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‫گروه ‪ PTE SELF STUDY‬در تاریخ ‪ 3‬تیر ‪ 1396‬توسط فرزین غفارنژاد‪ ،‬فراز تاج فیروز و علیرضا‬

‫پلویی تاسیس شد و رسالتش از آنروز تا به امروز کمک به هموطنان برای کسب نمر ه زبان از طریق آزمون‬

‫‪ PTE Academic‬بوده و خواهد بود‪.‬‬

‫کلیه متریال و روش ها برای اولین بار در ایران توسط موسسان این گروه و دیگر دوستان در همین‬

‫گروه و کانال مربوط به آن که در زیر آورده شده است به رایگان برای هم وطنان عزیز به اشتراک‬

‫گذاشته شده است و ارتقای همی شگی این متریال و روش ها در حال انجام است‪.‬‬

‫کانال های تلگرامی گروه‪:‬‬

‫‪@PTEmaterial‬‬
‫‪@PTEexercise‬‬
‫‪@PTEpodcast‬‬
‫گروه تلگرامی ‪:‬‬
‫‪https://t.me/joinchat/BLPhF0J9SGQnuEtJUAHOag‬‬

‫گروه تلگرامی سواالت تکراری‪:‬‬

‫‪https://t.me/joinchat/BLPhF0nStykP5DX_rSI2yQ‬‬
‫وبالگ گروه ‪:‬‬
‫‪pteacademic.blogfa.com‬‬
‫وبسایت‪:‬‬
‫‪Ptestudy.net‬‬
‫صفحه اینستاگرام ما‪:‬‬
‫‪instagram.com/pte_self_study‬‬
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‫‪ ‬توجه‪:‬‬

‫‪ 32 ‬سوال تکراری ‪ Summarize spoken text‬در این نسخه به همراه منونه‬

‫پاسخ اضافه شده است(شامره ‪ 79‬تا‪.)110‬‬
‫‪ ‬برای مت ام فایل های صوتی اصلی آزمون منونه پاسخ با استفاده از متپلیت و‬
‫روش گروه تهیه شده است‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬در این نسخه بر اساس تایید دوستان در گروه سواالت تکراری فایل های صوتی‬
‫به سه دسته طبقه بندی شده اند‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬فایل صوتی اصلی و یا بازخوانی شده توسط انسان‬

‫‪ .2‬فایل صوتی بازخوانی شده توسط نرم افزار‬

‫در فایل های بازخوانی شده توسط نرم افزار عالوه بر منت پیاده شده فایل صوتی منونه‬
‫هایی از پاسخ آزمون دهندگان هم قرار داده شده که به نوعی تکمیل کننده هم هستند‪.‬‬

‫‪ . 3‬فایل صوتی رصفا ً جهت مترین‬

‫‪ ‬سورس اصلی شام برای مطالعه فقط این فایل ‪ pdf‬میباشد که بایستی به دقت‬
‫مطالعه گردد‪ .‬به داستان اصلی که در این جزوه آمده آشنا شوید تا با فایل‬
‫صوتی پخش شده در امتحان غریبه نباشید‪.‬‬
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Contents
Templates.................................................................................................................................... 8
9................................................................................................... summarize spoken text ‫مبانی‬

11................................................................................................ summarize spoken text ‫مفاهیم‬

11.......................................................................................... summarize spoken text ‫روش تمرین‬

13..................................................................‫ و نحوه اصالح آنها‬SST ‫شش اشتباه رایج زبان آموزان در بخش‬

16.................................................................SST ‫دو نکته برای اضافه کردن پوینت و استفاده بهتر از تمپلیت‬

17........................................................ ‫ کمک دهنده است‬Note taking ‫مجموعه عالئم و اختصاراتی که برای‬

SST Real Exam Questions............................................................................................................ 18

1. Biology ............................................................................................................................... 18
2. Talent shortage (First Version) ............................................................................................. 18
3. Talent Shortage (Second Version) ........................................................................................ 19
4. Typhoid Fever - Mary Mallon ............................................................................................... 20
5. Prescription medicine .......................................................................................................... 21
6. Sound receptor ................................................................................................................... 22
7. Cocoa beans ....................................................................................................................... 23
8. Seeds & pesticide in India .................................................................................................... 24
9. Mr. Green - Amory Lovins .................................................................................................... 25
10. Government Use Trick ....................................................................................................... 26
11. Language distinguish or Small Language extinction ............................................................. 26
12. International environmental legislation and law.................................................................. 26
13. Modification of governments or democracy........................................................................ 27
14. Computer and artificial intelligence .................................................................................... 28
15. Famous novelist ................................................................................................................ 29
16. Globalization..................................................................................................................... 30
17. Competition faced by LSE................................................................................................... 30
18. Stanford university conference .......................................................................................... 31
19. Student loan ..................................................................................................................... 32
20. CEO opinion in companies.................................................................................................. 33
21. Population growth and resource consumption .................................................................... 34
 5

22. Marshmallow test ............................................................................................................. 34

23. Bomb calorimeter ............................................................................................................. 35
24. Animal surviving................................................................................................................ 35
25. Urbanization and agriculture.............................................................................................. 36
26. Einstein theory and universe .............................................................................................. 36
27. Humor and laugh............................................................................................................... 37
28. Sea creatures .................................................................................................................... 38
29. Citizenship curriculum ....................................................................................................... 39
30. Vitamin D (V 1) .................................................................................................................. 40
31. Coffee industry.................................................................................................................. 40
32. Pavlov’s experiments with dogs.......................................................................................... 40
33. Dogs tell growls................................................................................................................. 41
34. (Edmund Wilson) American literature................................................................................. 41
35. Melk Monastery, Austria.................................................................................................... 42
36. Fossil Fuels........................................................................................................................ 42
37. ATM ................................................................................................................................. 42
38. Role of Language ............................................................................................................... 43
39. Visual culture in science..................................................................................................... 43
40. Tea & Coffee in London ..................................................................................................... 43
41. Three primary Colors ......................................................................................................... 43
42. Kids in Museums ............................................................................................................... 44
43. Social Contract .................................................................................................................. 45
44. The utilization of robots ..................................................................................................... 45
45. Similarity between music and language .............................................................................. 45
46. Space time ........................................................................................................................ 46
47. Water purification ............................................................................................................. 46
48. Socialism........................................................................................................................... 47
49. Wildlife in Africa................................................................................................................ 47
50. Happiness ......................................................................................................................... 48
51. Taking wrong drugs ........................................................................................................... 48
52. Bad architecture................................................................................................................ 49
53. Genes affect behaviors ...................................................................................................... 49
54. Children's Depression ........................................................................................................ 50
55. Two types of spectacles ..................................................................................................... 51
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56. HTML................................................................................................................................ 52
57. Description ....................................................................................................................... 52
58. Writing Quality History and Journal .................................................................................... 52
59. Why the Australian housing is so expensive ........................................................................ 53
60. Implicit and Explicit Memory .............................................................................................. 54
61. Human Rights in UK ........................................................................................................... 55
62. Civil Society....................................................................................................................... 55
63. Adam Smith theory............................................................................................................ 56
64. Faults and Earthquake ....................................................................................................... 57
65. The Definition of Risk......................................................................................................... 57
66. Body fat Change ................................................................................................................ 58
67. Industrialization ................................................................................................................ 58
68. Are we animals?................................................................................................................ 58
69 Water challenge ................................................................................................................. 59
70 Big Bang Theory ................................................................................................................. 60
71 Prevention of epidemic transmitting ................................................................................... 61
72 History of Epigenetic .......................................................................................................... 61
73 Flower temperature ........................................................................................................... 62
74 Energy consumption........................................................................................................... 63
75. Smart Consumer ............................................................................................................... 64
76. Market economy ............................................................................................................... 64
77. Climate change effects....................................................................................................... 65
78. Face recognition................................................................................................................ 66
NEW SST ................................................................................................................................ 67
79. Difference between translator and interpreter.................................................................... 67
80 Voynich manuscript............................................................................................................ 68
81 Various conclusions ............................................................................................................ 69
82 Language death.................................................................................................................. 69
83 music and well-being ......................................................................................................... 70
84 children's literature ............................................................................................................ 71
85 Theory of relativity ............................................................................................................. 72
86 The timeline of the universe ............................................................................................... 73
87 Babies Just Want to Be Smiled at......................................................................................... 74
88. Parenting babies ............................................................................................................... 75
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89. Vitamin D (second version) ................................................................................................ 76

90. Motivation........................................................................................................................ 76
91. Design of the hospital (80 % similar) ................................................................................... 77
92. The separation of power.................................................................................................... 78
93. Nonverbal communication ................................................................................................. 78
94. Newspapers (80 % similar) ................................................................................................. 78
95. Hook (80 % similar)............................................................................................................ 79
96. UK Arts festival.................................................................................................................. 80
97. The fight-or-flight response................................................................................................ 81
98. Absolutism........................................................................................................................ 82
99. Manager ........................................................................................................................... 82
100. childhood........................................................................................................................ 82
101. Types of family ................................................................................................................ 83
102. Telescope (80 % similar)................................................................................................... 83
103. Parenting babies.............................................................................................................. 84
104. The term need................................................................................................................. 84
105. Boy's and girl's performance ............................................................................................ 84
106. Chimpanzees................................................................................................................... 85
107. Sugar .............................................................................................................................. 86
108. Grand project in Paris ...................................................................................................... 87
109. stress .............................................................................................................................. 88
110. Globalization & De-traditionalization ................................................................................ 88
 8

Templates
SST Template by Faraz Tajfirooz:
The lecture was about N1, which comprised N2 as well as N3. The
spokesperson described N4, and the fundamental essence of N5 emphasized
the significance of N6. Ultimately, although both N7 and N8 could be inferred
evidently from N9, the corresponding impacts of N10 were acknowledged.
(46 words)
Grammarly score: 100
N= Noun phrase

‫ این کار باعث خواهد شد‬.‫ فراز هم برای این بخش می توان استفاده کرد‬SWT ‫ از تمپلیت‬:‫نکته‬
.‫ را برای هر دو تسک امتحان حفظ کرده و استفاده کنید‬SWT ‫فقط تمپلیت‬

SWT Template by Faraz Tajfirooz:

Whereas the fundamental essence of N1 emphasizes the significance of N2,
the corresponding impacts of N3 such as N4 and N5 are acknowledged, and
N6 could be inferred evidently from N7, which the potential implications of
N8 as well as N9 are presumed.
(43 words)
Grammarly score: 100
N= Noun phrase
 ‫‪9‬‬

‫مبانی ‪: Summarize Spoken Text‬‬

‫‪ (Summarize Spoken Text( SST‬اولین قسمت از بخش ‪ Listening‬آزمون ‪ PTE‬است و زمان کلی پاسخ گویی به هر‬
‫‪ 10 ،SST‬دقیقه تعیین شده است‪ .‬در این بخش یک فایل صوتی به طول ‪ 60‬تا ‪ 90‬ثانیه پخش شده و آزمون دهنده فرصت‬
‫دارد تا هم زمان نت برداری کرده و سپس در زمان باقیمانده با استفاده از نت ها و دانش زبانی خود فایل صوتی را خالصه کند‪.‬‬
‫نمره دهی این قسمت بر مبنای کتاب ‪ ،Official Guide‬بر اساس پنج مولفه صورت می گیرد که به اختصار ب ه بیان آن می‬
‫پردازیم‪:‬‬

‫‪ )1‬محتوا (‪)Content‬‬
‫آیا پاسخ دربرگیرنده خالصه تمام نکات اصلی و کلیدی لکچر می باشد؟‬
‫کانتنت بر مبنای بیان کردن موضوع و یا هدف لکچر و اشاره کردن به تمام نکات کلیدی آن بدون اشتباه ارزیا بی خواهد ش د‪.‬‬
‫چنانچه متن خالصه شده‪ ،‬موضوع و یا مفهوم لکچر را اشتباه توصیف کند‪ ،‬هیچ نمره ای در هیچ کدام از پنج مولفه اثرگذار در‬
‫نمره دهی این بخش دریافت نخواهد کرد‪ .‬بهترین پاسخ نکات اصلی را به وضوح و اختصار بیان میکند و جزئیات فرعی و کمک ی‬
‫را خالصه میکند‪.‬‬
‫‪ )2‬فرم (‪)Form‬‬
‫آیا تعداد کلمات پاسخ در محدوده تعیین شده بین ‪ 50‬تا ‪ 70‬کلمه است؟‬
‫نمره فرم بر مبنای تعداد کل کلمات استفاده شده در م تن مورد ارزیابی قرار میگیرد‪ .‬نمره فرم کامل‪ ،‬به خالصه ای بین ‪ 50‬تا‬
‫‪ 70‬کلمه تعلق می گیرد‪ .‬نوشتن کمتر از ‪ 50‬کلمه و یا بیشتر از ‪ 70‬کلمه‪ ،‬نمره فرم را کاهش میدهد‪ .‬چنانچه پاسخ حاوی‬
‫کمتر از ‪ 40‬کلمه باشد و یا بیشتر از ‪ 100‬کلمه در آن استفاده شده باشد‪ ،‬هیچ نمره ای در هیچ کدام از پنج مولفه تاثیر گذار‬
‫در نمره دهی این بخش دریافت نخواهد کرد‪.‬‬
‫‪ )3‬گرامر (‪)Grammar‬‬
‫آیا پاسخ نشان دهنده استفاده از ساختار درست گرامری میباشد؟‬
‫گرامر بر مبنای درست بودن ساختار گرامری جمالت استفاده شده در خالصه متن مورد ارزیابی قرار می گیرد‪ .‬بهترین پاسخ از‬
‫جمالت موجز که به وضوح معنی مورد نظر را انتقال می دهند استفاده میکند‪.‬‬
‫‪)4‬واژگان (‪)Vocabulary‬‬
‫آیا پاسخ نشان دهنده استفاده و انتخاب متناسب و درست از واژگان میباشد؟‬
‫کلمات استفاده شده در متن بر مبنای مرتبط بودن آنها با لکچر و همچنین تناسب آنها جهت استفاده در ف ضای آکادمیک مو رد‬
‫ارزیابی قرار می گیرد‪ .‬استفاده درست از مترادف کلمات هم برای این بخش نمره دهی می شود‪ .‬بهترین پاسخ از کلمات لکچر‬
‫به درستی استفاده میکند‪ ،‬همچنین فهم کانتکس لکچر را نشان میدهد و از مترادف کلمات به نحوی موثر جهت نشان دادن‬
‫تنوع در استفاده از زبان استفاده میکند‪.‬‬
‫‪ )5‬اسپلینگ (‪)Spelling‬‬
‫آیا پاسخ نشان دهنده استفاده درست و ثابت از یک قرارداد اسپیلینگ می باشد؟‬
‫آزمون پی تی ای آکادمیک‪ ،‬قراردادهای اسپلینگ واژگان ایاالت متحده آمریکا‪ ،‬بریتانیا‪ ،‬استرالیا و کانادا را به رسمیت می‬
‫شناسد‪ .‬با این حال‪ ،‬یک قرار داد اسپلینگ باید در سرتاسر یک پاسخ استفاده شود‪.‬‬
 10

:‫ آورده شده است‬Score Guide ‫در جدول زیر نحوه نمره دهی پیرسون با جزئیات بیشتر از‬

:Summarize Spoken Text ‫تمپلیت‬

The lecture was about N1, which comprised N2 as well as N3. The spokesperson described
N4, and the fundamental essence of N5 emphasized the significance of N6. Ultimately,
although both N7 and N8 could be inferred evidently from N9, the corresponding impacts
of N10 were acknowledged.

