2. Which of the following metals could be used successfully to galvanize iron? {a) Ni (b) Cu (c) Sn (d) Mn sea iB E? (at 25°C) Ni** +207, ——+ Ni 0.23 Cu* + 2e7 —> Cu 0.34 Sn’* + 2e7 —> Sn tig -1.03 0.41 Scanned with CamScanner3. A beaker contains a small amount of gold dust (Au(s)). Which of the following aqueous solutions, when added to the beaker, would dissolve the gold dust (ie, convert Au(s) to Au’*(aq))? (a) Cr.0,2- (acidic solution) (b) HzO (acidic solution) (c) Al3+ (d) Zn2+ Half-cells i E° (at 25°C) Zn?* +27 —> Zn -0.76 AP* +3e- —> Al -1.66 H,O, + 2H* +2e7 — > 2H,0 1.73 1,057 + 67+ Ht — 2cr** , 1.23 Au +307 —> Au 1.50 O, + 4H* + 4e7 —~ 2H,0 1.30 Scanned with CamScanner8. Suppose that gold is being plated onto another metal ina electrolytic cell. The half-cell reaction producing the Au(s) is 3e7 + AuCl, = Au(s) + 4Cl- If a 0.30 amp current runs for 15.00 minutes, what mass of Au(s) will be plated, assuming all the electrons are used in the reduction of AuCl4? The Faraday constant is 96485 coul/mol e~ and molar mass of Au is 197. (a) 0.184 g Au (b) 0.551 g Au (c) 1.84 g Au (d) 0.613 g Au Scanned with CamScannerWer Veer ttt Ne veges 16. Consider the following standard reduction potentials : Half reaction (vy) Ni2*(aq)+ 2e7 =*Ni{s) E°=-0.23V Fe?*(aq)+ 2e7 == Fe(s) E°=-0.41V Mn?* (aq) + 2e7 == Mn{s)_B° =~ 1.03'V Co?* (aq) + 2e7 =*Co(s) E°=-0.28V Cr°*(aq) + 3e7 == Crs) E°=- 0.74V Which of the following metals could be used successfully to galvanize steel? (a) Ni only (b) Ni and Co (c) Fe only (d) Mn and Cr me » — ealtaic Scanned with CamScanner18. 19. wor -) You know that silver tarnish [Ag2S(s)] can be converted to silver metal (Ag(s)) by placing the tarnished silver piece in a dilute solution of baking soda contained in an ‘aluminium pan. The following hialf-reactions are thought to be involved, Ag ,S(s) + 2H,O* (aq) + 2e~ =» 2Ag(s) + H,S(g) + 2H,0() Al*(aq) + 3e7 =* Al(s) Which of the following statements is TRUE? (a) As the silver piece is being cleaned, H;O* ions are produced and H,S gas is consumed. (b) It is necessary that the silver piece and the aluminium pan touch so that electrons can be transferred. (c) As the silver piece is being cleaned, Al** ions in the solution are reduced to Al metal. (d) The silver piece being cleaned functions as the anode. : In an electrochemical process called ‘electrolysis’, Hz gas and O; gas can be obtained by passing an electric current through liquid water, 2H,O(I) =» 2H,(g) + O2(8) Which species is the OXIDIZING AGENT and which species is the REDUCING AGENT in this reaction, respectively? (a) H,O(); Hol(g) (b) O2(g); H20() (c) H,0(); H,0() (d) O2(g); Hels) Scanned with CamScanner24, Suppose you have been given the task of selecting a metal to be used as the sacrificial anode for the cathodic protection of a buried iron fuel tank. Considering the following standard reduction potentials, Pb?*(aq) + 2e7 =» Pd(s); E°=0.99 V Ag*(aq)+e7 = Ag(s); E°=0.80 V Cu?*(aq) + 2e7 =» Cu(s); E°=0.34V Ni?*(aq) + 2e7 => Nis); E°=-0.23V Fe”* (aq) + 2e7 = Fe(s); E°=-0.41V Which of the following metals could be used as the sacrificial anode in this application? (a) Pd (b) Ni (c) Cu (d) None Scanned with CamScanner26. 27, Wy wou v wy eee Consider following reaction and standard cell potential Ni?*(aq) + 6NH, (aq) <> Ni(NH,)g" (aq) E°=+0.25 V Which of the following best describes what would happen in a solution that initially contains 1.0 M Ni?*, 0.01 M NH; and 6.0 M Ni(NHs)¢2* at 25°C? (Assume that the number of moles of electrons transported in this reaction is equal to 2.) (a) The concentrations of both Ni?+ and NH; would decrease and concentration of Ni(NH,),2+ would increase. (b) The concentrations of both Ni?