Chapter

3
Plant Kingdom

2023

T4/ 1

T3/ 1 T1: Introduction, Algae

2019 2022
T4/ 1 T2: Bryophytes
T2/ 1
T1/ 2 T3/ 1 T3: Pteridophytes
T4: Gymnosperms

T1/ 3
T3/ 1 T1/ 2
2020
T2/ 1
T3/ 1
2021

Easy Average Difficult 8618263670

4
Gymnosperms 3/5 9
3-4
 50

Spore Antherid
Spore
case Young
Liverworts Spores Meiosis Spore (n) gametophyte
dispersal
(e.g. Marchantia) Wind dispersal Sporangium Mature
gametophyte Sp
Mature (n) Archegonium
sporophyte New Egg
Sporangium Zygote
(2n) sporophyte
Chlorophyceae Reproduction Fertilization
Phaeophyceae (2n)
(e.g. Volvox) (e.g. Laminaria) Thallus Sorus
Germination
and growth
Rhodophyceae Gametophyte
(e.g. Polysiphonia) Rhizoids The Life Cycle of a Liverwort
(Simple roots)
Life Cycle of Moss
Bryophytes
Algae
e.g. Sphagnum

Gymnosperms Lycopsida
e.g. Selaginella

Roots associated Coralloid roots

with fungus- associated with Sphenopsida
Mycorrhiza (e.g. Pinus) Cyanobacteria (e.g. Cycas) e.g. Equisetum

Pteridophytes
Pteropsida
e.g. Pteris

Psilopsida
e.g. Psilotum
Biology
 Plant Kingdom
TOPIC 3.1 Introduction, Algae
INTRODUCTION
Ø Plant kingdom includes eukaryotic, autotrophic or
photosynthetic and non-motile organisms.
Ø Plant kingdom includes five major plant groups i.e.,
Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms
and Angiosperms as proposed by R.H. Whittaker
in 1969.
Ø Main characters of plant kingdom are:
¨ presence of cellulosic cell wall
¨ non-motile, except some aquatic forms
¨ reproduction is primarily sexual
¨ photosynthetic mode of nutrition, e.g., different
types of algae (green, brown, red algae),
bryophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Ø There are various types of classification in
angiospermic plants.
Ø All taxonomists, from Aristotle to Linnaeus, proposed
artificial system of classification.
Ø In Artificial classification, plants are classified on the
basis of one or two morphological characters i.e.,
over all morphology is not considered. NEET 2013
Ø Classification proposed by Linnaeus is artificial.
Ø In Natural classification, plants are classified on the
basis of their complete morphology. In natural
classification, floral (reproductive) characters have
more importance than vegetative (root, stem and
leaves) characters. Maximum characters are taken
as base in this classification.
Ø Natural classification is believed to be the best
classification because it represents the natural
similarities and dissimilarities of plants i.e., it
represents the inter-relationship among plants.
Ø In this classification, the plants belonging to the same
group show many similarities, while in artificial
classification, the plants belonging to the same group
show only one or two similar characters. They have
many dissimilarities.
Ø Benthan and Hooker gave a system of botanical
taxonomy on the basis of natural affinities.
Ø In phylogenetic classification system, evolutionary
relationship between the various organisms are
acceptable. Organism belonging to same taxa have a
common ancestor.
¨ Numerical taxonomy – based on all observable
characters. Numbers & codes are assigned to all
characters and then data are processed using computers.
51
¨ Cytotaxonomy – based on cytological information
like chromosome number, structure,
behaviour.
¨ Chemotaxonomy – uses chemical constituent of
plant to resolve confusions.
ALGAE
Ø The branch of botany dealing with the study of algae
is called as phycology or algology.
Ø Algae are defined as chlorophyllous and thalloid
avascular plants with no cellular differentiation.
Ø Large marine algae are generally known as sea
weeds or kelps.
Ø Algae are mostly found in fresh water as well as in
salt water.
Ø They occur in a variety of other habitats also like
moist stones, soils and wood.
Ø The body or thallus of algae ranges from microscopic
unicellular (Chlamydomonas), colonial (Volvox),
aggregates of cells, fine filaments (Ulothrix), to
flattened sheets of cells.
Ø All kinds of reproduction are found in algae like
vegetative, asexual and sexual.
Ø Vegetative reproduction occurs through
fragmentation. Each fragment develops into a thallus.
Ø Asexual reproduction occurs through the
production of different types of spores like zoospores,
hypnospores, akinetes, endospores, cysts, etc. The
most common being the zoospores. They are
flagellated (motile) and on germination give rise to
new plants.
Ø Sexual reproduction takes place through fusion of
two gametes. These could be-
¨ Isogamy occurs commonly in unicellular algae,
where male and female gametes are
morphologically similar but differ in physiology.
The gametes can be flagellated and similar in size
(as in Ulothrix) or non-flagellated (non-motile)
but similar in size (as in Spirogyra). NEET 2017
¨ Anisogamy is the fusion of gametes where male
gametes are comparatively smaller in size and
more active than female gametes which are
larger and sluggish. E.g., Eudorina.
¨ Oogamy is the most advanced type of sexual
reproduction where fusion of one large, non-
motile (static) female gamete with a smaller motile
male gamete takes place. E.g., Volvox, Fucus.
 52 Biology

Ø Algae play an important role in carbon dioxide Phaeophyceae (Brown Algae)

fixation on earth through photosynthesis thereby Ø The phaeophyceae are commonly called as brown algae.
increasing the level of dissolved O2 in the environment. Ø They are found primarily in marine habitats.
They are chief primary producers. Ø They range from simple branched, filamentous
Ø About 70 species of marine algae like Porphyra, forms (Ectocarpus) to profusely branched forms as
Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food. represented by kelps, which may reach a height of
Ø Algae are used commercially for various products like: 100 metres.
¨ Algin from brown algae. Ø They possess chlorophyll a, c, carotenoids and
¨ Carrageenan from red algae. xanthophylls (such as fucoxanthin for brown colour
¨ Agar from Gelidium and Gracilaria are used and diatoxanthin). NEET 2021
to grow microbes & in preparation of ice creams
Ø Food is stored as complex carbohydrates, in the form
& Jellies.
of laminarin or mannitol.
Chlorophyceae (Green Algae) Ø The vegetative cells have a cellulosic wall usually
Ø Chlorophyceae are commonly called as green algae. covered on the outside by a gelatinous coating of
Ø The plant body may be unicellular, colonial or alginic acid. The protoplast contains, in addition to
filamentous. plastids, a centrally located vacuole and nucleus.
Ø They are usually green in colour due to the dominance
of pigments chlorophyll a, b and xanthophyll, which
are localised in definite chloroplasts. NEET 2014
Ø The chloroplast maybe discoid, Plate-like, reticulate,
cup-shaped, spiral or ribbon in different species.
Ø Chloroplasts generally contain one or more storage
bodies called pyrenoids. Pyrenoids contain proteins
besides starch. Some algae may store food in the
form of oil droplets also.
Ø Green algae usually have a rigid cell wall made of an
inner layer of cellulose and an outer layer of
pectose. They store starch. For these reasons, they
are believed to be ancestors of land plants. (a) (b)
Ø Vegetative reproduction usually takes place by
fragmentation or by formation of different types of
spores.
Ø Asexual reproduction is by flagellated zoospores
produced in zoosporangia.
Ø The sexual reproduction shows considerable variation
in the type and formation of sex cells and it may be
isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous.
Ø Examples are Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix,
Spirogyra and Chara.

(c)
Fig. : Brown algae: (a) Laminaria (b) Fucus (c)
Dictyota
Ø The plant body is usually attached to the substratum
(a) (b)
by a holdfast, and has a stalk, the stipe and leaf-
Fig: Green algae: (a) Volvox (b) Ulothrix like photosynthetic organ, the frond.
 Plant Kingdom 53

Ø Vegetative reproduction takes place by fragmentation. Ø The red algae usually reproduce vegetatively by
Ø Asexual reproduction in most brown algae is by fragmentation.
biflagellate zoospores that are pear-shaped and Ø They reproduce asexually by non-motile spores
have two unequal laterally attached flagella. and sexually by non-motile gametes.
Ø Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, Ø Sexual reproduction is oogamous and accompanied
anisogamous or oogamous. Union of gametes may by complex post fertilisation developments.
take place in water or within the oogonium (oogamous Ø The common members are Polysiphonia, Porphyra
species). The gametes are pyriform (pear-shaped) Gracilaria, Gelidium.
and bear two laterally attached flagella.
Ø The common forms are Ectocarpus, Dictyota,
Laminaria, Sargassum and Fucus.
Rhodophy ceae
Ø Rhodophyta are commonly called red algae because
of the predominance of the red pigment, r-
phycoerythrin in their body.
Ø Majority of the red algae are marine with greater
concentrations found in the warmer areas.
Ø They occur in both well-lighted regions close to the
surface of water and also at great depths in oceans
where relatively little light penetrates. (a) (b)
Ø The red thalli of most of the red algae are multicellular. Fig. : Red algae: (a) Porphyra (b) Polysiphonia
Some of them have complex body organisation.
Ø The food is stored as floridean starch which is very
similar to amylopectin and glycogen in structure.
NEET 2020

Table : Divisions of algae and their main characteristics

Classes Common Major Stored Cell Wall Flagellar Habitat

Name Pigments Food Number and
Position of
Insertions
Chlorophyceae Green Chlorophyll Starch and Cellulose 2-8, equal, Fresh water,
algae a and b, Sugar apical brackish water,
carotenoids salt water
and xanthophyll
Phaeophyceae Brown Chlorophyll Mannitol, Cellulose 2, unequal, Fresh water
algae a and c, laminarin and algin lateral (rare), brackish
fucoxanthin, water, salt
Flavoxanthin water

Rhodophyceae Red Chlorophyll Floridean Cellulose, Absent Fresh water

algae a and d, starch pectin & (some), brackish
phycoerythrin polysulphate water, salt
esters water (most)

Ø Gaidukov’s effect is found in both red algae and blue green algae.
 54 Biology

• Misconcept : Are all algal bloom harmful?