(46 words)
N= Noun phrase

: Summarize Spoken Text ‫تمپلیت خالصه شده‬

The lecture was about N1, which comprised N2 and N3. The spokesperson described N4,
and essences of N5 emphasized the significance of N6. Ultimately, although both N7 and
N8 could be inferred evidently from N9, impacts of N10 were acknowledged.

(40 words)
N= Noun phrase
 ‫‪11‬‬

‫مفاهیم ‪:Summarize Spoken Text‬‬

‫جهت کسب نمره باال در این قسمت نیاز است مفاهیم کلیدی فایل صوتی را در قالب مناسب در تمپلیت قرار دهیم‪ .‬در نوشته‬
‫زیر تفاوت نکات اصلی‪ ،‬جزئیات و مثال ها ذکر شده است‪:‬‬
‫‪ ) 1‬نکات اصلی (‪:)Main Points‬‬
‫مفاهیم اصلی و کلیدی یک متن یا فایل صوتی هستند که نویسنده یا گوینده قصد بیان آنها را دارد‪ .‬معموال در هر‬
‫متن یا فایل صوتی‪ ،‬یک یا چند مفهوم محوری وجود دارد که در ابتدای هر پاراگراف و یا قسمت فایل صوتی بیان‬
‫می شود و حاوی نکات کلیدی آن میباشند و نیاز است در خالصه ما آورده شوند‪.‬‬
‫‪ ) 2‬جزئیات کمکی (‪:)Supporting Details‬‬
‫شرح و توضیح بیشتر مفاهیم کلیدی هستند و معموال با ذکر چرایی و یا چگونگی مفاهیم کلیدی‪ ،‬ما را در درک‬
‫بیشتر و بهتر آن ها یاری می کند‪ .‬این جزئیات که مفاهیم کلیدی را پشتیبانی میکنند‪ ،‬بالفاصله بعد از مفاهیم‬
‫اصلی بیان میشوند‪.‬‬
‫‪ ) 3‬مثال ها (‪:)Examples‬‬
‫مصاد یق عینی مفاهیم اصلی و یا جزئیات هستند که در درجه اهمیت بسیار پایین تری نسبت به دو مورد قبلی قرار‬
‫دارند‪.‬‬
‫در شکل زیر ترتیب اهمیت نکات اصلی‪ ،‬جزئیات کمکی و مثال ها آورده شده است‪ .‬در ‪ ،SST‬هرچه این اهمیت‬
‫بیشتر رعایت شود‪ ،‬غنای متن و به تبع آن نمره دریافتی باالتر خواهد بود‪.‬‬
‫‪Main Points‬‬

‫‪Supporting Details‬‬

‫‪Examples‬‬

‫روش تمرین ‪:Summarize Spoken Text‬‬

‫جهت به دست آوردن نمره عالی در بخش ‪ ،SST‬نیاز است مراحل چهار گانه زیر اعمال گردد‪:‬‬

‫الزم به ذکر است‪ ،‬این توصیه ها برای زبان آموزانی که توانایی فهم غالب فایل های صوتی را دارند‪ ،‬موثر است‪ .‬در غیر این‬
‫صورت نیاز است زبان آموز با تقویت مهارت لیسنینگ و نت برداری خود در حین فرآیند آمادگی آزمون‪ ،‬مهارت خود در این‬
‫تسک را تقویت نموده و به تمرین های این بخش پاسخ دهد‪.‬‬
‫‪ ) 1‬ابتدا تمرین های گردآوری شده در این بخش – خصوصا فایل های صوتی واقعی آزمون ‪ - Real Voice‬را با‬
‫در نظر گرفتن وقت و با استفاده از تمپلیت پاسخ میدهیم‪.‬‬
‫‪ ) 2‬سپس با مقایسه پاسخ خود با نمونه پاسخ های قرار داده شده در جزوه‪ ،‬توانایی خود را در ا نتقال نکات اصلی‬
‫فایل صوتی و استفاده صحیح از تمپلیت گروه می سنجیم (تمام فایل های صوتی‪ ،‬متن پیاده شده یا‬
‫ترنسکریپت دارند)‪.‬‬
 ‫‪12‬‬

‫‪ ) 3‬مراحل اول و دوم رو آنقدر تکرار میکنیم که به ی ک پاسخ مطلوب و مشابه با نمونه و با اشاره به تمام نکات م هم‬
‫فایل صوتی برسیم ( تعداد این تکرار بسته به توانایی افراد‪ ،‬متفاوت هست)‪.‬‬
‫‪ ) 4‬با مطالعه متون گردآوری شده این بخش قبل از امتحان اصلی عبارت های مهم و کلیدی هر متن و همچنین‬
‫اسپلی نگ کلمات دشوار و خاص را به خاطر سپرده و در نتیجه پیش زمینه ذهنی خوبی از فایل صوتی تکراری‬
‫احتمالی امتحان اصلی خواهیم داشت‪.‬‬
‫با تقویت این مهارت به روش باال‪ ،‬در سایر قسمت های آزمون که مهارت لیسنینگ در آن دخیل هست مانند ‪LMCCSA ,‬‬
‫‪ LMCCMA , LHCS, LSMW‬و همچنین‪ RL‬پیشرفت خواهید کرد‪.‬‬

‫در شکل زیر مراحل باال به صورت فلوچارت نشان داده شده است‪:‬‬

‫نوشتن ‪ SST‬با استفاده‬

‫از تمپلیت‬

‫مقایسه پاسخ خود با پاسخ نمونه‬

‫آیا از تمپلیت درست‬

‫استفاده کردم و تمام‬ ‫بله‬
‫پایان‬
‫نکات اصلی را ذکر‬
‫کرده ام؟‬

‫خیر‬

‫تکرار چند باره فایل صوتی‪ ،‬نوشتن ‪ SST‬و‬

‫سپس خواندن متن پیاده شده فایل صوتی‬

‫یک سوال را ‪ 50‬بار تمرین کنید به جای اینکه ‪ 50‬سوال را فقط یک بار‬
‫تمرین کنید‪.‬‬
 ‫‪13‬‬

‫شش اشتباه رایج زبان آموزان در بخش‪ SST‬و نحوه اصالح آنها‪:‬‬
‫در این بخش به بیان برخی از پرتکرارترین اشتباهات زبان آموزان در بخش ‪ SST‬می پردازیم و با ذکر مثال از پاسخ های زبان‬
‫آموزان سعی میکنیم نحوه ارائه پاسخ درست را آموزش دهیم‪ .‬این اشتباهات رایج به شش دسته کلی قابل تقسیم بندی می‬
‫باشند‪:‬‬

‫‪ ) 1‬اشتباه در اسپلینگ کلمات و عبارت های مهم و یا اشتباهات تایپی که مستقیما نمره کانتنت و اسپلینگ را کاهش‬
‫میدهد‪.‬‬
‫‪ ) 2‬عدم رعایت درست آرتیکل ها برای عبارات اسمی و یا جمع بستن عبارات و اسامی که غیر قابل شمارش هستن د که‬
‫نمره گرامر را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد‪.‬‬
‫‪ ) 3‬ادغام کردن دو عبارت یا کلماتی که به لحاظ زمانی در فایل صوتی به هم نزدیک هستند که باعث ساختن ی ک عبارت‬
‫اسمی نادرست می شود‪.‬‬
‫‪ ) 4‬عدم استفاده از حرف اضافه و همچنین کالوکیشن متناسب به همراه افعال و کلمات که مستقیما نمره کانتنت و گرامر‬
‫را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد‪.‬‬
‫‪ ) 5‬ذکر مثال و جزئیات کمکی ( ‪ ) examples and supporting details‬به جای مفاهیم اصلی ( ‪) main points‬‬
‫فایل صوتی که باعث کاهش غنای محتوایی و به تبع آن نمره لیسنینگ می شود‪.‬‬
‫‪ ) 6‬تبدیل کردن مفاهیم و یا عبارات فایل صوتی به ترکیبات اسمی که علیرغم شباهت و یا اشتراک در کلمات با فایل‬
‫صوتی‪ ،‬مفهوم متفاوتی را منتقل میکند و نمره کانتنت را تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد‪.‬‬
‫در ادامه نمونه پاسخ های زبان آموزان برای یک تمرین که در جزوه با شماره ‪ 55‬مشخص شده آورده شده است و نحوه اصالح‬
‫این اشتباهات آموزش داده شده است‪:‬‬

‫نمونه پاسخ زبان آموز یک‪:‬‬

‫‪While essences of spectales emphasize the significance of assemblage items, impacts of‬‬
‫‪giving an overall look such as fashion terms, health care terms and medical devices are‬‬
‫‪acknowledged, and being prothesis could be inferred evidently from an artificial part of the‬‬
‫‪body, which implications of choosing a major decision, lifestyle dispensing and wearing‬‬
‫‪different types for work and leisure are presumed.‬‬

‫ایرادها‪ :‬شماره ‪ 3،2 ، 1‬و ‪4‬‬

‫طریقه درست نوشتن این عبارات اسمی به صورت مقابل است‪:‬‬

‫)‪Spectacles (or choosing and wearing spectacles‬‬
‫‪An assemblage of items‬‬
‫)‪A prosthesis (or prostheses‬‬
‫‪Making a major decision‬‬
‫(باید به مکث ها‪ ،‬استرس ها و قسمت قسمت شدن های فایل صوتی دقت کرد که عبارات در هم ادغام نشوند)‬
‫)‪Wearing different types of spectacles for work (or wearing spectacles for work‬‬
‫)‪Leisure time (activities‬‬
 14

:‫نمونه پاسخ زبان آموز دو‬

Whereas the fundamental essence of spectacles emphasizes the significance of an ove ral l
look, the corresponding impact of accessories as well as shoes and jewlery are
acknowledged, and a medical device could be inferred evidently from an artificial part of
body, which the potential implications of a major divice such as different occasions, industry
and lifestyle dispensity were presumed.

5 ‫ و‬2 ، 1 ‫ شماره‬:‫ایرادها‬
:‫طریقه درست نوشتن این عبارات اسمی به صورت مقابل است‬
Spectacles emphasizes )‫(یک فاصله اضافی بین کلمات قرار دارد‬
The corresponding impacts of accessories such as …
Jewelry
An artificial part of the body
A medical device
A phrase in the industry
Lifestyle dispensing
‫ که جزو کانتنت های اصلی نیستند نمره لیسنینگ برای زبان‬watches ‫ و‬industry ،shoes ‫ذکر کلماتی مثل‬
.‫آموز به ارمغان نمیارد‬

:‫نمونه پاسخ زبان آموز سه‬

Whereas the fundamental essence of spectacles emphesizes the significance of class
accessories, the corresponding impacts of medical devices such as artificial part of bodies,
jewleries and watches are acknowledged, and taking a major decision could be inferred
evidently from having various types of spectacles, which the potential i mplication of
prosperices presumed.

5 ‫ و‬4 ، 2 ، 1 ‫ شماره‬:‫ایرادها‬
:‫طریقه درست نوشتن این عبارات اسمی به صورت مقابل است‬
Emphasizes
Being classed as accessories
An artificial part of the body
Jewelry
Prostheses

:‫نمونه پاسخ زبان آموز چهار‬

The lecture was about spectacles, which comprised fashion trends as well as acce ssory. The
spokesperson described the health care system, and the fundamental essence of a me di cal
device emphasized the significance of an artificial part of body. Ultimate, although both two
or more pairs and a major decision could be inferred evidently from the work place, the
corresponding impacts of leisure and beach were acknowledged.

6 ‫ و‬5 ، 4 ، 2 ، 1 ‫ شماره‬:‫ایرادها‬
 15

:‫طریقه درست نوشتن این عبارات اسمی به صورت مقابل است‬

Fashion terms
Being classed as accessories (or accessories)
Healthcare terms )‫(نباید مفاهیم فایل صوتی را به عبارتی که مفهوم متفاوتی منتقل میکند تغییر داد‬
An artificial part of the body
Ultimately
Two or more pairs of spectacles
The workplace
Leisure time (activities)
The beach

:‫نمونه پاسخ زبان آموز پنج‬

The lecture was about spectacle choosing which comprised classical accessories as well as
health care. The spokesperson described medical devices, and the fundamental e ssence of
English language emphasized the significance of artificial body parts. Ultimately, although
both the lifestyle dispersive and the spectacle types could be inferred evidentl y from work
place, the corresponding impacts of wearing on the beach were acknowledged.