+ and NH, would increase and the concentration of Ni(NH,),2* would decrease. (c). The concentration of Ni(NH,),?+ would decrease, the concentration of NH, would increase and the concentration of Ni?+ would remain the same. (d) The concentrations of Ni?+, NH, and Ni(NH,),2+ would all remain the same. Consider the following standard reduction potentials: Ca?* + 2e7 =* Ca; E°=-2.76V Pb** + 2e7 =» Pb; E°=-0.13V Cu* +2e7 = Cu; E°=0,34V Hg3* + 2e7 <=» Hg; E°=0.80V Pt?* +2e7 =» Pt; E°=1.20V Which of the following metals is the strongest reducing agent? . (a) Ca (b) Pb (c)Cu ° (d) Hg Scanned with CamScanner35. 36. 37, 38. ee ee Direction for Q. Nos. 35 to 39: Use the following information to answer the these questions. A galvanic cell is constructed from a half-cell containing a solid chromium electrode in 1.0 M Cr(NOs); solution and a half-cell containing a solid tin electrode in 1.9 M Sn(NOs), solution: The half-cells are linked by an external circuit and by a KCI salt bridge. Sn2* + 2e7 ——> Sn; EF =-0.14 and Cr* +3e7 —> Cr; E°=-0.74 The balanced overall (net) cell reaction is (a) Sn(s)+Cr°* (ag) =» Sn?*(aq) + Cr(s) (b) 3Sn(s) + 2Cr**(aq) =» 3Sn?*(aq) + 2Cr(s) (c) 3Sn?*(aq) + 2Cr(s) —* 3Sn(s) + 2Cr**(aq) (d) Sn?*(aq) + Cr(s) =* Sn(s) + Cr°*(aq) Which of the following statements is TRUE about this cell? (a) The chromium electrode is the anode; the Sn electrode is the cathode. (b) The electrons flow from the tin electrode to the chromium electrode. (c) The cell diagram is |Sn solid|Sn?+, 1.0 M| salt bridge|Cr solid|Cr*, 1.0 M]. (d) AH is the driving force of this reaction. This cell generates a potential of ...... volts. (a) 0.30 V (b) -0.30 V (c) 0.60 V (d) -0.60 V ; The value of the equilibrium constant at 25°C for this Teaction is closest to (a) 1.0 x 10-66 (b) 6.7 x 10-43 (c) 7.4.x 101 (d) 7.7.x 1061 Scanned with CamScanner39. The value of AG? for this reaction is ? kj. (a) -320 (b) -247 (c) 244 (d) -347 Scanned with CamScannerune 69. Consider the following diagram : 4.00 M Ni2* 1.00 M Cl,(aq) MN@d) 00M Cr{aq) Which of the following describes what happens to the concentrations of Ni?*, Cl, and Clr, and the masses of the Ni and Pt electrodes as this galvanic cell generates an electrical current spontaneously at 25°C? ‘ag I) Mass (Ni) Mass (Pt) Ft ale sna plies lelenbole,- cece (@) decreases increases decreases decreases no change (b) decreases increases increases increases decreases (c) increases decreases increases decreases increases (@) increases decreases increases decreases no change 70. Calculate the cell potential (in V) at 25°C for the galvanic cell shown in the diagram below. Note: Cr(NO3)3 and Zn(NOs)2 are soluble salts. 2.50 M Cr{NOs)s 0.20 M Zn(NOs)2 Zn?* +2e- —+ Zn; E°= Gt +3e" —> Cr, E°=-0.74V (a) 0.05 V (b) 0.3:V (c)0.6V @osv 71. Calculate the free energy change per mole of Cu2+ formed in the following reaction at 25°C. Cu+2Agy —> 24g +Cu+ Cu?* +2e7 —> Cu; E°=0.34V; Ag* +e" —> Ag; E°=0.80V. (046k) (b) 89 Ky (c) 44.5 kJ (d) -89 kj 72. What is Kq for the reaction Mag(s) + Pb?* —» Mg® + Pb? Pb? +267 —» Pb; E°=-0.13 V; Mg’* +2e7 —> Mg; E°=-2.37V. (a) 5 x 1075 « (b) 3 x 1084 (c) 2 x 10-75 (d) Insufficient information Scanned with CamScanner73. What would you observe if you set up the following electrochemical cell: . Ag| AgNO,{0.001 M)|AgNO,(1 M)|Ag? (a) Electrons will flow from left to right, causing a decrease in the AgNO, concentration in the left cell, and an increase in the AgNO, concentration in the right cell. (b) Electrons will flow from right to left, causing an increase in the AgNO, concentration in the left cell, and a decrease in