• Concept : Not all algal blooms are harmful, some can actually be beneficial. Phytoplankton are found at the
base of the marine food chain therefore all other life in the ocean relies on phytoplankton. Blooms can also be a
good indicator of environmental change not only in the water, but also on land.

Classroom Discussion Questions

1. Select the incorrect pair. 3. Laminaria (kelp) and Fucus (rock weed) are the
(a) Numerical taxonomy - Observable characters examples of
(b) Cytotaxonomy - Cytological information (a) red algae (b) brown algae
(c) Chemotaxonomy - Chromosome number and (c) green algae (d) golden brown algae
structure 4. In which of the following, all listed genera belong to
(d) Cladistic taxonomy - Origin from a common the same class of algae?
ancestor (a) Chara, Fucus, Polysiphonia
2. Agar-Agar is obtained from: (b) Volvox, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas
(a) Porphyra (c) Porphyra, Ectocarpus, Ulothrix
(b) Gelidium (d) Sargassum, Laminaria, Gracilaria
(c) Gracilaria 5. Pyrenoids in green algal cells are related to:
(d) Both (b) and (c) (a) Starch storage (b) Protein storage
(c) General metabolism (d) Enzyme secretion

TOPIC 3.2 Bryophytes

BRYOPHYTES in plant kingdom. The antherozoids are released into

Ø Bryophytes are first amongst land plants which water where they come in contact with archegonium.
occur in damp and shady habitats. An antherozoid fuses with the egg to produce the
Ø It includes mosses and liverworts. zygote. Zygotes do not undergo reduction division
immediately. They produce a multicellular body called
Ø Bryophytes are also called amphibians of the plant
a sporophyte. NEET 2014
kingdom because these plants can live in soil but
are dependent on water for sexual reproduction. They
usually occur in damp, humid and shaded localities. Ø The sporophyte is not free-
living but attached to the
NEET 2012 & 2015
photosynthetic gametophyte
Ø They play an important role in plant succession and derives nourishment from
on bare rocks/soil. it. Some cells of the
Ø The gametophyte is thalloid in primitive forms sporophyte undergo reduction
(Riccia) and differentiated into rhizoids, stem and division (meiosis) to produce
leaves in higher bryophytes (mosses). Gametophyte haploid spores in sporogonium.
lacks vascular tissues (xylem and phloem). The spores, produced by
Ø Rhizoids are the organs of absorption and fixation. sporogonium are all alike
Ø The sex organs in bryophytes are multicellular. The (homosporous). Then these
male sex organ (called antheridium) produces spores germinate to produce
biflagellate motile antherozoids. The female sex organ gametophyte.
(called archegonium) is flask-shaped with tubular Fig : Structure of a bryophytes
neck and swollen venter and produces a single egg.
Archegonium appears first time in bryophytes
 Plant Kingdom
Ø Asexual reproduction is absent.
Ø The life cycle of bryophytes consists of two distinct
phases– the gametophytic phase and the
sporophytic phase.
The haploid gametophyte is dominant, long lived,
green and independent whereas the diploid
sporophyte is short lived and dependent upon
the gametophyte. The two phases are morphologically
distinct.
Fig: Bryophytes: A liverwort - Marchantia (a) Female
thallus (b) Male thallus; Mosses - (c) Funaria,
gametophyte and sporophyte (d) Sphagnum
gametophyte
Ø The bryophytes are fundamentally terrestrial plants
but require presence of water to complete their life
cycle. The water is required for dehiscence of
antheridia, liberation of antherozoids, transfer
of antherozoids from antheridia to archegonia,
opening of archegonial neck, and the movement
of antherozoids into the archegonial neck.
Ø Bryophytes in general are of little economic
importance but some mosses provide food for
herbaceous mammals, birds and other animals.
Species of Sphagnum, a moss, provide peat that
have long been used as fuel, and because of its
capacity to hold water as packing material for
trans-shipment of living material. Mosses along with
55
lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks and
hence, are of great ecological importance. They
decompose rocks making the substrate suitable for
the growth of higher plants. Since mosses form dense
mats on the soil, they reduce the impact of falling
rain and prevent soil erosion.
Liverworts
Ø The plants of this class are commonly called as
liverworts because the gametophytic plant body has
liver like appearance.
Ø Liverworts usually grow in moist, shady habitats such
as bank of streams, marshy ground, damp soil and bank
of trees.
Ø The plant body of a liverwort is thalloid. e.g.,
Marchantia. The thallus is dorsiventral and closely
appressed to the substratum. The leafy members have
tiny leaf-like appendages in two rows on the stem-
like structures.
Ø Asexual reproduction in liverworts takes place by
fragmentation of thalli, or by the formation of
specialised structures called gemmae (sing. gemma).
Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds,
which develop in small receptacles called gemma
cups located on the thalli. The gemmae become
detached from the parent body and germinate to form
new individuals. NEET 2021
Ø During sexual reproduction, male and female sex
organs are produced either on the same or on different
thalli. The sporophyte is differentiated into a foot,
seta and capsule. After meiosis, spores are produced
within the capsule. These spores germinate to form
free-living gametophytes.
Ø Examples of liverworts are Riccia, Marchantia,
Pellia, Porella, etc.
Mosses or Bryopsida
Ø Bryopsida are commonly called as mosses.
Ø The protonema stage, develops directly from a
spore. NEET 2023
Ø It is a creeping, green, branched and frequently
filamentous stage. The leafy stage develops from
the secondary protonema as a lateral bud. They consist
of upright, slender axis bearing spirally arranged
leaves. They are attached to the soil through
multicellular and branched rhizoids. This stage bears
the sex organs.
Ø Vegetative reproduction in mosses is by
fragmentation and budding in the secondary
protonema.
 56 Biology

Ø In sexual reproduction, the sex organs antheridia and archegonia are produced at the apex of the leafy shoots.
After fertilisation, the zygote develops into a sporophyte, consisting of a foot, seta and capsule.
Ø The sporophyte in mosses is more elaborate than that in liverworts. The capsule contains spores. Spores are
formed after meiosis. The mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal.
Ø Common examples of mosses are Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum.

• Misconcept : Rhizoids and roots are the same thing?

• Concept : Rhizoids and roots are two different things. Rhizoids have structure similar to roots but more primitive.
They have absorption property of water and nutrients. Fungi and mosses have rhizoids and not roots. Also, Rhizoids
differ from roots as rhizoids arise in gametophytes but root in sporophytes.

• Misconcept : All the plants having moss in their names belong to the bryophytes.
• Concept : There are several plants with the name “moss” associated with them, but not all of them are mosses. For
instance, Reindeer moss is a lichen, Spanish mosses are angiosperms and Club mosses are ferns in true sense.

Classroom Discussion Questions

6. Bryophytes include: (c) Thallus-like plant body, presence of root and
(a) Liverworts and ferns (b) Mosses and ferns autotrophic nutrition.
(c) Mosses and liverworts(d) None of these (d) Thallus-like plant body, lack of vascular tissues
7. Bryophytes grow in moist and shady environments and autotrophic nutrition.
because: 9. Protonema and leafy stage are the predominant stage
(a) they cannot grow on land. of the life cycle of
(b) their gametes fuse in water. (a) moss (b) dicots
(c) they lack vascular tissue. (c) liverwort (d) gymnosperm
(d) they lack roots and stomata. 10. Which is not the characteristic feature of
8. Bryophytes resemble algae in which of the following bryophyta?
aspects: (a) Motile sperms
(a) Filamentous body, presence of vascular tissues (b) Presence of archegonium
and autotrophic nutrition. (c) Water is essential for fertilisation
(b) Differentiation of plant body into root, stem and (d) Independent autotrophic sporophyte
leaves and autotrophic nutrition.

