumen.
Brief Theory: The specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the mass of a given volume of the
material to the mass of an equal volume of water.
Procedure:
1. The specific gravity bottle is cleaned, dried and weighed along with the stopper.(a)
2. The weight of the specific gravity bottle filled with distilled water.(b)
3. The weight of the specific gravity bottle about half filled with bituminous material.(c)
4. Weight of the specific gravity bottle half filled with bituminous material and rest with distilled
water.(d)
5. Specific gravity = c-a /(b-a)-(d-c)
Weight of the specific gravity bottle (a) =
Weight of the specific gravity bottle filled with distilled water (b) =
Weight of the specific gravity bottle about half filled with bituminous material (c) =
Weight of the specific gravity bottle half filled with bituminous material and rest with distilled
water (d) =
Specific gravity = c-a / (b-a)-(d-c)

Sketch:
IS Specification: Knowledge of correct specific gravity of bituminous materials is necessary to

convert the specified bitumen content by weight to volume basis when the binder is measured by
volume. The specific gravity of bitumen ranges from 0.95 to 0.99.
Result: The specific gravity of bitumen
Reference Code: - IS 1202– 1978

EXPERIMENT NO: 18
PENETRATION TEST
Aim: To find the penetration value of bitumen
Apparatus Required: Container, needle, water bath, penetrometer and stop watch
Brief Theory:
The penetration value of bituminous materials vary depending upon several factors such as
constituents, temperature etc. At temperature ranging between 25 and 50 degree centigrade most
of the paving bitumen grades remain in semi-solid or in plastic states. Penetration test is
commonly adopted test on bitumen to grade the material in terms of hardness. Depending upon
the climatic conditions and type of construction, bitumen of different penetration grades are used.
Procedure:
1. The bitumen is softened to a pouring consistency between 75 and 100 0C above the
atmospheric temperature at which bitumen softens.
2. The weight of the needle, shaft and additional weights are checked. The total weight of the
assembly should be 100gm.
3. The needle assembly is lowered and the tip of the needle is made to touch the top surface of
the sample.
4. The initial reading of the penetrometer dial is either adjusted to zero or the initial reading is
taken before releasing the needle.
5. The needle is released exactly for a period of 5 seconds by pressing and final reading is taken
on the dial.
6. The difference between the reading gives the penetration value of bitumen

Observations:
Reading Test 1 Test 2 Test 3
Initial (mm)
Final (mm)
Penetration value (mm)
Sketch:
Result: The mean penetration value of bitumen=

IS Specification: IRC suggests bitumen grades 30/40, 60/70, & 80/100. In warmer region lower
penetration grades is used are preferred and in colder region bitumen with higher penetration are
used.
Conclusion:
Reference Code:
IS 1203– 1978 Indian Standard Methods for Testing Tar & Bitumen
IS: 73 – 1961 Indian standard specifications for paving bitumen

EXPERIMENT NO: 19
VISCOSITY TEST
Aim: To determine the viscosity of cutback bitumen
Apparatus: 10 mm orifice viscometer, cup, water bath, stirrer, receiver, thermometer etc.
Brief Theory: Viscosity is defined as the inverse of fluidity. The degree of fluidity at the
application temperature greatly influences the ability of bituminous material to spread, penetrate
in to voids and also coat the aggregates and hence affects the strength characteristics of the
resulting paving mixes.
Procedure:
1. The tar cup is properly leveled and water in the bath is heated to the temperature specified
for the test and is maintained throughout the test. Stirring is also continued.
2. Sample material is heated at the temperature 20 0c above the specified test temperature,
and the material is allowed to cool. During this material is continuously stirred.
3. When material reaches slightly above test temperature, the same is poured in the tar cup.
4. In the graduated receiver (cylinder) 20 ml of the mineral oil or 1% by weight solution of
soft soap is poured. The receiver is placed under the orifice.
5. When the sample material reaches the specified testing temperature within + 0.1 0 c and is
maintained for five minutes, the valve is opened. The stop watch is started, when cylinder
records 25 ml, the time is recorded for flow up to a mark of 75 ml.(i.e.,50 ml of test
sample to flow through the orifice)

Sketch:
Result: The time require for the bitumen to flow 50 ml through the orifice =
seconds.
Conclusion: Orifice viscosity test gives an indirect measure of viscosity of tars and cutbacks in
seconds. Higher the duration, more viscous the material.
Reference Code:
IS 1206– 1978: Indian Standard Methods for Testing Tar & Bitumen