the AgNO, concentration in the right cell. (c) Electrons will flow from left to right, causing an increase in the AgNO, concentration in the left cell, and a decrease in AgNO, concentration in the right cell. (4) Electrons will flow from right to left, causing a decrease in the AgNO, Concentration in the left cell, and an increase in the AgNO; concentration in the right cell. 74. What is E° for the half reaction given the following? MX,(s) + 2e7 = M(s) + 2X7; E°=? M** +2e- =M(s); MX,(s)=M* +2x7; Ky =e"? : 0.0592 1 '° =0.100 — "= In — (a) E*=0.100 -- K 0.0592 1 °=0.100 -—~?"* Jog 2 (b) E°=0.10 28x, (6) B°=0.100 ~ 722 tog x, 8 0.0592 1 (d) E°=0.100 + J bes iz ‘sp Consider the following electrode potentials: ‘Mg** +2e7 —> Mg; E°=-2.37V 8 Vt 420° > V; Be=-1.18V Cu’* +e" —> Cut; £°=0.15V 75. Which of the following reactions will proceed spontaneously from left to right? (a) Mg?*+V —> Mg+V’ (b) Mg?* + 2Cu* —> Mg +2Cu2* (c) V°* +2Cu* —> V+2Cu?+ (d) V+2Cu?* —>4 v*+ +2Cut Scanned with CamScanner148. 149, we wee we woos Consider the following redox reaction occurring in acidic medium : 7 =1. = =16V Bro; 2=15%, po Z=18V, 2. F=?V The unknown standard reduction potential is (a) -1.6 V (b) 1.6 V (c) -1.52 V (d) 1.52 V Which of the following statements concerning conductance and molar conductance is true? (a) Both conductance and molar conductance increase on increasing concentration. (b) Both conductance and molar conductance decrease on increasing concentration. (c) Conductance increases but molar conductance decrease on increasing concentration. (d) Conductance decreases but molar conductance increases on increasing concentration. Scanned with CamScanner153. ~--- -+----—- oy cee ce eee oe ee eee eee Given the following molar conductivity at infinite dilution and 25°C, HCl: At, = 426.2 S cm? mol KCh AQ, = 271.5 S cm? mol CH,COOK: AS, = 114.42 S cm? mol"! The molar conductance at infinite dilution and 25°C, for acetic acid solution is (a) 583.28Scm2mol —_(b) 269.12 S cm? mol (c) 289.63 Scm? mol"! ~—(d) 172.94 S cm? mol“ Scanned with CamScanner- 2 , 1. An Au(NOs); solution containing a gold electrode is connected by means of a salt bridge to a PbCl, solution containing lead electrode. Which of the following is the correct representation of this galvanic cell? flow of e Anode | <— Cathode nee anion flow : <— Cathode Ane ies pow i <— Cathode Asale, cof Anode yin flow 2. The cell shown below generates a potential of 0.65 V at 300 K. Kg, for AgBr is? (0.10 M)| Ag Ag | AgBr(s), NaBr (0.10 M) || AgNOs ( 46 (a) 1.15 x 10° (b) 2.00 x10 (c) 1.25 x 10738 (d) 3.5 x 10 Scanned with CamScanner(yy ver ua (Uy acre avn . Consider the following standard reduction potentials, Ag*(aq) +e” =» Ag(s); E° =0.800 V Agl(s)+e7 =» Ag(s)+I(aq); E°=-0.164V Calculate the value of the solubility product K,,, at 25°C for silver iodide (Agl). Agl(s) =>. Ag*(aq) + I (aq) (a) 5 x 10717 (b) 6 x 10-15 (c) 2 x 10714 (d) 4 x 10-12 Scanned with CamScannerantl acaaa aa | Reading 12 (For Questions 94-97) Next four questions relate to the illustrated apparatus below, The beakers are connected by U-tube salt bridges containing a dilute solution of KNO,. The half-cell reactions and E° values (at 25°C) are also given below: NiNOs)e(aq) POINOs}e(aq) AgNOs(aq) Ni(s) =» Ni?* +2e7; E°=+0.25V Pb(s) = Pb?