TOPIC 3.3 Pteridophytes

PTERIDOPHYTES Ø In pteridophytes, the main plant body, sporophyte is

Ø The pteridophytes include horsetails and ferns.
Ø Pteridophytes are used for medicinal purposes and
as soil binders. They are also frequently grown as
ornamentals.
Ø They are the first terrestrial plants to possess
vascular tissues - xylem and phloem.
Ø They are found in cool, damp, shady places though
some may flourish well in sandy soil conditions.
differentiated into true root, stem and leaves.
These organs possess well-differentiated vascular
tissues.
Ø The leaves in pteridophyta are small (microphylls)
as in Selaginella or large (macrophylls) as in ferns.
Ø The sporophytes bear sporangia that are subtended
by leaf-like appendages called sporophylls. In some
cases, sporophylls may form distinct compact
 Plant Kingdom 57

structures called strobili or cones (e.g., Selaginella, a precursor to the seed habit, considered an
Equisetum). The sporangia produce spores by important step in evolution. NEET 2021
meiosis in spore mother cells. Ø Pteridophytes are divided into four class i.e. Psilopside
Ø The spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous, (Psildium), Lycopsida (Selaginella Lyopodium),
small but multicellular, free-living, mostly photosynthetic Sphenopsida (Equisetum) and Pteriopsida
thalloid gametophytes called prothallus. These (Dryoptesis, Pteris, Adiantium). NEET 2020
gametophytes require cool, damp, shady places to grow.
Because of this specific restricted requirement and the
need for water for fertilisation, the spread of living
pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow
geographical regions. NEET 2020
Ø The gametophytes bear sex organs called
antheridia and archegonia.
Ø Water is required for transfer of antherozoids
to the mouth of archegonium. Fusion of male
gamete with the egg present in the archegonium result
in the formation of zygote.
Zygote thereafter produces a multicellular well-
differentiated sporophyte which is the dominant
phase of the pteridophytes.
Ø In majority of the pteridophytes, all the spores are of
similar kinds; such plants are called homosporous.
Ø Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which produce
two kinds of spores-macro (large) and micro (small)
spores are known as heterosporous. NEET 2023

Ø The megaspores and microspores germinate and give

rise to female and male gametophytes, respectively.
The female gametophytes in these plants are retained
on the parent sporophytes for variable periods. The
development of the zygotes into young embryos takes Fig: Pteridophytes : (a) Selaginella
place within the female gametophytes. This event is (b) Equisetum (c) Fern (d) Salvinia

Classroom Discussion Questions

11. Seed habit first originated in: (b) gametophyte (n) which is differentiated into root,
stem and leaf.
(a) Certain pteridophytes (b) Certain pines
(c) sporophyte having no root, stem and leaf.
(c) Certain monocots (d) Certain dicots
(d) gametophyte having no root but only stem and
12. Fern plant is a
leaf.
(a) haploid gametophyte
14. The first plants to appear after a forest fire are the
(b) diploid gametophyte
ferns, this is because of the survival of their:
(c) diploid sporophyte
(a) Spores (b) Leaves
(d) haploid sporophyte
(c) Fronds (d) Rhizomes
13. The main plant body in pteridophyte is:
15. Which one of the following is heterosporous?
(a) sporophyte (2n) which is differentiated into root,
(a) Dryopteris (b) Salvinia
stem and leaf.
(c) Adiantum (d) Equisetum
 58 Biology

TOPIC 3.4 Gymnosperms

GYMNOSPERMS Ø The megaspore mother cell is differentiated from one

Ø All gymnosperms are perennial and include medium- of the cells of the nucellus. The nucellus is protected
sized trees or tall trees and shrubs. by envelopes and the composite structure is called
Ø One of the gymnosperms, the giant redwood tree an ovule. The ovules are borne on megasporophylls
Sequoia is one of the tallest tree species. NEET 2016 which may be clustered to form the female cones.
Ø The megaspore mother cell divides meiotically to form
Ø The roots are generally tap roots. Roots in some
four megaspores. One of the megaspores enclosed
genera have fungal association in the form of
within the megasporangium (nucellus) develops into
mycorrhiza (Pinus), while in some others (Cycas)
a multicellular female gametophyte that bears two or
small specialised roots called coralloid roots are
more archegonia or female sex organs. The
associated with N2- fixing cyanobacteria. NEET 2019
multicellular female gametophyte is also retained
Ø The stems are unbranched (Cycas) or branched within megasporangium. NEET 2013
(Pinus, Cedrus). The leaves may be simple or
Ø Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, in gymnosperms
compound.
the male and the female gametophytes do not have
Ø In Cycas, the pinnate leaves persist for a few years.
an independent free-living existence. They remain
The leaves in gymnosperms are well-adapted to
within the sporangia retained on the sporophytes.
withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and
Ø The pollen grain is released from the microsporangium.
wind. In conifers, the needle-like leaves reduce the
They are carried in air currents and come in contact
surface area. Their thick cuticle and sunken stomata
with the opening of the ovules borne on
also help to reduce water loss.
megasporophylls. NEET 2023
Ø The gymnosperms are heterosporous which
Ø The pollen tube carrying the male gametes grows
produce haploid microspores and megaspores. The
towards archegonia in the ovules and discharge their
two kinds of spores are produced within sporangia
contents near the mouth of the archegonia. Following
that are borne on sporophylls. NEET 2016 & 2017
fertilisation, zygote develops into an embryo and the
Ø The two types of sporophylls aggregate to form ovules into seeds. These seeds are not covered.
compact cones or strobili.
Ø The strobili bearing microsporophylls and
microsporangia are called microsporangiate or
male strobili. The microspores develop into a male
gametophytic generation which is highly reduced and
is confined to only a limited number of cells. This
reduced gametophyte is called a pollen grain. The
development of pollen grains takes place within the
microsporangia.
Ø The cones bearing megasporophylls with ovules or
megasporangia are called macrosporangiate or
female strobili. The male or female cones or strobili
may be borne on the same tree (Pinus) or on different
trees (Cycas). Fig: Gymnosperm: Ginkgo
 Plant Kingdom 59

Classroom Discussion Questions

16. Coralloid roots of Cycas are useful in 18. In which of the following, fertilisation is possible
(a) N2-fixation (b) Absorption of water without water?
(c) Transpiration (d) Fixation (a) Algae (b) Bryophytes
17. Fruits are not formed in gymnosperms because of: (c) Pteridophytes (d) Gymnosperm
(a) Absence of pollination. 19. Which of the following is the tallest gymnosperm?
(b) Absence of seed. (a) Cycas (b) Sequoia
(c) Absence of fertilisation. (c) Pinus (d) Ephedra
(d) Absence of ovary. 20. Which of the following is living fossil?
(a) Pinus (b) Ginkgo biloba
(c) Thuja (d) Deodar

Home Assignment (NCERT Based MCQs)

TOPIC 3.1 Introduction, Algae

1. Mannitol is the stored food in NCERT Page-33 / N-27 5. Algin, carrageen and proteins are obtained from
(a) Chara (b) Porphyra NCERT Page-33 / N-27
(c) Fucus (d) Gracilaria (a) red algae, brown algae, green algae respectively.
2. Ulothrix can be described as a NCERT Page-30 / N-26 (b) brown algae, red algae, green algae respectively.
(a) non-motile colonial alga lacking zoospores (c) red algae, green algae, brown algae respectively.
(b) filamentous alga lacking flagellated reproductive (d) green algae, brown algae, red algae respectively.
stages 6. Pyrenoids is related to
(c) membranous alga producing zoospores
(a) starch formation NCERT Page-32 / N-26
(d) filamentous alga with flagellated reproductive stages
(b) water storage
3. Alginates (alginin), used as highly efficient gauze in
internal operations are obtained from cell walls of (c) general metabolism
NCERT Page-32 / N-26
(d) enzymatic activity
(a) Cyanophyceae (b) Phaeophyceae 7. Which one of the following statements concerning
(c) Rhodophyceae (d) All of these the algae is incorrect ? NCERT Page-30 / N-24

4. Why rhodophyta exhibit a red colour? NCERT Page-33 / N-27
(a) Since most rhodophyta grow at great depths, the
chlorophyll can only absorb light in the red area
of the spectrum.
(b) The wavelengths of light that are absorbed by
chloro- phyll are passed to phycoerythrin (a red
pigment).
(c) Red pigment of rhodophyta absorbs all the light
waves.
(d) The light reaching the greatest depth in water is
in the blue-green region of the spectrum, is
absorbed by phycoerythrin.
(a) Most algae are photosynthetic.
(b) Algae can be classified according to their pigments.
(c) All algae are filamentous.
(d) Spirogyra does not produce zoospores.
8. Which of the following example belong to the same
class of algae? NCERT Page-32 / N-24
(a) Chara, Sargassum, Polysiphonia
(b) Volvox, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas
(c) Porphyra, Ectocarpus, Dictyota
(d) Sargassum, Laminaria, Chara
 60 Biology