EXPERIMENT NO: 20
DUCTILITY TEST
Aim: To determine the ductility value for bitumen.
Apparatus Required: Ductility test apparatus consists of item like sample moulds (briquette)
water bath, trowel and ductility machine.
Brief Theory: A certain minimum ductility is necessary for a bitumen binder. This is because of
the temperature changes in the bituminous mixes and the repeated deformation that occurs in
flexible pavement due to the traffic loads. If the bituminous has low ductility value, the
bituminous pavement may crack especially in cold weather.
Procedure:
1. The bitumen sample is melted to a temperature of 75 0c to 1000c above the approximate

softening point until it is fluid.
2. Thirty to forty minutes after the sample is poured into the moulds, the plate assembly along
with the sample is placed in the water bath maintained at 27 0c for 30minutes.
3. The pointer is set to read zero the machine is started and the two chips are pulled apart
horizontally while the test is in operation, it is checked whether the sample is immersed in
water at a depth of at least 10mm.
4. The distance, at which the bitumen thread of each specimen breaks, is recorded in cm to report
as ductility value.
Sketch:

Result: The ductility value = cm.
IS Specification: The ductility value of bitumen varies from 5 to 100. The minimum ductility
value is specified for bituminous construction.
Conclusion:
Reference Code:
IS 1206– 1978 Indian Standard Methods for Testing Tar &Bitumen

EXPERIMENT NO: 21
SOFTENING POINT TEST
Aim: To determine the softening point of bitumen.
Apparatus: It consists of ring and ball apparatus.
1. Steel Balls
2. Brass Rings
3. Support
4. Bath &Stirrer
Theory: The softening point is the temperature at which the substance attains particular degree of
softening under specified condition of test. For bitumen it is usually determined by ring and ball
test.
Procedure:
1. Sample material is heated to a temperature between 75 and 100 c above the approximate
softening point until it is completely fluid and is poured in rings and placed on metalplates.
2. The arrangement is kept for half an hour air cooling.
3. Then arrangement is kept in water bath for 15 to 30 minutes. After which the balls placed in
position.
4. The temperature of water is raised at uniform rate of 50c per minute with a controlled heating
unit, until the bitumen softens and touches the bottom plate by sinking of balls.
5. The temperature is noted down.

Sketch:
SOFTENING POINT TEST SET – UP
Tabulation:
Sample Sample
No 1 No 2
Mean Value
Test Property
Softening Point
Ball Ball Ball Ball
1 2 1 2
Temperature at which sample

touches bottom plate

Result: The softening point of the sample=
IS specification: The softening point gives an idea of the temperature at which the bituminous
material attains a certain viscosity. Bitumen with higher softening may be preferred in warmer
place.
Bitumen Grades Softening point 0 c
A 25 & A 35 55 to 70
S35 50 to 65
S65 40 to 55
Conclusion:
Reference Code:
IS 1205, Indian standards institution, Determination of softening point.


EXPERIMENT NO: 22
MARSHAL STABILITY TEST
Aim: To determine the Marshall stability value, flow value and percent voids filled with Bitumen
at the average value of Bitumen content.
Apparatus Required: Mould assembly, Sample extractor, Compaction pedestal and hammer,
Breaking head, loading machine, flow meter, mixing apparatus, water bath, thermometers etc.
Brief Theory: This stability test is applicable to hot – mix design using bitumen and aggregates
with maximum size of 25mm. This test procedure is used in designing and evaluating bituminous
paving mixes. The Marshall stability of the mix is defined as a maximum load carried by a
compacted specimen at a standard test temperature at 60 0 c. The flow value is the deformation the
Marshall Test specimen undergoes during the loading up-to maximum load in 0.25mm units. In
this test an attempt is made to obtain optimum binder content for the type of aggregate mix and
traffic intensity.
Procedure:
Preparation of Test Specimen:
1. Approximately 1200 g of aggregate and filler are taken and heated to a temperature of 175 to
190 C.
2. The compaction mould assembly and rammer are cleaned and kept preheated to a temperature
of 100 to 145c.
3. The bitumen is heated to temperature of 121 c to 138c and the required quantity of first trial
percentage of bitumen (say, 3.5% by weight of mineral aggregates) is added to the heated
aggregate and thoroughly mixed using a mechanical mixer or by hand mixing with trowel.
4. The mix is placed in a mould and compacted by a rammer, with 50 blows on either side.
5. The compacted specimen should have a thickness of 63.5mm. The weight of the aggregate
taken may be suitably altered to obtain a thickness of 63.5 3.0mm
6. At least two or three specimens are prepared with variation of bitumen content at
0.5%increment up-to about 7.5 or8.0%