6 ‫ و‬5 ، 4 ، 2 ، 1 ‫ شماره‬:‫ایرادها‬

:‫طریقه درست نوشتن این عبارات اسمی به صورت مقابل است‬

Choosing spectacles
Being classed as accessories
)‫(نباید مفاهیم فایل صوتی را به عبارتی که مفهوم متفاوتی منتقل میکند تغییر داد‬
Healthcare terms
Lifestyle dispensing
The workplace
Wearing spectacles on the beach

:‫نمونه پاسخ زبان آموز شش‬

Whereas the fundamental essence of the normal spectacles emphasizes the significance of
overall books the corresponding impacts of the class accessory such as handbags and
medical devices are acknowledged and artificial of body could be inferred evidently from
major decisions , which the potential implications of occasion time day as well as we ari ng a
type of spectacles are presumed.

6 ‫ و‬5 ، 4 ، 3 ، 2 ، 1 ‫ شماره‬:‫ایرادها‬

Spectacles
)‫ استرس ها و قسمت قسمت شدن های فایل صوتی دقت کرد که عبارات در هم ادغام نشوند‬،‫(باید به مکث ها‬
Giving an overall look, …
Being classed as accessories
, and an artificial part of the body …...
 ‫‪16‬‬

‫… ‪… major decisions, which‬‬

‫پس از نوشتن متن میبایستی حتما رعایت درست ‪ punctuation‬را وارسی کرد‪.‬‬
‫‪Different occasions or times of the day‬‬
‫(باید به مکث ها‪ ،‬استرس ها و قسمت قسمت شدن های فایل صوتی دقت کرد که عبارات در هم ادغام نشوند)‬

‫عباراتی که با رنگ آبی مشخص شدند جزو نکات اصلی فایل صوتی نیست و برای زبان آموز نمره کانتنت به ارمغان‬
‫نمیارد‪.‬‬

‫د و نکته برای اضافه کردن پوینت و استفاده بهتر از تمپلیت ‪:SST‬‬

‫‪ ) 1‬توصیه می شود عبارات اسمی را به همان ترتیبی که در فایل صوتی پخش می شود در تمپلیت جایگزین کنید‪.‬‬
‫اولویت با پوینت های اصلی و سپس پوینت های کم اهمیت تر است‪.‬‬
‫‪ ) 2‬در صورتی که تمایل به نوشتن پوینت های بیشتری دارید ترجیحا آنها را در تمپلیت مانند مثال زیر پخش کنید و‬
‫همچنین عبارات اسمی طوالنی را به صورت منفرد در تمپلیت قرار دهید‪ .‬به این ترتیب از ریسک گرامری جل وگیری‬
‫می کنیم‪.‬‬

‫‪The lecture was about A, which comprised B and C. The spokesperson described D, and t he‬‬
‫‪fundamental essence of E emphasized the significance of F, G, and H. Ultimately, although‬‬
‫‪both I and J could be inferred evidently from K, L, and M, the corresponding impacts of N, O,‬‬
‫‪and P were acknowledged.‬‬
 17

:‫ کمک کننده است‬NOTE TAKING ‫مجموعه ای از عالئم و اختصارات که برای‬

Source: TOEFL LONGMAN_MY ENGLISH LAB

:‫نمونه ای از قراردادهایی که میتونید برای مخفف سازی با خودتون داشته باشید‬

Student……………..st. This…………………….Өs Course............crs

Government………gov. Those……………..….Өos Thing..............Өη
Environment……..Env. These…………………Өes Lesson.............lsn
Between…..…….…b/w through...........Өr Always............alw
Level....................lvl throughout......Өrot
Teacher...............Tchr Life..................lf
The…………………….Ө improve..........impv
That……………………Өt Never..............nv
Every....................ev. (Examples: Every day...ev.d. every month...ev.mn)
ing........................η (examples: Working...wrkη, Studying...stdη)
 18

SST Real Exam Questions

1. Biology 


 The lecture is about biology, which studies life and living organisms. In the PowerPoint from the
left to right are butterflies, flowers and dolphins and other animals. Although all the creature s such
as humans, butterfly, and dolphin look different, they are tightly interconnected. All cells have DNA
and RNA, which are used to pass and storing energy. All creatures are based on genetic and
inherited information. Cells are the foundation of building organs, within which the same chemical s
are contained. All organs have metabolism systems, which they react similarly to use and convert
energy from one form to another by chemical reaction. DNA RNA is to record and transmi t ge ne ti c
information 23% from each parent.

 Transcript: The biology lecture is about DNA and RNA. In the PPT, from the left to right are
butterflies, flowers and dolphins and other animals. They look different, but actually, they are
interconnected. All creatures are based on genetic and inherited information. Cells are the
foundation of building organs, within which the same chemicals are contained. All cells have DNA
and RNA, which are used for storing and transmitting genetic and inherited material. All organs
have metabolism systems, which convert energy from one form to another by chemical reaction.
DNA RNA is to record and transmit genetic information 23% from each parent.

2. Talent shortage (First Version)

Main points:
The talent war
Recruiting and sending young talented people to universities
Immigrating after being graduated from universities
Changing workplaces for higher income
Changes of the nature of economies
The shrinking labor force after the baby boom
Less supply of skilled workers
The Retirement of baby boomers
The shortage of experienced workers (experienced worker shortages)
The mismatch between schools' productions and companies' needs
Other points:
Main reasons for the talent shortage in 1990s
Competing with local students
Putting talents at primary positions
Making employees happy
Talent demands
Needed skills
 19

Sample answer:
The lecture was about the talent war, which comprised recruiting and sending talented people to
universities. The spokesperson described immigrating after graduation, and essences of changing
workplaces for income emphasized the significance of economies' nature. Ultimately, although
both shrinking labor forces and less supply of skilled workers could be inferred evidently from
baby boomers' retirement, impacts of experienced worker shortages and mismatches between
schools' productions and companies' needs were acknowledged.

Transcript:
Talent is premium and there is a war for talents in 1990s because of the talent shortage.
Companies and countries are recruiting young talented people from different countries and
sending young people to universities. Some young people immigrated after they graduated from
the university. They compete with the local students. Countries and organizations should put
talents at the primary positions. The collapse of loyalty makes employees happy to change their
workplace because for the higher income. There are three reasons: first, the change of nature of
economy leads to increase in the talents demand and skills needed. Second, the shrinking labor
force after the baby-boom causes less supply of skilled workers and the retirement of baby-
boomers will cause a shortage of experienced workers. Third, there is also a mismatch between
what schools are producing and what companies need.

3. Talent Shortage (Second Version)

Main points:
Talent war/ a shortage of talent
An intense competition
Hiring intellectually able people
Between and within countries
Having an intense battle
Recruiting talented young immigrants
Luring bright young people
Going to universities
Talent is a premium on many levels
The baby boom population
A sophisticated economy
Other points:
The companies’ world
Reversing the case
Battling to keep out (immigrants)
Becoming immigrants
All sorts of organizations/volunteer organizations
 20

Sample answer:
The lecture was about talent shortages, which comprised having an intense competition as well as
hiring intellectually able people. The spokesperson described recruiting talented young
immigrants, and essences of battles between and within countries emphasized the significance of
luring bright people. Ultimately, although both going to universities and being at a premium level
could be inferred evidently from the baby boom population, the impacts of a sophisticated
economy were acknowledged.

Transcript:
I think there is an intense competition at the moment to hire the most talented and the most
intellectually able people. There is a time when I think companies have many of the adventures in
the world. That involves the companies’ world. It was the bosses’ world. Now I think the reverse is
the case. We have a shortage of talent base within countries and between countries, have an
intense battle between companies to hire the most talented workforce and also between
countries, which are looking to recruit talented young people, talented young immigrants. We
have this sense of immigrants being things that countries are battled to keep out, and immigrants
want to get in, climb of the walls. I think the opposite isn’t the case. And the topic is that countries
are trying to lure bright young people to get them to go to universities and get them to become
immigrants. So, on many levels, talent is a premium. There is a shortage of talent, and so
countries, companies, all sorts of organizations, of course, volunteer organizations as well as, are
competing to hire the best and the brightest. You know we have a baby-boom population which is
aging. We have an economy which is becoming more sophisticated. And so, for all those sorts of
reasons, talent is a premium.

4. Typhoid Fever - Mary Mallon

 The lecture was about Mary Mallon's life, who moved to New York in 1893. She was working as
a cook for wealthy families, but she infected her employee's family members to typhoid fever.
Although Mary was diagnosed with Typhoid fever with minor symptoms, which could transit
through water and food, she always denied her sickness. She arrested and hospitalized by public
health authorities. Hence, she died after nearly thirty years living in isolation. In the end, the
speaker concluded that Mary had infected 21 people, and one of them died with more severe
symptoms.
 21

5. Prescription medicine

 Main points:
TV ads
Drug companies
Advertising prescription drugs
Promoted messages by ads
See ads during prime time
Arming consumers with technically accurate information
The misleading tone
Taking prescription drugs
The health condition
Regaining complete control of life
Lifestyle changes
Mass marketing
Not being like a soap

 Other points:
The loss of control
Treating the condition
hypertension, herpes, high cholesterol, depression, arthritis, and allergies

 Sample answer:
The lecture was about TV ads, which comprised drug companies and advertising prescription
drugs. The spokesperson described promoted messages, and the fundamental essence of the
prime time emphasized the significance of arming consumers with technically accurate
information . Ultimately, although the misleading tone and regaining complete control of life
could be inferred evidently from lifestyle changes, the corresponding impacts of mass
marketing and not being like soap were acknowledged.

 Transcript:
The amount of money drug companies spend on TV ads has doubled in recent years. And it’s no
wonder: studies show the commercials’ work: consumers go to their doctors with a suggestion for
a prescription drug they saw advertised on TV. Now a study in the Annals of Family Medicine
raises questions about the message these ads promote, NPRs Patty Neighmond reports. You’re
most likely to see drug ads during prime time, especially around the news. Researchers analyzed
38 ads aimed at people with conditions like hypertension, herpes, high cholesterol, depression,
arthritis, and allergies. The drug industry says the ads arm consumers with information. But
researchers found that though the information was technically accurate, the tone was misleading.
UCLA psychologist Dominick Frosch headed the study. "What we would see in these ads is that
 22

before taking the prescription drug, the character’s life was out of control and the loss of control
really extended beyond just the impact of the health condition; For example, herpes patients
were portrayed as being incapacitated for days, insomniacs utterly out of synch on the job and
depressed patients friendless and boring at parties. When the character is then shown taking the
drug, he then magically regains complete control of his life. None of the ads, of course, mentioned
lifestyle changes that could also help treat the condition. After all, it’s mass marketing. But in this
case, Frosch says, prescription medications are not like soap.

6. Sound receptor

Main points:
Sound receptors
A Spiky body part
Eardrums
Translating vibrational energy
The ear fluid
The physical motion
The electrical motion (signal)

Other points (supporting details and examples):

MIT students
A remarkable device

Sample answer:
The lecture was about sound receptors, which comprised a spiky body part and eardrums. The
spokesperson described translating vibrational energy, and the fundamental essence of the ear
fluid emphasized the significance of the physical motion. Ultimately although the electrical
motion could be inferred evidently from MIT students, the corresponding impacts of a remarkable
device were acknowledged.

Transcript:
Under appropriate conditions, mind you. Sound receptors. You've got sound receptors in your ear
and they are beautiful. We're not going to talk about them at any length, but there's little flappy,
these little spiky things going along in your ear and they can translate vibrational energy coming
from your ear, hurting your eardrum, being translated into a vibration into the fluid in your ear
into a physical motion of these little receptors there into an electrical motion, into an electrical
signal that goes into your ear. So, all of that, all of that's pretty impressive stuff. We're not going
to talk about the details of it, but I invite some of you who want to learn more about this,
particularly MIT students I think find receptors really quite remarkable kinds of devices.
 23

7. Cocoa beans
 Main points:
The Maya and Aztec time
Being used as beverage
Making hot or cold chocolate drinks
Roasted cocoa beans
Being used as a currency and tribute tax
Cocoa butter
Protecting the skin against the sun
Religious significance
Being of divine origin
Being sanctified by giving chocolate
Giving wisdom to mortals
The god of learning and of the wind

 Other points:
White pulp around cocoa pod seeds
A bridge between earth and heaven
Foaming agent sugar
Toasted corn and water
Vanilla and chilli
Giving to priest’s assistants
Drinking symbolic cup of chocolate
Exchanging cocoa beans

 Sample answer:
The lecture was about cocoa seeds and butter , which comprised the Aztec time and making
chocolate drinks. The spokesperson described cocoa beans, and the fundamental essence of
using as a currency and tribute tax and protecting skin emphasized the significance of
religious significance. Ultimately, although the divine origin and being sanctified could be
inferred evidently from giving wisdom to mortals, the corresponding impacts of the god of
learning were acknowledged.

 Transcript:
During the time of the Aztecs, cocoa was mainly used as a beverage. Wines and drinks were made
from white pulp around the seeds of the cocoa pod. The beans themselves were used to make hot
or cold chocolate drinks. Both the Maya and the Aztec secular drinks used roasted cocoa beans, a
foaming agent sugar, toasted corn and water. Vanilla and/or chilli were also used as an ingredient
in the drinks. Cocoa beans were also used as a currency and as a tribute tax from peoples ruled by
Aztecs. The oily layer floating in the chocolate drink, cocoa butter, was used to protect the skin
 24

against the sun. For the Aztecs cocoa had religious significance. Cocoa was believed to be of divine
origin: the cocoa tree was a bridge between earth and heaven. Human sacrifices to propitiate God
or sun were first sanctified by giving him chocolate. Cocoa beans were given to priest's assistants
at children's coming of age ceremonies. During marriage ceremonies, the couple drank a symbolic
cup of chocolate and exchanged cocoa beans. Aztecs believed that drinking chocolate gave
mortals some of Quetzalcoatl wisdom. - God of learning and of the wind.

8. Seeds & pesticide in India

Main points:

Huge (high) debts

Having no capital
Indian peasants
The free market
Globalization
Expensive seeds and pesticides
Borrowing money from the seed companies
The major creditors
Other points (supporting details and examples):
Accumulating debts
Having no money

Sample answer:
The lecture was about huge debts, which comprised having no capital and Indian peasants. The
spokesperson described accumulating debts, and the fundamental essence of the free market
emphasized the significance of globalization. Ultimately, although expensive seeds and pesticides
could be inferred evidently from the major creditors, the corresponding impacts of borrowing
money from the seed companies were acknowledged.