9. Match column-I with column-II and choose the (b) Phaeophyceae – Cell wall is made up of
correct option. NCERT Page-30, 36, & 38 / N-26, 27, 28 & 29 cellulose and algin.
Column-I Column-II (c) Rhodophyceae – Stored food is mannitol.
A. Phaeophyceae I. Have an elaborate (d) Chlorophyceae – Cell wall is made up of
mechanism of spore cellulose.
dispersal 12. A student was given a sample to observe under the
B. Rhodophyceae II. First terrestrial plant microscope. He observed and found that the sample
with vascular tissue- is the most common type of spore involved in asexual
phloem and xylem reproduction in algae. Identify the spore.
C. Mosses III. Asexual reproduction NCERT Page-30 / N-24
by biflagellate zoosposes (a) Zoospore (b) Endospore
D. Pteridophytes IV. Polysiphonia, (c) Hypnospore (d) None of these
Porphyra, Gracilaria 13. In class phaeophyceae, the plant body is usually attached
(a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II to the substratum by a A and has a stalk, the B
(b) A – IV; B – III; C – I; D – II and leaf like photosynthetic organ-the C .
(c) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I NCERT Page-32 & 33 / N-26 & 27
(d) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II (a) A – holdfast, B – stipe, C – frond
10. If you are asked to classify the various algae into distinct (b) A – stipe, B – holdfast, C – frond
groups then which of the following characters you should (c) A – frond, B – stipe, C – holdfast
choose for the classification? NCERT Page-30 / N-24 (d) A – stipe, B – frond, C – holdfast
(a) Nature of habitat 14. If you are asked to classify the various algae into
(b) Structural organization of thallus distinct groups, which of the following characters you
(c) Chemical composition of the cell wall should choose? NCERT Page-29 & 30 / N-23 & 24
(d) Types of pigments present in the cell (a) Nature of stored food materials in the cell
11. Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched? (b) Structural organization of thallus
NCERT Page-32 & 33 / N-26 & 27 (c) Chemical composition of the cell wall
(a) Chlorophyceae – Major pigments are chl a and b. (d) Types of pigments present in the cell

TOPIC 3.2 Bryophytes

15. Statement I: Main plant body of bryophytes is 18. Mosses are of great ecological importance because
sporophytic. of NCERT Page-36 / N-30
Statement II: Main plant body of pteridophytes is (a) its contribution to prevent soil erosion.
gametophytic. NCERT Page-34, 35, 36 & 38 / N-28, 29, 30 & 32 (b) its contribution in ecological succession.
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect (c) its capability to remove CO from the atmosphere.
(b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect (d) both (a) and (b)
(c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct 19. Mosses do not have ‘true leaves’ because their leaf-
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct like structures lack NCERT Page-36 / N-30
16. A bryophyte differs from pteridophytes in having (a) starch in their chloroplast.
(a) archegonia. NCERT Page-35 / N-29 (b) vascular tissues.
(b) lack of vascular tissue. (c) chlorophyll.
(c) swimming antherozoids. (d) cellulose in their cell walls.
(d) independent gametophytes. 20. Mosses and ferns are found in moist and shady places
17. Protonema NCERT Page-36 / N-30 because both NCERT Page-36 / N-30
(a) is a stage of gametophytic generation. (a) Require presence of water for fertilization.
(b) is a creeping, green, branched and develops (b) Do not need sunlight for photosynthesis.
directly from a spore. (c) Depend for their nutrition on micro-organisms
(c) Filamentous stage. which can survive only at low temperature.
(d) All of the above (d) Can not compete with sun-loving plants.
 Plant Kingdom 61

21. Bryophytes resemble algae in the following aspects
NCERT Page-35 & 36 / N-28 & 29
(a) filamentous body, presence of vascular tissues
and autotrophic nutrition
(b) differentiation of plant body into root, stem and
leaves and autotrophic nutrition
(c) thallus like plant body, presence of root and
autotrophic nutrition
(d) thallus like plant body, lack of vascular tissues
and autotrophic nutrition
22. You are given an unknown plant to study in the
laboratory. You find that it has chlorophyll, no xylem.
Its multicellullar sex organs are enclosed in a layer
of jacket cells. Its gametophyte stage is free living.
The plant probably belongs to NCERT Page-35 / N-29
(a) chlorophyceae (b) bryophyte
(c) pteridophyte (d) gymnosperm
23. Moss peat is used as a packing material for sending
flowers and live plants to distant places because
(a) it reduces transpiration. NCERT Page-36 / N-30
(b) it serves as a disinfectant.
(c) it is easily available.
(d) it is hygroscopic.
24. The unique feature of bryophytes compared to other
plant groups is that NCERT Page-34 / N-29
(a) they produce spores.
(b) they lack vascular tissues.
(c) they lack roots.
(d) their sporophyte is attached to the gametophyte.
25. In bryophytes, male and female sex organs are called
______ and ______ respectively. NCERT Page-35 / N-29
(a) microsporangia; macrosporangia
(b) male strobili; female strobili
(c) antheridia; archegonia
(d) androecium; gynoecium
26. Protonema and leafy stage are the predominant stage
of the life cycle of NCERT Page-36 / N-30
(a) moss (b) dicots
(c) liverwort (d) gymnosperm
27. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct
about mosses? NCERT Page-35 & 36 / N-29, 30
(a) The predominant stage of its life cycle is the
gametophyte which consists of two stages –
protonema and leafy stages.
(b) Leafy stage are attached to the soil through
multi-cellular and branched rhizoids.
(c) Sex organs-antheridia and archegonia are
produced at the apex of the leafy shoots.
(d) All of the above

TOPIC 3.3 Pteridophytes

28. Fern plant is a NCERT Page-36 / N-30 31. Which of the following pteridophytes belong to class
(a) haploid gametophyte (b) diploid gametophyte pteropsida? NCERT Page-38 / N-32
(c) diploid sporophyte (d) haploid sporophyte (a) Equisetum and Psilotum
29. Which one of the following is a correct statement? (b) Lycopodium and Adiantum
NCERT Page-36 / N-30 (c) Selaginella and Pteris
(a) Pteridophyte gametophyte has a protonemal and (d) Pteris and Adiantum
leafy stage. 32. Which one of the following is the major difference
(b) In gymnosperms, female gametophyte is free-living. between mosses and ferns? NCERT Page-36 / N-30
(c) Antheridiophores and archegoniophores are (a) Ferns lack alternation of generation while
present in pteridophytes. mosses show the same.
(d) Origin of seed habit can be traced in pteridophytes. (b) Mosses are facultative aerobes while ferns are
30. Which of the following statements is incorrect? obligate aerobes.
NCERT Page-36 / N-30
(c) Vascular bundles of ferns show xylem vessels
(a) Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch. while those of mosses lack it.
(b) Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, oogamous (d) Sporophytes of ferns live much longer as
and anisogamous in green and brown algae.
compared to the sporophytes of mosses.
(c) Some of the members of algae also occur in
33. The spreading of living pteridophytes is limited and
association with fungi (lichen).
restricted to narrow geographical region because
(d) The spores in pteridophyta are small (macro)
NCERT Page-36 / N-30
and large (micro).
 62 Biology

(a) gametophytic growth needs cool, damp and 34. The most dominant group of plant kingdom is:
shady places. (a) Bryophyte
(b) it requires water for fertilization. (b) Pteridophyte
(c) due to absence of stomata in leaf and absence (c) Gymnosperms
of vascular tissue. (d) Angiosperm
(d) both (a) and (b)

TOPIC 3.4 Gymnosperms

35. Which of the following group of plant is being (b) absence of seed.
described by the given statements? (c) absence of fertilization.
(i) They are plants in which the ovules are not (d) absence of ovary.
enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed 38. _______ represent the reproductive organs amongst
before and after fertilization. gymnosperms. NCERT Page-38 / N-32
(ii) The giant red wood tree Sequoia is one of the (a) Prothallus (b) Capsules
tallest tree species of the group. (c) Setae (d) Cones
(iii) The roots are generally tap roots. 39. In which of the following groups do the male and
(iv) They are heterosporous and they produce haploid female gametophytes have independent, free living
microspores and megaspores. existence?
(v) Roots in some genera have fungal association.
(a) Bryophytes and gymnosperms
(a) Algae (b) Bryophytes
(b) Bryophtes ans pteridophytes
(c) Gymnosperms (d) Pteridophytes
36. A plant having seed but does not have flowers and (c) Pteridophytes and gymnosperms
fruits comes under: (d) Algae and gymnosperms
(a) Bryophyte (b) Pteridophyte 40. The gametophyte is not an independent, free living
(c) Gymnosperms (d) Angiosperm generation in : NCERT Page-38 / N-33
37. Fruits are not formed in gymnosperms because of (a) Polytrichum (b) Adiantum
(a) absence of pollination. NCERT Page-38 / N-32 (c) Marchantia (d) Pinus