Test: Specific gravity of the compacted specimens:
1. The specific gravity of the different aggregates, filler and bitumen used aredetermined.
2. The theoretical specific gravity Gt of the mix isdetermined.
Gt  1200 W1 = percent by weight of the aggregates

 W1 / G1 W2 / G2 W3 / G3 W4 / G4 
W2 = percent by weight of the fine aggregates
W3 = percent by weight of the filler
W4 = percent by weight of bitumen in total mix
G1, G2& G3 are apparent specific gravity values of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and filler
respectively and G4 is the specific gravity of the bitumen.
3. Soon after the compacted specimen has cooled to room temperature, the weight, average
thickness and diameter of the specimen are noted. The specimens are also weighed in air and
then inwater.
100Gt  Gb
V%
v 
Gt
GbW4
V%
b 
G4
VMA, % VVVb
100 V
VFB, %  b
VMA
Vv = air voids in the mix, %
Vb = volume of bitumen
VMA = voids in mineral aggregates, %
VFB = voids filled with bitumen, %


4. The specimens to be tested are kept immersed under water in a thermostatically controlled
water bath maintained at 600+ 10 c for 30 to 40 minutes. The specimens are taken out one by
one, placed in Marshall Test and the Marshall Stability value (maximum load carried in kg,
before failure) and the flow value (the deformation the specimen undergoes during loading up-
to the maximum load of 0.25mm units) arenoted.
5. The corrected Marshall Stability value of each specimen is determined by applying the
appropriate correction factor, if the average height of the specimen is not exactly 63.5mm. The
correction factors are given in the table.
6. Five graphs are plotted with values of bitumen content against the values of density (Gb
g/cm3), Marshall stability(s kg), voids in total mix (Vv %), flow value (F 0.25mm units) and
voids filled withbitumen (VFB%).
7. Optimum bitumen content is determined corresponding to the maximum density be B1,
corresponding to the maximum stability be B2 and that corresponding to the specified voids
content for the mix design is given by
BC 
B1  B2 B3 
3

8. The values of flow and VFB are found from the graphs, corresponding to the bitumen content
B0. All the design values of the Marshall stability, flow, voids and VFB are checked at the
optimum bitumen content Bo, with the specified design requirements of themix.
Design requirement of the mix
As per IRC: 29 – 1968, when the specimens are compacted with 50 blows on either face, the
designed AC mix should fulfill the following requirements.
1. Marshall stability value kg (minimum) = 340

2. Marshall flow value, (F 0.25mm units) = 8 to 16
3. Voids in total mix(Vv%) = 3 to 5
4. Voids in mineral aggregates filled with bitumen (VFB%) = 75 to 85
The highest possible Marshall Stability value in the mix should be aimed at consistent with
the other three requirements mentioned above. In case the mix designed does not fulfill any one or
more of the design requirements, the gradation of the aggregates or filler content or bitumen or
combination of these are altered and the design tests are repeated till all the requirement are
simultaneously fulfilled.

Calculations:
100 (Gt Gb )

Vv % 
Gt
Gb = Bulk Density
Gt = Theoretical Specific Gravity Mixture
1200
Gt 
 W1 / G1 W 2 /G 2 W /G 3W 4/G 
3 4

W1 = percent by weight of the aggregates
W2 = percent by weight of the fine aggregates
W3 = percent by weight of the filler
W4 = percent by weight of bitumen in total mix
G1,G2& G3 are apparent specific gravity values of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and filler
respectively and G4 is the specific gravity of thebitumen.
Percent of voids in mineral aggregates (VMA): VMA, % = Vv + Vb
Gb
Where v %   W4
b
G4
100 Vb
Percent of voids filled with bitumen or tar (VFB): VFB, % 
VMA
Result:
1. The Maximum stability =

2. Maximum bulk density =
3. Voids in total mix =
4. Voids in mineral aggregates Marshall stability value kg (minimum) =
5. Marshall flow value, (F 0.25mm units) =
6. Voids in total mix (Vv%) =
7. Voids in mineral aggregates filled with bitumen (VFB%) =

Conclusion: The Marshall Stability test method is very simple and rapid method for designing
bituminous mixes scientifically. The stability values in this procedure indirectly represent the
strength of a paving mix at a zero vertical stress level is critical. Mixes with very high Marshall
Stability values and very low flow values are desirable as the pavements of such mixes may be
brittle and are likely to crack under heavy traffic.
Reference Code:
IRC: 29 - 1968: Tentative Specification for 4cm Asphalt Concrete Surface Coarse.