* +267; E°=+0.13V Ag(s) <* Ag* +e"; E°=-0.80V Molar masses: Ag=108,Pb =207, Ni=61 94. If the voltmeter is connected between Pb. and Ag electrodes, it will read (a) 0.93 V (b) 0.80 V (c) 0.67 V (d) 1.73 V 95. With the voltmeter connected between Pb and Ag electrodes, current is allowed to flow through the cell until the mass of Pb electrode has changed by 2.07 grams. After this time, the mass of Ag electrode will be (a) 2.16 g less (b) 0.59 g less (c) 2.16 g greater (d) 1.08 g greater 96. If voltmeter is connected to Ni and Pb electrodes, which of the following statements will apply most appropriately? (a) Voltage will be 0.12V and it will decrease on increasing the concentrations of Ni2* in solution. (b) Voltage will be 0.12V and it will decrease on adding some Pb(NOs)2 to Pb-half-cell. Scanned with CamScanner97. (c) Voltage will be 0.38 V and it will decrease on adding some Ni(NO3), to Ni half-cell. (d) Voltage will be 0.38V and it will decrease on adding some Pb(NO3), is Pb-half-cell. If the electrodes are removed and tested by immersing e~ in each solutions, spontaneous reactions occur with all except (a) Pb-AgNO3 (c) Ni-AgNO; (d) Both (b) and (c) are non-spontaneous. (b) Pb-NI(NOs), Scanned with CamScannerA4, A6. AZ. ee The resistance of 0.1 N solution of acetic acid is 250 ohm; when measured in a cell of cell constant 1.15 em™}. The equivalent conductance (in ohm! cm? equivalent!) of 0.1 N acetic acid is (a) 18.4 (6) 0.023 (c) 46 : (d) 9.2 In infinite dilution of aqueous solution of BaCl,, molar conductivity of Ba?* and Cl-ions are = 127.32 Scm?/mol and 76.34 Scm*/mol respectively. Whatis Aj, for BaCl, atsame dilution ? (a) 280 S cm? mol (6) 330.98 S cm? mol (c) 90.98Scm* mol —_(d) 203.6 S cm? mol“! The specific conductance of 0.1M NaCl solution is 1.06 x 10-2 ohm cm", Its molar conductance in ohm-! cm? mol is (a) 1.06 x 10? (6) 1.06 x 108 (c) 1.06 x 104 (d). 53 2(CICH,COONa) = 224 ohm cm? gm eq, A(NaCl) = 38.2 ohm cm?gm eq", A(HCI) = 203 ohm-! cm2gm eq-, whatis the value of 4 (CICH,COOH)? (a) 288.5 ohm-!cm?gmeq? (6) 289.5 ohm-! cm?gm eq (c) 388.8 ohm! cm?gm eq (d) 59.5 ohm-! cm?gm eq? The limiting molar conductivities of HC], CH,COONa and NaClarerespectively 425, 90 and 125 mhocm? mol-at 25°C. The molar conductivity of0.1MCH,COOHsolutionis7.8mho cm*moltat the same temperature. The degree of dissociation of 0.1 M acetic acid solution at the same temperature is (a) 0.10 (b) 0.02 (ce) 0,15 (d) 0.03 The values of limiting ionic conductance of H+ and HCOO- ions are respectively 347 and 58 S cm? mol~ at 298 K. If the molar conductance of 0.025 M methanoicacid at 298 K is 40 S cm? mol", the dissociation constant of methanoic acid at 298 Kis (a) 1x 10 (6) 2x 10% (c) 1.5 x 104 (d) 2.5 x 10+ Scanned with CamScannerof A23. A24, 10800 C of electricity through the electrolyte deposited 2.977 g of metal with atomic mass 106.4a.m.u. The valency of metal cation is : (a) 4 : (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) 1 Acurrent of 3A was passed through a solution of AuCl, ions using gold electrodes andit caused deposition of 1.234 g0fAu (Atomic mass of Au = 197). The time for which the current was passed is (a) 20 min 8s (6) 30min 12s (c) 10min 4s ~ (d) 10min 40s . An electric current/13"passed through silver voltameter connected to a watér voltameter. The cathode of silver voltameter weighed:0.108 g more at the end of electrolysis. The volume of O, at STP evolved is (a) 5.6 cm? (6) 550 cm3 (c) 22.4cm3 (d) 11.2cm$ . Same amount of electric current is passed through solution of AgNO, and HCI. If 1.08 g of silver is obtained in the first case, the amount ofhydrogen liberated at S.T.P. in thesecond case is: : (a) 112 cm? (6) 22400 cm’ (c) 224 cm (d) 1.008g A27. 4.5 g of aluminium (at. mass = 27. a.m.u) is deposited at cathode from Al?