Transcript:
The debt today is so high, it’s two hundred thousand rupees, three hundred thousand rupees of
peasant who have no capital. They who know within a year or two, when they accumulate that
kind of debt. They never able to pay back. Where is the debt coming from? It’s coming from a
seed that is costing a hundred thousand to two hundred thousand rupees per kilogram,
depending on what you got. Seed that used to be free, used to be theirs. Pesticides each time,
they more they use, the more they have to use, 12 sprays, 15 sprays, 20 sprays. Pesticides used in
just the last five years in the land areas of India has shot up by 2000 percent. That’s why the free
market and globalization have brought and since we are talking about peasants, who have no
money, who have no capital, they can only by expensive seeds and expensive pesticides by
borrowing. And who lend that money? The seed companies that sell the pesticides, which are the
same companies that sell the seeds, as you know, are now also the major creditors.
 25

9. Mr. Green - Amory Lovins


Main points:
An American consultant experimental physicist
Being active at the nexus of energy/ resources/ the economy/ the environment/ security
Paying attention to saving energy
Using energy more efficiently and sustainably/ efficient and sustainable use of energ y
Energy-saving concepts
An unusual character
Being a genius
Having a consulting company
Saving energy
Solving problems
Already existing technologies
Mr. Green
Other points:
Building a house
Living in the mountains

Sample answer:
The lecture was about Amory Lovins, which comprised being active at the nexus of energy
and resources. The spokesperson described an American consultant experimental
physicist, and essences of already existing technologies emphasized the significance of
efficient and sustainable use of energy. Ultimately, although both solving problems and
being a genius could be inferred evidently from energy-saving concepts, impacts of a
consulting company, an unusual character, and Mr. Green were acknowledged.

Transcript:
Amory Lovins is an American consultant experimental physicist and he has been active at
the nexus of energy, resources, economy, environment, development and security in
more than 50 countries for over 40 years. He pays attention on energy saving and how to
use energy in a more efficient and sustainable ways. He built a house with plenty of
energy-saving concepts. He’s an unusual character with a wide range of knowledge and a
genius, but he’s not a scientist. He has a consulting company and lives in the mountains.
For 30 years, he used a lot of ways to save energy and solved problems with technologies
that already existed and demonstrated them. Some people think he is so crazy. A female
writer wrote a book about him which is called Mr. Green.
 26

10. Government Use Trick

 The lecture is about the government information disclosure. Citizens should be well
informed about their rights and people take it granted in liberal and western democratic
countries. However, the government uses tricks to deliberately hide the information and mislead
the people in the wrong direction and people are deliberately hidden from the truth.
Governments always interfere with social affairs and deny those events that have occurred. In the
end, the speaker concluded that politicians use tricks in the policymaking-rule book to cover up
their mistakes.

11. Language distinguish or Small Language extinction

 The lecture was about small language extinction. Now language accelerates to, and little
languages are disappearing at an accelerated rate that has never been before in history. The main
reason for the distinction is urbanization where people are moving to cities and urban area to find
more work opportunities, and being influenced by mainstream language. The ideal place for little
languages to survive is in isolated areas.

12. International environmental legislation and law

Main points: Note-taking Sample:

International environmental law on climate change
Domestic legislation
Thinking globally and acting locally Note-taking Sample:
The UK government
The Human impacts on the environment
Inappropriate law enforcement
The Industrial Revolution
Local industrialists
The Adam Smith model
Maximizing economic benefits
Employees' health
Facing higher costs (or becoming less competitive)
Other points (supporting details and examples):
An environmental maxim
Sea coal smoke
Legislative controls
Self-regulation
Ineffective measures
Legal duties and standards
Little practical effects
Urbanization
Gresham's law
The local environment
 27

Sample answer:
The lecture was about international environmental law, which comprised domestic legislation,
thinking globally, and acting locally. The spokesperson described the UK government, and
essences of the human impacts on the environment emphasized the significance of inappropriate
law enforcement and the Industrial Revolution. Ultimately, although both local industrialists and
the Adam Smith model could be inferred evidently from maximizing economic benefits and
employees' health, impacts of becoming less competitive were acknowledged.

Transcript:
Before we consider international environmental law and climate change we need to consider
domestic legislation, as it is within the sovereign states that international law is put into practice.
This reflects the environmentalists' maxim, 'think globally act locally'. United Kingdom legislative
control over the impacts of mans' activity on the environment is not new. As long ago as the reign
of Charles II the main concern was the production of smoke from the burning of 'sea coal. Almost
all areas of trade and industry were subject to very detailed legislative controls at that time,
although some were governed by 'self- regulation' in the form of guilds, who regulated both
supply and methods of production. However, the measures implemented were mostly ineffective
because then, as now, the specifying of legal duties and standards without providing any
appropriate enforcement merely indicated good intentions but were of little practical effect. The
next stage was prompted by the Industrial Revolution with the urbanization of society and its
profound effects on the environment. Local industrialists used the Adam Smith model to
maximize their economic benefit, but this was to the detriment of the local environment with the
operation of 'Gresham's Law' that is, the bad drives out the good. Those industrialists who were
concerned for either the health of their employees or the local environment faced higher costs
than their competitors.

13. Modification of governments or democracy

Main points:
Power-sharing
Moving power to people
Modifying government powers
Devolution
The federal government
The state government
The Democratic Party (Democrats)
The Republican Party (Republicans)
Holding the big power and entitlements
Sharing powers with states
Other points (supporting details and examples):
A lively debate (or a persistent debate)
The power system
 28

The private power

Different opinions
Taking power away from people

Sample answer:
The lecture was about power-sharing, which comprised moving power to people as well as
modifying government powers. The spokesperson described devolution, and the fundamental
essence of the federal government emphasized the significance of the state government.
Ultimately, although both Democratic and Republican parties could be inferred evidently from
holding the big power and entitlements, the corresponding impacts of sharing powers with states
were acknowledged.

Transcript:
There has always been the lively debate of power-sharing. Who should have the power? There is
an issue of moving power to people or moving power from away from federal to state. That
power system is private power. There is a need is to modify government powers. One aspect is
devolution transfer power from federal government to state government. The different opinions
are holding by the Democratic Party and the Republican Party created persistent debate while the
Democratic Party claims that government should hold the big power and the entitlements, the
Republicans believe government should share its powers with the states and people. However,
government holding the power normally means taking power away from people.

14. Computer and artificial intelligence



This lecture is about artificial intelligence. Before computer invention, people have been talking
about computers symbolic representation of them as a human brain that is similar to the
computer processor, which acts as the brain for the computer. In term of operation. The human
brain is a symbol processor. Both the human brain and computer are similar since human works
with symbols and computer manipulate bits and bytes. Computer reply on analyzing messages
into work, similar to the human brain. It then followed by addressing the human’s brain
mechanism, which operates based on symbols. Finally, from speed and accuracy aspect, the
computer has high potential to develop intelligence.

 Transcript: People have been talking about symbolic representation of computers long
before they were invented. Human tells the computer what to do and how to do. Computers can
operate given the meaning of certain words. A human brain can be a symbol processor; at the
same time a computer relies on analyzing messages into bytes which is similar to a human brain. If
we can know more about how a human manipulate and work with symbols just like computers
work with bits and bytes, then there is a high potential to develop artificial intelligence.
 29

15. Famous novelist

 Main points:
Writing non-fiction
Wanting to be a novelist
Starting writing at the age of thirty
The intention of writing fiction
Taking a little detour
The tucked away dream
The influential quote
The first chapter of a novel
The Secret Life of Bees

 Other points:
Having no regret
The early 90s
Eudora Welty, the great novelist from Mississippi
No art ever came out of not risking your neck
feeling risky
Sitting to write something

 Sample answer:
The lecture was about writing non-fiction, which comprised a novelist and starting writing at
the age of thirty . The spokesperson described the intention of writing fiction , and the
fundamental essence of taking a detour emphasized the significance of tucked away dreams .
Ultimately, although the influential quote could be inferred evidently from the first chapter of
a novel, the corresponding impacts of the Secret Life of Bees were acknowledged.

 Transcript:
I have been writing non-fiction for years actually, and, but secretly wanting to be a novelist. When
I first started writing at the age of thirty, it was with the intention of writing fiction, but it took a
little detour for ten to twelve years and wrote nonfiction, which I have absolutely no regret about
at all. I think it was exactly the right thing for me to do. But there was that dream tucked away
inside of me to do this. Now remember reading something that Eudora Welty wrote, who is, you
know, the great novelist from Mississippi who had a big influence on me actually. She said “No art
ever came out of not risking your neck”, and I think she is absolutely right about that. It felt that
way to me at the time, and actually it feels that way to me every time I sit down to write
something. Finally, in the early 90s, I took my deep breath and started writing fiction. It felt risky
to me at the time to do that and one of the very first things that I wrote was, what I thought, was
going to be the first chapter of a novel called “The Secret Life of Bees”. I wrote it in 1992 and it is
actually essentially the first chapter of the novel as it is now.
 30

16. Globalization
The lecture was about the main definitions of globalization. There are various definition and
meaning, and three of them would be mentioned. First of all, it would mean international
communication and trading between countries, which consequently leads to signifi cant growth i n
traveling and the relationship of international compani es. Secondly, the speaker stressed the
importance of having an integrated economy strategy, which increases the interdependence
between the economies of different countries. Finally, he explained the transaction, consuming and
producing goods.

Transcript: There are many definitions of what the economic globalization is, but an
important aspect of most is that it involves reducing or removing the barriers limiting the free
movement of business, trade (exports and imports), investment and even labor across national
borders. First, globalization means the increase in international trade transactions and
multinational companies across the border. Secondly, globalization represents an integrated
economic system than ever before. Some countries produce goods, and some consume goods,
which means one country’s economy may depend on another country, and more transactions
across countries. But in the past, they were economically independent while they are now parts of
the global economy.

17. Competition faced by LSE

Main points: Note-taking Sample:
The LSE University
Being in Competition for best students
Being in competition for staff
English speaking countries’ universities
Being exposed to more intensive competition
Government funding
Research contracts
Public and private sector sources
The philanthropic pound
A competitive environment
Other points (supporting details and examples):
Exercising (or making) choices
National and continental borders
The academic job market
The assessment of research quality
Donors
Being committed to charities
Being visible to a vice chancellor
 31

Sample answer:
The lecture was about the LSE University, which comprised competition for the best students and
academic staff. The spokesperson described English speaking countries' universities, and the
fundamental essence of government funding emphasized the significance of research contracts.
Ultimately, although the public and private sector sources could be inferred evidently from the
philanthropic pound, the corresponding impacts of a competitive environment were
acknowledged.

Transcript:
Today a university like the LSE certainly has to acknowledge that it is in competition for the best
students all of whom have choices they can exercise and many of them choices which run across
national and continental borders. We are in competition too for staff. The academic job market is
one of the most global there is and in the 21st century English is the new Latin. So universities in
English-speaking countries are exposed to more intensive competition than those elsewhere. We
are in competition for government funding through the assessment of research quality we are in
competition for research contracts from public and private sector sources and indeed we are in
competition for the philanthropic pound many of our own donors were at more than one
University and indeed think of the LSE’s requests alongside those of other charities to which they
are committed that is the competitive environment which is particularly visible to a vice -
chancellor.

18. Stanford university conference

Main Points:
Stanford University Business School
Management and leadership/ the importance of management and leadership
Learning management
Learning leadership skills
Delivering services
The good quality
Students’ responsibility
Accomplishing assignments by students
Not depending on others
The management performance
Other points:
The purpose of the education
The education of management
Happening appropriately
Meaning of the responsibility
Achieving accomplishments
Being truly capable
 32

Sample answer:
The lecture was about Stanford University Business School, which comprised the importance of
management and leadership. The spokesperson described learning management, and the essence
of learning leadership skills emphasized the significance of delivering services and good quality.
Ultimately, although both the students’ responsibility and accomplishing assignments by students
could be inferred from not depending on others, the impacts of the management performance
were acknowledged.

Transcript:
Welcome to Stanford University Business School. Today, I would like to talk about management
and leadership. It is very important that you realize the importance of management and
leadership in this university. It is obvious that the purpose of this education is to learn
management and leadership skills. But you have to remember this education of management
should not be only about delivering services and making sure the good quality. However, you
should realize it is responsibility of students to accomplish assignments by themselves instead of
depending on others. Students should be responsible for the management performance and
identify how it could happen appropriately. The responsibility means that the accomplishments
achieved by others does not necessarily indicate what they are truly capable of.

19. Student loan



Main points:
Paying off student loans
Monthly loan payment
Finding a job at a high cost
Being in massive debts
Using governmental support
Joining the class of citizens
Relying on parents’ income
Choosing a different educational route
An affordable college

Other points:
Family’s financial situation
A financial class of graduates
Mounting credit card debt
College support
Job aspirations
The anticipated income
 33

Sample answer:
The lecture was about paying off student loans, which comprised monthly loan payment and the
family's financial situation. The spokesperson described finding a job at a high cost, and essences
of being in massive debts emphasized the significance of using governmental support. Ultimately,
although both joining the class of citizens and relying on parent’s income could be inferred
evidently from choosing different educational routes, impacts of affordable colleges were
acknowledged.

Transcript:
I'm 43 years old and I owe tens of thousands of dollars in student loans. Oh sure, I knew the loans
were piling up as I went through school. But with one loan coming from here, another from there,
I had no idea of the rockslide that was building. Fifteen years later, I still experience moments of
sheer horror regarding my family's financial situation. My monthly student loan payment is more
than triple my car payment. OK, so without my college degree, I would not have been able to get
my current job. For that I'm grateful; but at what cost? My loans have been accruing at a rate of
10 percent, and now they have burgeoned to — well, I'm an English major, you do the math. I
don't think they'll ever get paid off. We're in debt way past our eyeballs, and there's no hope in
sight. I'm being kept in class — a financial class of graduates whose only hope for attending
college meant borrowing money from the government. Because of our mounting credit card debt
and monthly payments that far exceed our family's income, my kids will also join the class of
citizens who can't rely on their parents for college support. Do I wish I'd chosen another
educational route? You bet. Perhaps trade school — I've thought that being a plumber might not
be such a bad gig. But if your job aspirations require a four-year degree, take my advice and
choose a college you can afford, both during and after graduation. Take a realistic look at your
anticipated income, and factor in priorities that don't carry a price — like the spouse and children
you might want to have some day. I was overconfident that my student-loan debt would pale in
comparison to the lucrative writing career I'd enjoy after graduation. Now I'm paying for that
decision — in more ways than I'd ever imagined.