TESTS ON SOIL
EXPERIMENT NO: 23
CBR TEST
Aim: To determine the California bearing ratio of the soil sample
Apparatus: Loading machine, Cylindrical mouldCompaction Rammer, dial gauge, annular

weight.
Theory: The CBR is a measure of resistance of a material to penetration of standard plunger

under controlled density and moisture condition. The CBR test is used in designing base course
for airfield pavements. CBR test values are used for designing pavement structure. The test is
simple and has been extensively investigated for field correlations of flexible pavement thickness
requirement.
Procedure:
1. For IS light compaction the soil to be compacted is divided in to three equal parts, the soil is
compacted in three equal layers, each of compacted thickness about 44mm by applying 56
blows of 2.6 kg rammer.
2. After compacting the last layer, the collar is removed and the excess soil above the top of the
mould is evenly trimmed off by means of the straightedge.

3. The mould with compacted soil is inverted and placed in position over the base plate and the
clamps of the base plate are tightened and filter paper is placed on the top and bottom
surfaces.
4. Surcharge weights of2.5 kg or 5kg weight are placed over the perforated plate and the mould
with the weights is placed in a water tank for soaking such that the water can enter the
specimen both from top and bottom.
5. Themouldwiththespecimenisclampedoverthebaseplateandthesamesurchargeweights
are placed on the specimen centrally such that the penetration test could be conducted. The
mould with the base plate is under the penetration plunger of the loading machine. The
penetration plunger is seated at the center of the specimen and is brought in contact with the
top surface of the soil sample by applying the seating load of 4 kg.

6. The dial gauge of the proving ring (for load reading) and the penetration dial gauge are set to
zero. The load is applied through the penetration plunger at a uniform rate of 1.25mm/minute.
7. The load reading is recorded at penetration readings of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0,
7.5, 10.0, and12.5mm.

8. The proving ring calibration factor is noted so that the load dial values can be converted into
load inkg.
Compacting Moisture Content =
Dry Density =
Condition of Test Specimen = Soaked / Unsoaked
Proving ring calibration factor =
Providing Load on Unit / Load

Sample. Penetration Corrected
Ring Dial Plunger,
No. mm Load, Kg
Reading Kg Kg / cm2
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5


Providing Load on Unit / Load

Sample Penetration Corrected
Ring Dial Plunger,
No. mm Load, Kg
Reading Kg Kg / cm2
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
Results: California bearing ratio CBR @ 2.5 mm=
California bearing ratio CBR @ 5.0 mm=
Discussion: The field-CBR value is found at the existing moisture content. It is not easy to obtain
the field CBR value under soaked condition, unless the test is subjected to soaking by flooding
prior to the test. It is not possible to satisfactorily simulate the critical conditions of dry density
and moisture content in thefield.
Reference Code: IS: 2720 Laboratory determination of CBR

IMPORTANT NOTES:

TESTS ON SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE
EXPERIMENT NO: 24
SLUMP FLOW TEST
Aim: To determine the free flow of SCC
Introduction:
The slump flow is used to assess the horizontal free flow of SCC in the absence of obstructions. It
was first developed in Japan for use in assessment of underwater concrete. The test method is
based on the test method for determining the slump. The diameter of the concrete circle is a
measure for the filling ability of the concrete.
Assessment of test:
This is simple, rapid test procedure, though two people are needed if the T50 time is to be
measured. It can be used on site, though the size of the base plate is somewhat unwieldy and level
ground is essential. It is most commonly used test, and gives a good assessment of filling ability.
It gives no indication of the ability of the concrete to pass between reinforcement without
blocking, but may give some indication of resistance to segregation. It can be argued that the
completely free flow, unrestrained by any boundaries, is not representative of what happens in
practice in concrete construction, but the test can be profitably be used to assess the consistency of
supply of ready-mixed concrete to a site from load to load.
Slump cone test equipment.