1. Isogamous condition with non-flagellated gametes is (c) Chalmydomonas exhibits both isogamy and
found in : NCERT | Page-30 / N-26 | 2013 anisogamy and Fucus shows oogamy.
(a) Spirogyra (d) Isogametes are similar in structure, function and
(b) Volvox behaviour.
(c) Fucus 4. Which of the following is not correctly matched for the
(d) Chlamydomonas organism and its cell wall degrading enzyme?
2. Which one of the following is wrongly matched? (a) Plant cells-Cellulase NCERT | Page-33 | 2013
(a) Nostoc-Water blooms NCERT | Page-30 | Kar.2013 (b) Algae-Methylase
(b) Spirogyra-Motile gametes (c) Fungi-Chitinase
(c) Sargassum-Chlorophyll c (d) Bacteria-Lysozyme
(d) Basidiomycetes-Puffballs 5. The plant body is thalloid in NCERT | Page-35 | 2013
3. Select the wrong statement: NCERT | Page-30 | 2013 (a) Funaria
(a) Anisogametes differ either in structure, function (b) Sphagnum
or behaviour. (c) Salvinia
(b) In oomycetes female gamete is smaller and (d) Marchantia
motile, while male gamete is larger and non-motile.
 Plant Kingdom 63

6. Besides paddy fields cyanobacteria are also found inside (c) Mannitol is stored food in Rhodophyceae
vegetative part of: NCERT | Page-38 | 2013 (d) Algin and carragen are products of algae
(a) Cycas (b) Equisetum 15. Which one is wrong statement? 2015
(c) Psilotum (d) Pinus (a) Mucor has biflagellate zoospores
7. Read the following statements (i-v) and answer the (b) Haploid endosperm is typical feature of gymnosperms
question which follows them. 2013 (c) Brown algae have chlorophyll a and c and
(i) In liverworts, mosses and ferns gametophytes are fucoxanthin
free-living (d) Archegonia are found in Bryophyta, Pteridophyta
(ii) Gymnosperms and some ferns are heterosporous. and Gymnosperms.
(iii) Sexual reproduction in Fucus, Volvox and Albugo 16. In which of the following gametophyte is not
is oogamous independent free living? NCERT | Page-39 / N-33 | 2015
(iv) The sporophyte in liveworts is more elaborate (a) Marchantia (b) Pteris
than that in mosses (c) Pinus (d) Funaria
(v) Both, Pinus and Marchantia are dioecious 17. Read the following five statements (i to v) and select
How many of the above statements are correct? the option with all correct statements:
(a) Two (b) Three NCERT | Page-35, 38 & 39 / N-30 | 2015
(c) Four (d) One (i) Mosses and Lichens are the first organisms to
8. What is common in all the three, Funaria, Dryopteris colonise a bare rock.
and Ginkgo? NCERT | Page-36, 38 & 39 / N-32 | 2013 (ii) Selaginella is a homosporous pteridophyte
(a) Independent sporophyte (iii) Coralloid roots in Cycas have VAM
(b) Presence of archegonia (iv) Main plant body in bryophytes is gametophytic,
(c) Well developed vascular tissues whereas in pteridophytes it is sporophytic
(d) Independent gametophyte (v) In gymnosperms, male and female gametophytes
9. Which one of the following shows isogamy with non- are present within sporangia located on sporophyte
flagellated gametes? NCERT | Page-30 / N-26 | 2014 (a) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (b) (i), (iv) and (v)
(a) Sargassum (b) Ectocarpus (c) (ii), (iii) and (v) (d) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(c) Ulothrix (d) Spirogyra 18. In bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male
10. Which one of the following is wrong about Chara? gametes requires NCERT | Page-35 & 36 | 2016
20 14 (a) Wind (b) Insects
(a) Upper oogonium and lower round antheridium. (c) Birds (d) Water
(b) Globule and nucule present on the same plant. 19. Select the correct statement: NCERT | Page-38 | 2016
(c) Upper antheridium and lower oogonium. (a) Gymnosperms are both homosporous and
(d) Globule is male reproductive structure. heterosporous
11. An alga which can be employed as food for human (b) Salvinia, Ginkgo and Pinus all are gymnosperms
being is: NCERT | Page-32 / N-26 | 2014 (c) Sequoia is one of the tallest trees
(a) Ulothrix (b) Chlorella (d) The leaves of gymnosperms are not well adapted
(c) Spirogyra (d) Polysiphonia to extremes of climate
12. Which of the following is responsible for peat 20. Conifers are adapted to tolerate extreme
formation? NCERT | Page-35 / N-29 | 2014 environmental conditions because of
(a) Marchanita (b) Riccia NCERT | Page-38 | Phase-II 2016
(c) Funaria (d) Sphagnum (a) thick cuticle (b) presence of vessels
13. Male gametes are flagellated in : (c) broad hardy leaves (d) superficial stomata
NCERT | Page-33 / N-24 | 2015
21. An example of colonial alga is: NCERT | Page-30 | 2017
(a) Anabaena (b) Ectocarpus (a) Volvox (b) Ulothrix
(c) Spirogyra (d) Polysiphonia (c) Spirogyra (d) Chlorella
14. Which one of the following statements is wrong? 22. Select the mismatch 2017
NCERT | Page-33 / N-26 | 2015
(a) Cycas – Dioecious
(a) Agar - agar is obtained from Gelidium and (b) Salvinia – Heterosporous
Gracilaria (c) Equisetum – Homosporous
(b) Chlorella and Spirulina are used as space food (d) Pinus – Dioecious
 64 Biology

23. Which one is wrongly matched? 33. Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia produce two kinds
NCERT | Page-34 / N-28 | 2018 of spores. Such plants are known as:
(a) Uniflagellate gametes – Polysiphonia NCERT | Page-38 / N-30 | 2021
(b) Biflagellate zoospores – Brown algae (a) Heterosporous (b) Homosorus
(c) Unicellular organism – Chlorella (c) Heterosorus (d) Homosporous
(d) Gemma cups – Marchantia 34. Hydrocolloid carrageen is obtained from:
24. Winged pollen grains are present in 2018 NCERT | Page-32 / N-26 | 2022

(a) Mustard (b) Cycas (a) Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae

(c) Pinus (d) Mango (b) Rhodophyceae only
25. Pinus seed cannot germinate and establish without (c) Phaeophyceae only
fungal association. This is because: (d) Chlorophyceae and Phaeophyceae
(a) its embryo is immature. NCERT | Page-38 | 2019 35. Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
NCERT | Page-32 & 33 / N-26 & 27| 2022
(b) it has obligate association with mycorrhizae.
(c) it has very hard seed coat. (a) Ulothrix - Mannitol
(b) Porphyra - Floridian Starch
(d) its seeds contain inhibitors that prevent
(c) Volvox - Starch
germination.
(d) Ectocarpus - Fucoxanthin
26. Phycoerythrin is the major pigment in
36. Match the plant with the kind of life cycle it exhibits:
NCERT | Page-33 / N-27 | Phase-II 2020
NCERT | Page-38 & 39 / N-24 | 2022
(a) Brown algae (b) Red algae
List-I List-II
(c) Blue green algae (d) Green algae
27. Which of the following pairs is of unicellular algae? (A) Spirogyra (i) Dominant diploid sporophyte
NCERT | Page-32 / N-28 | 2020
vascular plant, with highly
(a) Gelidium and Gracilaria reduced male or female
gametophyte
(b) Anabaena and Volvox
(B) Fern (ii) Dominant haploid
(c) Chlorella and Spirulina
free-living gametophyte
(d) Laminaria and Sargassum
(C) Funaria (iii) Dominant diploid
28. Floridean starch has structure similar to
sporophyte alternating
NCERT | Page-33 / N-27 | 2020
with reduced
(a) Amylopectin and glycogen
gametophyte called
(b) Mannitol and algin prothallus
(c) Laminarin and cellulose (D) Cycas (iv) Dominant haploid leafy
(d) Starch and cellulose gametophyte alternating
29. Strobili or cones are found in NCERT | Page-36 / N-33 | 2020 with partially dependent
(a) Pteris (b) Marchantia multicellular sporophyte
(c) Equisetum (d) Salvinia Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
30. Which of the following algae produce Carrageen? (a) (A)-(ii), (B)-(iii), (C)-(iv), (D)-(i)
NCERT | Page-32 / N-26 | 2021 (b) (A)-(iii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(i), (D)-(ii)
(a) Blue-green algae (c) (A)-(ii), (B)-(iv), (C)-(i), (D)-(iii)
(b) Green algae (d) (A)-(iv), (B)-(i), (C)-(ii), (D)-(iii)
(c) Brown algae 37. Given below are two statements : One labelled as
(d) Red algae Assertion A and the other labelled as Reason R:
31. Which of the following algae contains mannitol as NCERT | Page-36 / N-30 | 2023
reserve food material? NCERT | Page-33 / N-27 | 2021 Assertion A : The first stage of gametophyte in the
(a) Ulothrix (b) Ectocarpus life cycle of moss is protonema stage.
(c) Gracilaria (d) Volvox Reason R : Protonema develops directly from spores
32. Gemmae are present in NCERT | Page-35 / N-29 | 2021 produced in capsule.
(a) Some Liverworts(b) Mosses In the light of the above statements, choose the most
(c) Pteridophytes (d) Some Gymnosperms appropriate answer from options given below:
 Plant Kingdom 65

