Vat-Ly-1 - Lecture - Gphysics-1.2 (ch7-10) (1) - (Cuuduongthancong - Com)

1
7
9.1. Angular position,
velocity, acceleration
9.2. Rigid object under
constant angular
acceleration
9.3. Angular and
translational
quantities
9.4. Torque
9.5. Rigid object under a
net torque
9.6. Moments of inertia
9.7. Rotational kinetic
energy
9.8. Energy conservation
in rotational motion
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9.9. Rolling motion
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PART 1: MECHANICS 2
7.1. Angular position, velocity, acceleration

•
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PART 1: MECHANICS 3
7.2. Rigid object under constant angular

acceleration
•
PART 1: MECHANICS 4
7.2. Rigid object under constant angular

acceleration
•
PART 1: MECHANICS 5
7.3. Angular and translational quantities
PART 1: MECHANICS 6
7.4. Torque
•
PART 1: MECHANICS 7
7.4. Torque
•
PART 1: MECHANICS 8
7.5. Analysis model: Rigid object under a net

torque
•
PART 1: MECHANICS 9
7.5. Analysis model: Rigid object under a net

torque
•
PART 1: MECHANICS 10

•

•
7.7. Rotational kinetic energy

•
7.8. Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion

•
7.9. Rolling motion of a rigid object
xxx.The Vector Product and Torque (St. self-study)

 
•The torque vector  is related to the two vectors r

and F ,
using a mathematical operation

called the vector product
  
  r F
7.10. Angular Momentum

•The instantaneous angular momentum L of a
particle relative to an axis through the origin O is
defined by the cross product of the particle’s
instantaneous position vector r and its instantaneous
linear momentum p
  
L  r p

    d L
  r F   
dt
7.10. Angular Momentum

•L - Angular Momentum
d (I ) dL  
  I   ,{ L  I  }
dt dt
o r : L  m rv  m r   I 
2

  d L to t
  ext  I  
dt
PART 1: MECHANICS 18 CHAPTER 10: ANGULAR MOMENTUM
7.11. Conversation
 of Angular Momentum
 d L      
   0 
dt
 L  c o n s t : ....
I i i
 I f
 f
PART 1: MECHANICS 19 CHAPTER 10: ANGULAR MOMENTUM
xxx. The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops
PART 1: MECHANICS 20 CHAPTER 11
7.1. A uniform solid disk of mass m = 3.00 kg and radius r =

0.200 m rotates about a fixed axis perpendicular to its face
with angular frequency 6.00 rad/s. Calculate the magnitude of
the angular momentum of the disk when the axis of rotation
(a) passes through its center of mass and (b) passes through a
point midway between the center and the rim.
Ans.: a) L1 = 0.360 kgm2/s; b) L2 = 0.540 kgm2/s;
Chapters: Static Equilibrium and Elasticity;

Universal Gravitation;
Fluid Mechanics
Self-study
PART 2: THERMODINAMICS 21
Chapter 8. Temperature and The First Law of Thermodynamics
•8.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

•8.2 Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale
•8.3 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas
•8.4 Specific Heat and Calorimetry
•8.5 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes
•8.6. The First Law of Thermodynamics
•8.7. Some Applications of the First Law of
Thermodynamics
PART 2: THERMODINAMICS 22 CHAPTER 12: Temperature and The First Law of
Thermodynamics
12.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
•Temperature is the property that determines whether

an object is in thermal equilibrium with other objects.
•Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If objects A and B are

separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then A and
B are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Thermodynamics
12.2 Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale
•Thermometers are devices used to measure the

temperature of a system. All thermometers are based
on physical properties that change with temperature:
•(1) the volume of a liquid,
•(2) the dimensions of a solid,
•(3) the pressure of a gas at constant volume,
•(4) the volume of a gas at constant pressure,
•(5) the electric resistance of a conductor,
•(6) the color of an object.
Thermodynamics
0
T ( K )  t C  2 7 3 .1 5
T F  1 .8 t C  3 2
 T   t C  1 .8  T F
xxx. Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
•Thermal expansion in 1D
L f
 L i   L i (T f  T i )
  L   Li  T
•Thermal expansion in 3D
 V   Vi  T
•α - Average coefficient of
linear expansion
•β – AC of volume expansion
8.3. Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas
•Ideal gas law (Equation of state for an ideal gas):