20. CEO opinion in companies



 Main points:
Asking CEOs’ opinion
Requiring the most integration effort
Information technology
Complex IT issues
The most time-consuming area
Changes in IT
The quick achievement of IT integration
Understanding the consequences
Sales, marketing and business development
Financial management
 34

 Sample answer:
The lecture was about asking CEOs’ opinion, which comprised requiring the most integration
effort and information technology. The spokesperson described complex IT issues, and essences of
the most time-consuming area emphasized the significance of changes in IT. Ultimately, although
both the quick achievement of IT integration and understanding the consequences could be
inferred evidently from sales, marketing, and business development, impacts of financial
management were acknowledged.

 Transcript:
In our survey over a hundred CEOs who were recently been through an acquisition or merger,
were asked which areas of their activities needed the most effort. As you can see, the most
frequent response to this question was that information technology requires the most integration
effort. According to 58% of those we surveyed, IT was the most time-consuming and needed the
most work. This is understandable as many of the IT issues are extremely complex and the
consequences of any change in IT can have a significant impact. The key is how quickly and
effectively IT integration can be achieved and there has to be a clear understanding of the
consequences there may be of not getting it right. The two other areas requiring significant
attention; sales, marketing and business development on the one hand and financial management
on the other, both were selected by 49% of the respondents.

21. Population growth and resource consumption


 The lecture was about population growth and resource consumption. It first stated that the
population has increased from 1.5 million to 6 million between 1900 and 2000. It then followed by
addressing the increase in the energy consumption, which is about 16 folds. In the end, the
speaker concluded that megacities have 50 percent of the population, but they consume 70
percent of energy sources and produce tons of waste.

22. Marshmallow test

 Main Points:
The marshmallow test
A four- to six-year-old child
Resisting the treat
Being correlated with higher general competency
The innate ability to resist temptation
Being highly influenced by the environment
Being promised a new set of art supplies
Experience factors
A child's ability
Delaying gratification
 35

Hollow promises
Believing promises

Other points:
Facing a marshmallow on a plate
Waiting for five minutes before eating the marshmallow

Sample answer:
The lecture was about the marshmallow test, which comprised a six-year-old child and resisting
the treat. The spokesperson described the innate ability to resist temptation, and the
fundamental essence of being correlated with higher general competency emphasized the
significance of being influenced by the environment. Ultimately, although both experience factors
and a child’s ability could be inferred evidently from delaying gratification, the corresponding
impacts of believing hollow promises were acknowledged.

Transcript:
They call it the “marshmallow test.” A four- to six-year-old-child sits alone in a room at a table
facing a marshmallow on a plate. The child is told: “If you don’t eat this treat for 15 minutes you
can have both it and a second one.” Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating the
marshmallow. The longer a child can resist the treat has been correlated with higher general
competency later in life. Now a study shows that ability to resist temptation isn’t strictly innate —
it’s also highly influenced by the environment. Researchers gave five-year-old used crayons and
one sticker to decorate a sheet of paper. One group was promised a new set of art supplies for the
project—but then never received it. But the other group did receive new crayons and better
stickers. Then both groups were given the marshmallow test. The children who had been lied to
waited for a mean time of three minutes before eating the marshmallow. The group that got their
promised materials resisted an average of 12 minutes. Thus, the researchers note that experience
factors into a child’s ability to delay gratification. When previous promises have been hollow, why
believe the next one?

23. Bomb calorimeter



 The lecture was about bomb calorimeter used to calculate the amount of calorie. It first
stated that the food chamber is used to measure the heat, whereas the water chamber could
absorb the heat when food is burned. It then argued that the thermometer, and insulation are
deployed to calculate the energy as well as preventing the heat loss. In the end, the speaker
concluded that this device could not measure the exact amount that absorbed.
24. Animal surviving

 The lecture was about animal surviving and reproducing in general conditions. It was
argued that animals could adjust their body temperature under water, and tolerate
different temperatures and seasons. It then explained the research that indicates a frog
could adjust its body temperature according to the change of water temperature. In the
end, the speaker concluded that animal’s habitat, daily activities, and behavior.
 36

 Transcript:
Hello everyone, welcome to my class. Today, I will discuss this course on the general condition of
how animals survive and reproduce. This is very interesting because animals survive and
reproduce mainly involve factors which include temperature tolerance, body size, behavior, and
the altitude they live in. Here is an example. Imagine animals that can survive only in hot
environment. Now if this animal is put in to a freeze, you will notice it will die very soon. Those
species who have tolerance temperature to cold can only survive. This is why climate and seasons
are quite important for animal's survival. Various species have to maintain their body under water
and tolerate different temperature with various seasons. Finally, I would like to point out that
some of these species or animals can adapt climate change by changing their behavior and daily
activity and the habitat they live in.

25. Urbanization and agriculture


 The lecture was about the relationship between urbanization and agriculture. It first stated
that a tremendous number of people move to the city to find more opportunities. It then followed
by giving an example about agriculture, farmers could grow food in the countryside, which could
benefit many families in the city. In the end, the speaker concluded that many people tend to live
in the city even if they lose their jobs.

26. Einstein theory and universe


 The lecture was about the motion of the universe and the Einstein theory. Although people
used to believe that the world is fixed and unchangeable, Einstein claimed that stars and planets are
continuously expanding and changing over the time. In the end, the speaker concl uded that whi l e
some people know this theory as a discovery of Einstein, Edward Hubble was the fi rst pe rson who
proposed this theory.

 Philosophers and scientists from 100 years ago and prior believed that the universe is fixed and
unchangeable, all planets, people, earth and sky are all in one place without any change, but i t was
until Einstein prediction about our thick universe, and he believed everything is evolving, but
Einstein hadn’t the honor to see it for himself, as Edwin Hubble has made this discovery in 1920s.
 37

27. Humor and laugh

Main points:
The benefits of laughter (or laughter)
A great therapy
Combating adversity
Different communities (or nations)
The Berlin Wall
Wall jokes (or the proliferation of wall jokes)
A form of folklore
Subversive humor
Protecting self-respect and identity
Relieving political oppression
Political jokes
Providing (or giving) solace
Other points (supporting details and examples):
Getting through the bleakest time (or difficult times)
Jokes about rulers and tyrants
Communist Eastern Europe, Czarist Russia, modern Egypt, 12th century Persia and modern day
(Iran)
Totalitarian societies
Toppling (or overthrowing) dictators
Getting elected
Sample answer:
The lecture was about the benefits of laughter, which comprised a great therapy and combating
adversity. The spokesperson described different nations, and the essence of the Berlin Wall
emphasized the significance of wall jokes and a form of folklore. Ultimately, although both
protecting self-respect and identity could be inferred evidently from subversive humor and
relieving political oppression, the impacts of political jokes and providing solace were
acknowledged.
Transcript:
Laughter is one of the greatest therapies in combating adversity and whole communities and
nations have frequently relied on humor to get them through the bleakest time. On August 13th,
1961, the barbed wire was rolled out of Berlin to create the Berlin Wall. For nearly 30 years until it
was dismantled, wall jokes proliferated especially among those living in the east. Laughing was all
that was left. Jokes about those who rule and sometimes those who tyrannize you are a form of
folklore that is existed in societies as seemingly different as communist Eastern Europe, Czarist
Russia, modern Egypt, 12th century Persia and modern day (Iran). Humor can also be wonderfully
subversive. They can protect self-respect and identity. In more totalitarian societies laughter
relieves, at least temporarily, the pressures and anxiety of political oppression. Political jokes may
not in themselves topple dictators, but they can provide solace. In a democracy l ike our own,
perhaps the trouble with political jokes is that they sometimes get elected.
 38

28. Sea creatures

Main points:
Sea creatures
Harnessing wave power
The Oyster
Sitting on the ocean floor (or being installed on the ocean floor)
Opening and closing cycles
Onshore generators
The Anaconda (a snake)
A rubber tube
Powering a turbine (electrical generators)
A 200-meter-long device
Being made of steel
Green energy
Other points (supporting details and examples):
Inspiring the latest devices
Powering 9000 homes
Testing prototypes
The full-scale version
Floating near the water surface
Driving hydraulic systems

Sample answer:
The lecture was about sea creatures, which comprised harnessing wave power and the Oyster.
The spokesperson described sitting on the ocean floor, and the fundamental essence of opening
and closing cycles emphasized the significance of onshore power generators. Ultimately, although
both the Anaconda and a rubber tube could be inferred evidently from a 200-meter-long device,
the corresponding impacts of being made of steel and green energy were acknowledged.

Transcript:
Sea creatures are inspiring the latest devices that harness wave power. This one called the oyster,
sits on the ocean floor and opens and closes as waves pass over it. Cables attach it to generators
on the shore. Since November 2009 it’s been powering 9,000 homes in the Orkney Islands.
Another device looks like a snake. The Anaconda is made from a rubber tube filled with water that
floats just below the surface. When a swell hits the front of it the tube in squeezed; a bulge ripples
down its length and powers a turbine in its tail. Prototypes are currently being tested but the full -
scale version will be 200 meters long. This system also looks like a snake but this one is made of
steel. It floats near the surface where waves its joints move. This drives hydraulic systems that
power electrical generators. Like the Anaconda it’s still being tested. Results will prove if these
devices are up to the job of supplying viable sources of green energy.
 39

29. Citizenship curriculum

Main points:
Implementing the citizenship curriculum
Being critical of reluctant school leaders
The lack of capacity to make appropriate provision
Being marginalized by schools
Addressing core skills, attitudes and values
A changing world
The lack of commitment to the curriculum
An insufficient training provision
Other points (supporting details and examples):
A subject report
The development of citizenship in schools
Substantial developments in the subject
Fulfilling national curriculum requirements
A well-established subject
Other subjects
A well-taught subject
Committed schools
Worthwhile reasons
Global (national) events

Sample answer:
The lecture was about implementing the citizenship curriculum, which comprised a subject report
and being critical of reluctant school leaders. The spokesperson described being marginalized by
schools, and the essence of worthwhile reasons emphasized the significance of addressing core
skills, attitudes, and values. Ultimately, although a changing world could be inferred evidently
from the lack of commitment to the curriculum, the impacts of an insufficient training provision
were acknowledged.

Transcript:
Last month, I published a subject report on the development of citizenship in schools. The report
celebrates the success of some schools in implementing the citizenship curriculum. It praises those
schools where there have been substantial developments in the subject, and which now go a long
way towards fulfilling national curriculum requirements. In the report we are critical of schools
which have not taken citizenship seriously, either through reluctance or lack of capacity to make
appropriate provision in the curriculum. Citizenship is marginalized in the curriculum in one fifth
of schools. It is less well established in the curriculum than other subjects, and less well taught
and some critics have seized on this as a reason for wanting to step back from supporting it. Yet,
the progress made to date by the more committed schools suggests that the reasons for
introducing citizenship are both worthwhile and can be fulfilled, given the time and resources.
 40

While not claiming too much, citizenship can address core skills, attitudes and values that young
people need to consider as they come to terms with a changing world. The main problems
standing in the way of implementation of citizenship continue to be: the lack of commitment on
the part of many school leaders; an insufficient amount of initial and in-service training provision
to ensure that every school can call upon teachers with subject expertise; and its uncertain place
in the curriculum.

30. Vitamin D (V 1)


 The lecture is about the vitamin D concentration in people. Vitamin D is not a real vitamin
but one type of pro-hormone, it is produced by the skin when skin is exposed to sunlight, then it
can travel via the bloodstream to have effects on other parts of the body. There have been
advancements in technologies that could measure the fat content of Vitamin D, which has shown
that people often suffer from Vitamin D deficiency because of their diet or reducing the sun
exposure. In the end, the speaker stressed that we should be aware of fat-soluble vitamins, which
could produce intoxication. The formation of Vitamin D can be affected by climate. For example,
people need more Vitamin D supplements during winter when they wear more clothes due to the
lack of sunshine. Some regions where people are less exposed to sunlight don't have enough VD
compared to those who live near the equator.
31. Coffee industry

 The lecture is about the changes that have taken place in the coffee industry. The speaker
mentioned coffee production has increased from 6 billion to 30 billion during the ten years and
America has made Vietnam the second biggest producer, which has greatly affected Columbia’s
production. He discussed the output of Central America is witnessing a significant decrease;
however, people’s drinking habits have also been changed. In conclusion, the lecture was related
to the changes that the coffee industry has witnessed.

32. Pavlov’s experiments with dogs


 This lecture talks about a phenomenon, which described how the brain works. It answers an
old question of how motivation works. In an experiment, Pavlov studied a dog. When the dog
hears sounds, the salivation increases with the noise. This is an experiment that tries to reveal
why the brain works in this way.
 During this talk my goal is going to be to talk about the phenomenon that we may share
impart with other animals, and our language and that is emotion. And also talk about some new
technology, brain imagining, functional magnetic imagining. And we try to answer some very old
questions about how does motivation and emotion work. I'm going to describe a scenario first
and some of you may be familiar with it. This was developed by Pavlov over a century ago. And in
this scenario the dog presented with the sound, the dog waits, and then receives food powder and
this happens repeatedly. Interesting things start to happen here in the middle of the experiment.
Pavlov's studied salivation in dogs. The salivation will automatically occur once the dog hears the
 41

sound. But other things happened here, too. You have a dog move around here more, all kinds of
things are going on here. What we were trying to capture was the experiment I’m going on to
describe today, and that is what is going on in the brain to generate that state which we called it
competitive state. But you can also think about state in terms of how the dog feel, how you feel
about eating lunch today.