(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct Assertion A : In gymnosperms the pollen grains are
explanation of A released from the microsporangium and carried by
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the air currents.
correct explanation of A Reason R : Air currents carry the pollen grains to
(c) A is correct but R is not correct the mouth of the archegonia where the male gametes
(d) A is not correct but R is correct are discharged and pollen tube is not formed.
38. Identify the pair of heterosporous pteridophytes In the light of the above statements, choose the
among the following : NCERT | Page-38 / N-32 | 2023 correct answer from the options given below :
(a) Lycopodium and Selaginella (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct
(b) Selaginella and Salvinia explanation of A
(c) Psilotum and Salvinia (b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct
(d) Equisetum and Salvinia explanation of A
39. Given below are two statements : One labelled as (c) A is true but R is false
Assertion A and the other labelled as Reason R : (d) A is false but R is true
NCERT | Page-39 / N-33 | 2023

1. Which one of the following statements concerning (c) In gymosperms, roots in some genera have fungal
the algae is incorrect? association in the form of mycorrhiza (Pinus)
(a) Most algae are photosynthetic. while in some others (Cycas) small specialised
(b) Algae can be classified according to their pigments. roots called coralloid are associated with N2 –
(c) All algae are filamentous. fixing cyanobacteria.
(d) Spirogyra does not produce zoospores. (d) All of the above
2. Which of the following statement is incorrect for 5. Match column-I with column-II and select the correct
chlorophyceae? answer using the codes given below.
(a) The stored food material is starch. Column-I Column-II
(b) Major pigments are chlorophyll a and b. A. Phaeophyceae I. Have an elaborate
(c) Spirogyra belongs to this class. mechanism of spore
(d) These are generally brown algae. dispersal
3. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct B. Rhodophyceae II. Equisetum, fern
about mosses? C. Mosses III. Asexual reproduction by
(a) The predominant stage of its life cycle is the biflagellate zoospores
gametophyte which consists of two stages – D. Pteridophytes IV. Polysiphonia,
protonema and leafy stages. Porphyra, Gracilaria
(b) Leafy stage is attached to the soil through (a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II
multicellular and branched rhizoids. (b) A – IV; B – III; C – I; D – II
(c) Sex organs-antheridia and archegonia are (c) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
produced at the apex of the leafy shoots. (d) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II
(d) All of the above 6. Which of the following statement about plants are
4. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? correct?
(i) Kingdom Plantae includes eukaryotic, autotrophic,
(a) In gymnosperms, the ovules are not enclosed by
chlorophyll containing organisms.
any ovary wall.
(ii) It includes bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms,
(b) The giant redwood tree sequoia is one of the
angiosperms but not algae.
tallest tree species.
(iii) They have well-defined cellulosic wall.
 66 Biology

(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii) (ii) Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size is termed
(c) (ii) only (d) None of the above as oogamous.
7. Statement I: In Cycas, nitrogen fixation occuss. (iii) Fusion of two gametes similar in size is called
Statement II: In coralloid roots of cycas, anisogamous.
cyanobacteria is present. (iv) In chlorophyceae, the major pigments are
(a) Both statement I and II are correct. chlorophyll a and b , and the food is stored as
(b) Both statement I and II are incorrect. starch.
(c) Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect. (v) In rhodophyceae, the major pigments are
(d) Statement II is correct but statement I is incorrect. chlorophyll a and d , and the food is stored as
8. Which of the following statement is incorrect? mannitol.
(a) Double fertilisation is unique to gymnosperms (a) (i) and (v) (b) (iii) and (v)
and monocotyledons. (c) (i) and (ii) (d) (i) and (iv)
(b) Sequoia, a gymnosperm, is one of the tallest tree 13. The main plant body in pteridophyte is:
species. (a) sporophyte (2n) which is differentiated into root,
(c) Phaeophyceae members possess chlorophyll a stem and leaf.
and c, carotenoids and xanthophylls. (b) gametophyte (n) which is differentiated into root,
(d) Moss is a gametophyte which consists of two stem and leaf.
stages namely, protonemal stage and leafy stage. (c) sporophyte having no root, stem and leaf.
9. The most common type of spore produced during (d) gametophyte having no root but only stem and leaf.
asexual reproduction of algae is: 14. Seed-habit is seen in
(a) Aplanospore (b) Endospore (a) adiantum
(c) Zoospore (d) Oospore (b) cycas
10. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct (c) certain monocots
about gemmae? (d) primitive dicots
(i) These are specialised structures by which 15. Consider the following four statements whether they
asexual reproduction takes place in liverworts. are correct or wrong?
(ii) They are green, multicellular and asexual buds. (i) The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate
(iii) They develop in small receptacles called gemma than that in mosses
cups. (ii) Salvinia is heterosporous
(iv) They detach from parent body and germinate to (iii) The life cycle in all seed-bearing plants is diplontic
form new individuals. (iv) In Pinus male and female cones are borne on
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) different trees.
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) All of these The two wrong statements together are
11. In mosses, the second gametophytic stage is leafy (a) Statements (i) and (iii)
stage. Consider and choose the correct statements (b) Statements (i) and (iv)
about leafy stage. (c) Statements (ii) and (iii)
(i) They consist of upright, slender axes bearing (d) Statements (i) and (ii)
spirally arranged leaves. 16. Match the column-I with column-II and select the
(ii) This leafy stage bears the sex organs. correct answer using the codes given below.
(iii) They are attached to the soil through multicellular
Column-I Column-II
rhizoids.
(Group of Plant Kindgdom) (Examples)
(iv) Leafy stage is produced from the secondary
A. Algae I. Sphagnum
protonema as a lateral bud.
B. Bryophyte II. Equisetum
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
C. Gymnosperm III. Cycas
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
D. Pteridophyte IV. Chlamydomonas
12. Which of the following statements with respect to
algae are correct? (a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II
(i) Fusion between one large, non-motile female gamete (b) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II
and a smaller, motile male gamete is termed as (c) A – IV; B – I; C – II; D – III
oogamous. (d) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
 Plant Kingdom
17. The bryophytes are fundamentally terrestrial plants
but require a film of water to complete their life cycle.
Water is essential for:
(i) opening of archegonial neck.
(ii) the movement of sperms into the archegonial neck.
(iii) transfer of sperms from antheridia to archegonia.
(iv) dehiscence of antheridia.
(v) liberation of antherozoids.
(a) (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v)
(b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (iii), (iv) and (v)
(d) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v)
18. Statement I: Members of phaeophyceae vary in
colour from olive green to various shades of brown.
Statement II: Phaeophyceae possess chlorophyll a,
c, carotenoids and xanthophyll.
(a) Both statement I and II are correct.
(b) Both statement I and II are incorrect.
(c) Statement I is correct but statement II is
incorrect.
(d) Statement II is correct but statement I is incorrect.
19. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct
about pteridophytes?
(i) The main plant body is a sporophyte which is
differentiated into true roots and leaves.
(ii) The leaves are small (microphylls) as in ferns or
large (macrophylls) as in Selaginella.
(iii) Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which
produce two kinds of spores–macro (large) and
micro (small) spores, are known as heterosporous.
(iv) Common examples are Funaria, Polytrichum and
Sphagnum.
(a) Both (i) and (ii)
(b) Both (ii) and (iii)
(c) Both (i) and (iii)
(d) All of the above
20. Match column-I with column-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below.
Column-I Column-II
(features) (term)
A. Presence of tap roots I. Bryophytes
and coralloid roots
B. Horsetails and ferns II. Red algae
C. The food is stored as III. Pteridophytes
floridean starch which
is very similar to
amylopectin and
glycogen in structure
67
D. Presence of sporophyte IV. Gymnosperms
which is not free living
but attached to the
photosynthetic
gametophytes and
derives nourishment
from it
(a) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV
(b) A – III; B – I; C – II; D – IV
(c) A – III; B – I; C – IV; D – II
(d) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
21. Consider the following statements about green algae.
(i) Presence of localised pigments of chlorophyll a and
b in the chloroplast gives green algae its distinct
green colour.
(ii) Food is stored in the form of starch in algae, in
special structures called pyrenoids which are
located in the chloroplast. Food may also be stored
in form of oil droplets.
(iii) Vegetative reproduction occurs through cell
division, fragmentation.
(iv) Members of chlorophyceae are commonly called
green algae.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) (ii) and (iii) (b) (i) and (ii)
(c) (i) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
22. In mosses, the second gametophytic stage is leafy stage.
Consider and choose the correct statements about leafy
stage.
(i) They consist of upright, slender axes bearing
spirally arranged leaves.
(ii) This leafy stage bears the sex organs.
(iii) They are attached to the soil through multicellular
rhizoids.
(iv) Leafy stage is produced from the secondary
protonema as a lateral bud.
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
23. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(i) Agar, one of commercial products obtained from
Laminaria and Sargassum is used to grow
microbes and in preparations of ice-creams and
jellies.
(ii) In phaeophyceae, major pigments are chl a, d
and phycoerythrin.
(iii) Pteridophytes are classified into four classes:
Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and
Pteropsida.
 68 Biology