Apparatus:
The apparatus is show in figure;

i. Mould in the shape of a truncated cone with the internal dimensions 200 mm diameter at
the base, 100mm diameter at the top and a height of 300mm.
ii. Base plate of a stiff none absorbing material, at least 700mm square, marked with a circle
marking the central location for the slump cone, and a further concentric circle of 500mm
diameter.
iii. Trowel
iv. Scoop
v. Ruler
vi. Stopwatch(optional)
Procedure:
i. About 6 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally.

ii. Moisten the base plate and inside of slump cone.
iii. Place base plate on level stable ground and the slump cone centrally on the base plate and
hold down firmly.
iv. Fill the cone with the scoop. Do not tamp, simply strike off the concrete level with the top
of the cone with trowel.
v. Remove any surplus concrete from around the base of the cone.
vi. Raise the cone vertically and allow the concrete to flow out freely.
vii. Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record the time taken for the concrete to reach the
500mm spread circle. (This is T50time).
viii. Measure the final diameter of the concrete in two perpendicular directions.
ix. Calculate the average of the two measured diameters. (This is slump flow in mm).
Result:
Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT NO: 25
L-BOX TEST METHOD
Aim: To determine the flow of SCC
Introduction:-
This test, based on a Japanese design for underwater concrete, has been described by Peterson.
The test assesses the flow of the concrete, and also the extent to which it is subjected to blocking
by reinforcement. The apparatus is shown in figure.
The apparatus consists of a rectangular section box in the shape of an „L‟, with a vertical and
horizontal section, separated by a moveable gate, in front of which vertical lengths of
reinforcement bars are fitted.
The vertical section is filled with concrete, and then the gate lifted to let the concrete flow into the
horizontal section. When the flow has stopped, the height of the concrete at the end of the
horizontal section is expressed as a proportion of that remaining in the vertical section (H 2/H1 in
the diagram). It indicates the slope of the concrete when at rest. This is an indication passing
ability, or the degree to which the passage of concrete through the bars is restricted.
The horizontal section of the box can be marked at 200 mm and 400 mm from the gate and the
times taken to reach these points measured. These are known as T20 andT40 times and are an
indication for the filling ability.
The sections of bar can be of different diameters and spaced at different intervals: in accordance
with normal reinforcement considerations, 3x the maximum aggregate size might be appropriate.
The bars can principally be set at any spacing to impose a more or less severe test of the passing
ability of the concrete.
Assessment of test:-
This is widely is used test, suitable for laboratory, and perhaps site use. It assesses filling and
passing ability of SCC, and serious lack of stability (segregation) can be detected visually.
Segregation may also be detected by subsequently sawing and inspecting sections of the concrete

in the horizontal section. Unfortunately there is no agreement on materials, dimensions, or

reinforcing bar arrangement, so it is difficult to compare test results. There is no evidence of what
effect the wall of the apparatus and the consequent „wall effect‟ might have on concrete flow, but
this arrangement does, to some extent, replicate what happens to concrete on site when it is
confined within formwork.
L- Box test equipment.
Procedure:-
1. About 14 liter of concrete is needed to perform the test, sampled normally.

2. Set the apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open freely and
close it.
3. Moisten the inside surfaces of the apparatus, remove any surplus water
4. Fill the vertical section of the apparatus with the concrete sample.
5. Leave it to stand for 1minute.
6. Lift the sliding gate and allow the concrete to flow out into the horizontal section.
7. Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record the times taken for the concrete to reach
the 200 and 400 mm marks.
8. When the concrete stops flowing, the distance “H1” and “H2” are measured.
9. Calculate H2/H1, the Blocking Ratio.
10. The whole test has to be performed within 5minutes.
Result:
Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT NO: 26
V- FUNNEL TEST
Aim: To determine the filling ability or flowability of concrete.
Introduction:
The test was developed in Japan and used Ozawa et al. The equipment consists of a V-shaped
tunnel, shown in fig. An alternative type of V-funnel, the O funnel, with a circular section is also
used in Japan. The described V-funnel test is used to determine the filling ability (flowability) of
the concrete with a maximum aggregate size of 20mm.The funnel is filled with about 12 liter of
concrete and the time taken for it to flow through the apparatus measured. After this the funnel
can be refilled concrete and left for 5 minutes to settle. If the concrete shows segregation then the
flow time will increase significantly.
Assessment of test:
Though the test is designed to measure flow ability, the result is affected by concrete properties
other than flow. The inverted cone shape will cause any liability of the concrete to block to be
reflected in the result – if, for example there is too much coarse aggregate. High flow time can
also be associated with low deformability due to high paste viscosity, and with high inter-particle
friction. While the apparatus is simple, the effect of the angle of the funnel and the wall effect on
the flow of concrete are not clear.
V-funnel test equipment