33. Dogs tell growls

 Main points:
Approaching some food
A dog's playful snarls
A seemingly curious dog
Taking the bone
Hearing the growls of a dog
Being approached by a stranger
Deterring a dog from grabbing bones
Protecting a dog's food
Playing back a dog's sound
Distinguishing between different types of growls

 Sample answer:
The lecture was about dogs' growls, which comprised dogs' playful snarls and seemingly curious
dogs. The spokesperson described approaching some food, and essences of taking the bone
emphasized the significance of being approached by strangers. Ultimately, although both
deterring dogs from grabbing bones and protecting dogs' food could be inferred evidently from
playing back a dog's sound, impacts of distinguishing between different types of growls were
acknowledged.

 Transcript:
When this dog approaches some food, another dog's playful snarls are played back. The dog
seems curious but the sound doesn’t stop it from taking the bone. Here, a dog hears the growls of
a dog being approached by a stranger. But these don’t deter it from grabbing the bone either. In
another scenario, the sound of a dog protecting its food is played back. This time the dog backs
off. These experiments suggest the dogs can distinguish between different types of growls.

34. (Edmund Wilson) American literature

 This lecture talks about Edmund Wilson, an American writer, and critic who notably
explored Freudian and Marxist themes. Edmund Wilson was He influenced many American
authors, including F. Scott Fitzgerald, whose unfinished work he edited for publication. His scheme
for a Library of America series of classic national works came to fruition through the efforts of
Jason Epstein after Wilson's death. He comes from a very different world and is the focal point an
American culture. He believes that literature is a part of life for everyone as for conversation. In
over 50 years, he is a dedicated literary journalist.
 42

35. Melk Monastery, Austria

Main points:
The Melk monastery
The reasons for being unique
A grand foundation
Later foundations
Being in the countryside
The foundations in town
Owning substantial amount of land
Being in the Austrian Republic
The existence of grand old monasteries

Sample answer:
The lecture was about the Melk monastery, which comprised the reasons for being unique and
other monasteries. The spokesperson described a grand foundation, and essences of later
foundations emphasized the significance of being in the countryside. Ultimately, although both
making foundations in towns and owning a substantial amount of land could be inferred evidently
from locating in the Austrian Republic, impacts of the existence of grand old monasteries were
acknowledged.

Transcript:
The Melk is not typical of all monasteries for many reasons. Firstly, it is very grand which most
especially later foundations aren’t. Secondly, it was founded in the countryside, whereas in 17th
and 18th centuries, a good proportion of foundations were made in Towns. Thirdly, it still owns
substantial amount of land, because fourthly it lies in the Austrian Republic, the only European
country where grand old monasteries have been in continuous existence, since they were founded
nine hundred a thousand even in one case twelve hundred years ago.

36. Fossil Fuels

 The lecture is about the use of fossil fuels in developing countries. There are different
motivations for them to utilize fossil fuels, which include financial incentives and easy access.
However, the detrimental effect of fossil fuels on the planet should not be ignored, such as
climate change. As fossil fuels are running out very fast, we should look for a green source to
replace it to achieve sustainable development.

37. ATM
 Some people forget to take their cards after receiving the money from ATM because
they focus on the money only. The United Kingdom has restructured the new ATM, and
cards will be released by machine before cash are dispensed. Although you would forget to
take your money, it is more catastrophic to lose your card because it can access your
account.

 43

 Transcript:
People often forget to take their cards after taking the money from the ATM. Occasionally, this is
the common reason, because they get the money and walk away. In the UK it becomes less
common, because people take their money after they have taken their cards. In the past, people
made error by forgetting to get their cards after they got their money. The UK has restructured
the new ATM system. You have to get your card before you get your cash. Although you would
forget to get your money, it is more catastrophic if lose your card because it can access to your
bank account.

38. Role of Language

 Languages develop unconsciously when people try to communicate with each other. The
rule of language is the convention. Every language is unique, valuable and not translatable since
the meaning of a word in different languages is not the same. Language reflects own culture,
represents personal thinking and understanding. It is important that a simple language should be
documented for human beings. Different languages need to be documented as they are of human
heritage.

39. Visual culture in science

 It is said that the visual culture is a minor, sub-culture, but a change since the introduction of
a movie called Star War. Although the story/logic of the movie is stupid and aggressive, the
visual/special effect is distinctive. Lastly, the speaker said the visual effect is a significant factor in
the fiction movies.

40. Tea & Coffee in London

 Coffee is popular in London. Coffee is becoming expensive to buy. People in the coffee
house have conversations, meet friends and do businesses. The use of Coffee is easy to take
home. For example, a man can take a cup of coffee to his wife. Three hot drinks in the UK: tea,
coffee, and hot chocolate Which one is the most favorite?

41. Three primary Colors

 Almost all visible colors can be obtained by the additive color mixing of three colors that
are in widely spaced regions of the visible spectrum. If the three colors of light can be mixed to
produce white, they are called primary colors and the standard additive primary colors are red,
green and blue.
Two colors that produce white when added together are called complementary. The color
complementary to a primary color is called a secondary color. The complementary or secondary
colors for red, green and blue are cyan, magenta and yellow respectively. These three colors are
often referred to as the subtractive primary colors. When the three are combined in subtractive
color mixing, they produce black.
 44

 This lecture mainly talks about magic natural color. To answer where natural colors come
from, Firstly, the yellow comes from many plants. Secondly, reds come from the ground, and
some insects can provide reds. Finally, the only natural source of blue is indigo.

42. Kids in Museums

Main key points:

A museum in London (or museums)
The Royal Academy
The Aztec exhibition
Younger children
A monster-like statue
Appreciating pre-Hispanic art (appreciating the art)
Making noises (or being too noisy)
Throwing out (or being thrown out)
Setting up a campaign
Family-friendly museums
Other key points (supplementary / examples etc.):
Shouting (or shouting loudly)
A room warden / gallery assistant
The Guardian newspaper
A journalist
Receiving emails

Sample answer:
The lecture was about a museum in London, which comprised the Royal Academy and the Aztec
exhibition. The spokesperson described younger children, and essences of a monster-like statue
emphasized the significance of shouting loudly and appreciating the art. Ultimately, although both
being thrown out and the room warden could be inferred evidently from The Guardian
newspaper, impacts of setting up a campaign and family-friendly museums were acknowledged.

Transcript:
So, we were founded just over ten years ago, when I was in the Royal Academy, a Museum in the
center of London, with my three children, at the Aztec exhibition. I don’t know if any of you saw
it. I had an older child and two younger children, twins, strapped in a pushchair, and one of my
children, three years old, shouted – and I’ve never denied he shouted – he shouted, ‘Monster,
monster!’ at this statue which looked just like a monster, had snakes for hair, a big beak for a
nose. And, I thought, this is fantastic – I’ve got a three-year-old that’s appreciating pre-Hispanic
art – how good can it get? So, I bent down and I said, ‘Yes, it looks just like a monster’. And, at
that moment, a room warden came over, a gallery assistant came over and said we were being
too noisy, and threw us out. Wrong family. I was, at that time, a journalist with The Guardian
newspaper, and two days later wrote a big piece in The Guardian about being thrown out of the
 45

Royal Academy. What was really interesting was, by the end of that day, we had had, at the
paper, over 500 emails from other families saying, ‘Museums aren’t working for us. Let’s try and
make it work’. So, that’s what we did. In The Guardian, we set up a campaign. We called it the
Kids in Museums campaign, but it didn’t really exist. It was just a few pages. We ran loads of
stories on it; I began touring the country talking about how to make your museum family friendly.

43. Social Contract

 Firstly, this lecture mentioned the definition of social contract, which refers to the
interactions between people. Secondly, it mentioned the example of animals. Lastly, it said that
people enjoy working together on the same project.

44. The utilization of robots

 The lecture talks about robot application and developing of robots which applied to car
manufacturers in the factories. Many robots service in the home for the general purpose. The
special purposes change. The robot can replace human doing many heavy and hard works. Instead
of robots for general use, robots for particular purposes such as vacuum cleaner. Robots have
been purchased by many bachelors. The number of the robot will increase rapidly in the next few
years, and 25000 robots have been sold out in a year.

45. Similarity between music and language

Main points:
Music and language
Complex sequences
Two forms of communication
Music-language evolutionary links (or possible evolutionary links)
The music grammar
The language grammar
Obvious similarities
The rhythm
Melody
Syntax
Conveying emotion
Emotional information
Other points (supporting details and examples):
An interesting subject
Philosophers, scientists, and artists
A persistent question
Systematic patterns of timing, accent and grouping
Structured patterns of pitch over time
Discrete elements
Happiness, sadness, mixed emotions
 46

Sample answer:
The lecture was about music and language, which comprised complex sequences as well as two
forms of communication. The spokesperson described possible evolutionary links, and the
fundamental essence of the grammar of music and language emphasized the significance of
obvious similarities. Ultimately, although both the rhythm and melody could be inferred evidently
from syntax, the corresponding impacts of conveying emotion and emotional information were
acknowledged.
Transcript:
Every human culture that we know of, has music and language, these are universal, genuine
human universal when they go way back in our specie’s history. So the question of what these
two things might have in common has occurred to a lot of people when it’s sort of intuitive , they
both involve complex sequences that unfold in time, they both forms of communication, it’s
interested philosophers since Plato going back over 2000 years, scientists including Darwin who
wrote about possible evolutionary links between music and language in his book “The Descent of
Man”, an artist including Leonard Bernstein who gave a set of lectures at Harvard in the 70s about
possible connections between the grammar of music and the grammar of language according to
Noam Chomsky theories. So it’s a persistent question and I think it continues to draw interest
from scientists today, because they are just some basic obvious similarities. For example, both
music and language have rhythm by which I mean systematic patterns of timing, accent and
grouping. They both have melody, meaning structured patterns of pitch over time. And they both
have syntax, mean discrete elements like notes or words and principles for combining those
elements into sequences, sentences are just random sequences of verbs, and music melodies and
compositions are far from random sequences of notes, they are principles. And they both convey
emotion or affect using sound, you can tell somebody’s emotions from sound of their voice, or
you can get a lot of emotional information about music is conveying happiness or sadness or
mixed emotions.

46. Space time

 If we want to talk about relativity, we have to talk about space-time. Space-time is the four
dimensional world we live in We need four numbers to specify a point in space. Also, the four
dimensional world is the arena of physics, everything happens physically in space-time.

47. Water purification

 We use science to solve problems to change the world, so we should choose harder
questions to answer such as water purification and human health improvement and health
standards across the world and social private. We are fortunate because we can buy bottled water
but this is not the case if you are not living in a developed country. This is still a global issue, and
we want to find solutions to this problem. CBAM is a foundation working on this problem and
focusing on human health and mainly working on the issues of clean water resources in individual
and collaborative research. Hence, the nanotechnology would be used to find corresponding
solutions.
 47

 Transcript:
So really when you talk about using science to solve problems which I think most about
pseudoscience. We of course want to understand the world but at the end of the day we want to
change the world. We always have an impact really to hard problems. And the two that CBAM
focuses on are actually water purification and how to make clean water which is actually a huge
issue for all of us. And in fact really intersects with the second aspect of CBAM which is health,
human health. How do we improve human health across the world? Those two areas, those two
social drivers are the things that all of the faculty in the UN are working towards in their individual
and collaborative research. And the ones that I'll be focusing on today is this problem of water will
be taken granted entry before it now to provide bottled water. We can get it right out of the tap
whether we'll be able to do that in 10 years as the cost of energy rises is an interesting question.
And certainly if you're not fortunate enough to live in the developed world, you won't find ready-
access water around the corner. So this particular issue is one that is a big global problem and one
that new technologies are well suited to address and nanotechnology is one of the most
promising and exciting areas to turn to for finding solutions to problems.

48. Socialism

 The lecture demonstrated the origin and concept of political ideology in terms of right and
left wing. The concepts of the socialism and communism began in the eighteenth century.
Socialism originated in 1880s, communism originated in 1840s. Whereas they become
conceptualized since ideologies after the French Revolution. The left side of the speaker podium i n
the national assembly became the political left wing which tended to be aggressive, while the right
wing represented conservative and old regime.

 Transcript:
Today we will discuss the two main origins of the concept of political ideology. These are the
terms left and right appeared during the French Revolution of the 18th century, when members of
the national assembly divided into supporters of the kings of the president’s right and supporters
of the revolution to his left. However, the left and right wing became conceptualized since the
French Revolution, the left side of the speaker podium in the assembly became the political left
wing. This left wing is aggressive in nature. On the other hand, the right side of the speaker
podium became conservative, which is the part of the old regime.

49. Wildlife in Africa


 The lecture demonstrated research regarding the relationship between food and
income in Africa. Their main livelihood is from wildlife, especially the fish which can
provide a high level of protein. Although most of the people grew fish to live, they were
still suffering from the poverty. Therefore, their income is closely associated with food.

 Wildlife is important for people's livelihood, especially fish. Billions of people in the
world rely on fish as their main food source, the source of protein, and source of income.
As the food source, fish is beneficial to health, whereas a source of income, it alleviates
poverty. It is expected that fish industry will become the prime source of foreign income.
 48

 Transcript:
Africa is one of the poorest continent in the world, and its economy is at stake. So, what is the
source of major income than can boost its economy? Well, there is relationship between food and
income in Africa. According to a recent research, most residents in Africa suffer from poverty and
the main livelihood is wildlife, especially fish from the river. Fish is the major source of food and
protein. Many Africans suffer from protein deficiency. So, it is important for African that fish is the
major source of their income since fish industry can attract tourists around the world which can
effectively facilitate the economic development. Fish will become the top one source of income in
Africa and mind you even the income for foreign economies. This is why income is closely
associated with food.

50. Happiness

 The survey of happiness, followed a pattern and contained large samples of the
different regions, country, and even worldwide. According to the lecture, the core factors
which result in people feel happy include health, marriage, employment status, and that
other factors also consist of the environment, quality, and instinct. However, the later
provides more critical influence on happiness.