* solution by certain quantity of electric charge. The volume of hydrogen produced at STP from H* ions in solution by the same quantity ofelectric charge will be (@) 44.8L “Ue (6) 22.4L (ce) 11.2L (d) 5.6L A28. The quantity of electricity needed to separately electrolyse 1 Msolution of ZnSO,, AIC], and AgNO, completely isin the ratio of - (a) 2:3:1 (0) 2:1:1 (c) 2:1:3 (d) 2:2:1 Scanned with CamScanner2 Cn ee Bl. 21,0; is reduced by electrolysis at low potentials and init currents. If 4:0 x 10¢ amperes of current is passed through molten Al,O, for 6 hours, what mass of aluminium is produced? “(Assume 100% current efficiency, atomic mass of Al= 27 g/mol) : (@) 8.1x104g... (6). 2.4x 105g (c) 1.3 x 10g (8 9.0 x 103 g (C.B.S.E. PMT 2009) Scanned with CamScannerB63. The standard electrode potential E° and its temperature ‘Oo coefficient (=) for a cell are 2 V and -5 x 104 VK at 300 K respectively. The cell reaction is: Zn(s) + Cu?+ (ag) ——> Zn?+ (aq) + Cu(s) The standard reaction enthalpy (A,H®) at 300 K in kJ mol" is, ' [Use R = 8 J K-! mol" and F = 96,000 C mol] (a) 206.4 (b) -384.0 (c) -412.8 (d) 192.0. (J.E.E. Main 2019) Bei AP ne Pes ee Scanned with CamScannerwy ae . B72. Which one of the following graphs between molar s cone (hw) versus ao is earrectl Cc— vC— (J.E.E. Main 2019) Scanned with CamScanner—! 10. When HC\(ag) is titrated with NaOH(ag) conductometrically then the graphioa) representation of the titration will be : (©) Conductance \% ©) a ~ Vol. of NaQqH —> Vol. of NtOH—> © coat @ sae Vol. of NaOH —> Vol. of NaOH —> 11, eee is neutralized by NaOH; the conductometric titration curve will be of the @ sal () saline Vol. of NaQH—> Vol. of NaQH—> © ola @ a Vol. of NaQH—> Vol. of Na©OQH—> 12. A graph of molar conductivity of three electrolytes (NaCI, HCI and NH,OH) is plotted against YC ! Nips 3 vo— Which of the following options is correct? 1 2 3 (a) Nacl HCI NH,OH (b) NH,OH NaCl HCI © HCl NaCl NH,OH (@ NH,OH HCI NaCl ~~ Scanned with CamScanner¢: 3 64. The specific conductance of saturated solution of silver chloride is «(ohm™ cm). The limiting ionic conductance of Ag* and CI” ions are x and y respectively. The solubility of AgCl in g litre~! is : (Molar mass of AgCl = 143.5 g mol!) (@) xx 1000 (b) «1435 x-y x+y (0) 5% 1000%1435 @2t2x 1000 x+y Kk 1435 65. Aqueous solution of which of the following complex has maximum conductance? (@) [Co(NH )3 Cl3] (b) [Co(NHs 4 Cl, JCI (©) [Co(NH )5 Cl] Cly (d) [Co(NH3 )¢ ICl3, Scanned with CamScanner25. Ethane gas is obtained in Kolbe’s electrolysis of CH,COONa according to the following reaction : Bee CH; 2CH,COO” —> | * +2CO, +2e7 CH; What volume of gas (ethane gas) at S.T.P. would be obtained by a current of 0.5 amp (80% efficient); if the current is passed for 965 min? @18L (b) 2.688 L (©3.45L @ 1.2L 26. A layer of 0.25 mm thick chromium metal is to be electroplated on the rims of autovehicle with a total area of 32 m? from a solution of CrO{~. What amount of electric current is required for electroplating the rims in 60 sec? The density of chromium metal is 7.2 g/cc. (a) 4.9 x 10? amp (b) 1.78 x10? amp (©) 5.3 x 104 amp (4) 10.69 x 10° amp Scanned with CamScanner13. a2 eres aroun ore a yore UiLEMsiTy A quantity of electricity required to reduce 12.3 g of nitrobenzene to aniline arising 50% current efficiency is : (a) 1158000C (b) 579000C (c) 231600C (d) 289500C Scanned with CamScannerUsnere cute wuseer oe pene Prevention of Corrosion ‘The prevention of corrosion is very important and essential. It not only saves money but also helps in preventing serious accidents such as a bridge collapse or a failue of a key component due to corrosion. This can be prevented or retarded by the methods giver! below : 1. Barrier protection. This is one of the simplest methods to prevent rusting of iron. In this method, a barrier is placed between iron and atmospheric air. The