Equipment:
i. V-funnel
ii. Bucket (±12liter)
iii. Trowel
iv. Scoop
v. Stopwatch
Procedure of flow time

ii. Set the V-funnel on firm ground
iii. Moisten the inside surfaces of the funnel.
iv. Keep the trap door open to allow any surplus water to drain.
v. Close the trap door and place a bucket underneath.
vi. Fill the apparatus completely with concrete without compacting or tamping; simply strike
off the concrete level with the top with the trowel.
vii. Open within 10 sec after filling the trap door and allow the concrete to flow out under
gravity.
viii. Start the stopwatch when the trap door is opened, and record the time for the discharge
to complete (the flow time). This is taken to be when light is seen from above through
the funnel.
Result:
Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT NO: 27
U BOX TEST METHOD ON SCC
Aim: To determine the filling ability of SCC
The test was developed by the Technology Research Centre of the Taisei Corporation in Japan.
The apparatus is called a “box shaped” test. The test is used to measure the filing ability of self-
compacting concrete. The apparatus consists of a vessel that is divided by a middle wall into two
compartments; an opening with a sliding gate is fitted between the two sections. Reinforcing bar
with nominal diameter of 134 mm are installed at the gate with centre to centre spacing of 50 mm.
this create a clear spacing of 35 mm between bars. The left hand section is filled with about 20
liter of concrete then the gate is lifted and the concrete flows upwards into the other section. The
height of the concrete in both sections is measured.
Assessment of test:
This is a simple test to conduct, but the equipment may be difficult to construct. It provides a
good direct assessment of filling ability-this is literally what the concrete has to do- modified by
an unmeasured requirement for passing ability. The 35 mm gap between the sections of
reinforcement may be considered too close. The question remains open of what filling height less
than 30cm is still acceptable.
Equipment:
i. U box of a stiff non absorbing material
ii. Scoop
iii. Trowel
iv. Stopwatch

Fig: U box test Apparatus
Procedure for U Box Test on Self Compacting Concrete:

ii. Set the apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open freely and
then close it. Moisten the inside surface of the apparatus, remove any surplus water, fill
the vertical section of the apparatus with the concrete sample.
iii. Leave it stand for 1 minute. Lift the sliding gate and allow the concrete to flow out into the
other compartment.
iv. After the concrete has come to rest, measure the height of the concrete in the compartment
that has been filled, in two places and calculate the mean (H1). Measure also the height in
the other equipment(H2).
v. Calculate H1-H2, the filling height. The whole test has to be performed within 5minutes.
Interpretation of the result:
If the concrete flows as freely as water, at rest it will be horizontal, so H1-H2=0. Therefore the
nearest this test value, the “filling height” is to zero, the better the flow and passing ability of the
concrete.
Result:
Conclusion:

EXPERIMENT NO: 27
NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTS
a) REBOUND HAMMER TEST
AIM: To determine the compressive strength of concrete and quality of concrete by

Non destructive testing.
APPARATUS: Rebound hammer
THEORY: Rebound Hammer test is quick method for assessing the quality of concrete
based on surface hardness indicated by rebound hammer. Higher the rebound value
indicates higher strength, surface hardness of concrete. Most commonly used equipment
is submidt rebound hammer. This equipment works on the principle that the spring
controlled mass slides on a plunger within a tubular housing.
PROCEDURE:
1) For testing, smooth, clean and dry surface is to be selected.
2) The point of impact should be at least 20mm away from any edge
or shape discontinuity.
3) For taking a measurement, the rebound hammer should be held at right angles
to them surface of the concrete member.
4) The test can thus be conducted horizontally on vertical surfaces or

Vertically upwards or downwards on horizontal surfaces.

5) Firmly hold the instrument in a position that allows the plunger to strike the surface.
6) After the impact, note down the reading obtained from the instrument.
7) Repeat the trail continuously for 8 – 10 trails and note down the reading
obtained by each trail.
8) Take mean of all trails and from the standard graph, the strength of
concrete can be determined corresponding to value obtained
during the experiment.
9) Depending upon the position of plunger, the corresponding curve should
be chosen, to determine strength.
RESULTS:
The compressive strength of given specimen is N/mm2
Conclusion:
b) PULSE VELOCITYTEST
AIM: To determine the strength and quality of the given concrete specimen using UPV meter.
APPARATUS: PUNDIT (Portable ultrasonic Non- Destructive digital interface),

two transducer leads, Reference bar.
THEORY: This method of test is being extensively used to assess the quality and strength
of in- situ concrete in structural member. This test is generally used to check the compaction
of concrete, uniformity of concrete, determination of cracks, presence of honey combs and
also strength estimation. This method covers the determination of pulse velocity of
propagation of compression wave in concrete. The pulse velocity v’ is related to principle
properties of solid by the equation.
V2 = KE/D where, K = constant, D= density, E = elastic modulus.