 Transcript:
We will now move on to our next topic today. Recently we have conducted a survey on happiness.
The survey has large samples from regions, countries, and even worldwide. One factor that makes
people happy is the consistent patterns and they are prevalent and consistent across countries
and borders. Consistent patterns include some basic things like income, marital status, and
employment status. Lastly, other critical factors include that make people happy include
environment, quality of life, and natural instinct.

51. Taking wrong drugs

 People usually take wrong drugs for several reasons, especially when kids accidentally take
wrong drugs. Since it is extremely dangerous, the parents should prevent this occurrence by using
the lidded and closed box. Moreover, they choose wrong medication because of the wrong
prescription which results in the allergic reaction in some situations, and that the different
resistance and duration of drugs also can be the causations.


 Transcript:
Well, I think the drugs we use are not taken seriously into account parents leave their drugs all
over the place at home but their children may accidentally take these drugs before they know it,
and soon many children are victim to accidents. Now, this must be avoided at all cost. One way
preventing accidents is to put drugs in closed boxes. Also, parents can firmly close the lid really
well, I am sure kids would not be able to reach it. Another problem we find in mismanagement of
 49

drugs is how these medicines can be allergic to many people. We have to remember differe nt
drugs have different resistance and duration that is extremely dangerous if someone takes a
wrong drug. So what are the ways we can stop this from happening? Well, I suggest introduce the
course, which will primarily improve the misuse of drugs and greatly improve our lives.

52. Bad architecture

 The lecture demonstrated a book regarding the design of architecture. An awful design of the
building is negatively influential on the mood of people, and that it results in frustration and anger.
Nonetheless, architects have different perspectives on beauty which is an arrogant word since i t i s
in the eye of the beholder, and thus it is difficult for architects to realize a bad architectural design.


 Transcript:
Today I would like to talk about a book in this class. This book focuses on architecture de sign in
London. Not just any place in London. It is in the West side of London called West Street of
London. The architecture made a very poor design of the buildings there. This can cause a moon
swing. An awful design of the building can have a negative influence on people’s mood. If you
want some beautiful designs, then you must visit Stanford and Frankfurt. They are good examples
of the best architectural designs. Different architects have different perspectives on beauty, which
is an arrogant word since is in the eye of the beholder. One can write the … out in the play, but
how one can design bad and ugly buildings. Well, it is difficult for architects to realize about
architectural design.
53. Genes affect behaviors

The lecture demonstrated the correlation between human behavior and physical features.
Genes are not the only factor in determining the physical appearance such as height and hair, but
also the behavior can change it. According to the recent research, the psychological features can b e
altered by person’s habits which resulted in tremendous interests among the variety of scientific
fields such as biology, psychology, sociology, and neuroscience.

 Since the discovery of DNA, people have believed that genes have an impact only on pe opl e 's
physical structure. But since 2001, researchers have found that there is a genetic responsibility to
human's physical and psychological behaviors. This discovery has changed the way we unde rstand
our behaviors, and the findings can benefit biologists, psychologists and neurologists.

 Transcript:
If you look at the recent research conducted on human behavior. You will be surprised about the
findings. It is said that there is a correlation between human behavior and our physical feature. It
was believed that genes are the only factor that determine the physical appearance. This includes
height and hair color. However, the recent study showed that behavior is also another factor that
can change height and hair color. The findings in the study further state that a person’s habits can
change the physical features of human. These findings have tremendous interests impact on
scientific fields such as biology, psychology, sociology and neuroscience.
 50

54. Children's Depression

Main points:
Children's depression (or depression in children)
Increasing the risk of life
Long-term illnesses
Responding differently to medical treatment
Specialists (scientists)
A perfect medicine (or finding a cure for the depression)
An increased number of depressed children
A common sickness
Resolving the puzzle
Other points (supporting details and examples):
The 16th century
A study
Diabetes
Heart diseases

Sample answer:
The lecture was about children's depression, which comprised increasing the risk of life and the
16th century. The spokesperson described long-term illnesses, and the fundamental essence of
responding differently to medical treatment emphasized the significance of various studies and
specialists. Ultimately, although both a perfect medicine and an increased number of depressed
children could be inferred evidently from a common sickness, the corresponding impacts of
resolving the puzzle were acknowledged.

Transcript:
A depression in a child dates back as far as the 16th century when the first concept of children’s
depression was discovered. A research was taken at that time to find out what happened to
children who suffer from depression. The study revealed that the dramatic increase in children
depression can increase the risk of life. For example, long-term illness such as diabetes and heart
disease are caused by depression. One of the studies shows children with depression behave
differently and respond differently to medical treatment. This is why many specialists have tried
to bring a cure, but no one found a perfect medicine. It is quite rare that children suffer from
depression, but in the recent study, the number has dramatically increased. Nowadays no one
doubt about children depression. It has become a common sickness in a child. Children's
depression is still a puzzle for scientists and specialists and needs to be resolved sooner than later.
 51

55. Two types of spectacles

Main points: Note-taking Sample:

Choosing spectacles
An assemblage of items
Giving an overall look
Fashion terms
Being classed (classified) as accessories
Medical devices in healthcare terms
Being described as prostheses (or a prosthesis)
Artificial body parts
A major decision
Owning more pairs for different occasions (or times)
Lifestyle dispensing
Wearing spectacles
Other points (supporting details and examples):
Shoes, jewelry, handbags, watches
Dating back to 1950s
A phrase in the industry
In the workplace or at leisure

Sample answer:
The lecture was about choosing and wearing spectacles, which comprised an assemblage of items
and giving an overall look. The spokesperson described fashion terms, and essences of being
classified as accessories emphasized the significance of medical devices in healthcare terms.
Ultimately, although a prosthesis could be inferred evidently from artificial body parts and a
major decision, the corresponding impacts of different occasions and lifestyle dispensing were
acknowledged.

Transcript:
Normally, however, spectacles are a part of an assemblage of items giving us an overall look. In
fashion terms, they are classed as accessories, along with shoes, jewelry, handbags or watches.
But in healthcare terms, they are of course a medical device and, in many languages, other than
English, they are often described as a prosthesis, an artificial part of the body, part of you, making
you who you are and choosing your spectacles is therefore a major decision. Increasingly, people
own two or more pairs for different occasions or times of the day and there is a phrase for this in
the industry, it is called lifestyle dispensing. And it dates back to the 1950s. The idea is that you
wear one type of spectacles in the workplace and quite another at leisure or on the beach.
 52

56. HTML

 Tim Berners-Lee is an inventor who invented and designed HTML and WWW. HTML
stands for Hypertext Markup language and WWW means World Wide Web. During the first
decade, there were lots of extraordinary creativity and people created plenty of websites
and online contents. However, they did these without advertisements, profits, or traditional
and motivational incentives. They did these only because they enjoy it. 
 Transcript:
Today, in our class, we will discuss Hypertext Markup of Language popularly known as HTML. It is
the computer language devised to allow website creation. These websites can then be viewed by
anyone else connected to the Internet. It is relatively easy to learn with the basic being accessible
to most people in one setting and quite powerful in what it allows you to create. A group of
people started to use HTML to write web pages. These group of people did it without
advertisement, but only because they enjoyed it. Because of them today, we have access to web
pages.

57. Description

 The abstraction is an important layer of computers which was originated from the symbolic
system. Especially, when people try to communicate with each other, the language has been
developed. Furthermore, language also facilitates the development of sign language such as hand
words.
Additional keywords: Abstraction Symbol, pterosaur and bat

 Transcript:
Today we will discuss about abstraction commonly known as description. There are two methods
of description. These are symbolic language and body language. The abstraction is an important
part for developing a computer. This is originated from the symbolic system in a computer system.
The origin of symbolic system was developed when people try to communicate with each other.
The symbolic language took communication to wider people and its popularity grew. The other
part of abstraction is the body language. People accepted body language as well. The physical
movement facilitates the development of sign language which popularly became hand words.

58. Writing Quality History and Journal


 The lecture demonstrated the important factors of quality academic writing. The qualities of a
good history and journal are similar since they all require the resource and evidence, the attention
to logic, style, and writing, and that these factors are crucial for academic and journal papers.
Hence, there is no clear line between them.


 53

 Transcript:
Today, I would like to focus on some of the important features of academic writing. The quality is
the first most aspect of any writing. When you write about history, you need half the same quality
as journal writing. They are both similar. When you are writing academic and journal papers, you
might consider some of these factors. Both require resources and evidence as well as writing style.
Furthermore, the attention of logic in writing is also important. One thing that puzzles me is that
there is no clear connection between history and journal writing, but somehow they are so much
alike.

59. Why the Australian housing is so expensive

 The lecture demonstrated the reasons why the Australian housing is expensive. As an
illustration, the economy has been increased significantly during past years, and that the changes
in policy of home loan contributed to facilitating the housing price. Furthermore, the rising
demands due to immigration from the purchasing power also push up the price.
People can borrow money to buy house.

 Australian housing price has increased dramatically recently as Australia has been through a
long period of uninterrupted economic growth over the past 15 years. At that time, the mortgage
rate was half. Therefore, everyone can afford to borrow money from banks to buy a house.
However, the house price has been soaring now because of the increase in immigration and
purchasing power.
Additional keywords: 90%, accommodation cost.

 Transcript:
One of the headlines we will often hear in the news would be the hike in living in Australia. We
have seen Australian housing price has increased dramatically in the recent years. Australians
have witnessed an uninterrupted economic growth over the past 15 years, and it will continue in
the later years as well. So what has driven this growth? There are three main factors. Firstly, the
rate of mortgage by the bank has halved. This encouraged everyone to borrow money from the
banks and buy a house. Secondly, people have more purchasing power than ever before which
simply means housing has become more unaffordable for the Australian residents. Thirdly, the
immigration policy made by the federal government has allowed more people coming into the
country and this has resulted in more demand in housing.
 54

60. Implicit and Explicit Memory

Main Points:
Two main categories of memory
A dynamic and complicated system
Implicit and explicit memory
Being recalled consciously (intentionally)
An experimental and functional form of memory
Muscle memory
Episodic and semantic memory
Highly personal memories

Sample answer:
The lecture was about two main categories of memory, which comprised a dynamic and
complicated system. The spokesperson described implicit and explicit memory, and the
fundamental essences of being recalled consciously emphasized the significance of an
experimental and functional form of memory. Ultimately, although both episodic and semantic
memory could be inferred evidently from muscle memory, the corresponding impacts of highly
personal memories were acknowledged.

Transcript:
I want you to try and remember two things. First, I want you to try and remember learning how to
ride a bike. Maybe you have a scar you received when you flipped over the handlebars. The next
thing I want you to remember is how to ride a bike. The reason I asked you to recall both of these
memories is that they belong to two different designated realms of memory. Memory is a fluid
and dynamic system that is exceedingly complicated. To this end, psychologists have attempted to
divide memory up to make it easier to study. There are two main categories. Explicit memory is a
memory that can be intentionally and consciously recalled. This is your memory of riding a bike, of
falling over the handlebars and skinning your knee. The other is implicit memory, which is an
experiential or functional form of memory that cannot be consciously recalled. This is your
memory of how to ride a bike or how to balance. These are often not tied to a visual memory but
are more like muscle memory. Let's look at explicit and implicit memory in a little more detail and
see how age influences these. Again, an explicit memory is a memory that can be intentionally
and consciously recalled. It has been typically divided up into two main categories itself: episodic
memory, a personal event that can be recalled, semantic memory are facts and figures which can
be recalled. Episodic memories unlike episodes of a TV series that is all about you. You can recall
the episode of the first time you asked someone else …, the first broken bone you had …, and
what you ate for breakfast. It is an experimental or functional form of memory. Explicit memory
consists of a great deal of highly personal memories related to time, space and people. It is totally
different from implicit memory. Now, if we look at the examples of explicit memory, it includes
remembering people’s birthdays and answering multiple questions on the test.
 55

61. Human Rights in UK

 The UK was the first country to announce conservational human rights after the Second
World War, and that the rights consist of positive and negative sides. Furthermore, the positive
rights include the right to marry, free religion, free trade, and right to vote, while the negative
rights are considered about equality of sex.

62. Civil Society

Main point:
The sense of disempowerment
Sharing welfare opportunities
Protecting one another's rights
The common good
A forty-fold increase
Civil society groups
The UN accredited civil society organizations
Harnessing voices and resources
Growing trust in NGOs
The strength and density of civic associations

Other points (supporting details and examples):

One trillion dollars' worth of the non-profit sector
700,000 non-profit organizations of Australia
37,000 civil society organizations
The governmental success

Sample answer:
The lecture was about the sense of disempowerment, which comprised sharing welfare
opportunities and protecting one another's rights. The spokesperson described the common good,
and the fundamental essence of a forty-fold increase emphasized the significance of the UN-
accredited civil society organizations. Ultimately, although harnessing voices and resources could
be inferred evidently from growing trust in NGOs, the corresponding impacts of the strength and
density of civic associations were acknowledged.

Transcript:
But in the face of this sense of disempowerment, there is no decline in involvement in
organizations which seek to share welfare opportunities which seek to protect one another's
rights and work towards the common good. According to the UN, civil society groups have grown
40 fold since the turn of the last century. Internationally, the non-profit sector is worth $1 trillion.
There are 700,000 non-profit organizations in Australia alone 700,000. The UN recognizes 37,000
specifically civil society organizations across the globe working in international relief and gives
 56

accreditation to many of them. This profound movement towards harnessing voices and resources
from the outside the realm of governance and officialdom reflects a growth in trust "the third
sector" NGOs. Putnam who discovered in the field of local government in Italy. This best predictor
of governmental success was the strength and density of a region's, civic associations.

63. Adam Smith theory

Main Points:
Adam Smith’s views
The Industrial Revolution
The Wealth of Nations
Various histories (you can mention few kinds-not recommended)
A rise of consumer societies-rising consumer societies- A rise of towns
Spending money on baubles and trinkets (spending money on sth which is not important- trivial
matters- dispensable matters)
Supporting workers (on the land)
A consumer revolution
Focusing on machines
Keeping capital intact
Productive and unproductive labor analyses
Agriculture
Other points:
Vague notions of the Industrial Revolution
History of Medieval times
History of silver prices
History collapse of the Roman Empire and …
The modern world
Nobles
Discontinuous jumps- command of humanity- material and resources

Sample answer:
The lecture was about Adam Smith, which comprised the Industrial Revolution and the Wealth of
Nations. The spokesperson described various histories, and essences of spending money on trivial
matters emphasized the significance of the rise of consumer society, supporting workers and a
consumer revolution. Ultimately, although both focusing on machines and keeping capital intact
could be inferred evidently from agriculture, impacts of productive and unproductive labor
analyses were acknowledged.