Quantities P, V, and T the thermodynamic variables
of an ideal gas,
•R- universal gas constant,
•kB - Boltzmann’s constant.
N m
PV  nRT  RT  R T  N k BT
N A
M
R  8 .3 1 4 J / m o l  K
R 23
kB   1 .3 8 .1 0 J / K
N A
xxx. Heat and Internal Energy
•Internal energy is all the energy of a system that is

associated with its microscopic components—atoms
and molecules—when viewed from a reference frame
at rest with respect to the center of mass of the system.
•Heat is defined as a process of transferring energy

across the boundary of a system because of a
temperature difference between the system and its
surroundings. It is also the amount of energy Q
transferred by this process. 1 cal = 4.186 J.
8.4. Specific Heat and Calorimetry

•The heat capacity C of a particular sample is defined as
the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature
of that sample by 1°C. Q=C.ΔT
•The specific heat c of a substance is the heat capacity C
per unit mass. C Q
c    Q  m cT
m mT
•Calorimetry-technique for measuring specific heat
involves heating a sample to some known temperature
Tx , placing it in a vessel containing water of known
mass and temperature Tw, Tx, and measuring the
temperature of the water after equilibrium has been
reached: m c (T - T ) = -m c (T - T )
w w f w x x f x
Thermodynamics
xxx. Latent Heat
•Latent heat Q
L 
m
•(literally, the “hidden” heat) because this added or
removed energy does not result in a temperature
change. The value of L for a substance depends on
the nature of the phase change as well as on the
properties of the substance.
•Latent heat of fusion Lf is the term used when the phase
change is from solid to liquid (to fuse means “to
combine by melting”),
•Latent heat of vaporization Lv is the term used when
the phase change is from liquid to gas (the liquid
“vaporizes”)
12.9 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes
•In thermodynamics, we describe the state of a system using

such variables as pressure, volume, temperature, and
internal energy. As a result, these quantities belong to a
category called state variables. For any given configuration
of the system, we can identify values of the state variables.
(For mechanical systems, the state variables include kinetic
energy K and potential energy U.)
•The transfer variable is positive or negative, depending on
whether energy is entering or leaving the system. Because a
transfer of energy across the boundary represents a change
in the system, transfer variables are not associated with a
given state of the system, but rather with a change in the
state of the system.
8.5. Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes

•The work done on the gas
  V f
dW  F d r   pAdy   pdV  W  
 Vi
pdV
The work done on a gas in a quasi-static

process that takes the gas from an initial state
to a final state is the negative of the area under
the curve on a PV diagram, evaluated between
the initial and final states.
8.5. Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes
8.6. The First Law of Thermodynamics
•The first law of thermodynamics is a special case of the

law of conservation of energy that describes processes
in which only the internal energy changes and the only
energy transfers are by heat and work
•ΔEint =Q+W
•---
•ΔEint >0,<0,=0
•Q>0,<0,=0
•W>0,<0,=0
8.7. Some Applications of the First Law
of Thermodynamics
•ΔEint = W (adiabatic process)

•W = -P(Vf - Vi) (isobaric process)
•ΔEint = Q: isovolumetric process
•T=const: A process that occurs at constant
temperature is called an isothermal process
Quiz: Characterize the
paths in Figure as
isobaric, isovolumetric,
isothermal, or adiabatic.
For path B, Q = 0. The
blue curves are
isotherms
35
9.1. Molecular model of an Ideal Gas

•Our word “gas” comes from the word meaning
“chaos”. Gases consist of molecules moving and
colliding with each other at random. This
randomness makes the connection between the
microscopic and macroscopic domains simpler for
gases than for liquids or solids.
1. Physical components:
The gas consists of a number of identical molecules within a cubic container of side
length d. The number of molecules in the gas is large, and the average separation
between them is large compared with their dimensions. Therefore, the molecules
occupy a negligible volume in the container. This assumption is consistent with the ideal
gas model, in which we imagine the molecules to be point-like.
2. Behavior of the components:
(a) The molecules obey Newton’s laws of motion, but as a whole their motion is
isotropic: any molecule can move in any direction with any speed.
(b) The molecules interact only by short-range forces during elastic collisions.
This assumption is consistent with the ideal gas model, in which the molecules exert no
long-range forces on one another.
(c) The molecules make elastic collisions with the walls.
9.2. Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas

•Q = nCVΔT (constant volume)
•Q = nCPΔT (constant pressure)
•where CV is the molar specific heat at constant volume
and CP is the molar specific heat at constant pressure.
•Internal energy of an ideal monatomic gas
3
E in t  K to t tr a n s
 n R T ; Q   E in t  n C V  T
2
1 d E in t
CV 
n dT
 E in t  Q  W  n C p  T  (  p  V )
 C P  CV  R
Ratio of molar specific heats for a monatomic ideal gas
C
   ?
P
CV
9.3. The Equipartition of Energy
9.3. The Equipartition of Energy
•Degree of freedom
•the energies of atoms and
molecules are quantized.
•energy-level diagram for the
rotational and vibrational
quantum states of a diatomic
molecule. The lowest allowed
state is called the ground state.
The black lines show the
energies allowed for the
molecule.
•Notice that allowed vibrational
states are separated by larger
energy gaps than are rotational
states
41
10
10.1. Heat Engines and the Second Law of
Thermodynamics
•A heat engine carries some working substance through
a cyclic process during which (1) the working
substance absorbs energy by heat from a high-
temperature energy reservoir, (2) work is done by the
engine, and (3) energy is expelled by heat to a lower-
temperature reservoir
•The thermal efficiency e of a heat engine is defined as
the ratio of the net work done by the engine during one
cycle to the energy input at the higher temperature
during the cycle:
W eng Qh  Qc Qc
e   1
Qh Qh Qh
10.1. Heat Engines and the Second Law of
Thermodynamics
•The Kelvin–Planck form of the
second law of thermodynamics
states the following:
•Itis impossible to construct a
heat engine that, operating in a
cycle, produces no effect other
than the input of energy by heat
from a reservoir and the
performance of an equal amount
of work.
10.2. Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
xxx. Reversible and Irreversible Processes
•In a reversible process, the system

undergoing the process can be
returned to its initial conditions along
the same path on a PV diagram, and
every point along this path is an
equilibrium state. A process that does
not satisfy these requirements is
irreversible.
10.3. The Carnot Engine
•No real heat engine operating between two energy reservoirs

can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating
between the same two reservoirs.
10.3. The Carnot Engine
•the thermal efficiency

• of a Carnot engine is
Qc Tc
eC  1  1
Qh Th
xxx. Gasoline and Diesel Engines
xxx. Entropy
•A microstate is a particular configuration of the

individual constituents of the system. A macrostate is
a description of the system’s conditions from a
macroscopic point of view
•For thermodynamic systems, the variable entropy S
is used to represent the level of uncertainty,
choice, probability, or missing information in the
system. Consider a configuration (a macrostate) in
which all the oxygen molecules in your room are
located in the west half of the room and the nitrogen
molecules in the east half.
N
 V   V   V 
S  k B ln W  k B ln    NkB ln    n R ln  
V
 m  V
 m  V
 m 

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1

7.1. Angular position, velocity, acceleration

7.2. Rigid object under constant angular

7.2. Rigid object under constant angular

7.3. Angular and translational quantities

7.5. Analysis model: Rigid object under a net

7.5. Analysis model: Rigid object under a net

7.6. Moments of inertia

7.6. Moments of inertia

7.7. Rotational kinetic energy

7.8. Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion

7.9. Rolling motion of a rigid object

xxx.The Vector Product and Torque (St. self-study)

using a mathematical operation

7.10. Angular Momentum

7.10. Angular Momentum

xxx. The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops

7.1. A uniform solid disk of mass m = 3.00 kg and radius r =

Chapters: Static Equilibrium and Elasticity;

Chapter 8. Temperature and The First Law of Thermodynamics

•8.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

•Temperature is the property that determines whether

•Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If objects A and B are

•Thermometers are devices used to measure the

xxx. Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids

8.3. Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas

•Ideal gas law (Equation of state for an ideal gas):

xxx. Heat and Internal Energy

•Internal energy is all the energy of a system that is

•Heat is defined as a process of transferring energy

8.4. Specific Heat and Calorimetry

12.9 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes

•In thermodynamics, we describe the state of a system using

8.5. Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes

The work done on a gas in a quasi-static

8.5. Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes

8.6. The First Law of Thermodynamics

•The first law of thermodynamics is a special case of the

•ΔEint = W (adiabatic process)

9.1. Molecular model of an Ideal Gas

9.2. Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas

9.3. The Equipartition of Energy

9.3. The Equipartition of Energy

10.2. Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

xxx. Reversible and Irreversible Processes

•In a reversible process, the system

10.3. The Carnot Engine

•No real heat engine operating between two energy reservoirs

10.3. The Carnot Engine

•the thermal efficiency

xxx. Gasoline and Diesel Engines

•A microstate is a particular configuration of the

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