PROCEDURE:
1)Before switching on the ‘V’ meter, the transducers should be connected to the
sockets marked “TRAN” and”REC”.
2)A reference bar is provided to check the instrument zero. The pulse time for the
bar is engraved on it.
3)Apply a smear of grease to the transducer faces before placing it on the
opposite ends of the bar.
4)Adjust the ‘SET REF’ control until the reference bar transit time is obtained on
the instrument read-out.
5)Having determined the most suitable test points on the material to be tested,
make careful measurement of the path length ‘L’.
6)Apply couplant to the surfaces of the transducers and press it hard onto the
surface of the material.
7)Do not move the transducers while a reading is being taken, as this can
generate noise signals and errors in measurements.
8)Continue holding the transducers onto the surface of the material until a
consistent reading appears on the display, which is the time in microsecond for
the ultrasonic pulse to travel the distance ‘L’.

9) Pulse velocity is calculated using theformula

Pulse velocity (v) = Path length(L)
Travel time(T)
OBSERVAION AND CALCULATION:
Pulse velocity
Sl.No. Length(mm) Time (sec) Quality of concrete
(km/sec)
1
2
3
RESULTS:
The grading/ quality of concrete is
SIGNIFICANCE:
The quality of concrete in terms of uniformity, incidence or absence of internal flaws,
cracks and segregation, etc. indicative of the level of workmanship employed, can thus
be assessed using the guidelines given below, which have been evolved for
characterizing the quality of concrete in structures in terms of the ultrasonic pulse
velocity.

VIVA QUESTIONS
Cement
1. Define Cement?
2. What are the constituents of cement, raw materials used for manufacture of cement?
3. How cement is manufactured?
4. Chemical composition of OPC?
5. What are the major components of OPC?
6. What are the physical properties of OPC?
7. Define fineness of cement?
8. State the test for finding the fineness of cement and IS specification
9. What is meant by setting time of cement? How it is determined? State the IS specification
and significance of setting time.
10. What is meant by false set of cement?
11. Explain the effect of temperature on setting time of cement?
12. What is meant by soundness of cement? How it is determined and state IS specification?
How the unsoundness of cement is reduced?
13. Define compressive strength of cement and IS specifications (3 rd day and 7thday). Give the
dimensions of cube and the mix proportion used for testing.
14. What is meant by hydration of cement and give the IS specifications
15. What is meant by standard consistency of cement and how it is determined?
16. Give the different types of cement
17. Define admixtures and give different types of admixtures.
18. What are retarders and why it is added to cement? Give example.
19. What are accelerators and why it is added to cement? Give example.
20. Why fly ash is added to cement?
21. What are pigments and why it is added to cement?

Aggregates
1. Give the general classification of aggregates and the IS specifications.

2. Define particle size distribution, fineness modulus, well graded and gap graded
aggregates?
3. State the mechanical properties of aggregates.
4. Define toughness Index of aggregate and its significance? Give the test done to determine
the toughness index and IS specification.
5. Define Crushing value of aggregate and its significance? Give the IS specification
6. Define hardness of aggregate and its significance? Give the test done to determine to find
the hardness of aggregate and IS Specification.
7. Define soundness of aggregates?
8. What is meant by flakiness index, elongation index and angularity number of aggregates
and give the IS specifications
Bitumen
1. Define specific gravity?

2. Define penetration value of bitumen and give the IS specifications.
3. Define grade of bitumen?
4. Define viscosity?
5. What is meant by cutback bitumen?
6. What is meant by ductility?
7. What is meant by softening point? Give the apparatus used for finding the softening point
of bitumen and IS specifications.
8. What is meant by flash point and fire point? And give the apparatus used for finding the
softening point of bitumen and IS specifications
9. Differentiate tar and bitumen and how it is obtained?
10. What is flow value in Marshall Stability Test?
11. What are the IRC requirements of Marshall Stability Test?