(iv) Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds, C. Naked seeds III. Bryophytes
which develop in small receptacles called gemma D. A plant which has the IV. Gemmae
cups located on the thalli. capacity of holding
(a) Both (i) and (ii) water
(b) Both (ii) and (iv) (a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II
(c) Both (iii) and (iv) (b) A – III; B – IV; C – II; D – I
(d) All of the above (c) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
24. Place the following groups of plants in order, beginning (d) A – III; B – II; C – IV; D – I
with those that first appeared on the earth and 28. Choose the correct statement about liverworts.
progressing toward those that appeared most recently (i) In liverworts, the antheridium and archegonium
in time. produce the antherozoid and the egg which fuse
(a) Gymnosperms, angiosperms, ferns, moss, algae during sexual reproduction.
(b) Algae, moss, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms (ii) Both male and female sex organs may be present
(c) Moss, algae, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms on same thalli or different thalli.
(d) Algae, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms, moss (iii) A sporophyte is formed from the zygote which
25. The following statements are associated with one class is differentiated into the foot, seta and capsule.
of algae. Identify the class of algae. (iv) Meiosis occurs in some cells of the capsule giving
(i) One or more storage bodies called pyrenoids rise to haploid spores.
located in the chloroplasts are present in the (a) (i) and (iii) only (b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
members of this class. (c) (iii) and (iv) only (d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(ii) They have a rigid cell wall made of an inner 29. The characteristic trait of the plant body of bryophtyes
layer of cellulose and an outer layer of pectose. is:
(iii) Asexual reproduction is by flagellated zoospores (a) it is more differentiated than that of algae.
produced in zoosporangia. (b) it is equally differentiated to that of algae.
(iv) Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra (c) it is less differentiated than that of algae.
and Chara are commonly found members of this (d) it is not differentiated at all.
class. 30. Consider the following statements.
(a) Chlorophyceae (b) Rhodophyceae (i) The commercial product, Agar, obtained from
(c) Phaeophyceae (d) None of these Gracilaria and Gelidium, is used in ice cream
26. Which of the following statements is/are correct? and jelly preparation as well as to grow microbes.
(i) Equisetum, is a pteridophyte. (ii) Chlamydomonas and Chlorella are used in
(ii) Ginkgo, is a gymnosperms. sewage disposal ponds.
(iii) Sphagnum is a pteridophyte. (iii) Some species of marine algae like Porphyra,
(iv) Sexual reproduction in Volvox is isogamous. Laminaria and Sargassum are used as food.
(a) Two (b) Three (iv) Sargassum is a member of red algae.
(c) Four (d) One Which of the statements given above are correct?
27. Match column-I with column-II and select the correct (a) (ii) and (iii) (b) (i) and (ii)
answer using the codes given below. (c) (i) and (iii) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Column-I Column-II 31. Plants of this group are diploid and well adapted to
A. Amphibians of the I. Sphagnum extreme conditions. They grow bearing sporophylls
plant kingdom in compact structures called cones. The group in ref-
B. Specialised structures II. Gymnosperms erence is
in liverworts for (a) monocots (b) dicots
asexual reproduction (c) pteridophytes (d) gymnosperms
 Plant Kingdom 69

32. Match column-I with column-II and select the correct (b) Both statement I and II are incorrect.
answer using the codes given below. (c) Statement I is correct but statement II is incorrect.
Column-I Column-II (d) Statement II is correct but statement I is incorrect.
A. Gelidium I. Peat moss 34. Read the following statements carefully.
B. Sphagnum II. Agar agar (i) Funaria possesses unicellular and unbranched
C. Adiantum III. Sphenopsida rhizoids.
D. Equisetum IV. Pteropsida (ii) Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms
(a) A – II; B – I; C – IV; D – III to colonise rocks.
(b) A – I; B – II; C – IV; D – III (iii) Gemmae are asexual buds, which originate from
(c) A – II; B – I; C – III; D – IV small receptacles called gemma cups.
(d) A – II; B – IV; C – I; D – III (iv) Sphagnum plants have magnificent property of
33. Statement I: Red algae contribute in producing coral retaining water.
reefs. Which of the statements given above are correct?
Statement II: Some red algae secrete and deposit (a) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) (b) (i), (iii) and (iv)
calcium carbonate over their wall. (c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(a) Both statement I and II are correct.
35. Identify the plants which are given below and choose the correct option.

A B C D
(a) Gemma cup Archegoniophore Sporophyte Sphagnum
(b) Archegoniophore Gemma cup Gametophyte Sphagnum
(c) Archegonia Antheridia Gemma cup Sphagnum
(d) Antheridia Archegonia Gemma cup Sphagnum
 70
4 Assertion Reason MCQs
Directions : These questions consist of two statements,
each printed as Assertion and Reason. While answering
these questions, you are required to choose any one of
the following four responses.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is not correct.
(d) Assertion is not correct but Reason is correct.
1. Assertion: Selaginella and Salvinia are homosporous.
Reason: In Selaginella and Salvinia, different kind
of spores are produced.
2. Assertion: In cycas, male cones and megasporophylls
are borne on different trees.
Reason: The multicellular female gametophyte is
also retained within megasporangium.
3. Assertion: Rhodophyta is red in colour due to
abundant formation of r-phycoerythrin.
Reason: r-phycoerythrin is able to absorb blue green
wavelength of light and reflect red colour.
4. Assertion: Archegonium is the female sex organ in
bryophytes.
Reason: Algae also possess the archegonium.
5. Assertion: Only anisogamous type of reproduction
is seen in algae.
Reason: Gametes may be flagellated or be non-
flagellated in algae.
6. Assertion: Liverworts fail to spread to a new locality
through fragmentation.
Reason: Gemmae are helpful in propagating
liverworts in different locality.
1. Which of the following group of plant is being
described by the given statements?
(i) They are plants in which the ovules are not
enclosed by any ovary wall and remain exposed
before and after fertilization.
(ii) The giant red wood tree Sequoia is one of the
tallest tree species of the group.
Biology
7. Assertion: The colour of brown algae varies from
olive green to brown.
Reason: In brown algae, xanthophyll pigment,
fucoxanthin are responsible for colour variation.
8. Assertion: The spread of living pteridophytes is
limited and restricted to narrow geographical regions.
Reason: They require cool, damp, shady places to
grow and water for fertilisation.
9. Assertion: In cycas the pinnate leaves persist for a
few years.
Reason: The leaves in gymnosperms are well-
adapted to withstand extremes of temperature,
humidity and wind.
10. Assertion: Algae are grouped in thallophyta.
Reason: Algae show no differentiation in thallus.
11. Assertion: Chlorella could serve as a potential
source of food and energy.
Reason: Chlorella is a rich source of protein.
12. Assertion: Sperms of Marchantia are biflagellate.
Reason: The sperms can swim.
13. Assertion: The sporophyte in mosses is more
elaborate than that in liverworts.
Reason: Sporophyte consists of capsule only.
14. Assertion: Bryophytes are known as the amphibians
of plant kingdom.
Reason: They are found in swamps and the areas
where land and water meet.
15. Assertion: The color of red algae is due to
predominance of xanthophyll pigment.
Reason: They also found at great depth in oceans
where relatively little light penentrates.
(iii) The roots are generally tap roots.
(iv) They are heterosporous and they produce haploid
microspores and megaspores.
(v) Roots in some genera have fungal association.
(a) Algae (b) Bryophytes
(c) Gymnosperms (d) Pteridophytes
 Plant Kingdom 71