barrier protection can be achieved by any of the following methods : @) the surface is coated with paint or some chemicals (e.g., bisphenol). (ii) the surface is protected by applying a thin film of oil or grease. (iii) the metal is electroplated with metals like tin, nickel, zinc, chromium, aluminium, etc. For example, many vehicles such as cycles, motors, cars made from iron sheets are protected from rusting by paints. Many iron articles are electroplated with coating of other metals. The electroplating is carried not only for achieving brightness but also to protect from corrosion. 2. Sacrificial protection. In this method, iron is protected from rusting by covering it with a layer of a metal more active than iron. This prevents loss of electrons from iron. The active metal loses electrons in preference to iron and 80es into ionic state. Therefore,the covering metal is consumed with time, but * Jong as it is present on the surface of iron, the latter is not rusted. This tyP? Process in which rusting of iron is protected is called sacrificial protectio™- Scanned with CamScannerFr wecTROCHEMISTRY Zine is commonly used for covering iron surfaces. The process of covering %_gonwith zincis called galvanization. The galvanized iron materials maintain theirlustre due to the coating of invisible layer of basic zine carbonate, ZnCO,. 7a(OHD, on the zine film. If some scratches occur on the protective zine film on coated iron, even then iron will not be rusted. This is due to the fact that ecause of scratches, both zine and iron get exposed to oxidation but zine undergoes oxidation in preference to iron. This is so because the reduction potential of zinc is less than the reduction potential of iron. Zn**(aq) + 2e7 = Znls); B® =- 0.76 V bey Fet + 2° ===> Fels); E® =-0.44V Drop of moisture Tron (cathode) Dei Fig. 25. Protection of rusting of iron with a film of zine, Rusting will not occur even ‘when iron surface is exposed. However, it may be noted that in the case of tin plating, i.e, tin coating on yds iron, the film will be effective as long as it is intact. When scratches occur at “id the coating surface both the metals are exposed to oxygen and iron is preferably pri oxidised and is rusted. This is due to the fact the reduction potential of tin is more than that of iron. Sn?(aq) + 2 === Salo; E*=-0.14V note Fe + 2e ’ E°=-0.44V alt De iron will be oxidi reve Electrical protection. This method is used for protecting iron articles hich are in contact with water such as underground water pipes. The article ptt ofiron is connected with more active metals like magnesium or zine (Fig. 26) os The active metal has lower reduction potential than iron and will lose electrons "eo? in preference to iron. For example, magnesium has lower reduction potential Mats); Ee =-2.37V st Fet(ag) + 2° ——> Fels); Ee =-0.44V styltttefore, magnesium will be oxidised in preference to iron and therefore, ‘will protect iron from being rusted. OF aati Using anti-rust solutions. To retard. the corrosion of iron, eertain maa solutions are used. For example, ‘solutions of alkaline phosphates 4 alkaline chromates are generally used as anti-rust eolutions. Due to the 9%) analine nature of these solutions, the H* ions are removed from the solutions OY ate iesttg is prevented. For example, iron: articles are dipped in boiling oe of ino sodium phosphate solutions, when a protective insoluble sticking film , tify” " Phosphate is formed. Ma ‘Magnesium * tron’ ay (anode) = (neha) (0,44H" + de" > 21,0 or 0, + 2H,0 + 4e" +408 lig. 26. Protection of rusting of| underground iron pipes by electrical protection method. Scanned with CamScanner