Fresh Concrete
1. Define concrete mix and factors affecting the concrete mix design.
2. State the requirements of good concrete mix.
3. What is meant by Nominal mix?
4. What is meant by Standard mix?
5. Define workability of concrete mixes and factors affecting the workability of concrete
mix.
6. What are the tests done to determine the workability of concrete and IS specifications?
7. Give the slump cone dimensions used for slump test.
8. Define true slump, shear slump and collapse slump.
9. What is meant by segregation and bleeding of concrete mix?
10. Give the significance of curing of concrete
11. Give the significance of compaction of concrete mix
Hardened Concrete
1. Define grade of concrete and give the IS practice.

2. Define compressive strength of concrete. How compressive strength of concrete is
determined and give the IS specifications.
3. State the factors affecting compressive strength of concrete.
4. What is meant by split tensile strength of concrete?
5. Define poisons ratio?
****


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CONCRETE AND HIGHWAY MATERIALS LABORATORY - 2022

TESTS ON CEMENT ................................................................................................................. 1

TESTSON CONCRETE ............................................................................................................ 15

PART B: HIGHWAY MATERIALS LAB ................................................................................. 35

TESTSON AGGREGATES ....................................................................................................... 35

EXPERIMENT NO:14 ............................................................................................................................ 38

AGGREGATE SHAPETESTS .................................................................................................. 46

TESTS ONBITUMINOUSMATERIALS .................................................................................. 52

TESTS ON SOIL ....................................................................................................................... 69

TESTS ON SELFCOMPACTINGCONCRETE ........................................................................ 73

V- Funnel Test ................................................................................................................................. 77

NORMAL CONSISTENCY TEST FOR CEMENT

Department of Civil Engineering, CITECH, Bangalore Page 1of 91

Sl. No. No. of trials I II III IV V VI

Department of Civil Engineering, CITECH, Bangalore Page 2of 91

IS 5513 – 1976 Specification for vicat apparatus

IS 4031 – PART4 – 1988 Determination of consistency of standard cement paste

Department of Civil Engineering, CITECH, Bangalore Page 3of 91

SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

Department of Civil Engineering, CITECH, Bangalore Page 4of 91

Sl. No. No. of trials I II III IV V VI

Department of Civil Engineering, CITECH, Bangalore Page 5of 91

IS 5513 – 1976 Specification for vicat apparatus

Department of Civil Engineering, CITECH, Bangalore Page 6of 91

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CEMENT

5. The period of vibration shall be2minutes.

Department of Civil Engineering, CITECH, Bangalore Page 7of 91

8. Test the specimens at the required periods (3 days, 7 days)

Calculations: Compressive strength of cement = load /area=N/mm2

Department of Civil Engineering, CITECH, Bangalore Page 8of 91

IS 7246–1974 Recommendations for use of table vibrators consolidating concrete

IS 4031 - PART 7 - 1988 Method of test for strength ofconcrete

IS 269: 1967 Specifications for ordinary and low Portland cement.

Department of Civil Engineering, CITECH, Bangalore Page 9of 91

FINENESS TEST FOR CEMENT

Department of Civil Engineering, CITECH, Bangalore Page 10of 91

A = Area of the cement bed

L = Length of the cement bed

C = Flow meter constant

Result: The Specific surface of the cementis=sq. cm / gm

IS Specification: Fineness requirement of cement as per IS 269 - 1976

Specific surface (sq. cm/gm) by

IS 269 – 1976 Specifications for ordinary and low Portland cement.

Department of Civil Engineering, CITECH, Bangalore Page 11of 91

SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST FOR CEMENT

Aim: To determine the specific gravity value for cement

Apparatus Required: Density bottle, kerosene, balance

5. Specific gravity of kerosene S=W3-W1/W2-W1

Observations & Calculations:

Weight of the specific gravity bottle (W1) =

Weight of the specific gravity bottle filled with water (W2) =

Weight of the specific gravity bottle filled with kerosene (W3)=

Weight of cement = W5gm

Specific gravity of kerosene = S=W3-W1/ W2-W1

Department of Civil Engineering, CITECH, Bangalore Page 12of 91

Result: The specific gravity of given cement sample=

Department of Civil Engineering, CITECH, Bangalore Page 13of 91

Department of Civil Engineering, CITECH, Bangalore Page 14of 91

Department of Civil Engineering, CITECH, Bangalore Page 15of 91

Aim: To determine the mix design of concrete

A-1 Stipulations for Proportioning

3 Maximum Nominal Aggregate Size

4 Minimum Cement Content (MORT&H 1700-3 A)

5 Maximum Water Cement Ratio (MORT&H 1700-3 A)