2. Statement I: The pteridophytes are found in cool, (a) Algae

damp, shady places (b) Fungi
Statement II: In pteridophytes, the main plant body (c) Bryophytes
is a sporophyte. NCERT Page-36 / N-30 (d) Pteridophytes
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect 5. Statement I: Antheridium is the male sex organ is
(b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect bryophytes.
(c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct Statement II: Bryophytes need water for fertilization.
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct NCERT Page-34 & 35 / N-28 & 29
3. Match the column-I with column-II and choose the (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect
correct option. NCERT Page-29 & 30 / N-23 & 24 (b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect
(c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
Column-I Column-II
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
(System of (Characteristics)
6. Match the following columns.
classification)
NCERT Page-35, 36 & 38 / N-26, 27 & 28
A. Artificial system I. Based on Column-I Column-II
of classification fewmorphological
A. Chlorella I. Heterosporous
characters
B. Adiantum II. Marine algae
B. Natural system II. Based on evolutionary
C. Sargassum III. Pteridophyta
of classification relationships between
D. Selaginella IV. Unicellular alga rich in
the various organisms
proteins
C. Phylogenetic system III. Based on natural
of classification affinities among the (a) A – II; B – IV; C – I; D – III
organisms and (b) A – I; B – IV; C – III; D – II
consider external as (c) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
well as internal (d) A – III; B – II; C – I; D – IV
features. 7. Choose the correct statement about liverworts.
D. Numerical Faxonomy IV. Carried out using NCERT Page-35 / N-29
computer (i) In liverworts, the antheridium and archegonium
produce the antherozoid and the egg which fuse
(a) A– II; B – I; C – III; D – IV
during sexual reproduction.
(b) A– I; B – III; C – II; D – IV
(ii) Both male and female sex organs may be present
(c) A– III; B – II; C – I; D – IV
on same thalli or different thalli.
(d) A– I; B – II; C – III; D – IV
(iii) A sporophyte is formed from the zygote which
4. Refer to the following statement(s) and identify the
is differentiated into the foot, seta and capsule.
group of plant which is being described by the given
(iv) Meiosis occurs in some cells of the capsule giving
statements?
rise to haploid spores.
(i) They include various mosses and liverworts that
(v) The spores germinate to form free - leving
are found commonly growing in moist shaded
sporophytes.
areas in the hills.
(a) (i) and (iii) only
(ii) They lack true roots, stem or leaves.
(b) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(iii) The main plant body is haploid.
(c) (iii) and (iv) only
(iv) They produce a multicellular body sporophyte
(d) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv)
which is not free living but attached to the
8. Statement I: In numerical taxonomy obserrable
photosynthetic gametophyte and der ives
characters are not given equal importance.
nourishment from it.
Statement II: More than 20 characters can’t be
(v) Its plant body is more differentiated than that of
studied at a time in numerical taxonomy.
algae.
 72 Biology

(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect 13. Refer to the given Venn diagram and select the
(b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect correct option regarding P and Q
(c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
9. Match the following NCERT Page-38 / N-32

Column-I Column-II
(Classes) (Examples)
A. Psilopsida I. Dryopteris, Pteris, (a) P could be an alga or a bryophyte whereas Q
Adiantum could be a pteridophyte.
B. Lycopsida II. Equisetum (b) True roots, stems and leaves are present in P
C. Sphenopsida III. Selaginella but absent in Q.
D. Pteropsida IV. Psilotum (c) Anthridium in Q is sessile whereas that in P (If
(a) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I present is stalked)
(b) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV (d) P is exclusively xerophytic whereas Q is
(c) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I amphibious by nature.
(d) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II 14. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct
10. How many of the following statements is/are correct? about gemmae? NCERT Page-35 / N-29

(i) Equisetum is a gymnosperm. (i) These are specialised structures by which

(ii) Ginkgo is a pteridophyte. asexual reproduction take place in liverworts.
(iii) Fucus is a brown algae. (ii) They are green, multicellular and asexual buds.
(iv) Sexual reproduction in Volvox is oogamous. (iii) They develop in small receptacles called gemma
(a) Two (b) Three cups.
(c) Four (d) One (iv) They detach from parent body and germinate to
11. Statement I: Bryophytes are amphibians of plant form new individuals.
kingdom. (a) (i) and (ii)
Statement II: They live in soil but depend on water (b) (ii) and (iii)
for sexual reproduction. (c) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(a) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect (d) All of these
(b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect 15. Statement I: Main plant body of bryophytes is
(c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is correct sporophytic.
(d) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct Statement II: Main plant body of pteridophytes is
12. Match column-I with column-II and choose the correct gametophytic. NCERT Page-29 & 32 / N-35 & 38

option. (a) Both Statement I and Statement II are incorrect

(b) Statement I is correct but Statement II is
Column-I Column-II
incorrect
A. Phaeophyceae I. Sphagnum (c) Statement I is incorrect but Statement II is
B. Rhodophyceae II. Equisetum? correct
C. Mosses III. Asexual reproduction by (d) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct
biflagellate zoosposes 16. Funaria may be differentiated from Pinus by the
D. Pteridophytes IV. Gelidium character NCERT Page-36 / N-30

(a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II (a) No fruits are produced

(b) A – IV; B – III; C – I; D – II (b) No seeds are produced
(c) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I (c) Antheridia and archegonia
(d) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II (d) Both (a) and (b)
 Plant Kingdom 73

17. Match the column-I with column-II and select the correct 19. Which of the following statement(s) about algae is/
answer using the codes given below. are correct? NCERT Page-30 / N-24
NCERT Page-30, 36 & 38 / N-24, 34 (i) Algae are chlorophyll bearing simple, thalloid,
Column-I Column-II heterotrophic and aquatic (both fresh water and
(Group of Plant (Examples) marine) organisms.
Kindgdom) (ii) Algae reproduce by vegetative means only.
(iii) Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size is termed
A. Algae I. Sphagnum
as oogamous.
B. Bryophyta II. Equisetum
(iv) A few of the massive forms of algae such as
C. Gymnosperm III. Cycas
kelps, form massive plant bodies.
D. Pteridophyte IV. Chlamydomonas
(v) Algae are not useful to man.
(a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II
(a) Only (i)
(b) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II
(b) Both (i) and (iii)
(c) A – II; B – I; C – III; D – IV
(c) Only (iv)
(d) A – IV; B – I; C – II; D – III
(d) All of these
18. Match column-I with column-II and select the correct
20. Match the column-I with column-II and select the correct
answer using the codes given below.
answer using the codes given below.
NCERT Page-30 & 34 / N-24 & 28
NCERT Page-38 / N-32
Column-I Column-II
Column-I Column-II
A. Ectocarpus I. Plant body with frond,
A. Pteropsida I. Equisetum
stipe and holdfast
B. Sphenopsida II. Psilotum
B. Volvox II. Filamentous
C. Lycopsida III. Lycopodium
C. Laminaria III. Colonial
D. Psilopsida IV. Pteris
D. Polysiphonia IV. Floridean starch
(a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II
(a) A – II; B – I; C – IV; D – III
(b) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II
(b) A – II; B – III; C – I; D – IV
(c) A – II; B – I; C – III; D – IV
(c) A – II; B – III; C – I; D – IV (d) A – IV; B – I; C – II; D – III
(d) A – IV; B – III; C – I; D – II
74 Biology

ANSWER KEYS
CDQs 3.1 Classroom Discussion Questions
1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (b) 4 (b) 5 (a)
CDQs 3.2 Classroom Discussion Questions
6 (c) 7 (b) 8 (d) 9 (a) 10 (d)
CDQs 3.3 Classroom Discussion Questions
11 (a) 12 (c) 13 (a) 14 (d) 15 (b)
CDQs 3.4 Classroom Discussion Questions
16 (a) 17 (d) 18 (d) 19 (b) 20 (b)
Exercise 1 Home Assignment (NCERT Based MCQs)
1 (c) 5 (b) 9 (a) 13 (d) 17 (d) 21 (d) 25 (c) 29 (d) 33 (d) 37 (d)
2 (d) 6 (a) 10 (d) 14 (a) 18 (d) 22 (b) 26 (a) 30 (d) 34 (b) 38 (d)
3 (b) 7 (c) 11 (c) 15 (a) 19 (b) 23 (d) 27 (d) 31 (d) 35 (c) 39 (b)
4 (b) 8 (b) 12 (a) 16 (b) 20 (a) 24 (d) 28 (c) 32 (d) 36 (c) 40 (d)
Exercise 2 NEET Past Year MCQs
1 (a) 5 (d) 9 (d) 13 (b) 17 (b) 21 (a) 25 (b) 29 (c) 33 (a) 37 (a)
2 (b) 6 (a) 10 (c) 14 (c) 18 (d) 22 (d) 26 (b) 30 (d) 34 (a) 38 (b)
3 (b) 7 (b) 11 (b) 15 (a) 19 (c) 23 (a) 27 (c) 31 (b) 35 (b) 39 (c)
4 (b) 8 (b) 12 (d) 16 (c) 20 (a) 24 (c) 28 (a) 32 (a) 36 (a)
Exercise 3 Multi-Concept Exercise
1 (c) 5 (a) 9 (c) 13 (a) 17 (d) 21 (d) 25 (a) 29 (a) 33 (a)
2 (d) 6 (b) 10 (d) 14 (a) 18 (a) 22 (d) 26 (a) 30 (d) 34 (c)
3 (d) 7 (a) 11 (d) 15 (b) 19 (c) 23 (c) 27 (b) 31 (d) 35 (b)
4 (d) 8 (a) 12 (d) 16 (b) 20 (d) 24 (b) 28 (d) 32 (a)
Exercise 4 Assertion Reason MCQs
1 (d) 3 (a) 5 (d) 7 (a) 9 (b) 11 (a) 13 (c) 15 (d)
2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (a) 8 (a) 10 (a) 12 (a) 14 (a)
Exercise 5 Master Stroke
1 (c) 3 (b) 5 (d) 7 (d) 9 (a) 11 (d) 13 (a) 15 (a) 17 (b) 19 (c)
2 (d) 4 (c) 6 (c) 8 (a) 10 (a) 12 (a) 14 (d) 16 (b) 18 (b) 20 (b)