Transcript:
It's often considered a kind of mystery why Adam Smith didn't write more clearly about the
industrial revolution. Let's look at this one a little more closely. One striking fact is that there
really is a lot of history in The Wealth of Nations whether it's History of Medieval Times, history of
the collapse following the Roman Empire, history of silver prices history of the colonies or history
 57

of the East India Company. But can we look in that book and actually see also a history of the
Industrial Revolution. That's a lot less clear. It's definitely the case that Smith clearly saw the rise
of consumer society which in today's world looks a bit like this photo, but in mid-18th century
Great Britain was already well underway. It's perhaps when you look at Smith's discussions of the
rise of towns and nobles spending their money on baubles and trinkets rather than supporting
workers on the land that you can see this in Smith most clearly. So to the extent the industrial
revolution was first and foremost a consumer revolution as it's been stressed by such
contemporary writers as McKendrick. Well in that regard Smith in a way did see the onset of the
industrial revolution. He just didn't focus so much on all those machines. You don't get the sense
reading Smith that he understood that the modern world would end up looking a bit like this and
that there could be discontinuous jumps in the command of humanity over say energy and
material resources. Instead Smith is still quite worried about the notion of keeping capital intact
as is reflected by his analysis of productive and unproductive labor. And he actually suggests its
agriculture which stands the greatest chance of keeping capital intact.

64. Faults and Earthquake


 The dislocation of the rock occurs from the earth’s surface seven kilometers to several
hundred kilometers vertically down to the crust. It refers to the epicenter which located vertically to
the focus or hypocenter, and the energy releases and transfers through epicenter. It will result i n a
seismic wave which decreased as it moved away from the epicenter.

 The location below the earth's crust where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and
the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter Faults are fractures
in the earth's crust. By using fault maps, we could identify the location of the earthquake.

 Transcript:
Today, we will discuss the relationship between the fault lines and the earth crust in earthquake.
This dislocation of the rock occurs from the earth surface seven kilometers to several hundred
kilometers vertically down to the crust. The earthquake's focus is called epicenter which is
vertically located beneath the interior of the earth crust and the energy released transferred
through the epicenter. The faults are fractures on the earth crust. The position of the epicenter
can be identified by the fault's maps looking down from the center of the earth. It will result in
seismic waves which will decrease as you move away from the epicenter.

65. The Definition of Risk

 The lecture demonstrated the definitions of risk and safety. Specifically, the word of risk has
two different meanings include the situation of being in danger and the consequence or the
possibility of being in danger. However, the definition of safety has opposite meaning of risk,
which refers to being out of dangerous situations or a condition of being safe.

 58

If we look up the dictionary, there are different literal definitions of risk. The first definition is
consequences of some kinds, like injuries. The second definition is possibility or chance of loss or
injury. The speaker also compares the definition of safe and safety, which means being free from
risk.

66. Body fat Change



 The lecture demonstrated an experiment of body fat challenge which was volunteered by thirty-
one women in a program conducted by Canadian researchers. In which they are provided wi th the
healthy diet and asked not to change diet and regular exercise for six months so they could burn
2000 calories weekly. After six months, some people lost weight, some remain the same, while
others gain weight and did not have a significant change. There are two explanations. One is that
they ate a lot and cheated on the diet, and the other is they ate subconsciously and disliked the
challenge.


 Now we would like to look to recent survey conducted by Canadian researchers on diet.
Total 31 women volunteered in the survey. They have been told to participate in the exercise
program without changing their diet. After a careful observation, the researchers found that some
volunteers experience body fat change after six months from the day they have started the
experiment. The findings further stated that some lost significant amount fat which leads to
decrease in body mass. On the other hand, there were others who did not lose fat at all. The study
concludes there must be two explanations: those who did not lose weight must have eaten more
and another factor is it is because their psychological reason not to believe in losing fat.

67. Industrialization
 The lecture illustrated the influence of industrialization on European society in the 18th and
19th centuries. Specifically, the creation of power machines and factories provided numerous job
opportunities, and it facilitated production efficiency and ability to transport raw materials.
Industrialization also resulted in the urbanization movement, and that citizens prefer to live closer
to the factories. Thus, the western world changed from rural and agricultural to urban industrial.

68. Are we animals?

 Main points:
Animals (or animal behavior)
Hidden assumptions
Not being animals
Seeing (observing) humans in animals
The animal behavior
Understanding human nature
 Other points:
Plants, trees or flowers
Microorganisms (tiny microscopic things)
The natural conclusion
Living things
 59

Looking into animals' eyes

 Sample answer:
The lecture was about animals, which comprised hidden assumptions and not being animals. The
spokesperson described plants, and the fundamental essence of living things emphasized the
significance of observing humans in animals. Ultimately, although animal behavior could be
inferred evidently from understanding human nature, the corresponding impacts of looking into
animals' eyes were acknowledged.

 Transcript:
Far too many people, hmmm…. often say things like animals do this but we don’t, or else this
animal does this and that animal does this, but the humans don’t do things like that. Those
statements have some hidden assumption that we are not animals. When we say animals do this
animals do that, we often assume that we're not animals. If we are not animals, what are we? Are
we plants or trees or flowers? No, we are not. Then okay, we are not plants, are we
microorganisms, really tiny microscopic things? No, we are not. Then the natural conclusion must
be we are not living things. That’s not true. Yes, we are animals and I see animals in us and I see
humans in animals. So, I'm going to talk about the animal behavior and human nature. In order to
understand human nature, we can look into animals’ eyes and animal behavior and find
something about what made us who we are.

69 Water challenge

Main points:
The law that surrounds drinking water
Water quality
Rights to clean water
Key threats to drinking water
Legal and personal acts
Being a critical component of our environment
A neglected area of environmental laws
Chemical threats to water quality and their origins
Other points:
Composing 70 percent of bodies
Going for several weeks without food
Going for four minutes without air
Going for 4 to 5 days without water
 60

Sample answer:
The lecture was about the drinking water law, which comprised water quality and rights to clean
water. The spokesperson described key threats and essences of a critical component of the
environment emphasized the significance of a neglected area of environmental laws. Ultimately,
although both legal and personal acts could be inferred evidently from going without water,
impacts of chemical threats to water quality and their origins were acknowledged.
Transcript:
Today I want to talk about water, and the…the law that surrounds drinking water, to talk about its
quality, talk about what your rights are to clean water, to also give you a sense of what key
threats are to drinking water, what your exposure might be, and what we might do about it, both
legally but also personally. Water is a critical component of our environment and our bodies, your
body is close to 70% water. You can go for several weeks, two to three on average without food,
you can only go for about four minutes without air, and you can go for maybe four or five days
without water before you die. So water is absolutely critical, and one of the key arguments I want
to make today is that it's a largely neglected area of environmental law, given the rapid increase
in our knowledge about chemical threats to water quality, and where those threats come from.

70 Big Bang Theory

The lecture is about dark energy. Dark energy Is an unknown form of energy, which is
hypothesized to permeate all of space and accelerate universal expansion. Dark energy
constitutes most of the total energy in the observable universe though its density is low.
Two proposed forms of dark energy are cosmological constant and inconstant scalar fields .
A field that is similar to dark energy and could inflate early universe is called the big bang.
The lecture is about the Big Bang Theory which is a cosmological model for the
universe. The detailed measurements regarding the expansion are at around 13.7 billion
years ago, which is far before then the first estimation of about 10 – 20 billion years. The
newest found star is roughly 30 billion years old, and thus it can be matched with the
current prediction regarding the expansion.
Our universe was in a hot dense state, then about 1.4 billion years ago, the expansion
started. People usually think Big Bang happened 10-20 billion years ago but study indicated
that it actually happened x billion years ago. The universe is a little older than the oldest
stars, the observation is perfectly matched with the big bang theory. However, we still don't
know how the big bang happened.


 Transcript:
The universe we know it is actually really old. Do you know exactly how old is the universe? The
universe is about 50 billion years old and it is discovered that the oldest star is about 30 billion
years old, not older than the universe which is perfectly matched. Well, people thought it might
expand it 10 to 20 billion years ago; however according to the theory of big bang it actually
happened 13.7 billion years ago. The big bang theory is also known as the cosmological model is
simply an amazing discovery. The expansion of the universe had really occurred 13.7 billion years
ago which is can match the current prediction of the cosmological model. However, we still not
sure how many years more it will expand in the future is really unknown to us.
 61

71 Prevention of epidemic transmitting


 In the developed world, like the United States, it uses various methods to pre ve nt epidemic
transmission with a wide range of resources such as the invention of antiviral drugs and vaccines
and health management. However, epidemic prevention can be a big challenge for some less
developed countries since they do not have the same level of resources and technology as rich
countries do. Hence, it is the significant challenge in the future.

 Transcript:
In the united states, the government is discussing about epidemic transmitting. This is a worrying
issue. The united states government is planning to use antiviral drugs to prevent the epidemic
transmitting. This is only possible because the government of the united states have access to
abundant resources. However, this is not the truth of the developing countries. It is more difficult
for them to prevent epidemic transmitting because the government of the developing countries
have to face the challenge of lower number resources.

72 History of Epigenetic
Main points:
Epigenetics research (or the history of epigenetics research)
An inflection point (or a turning point)
The year 2005
An exponential growth curve
The doubling of epigenetics papers
A two-year period
Other points (supporting details and examples);
A personal point of view
A linear graph
A semi-log paper
The scientific community
Fifteen years (1992 to 2005)

Sample answer:
The lecture was about the history of epigenetics research, which comprised an inflection point as
well as the year 2005. The spokesperson described two types of graphs, and the fundamental
essence of an exponential growth curve emphasized the significance of the scientific community.
Ultimately, although the doubling of epigenetics papers could be inferred evidently from a two-
year period, the corresponding impacts of 15 years were acknowledged.
 62

Transcript:
Now I like the history and one thing I want to go over briefly is a history of epigenetic research
and this is from my perspective now. I got into this field in the early 90s, and what I have here is
plotted publications total publications and function of time here, and on a linear graph. So what I
did for this is I wanted to show that basically up until around the year 2000. There's an inflection
point right around two thousand five right in here where it looks like basically nothing really is
happening much in the field of epigenetics. To the point where it's actually going vertical and a lot
is happening in the field of epigenetics. Now if you plot this rather than on linear paper semi-log
paper, what you will find is that what I'm showing is an exponential growth curve for publications
in the field of epigenetics. And that in the scientific community, there's a doubli ng of the
epigenetics papers every one and a half to two years. Last year alone we put into publication
summers between fifteen and twenty thousand papers which took us 15 years from 1992 to 2005.

73 Flower temperature

Main points:
Bumblebees
Flowers' color signals
Some good quality nectar
Using color to get clues
A flower's temperature
Using up energy for staying warm
Saving bees' fuel
Doing the pollinating business
Choosing warmer flowers (over cooler ones)
Being evolutionarily adapted to be warmer
The chilly bees
Getting pollinated
Other points:
Picking some flowers
Offering the same quality (quantity) of nectar/ the nectar quality (quantity)

Sample answer:
The lecture was about the flowers' temperature, which comprised bumblebees and some good
quality nectar. The spokesperson described flowers' color signals, and essences of using up energy
for staying warm emphasized the significance of saving bees' fuel. Ultimately, although both doing
the pollinating business and choosing warmer flowers could be inferred evidently from the chilly
bees, impacts of being evolutionarily adapted to be warmer and getting pollinated were
acknowledged.
 63

Transcript:
Why the bumble bees pick some flowers over others? Researchers have known for a while that
flower’s color can be a signal. Color in short hand that says to a bee: hey, I get some good quality
nectar here, want to stop by for a visit. But new findings show that bees also use color to get clues
about a flower’s temperature. And according to a study from a British research team published in
the journal Nature, some like it hot. Bees use up a lot of energy just stay in warm on some days. In
fact, they can’t even fly if they are too cold. So if one flower is warmer than another, a bee can
save some of its fuel by basking on that flower while it’s doing its pollinating business. And it turns
out that bumble bees consistently do choose warmer flowers over cooler ones, even when the
two flowers offer up the same quantity and quality of nectar. Some plants seem to be
evolutionarily adapted to be slightly warmer because the warmer ones get visited more by the
chilly bees. When it comes to getting pollinated, apparently the heat is on, and that is the buzz.

74 Energy consumption
Main Points:
Leaving a 40-watt light bulb on
Measuring everything around the house (the office)
Plugging in a phone charger
Registering on the power meter
Being number one energy consumption
Taking a hot bath
Making hot air (hot water)
Transportation as the biggest form of energy consumption
Driving an average car
The average British person
Other Points:
Using one kilowatt hour (kWh) every day
Expressing power consumption
Using 40 light bulbs worth of gas for heating
Using 125 light bulbs of power

Sample Answer:
The lecture was about the biggest forms of energy consumption, which comprised measuring
everything around the house and Leaving 40-Watt light bulbs on. The spokesperson described
plugging in phone chargers, and essences of registering on power meters emphasized the
significance of taking a hot bath. Ultimately, although both making hot air and transportation
could be inferred evidently from driving an average car, impacts of the average British person
were acknowledged.

Transcript:
This is a 40-watt light bulb. If you leave it on all the time, it uses one kilowatt every day. And it’s
possible to express all forms of power consumption using this unit of the light bulb. I started
 64

measuring everything around my house, around my office. And I found some surprising things.
First, I plug in a phone charger. And it didn’t even register on this power meter. It uses one
hundredth of a light bulb of power. So I don’t think the phone chargers can be our NO.1 phone
energy consumption. Just taking one hot bath everyday uses the same energy, same power of five
light bulbs on all the time, non-stop. And I found I’ve been steadily using 40 light bulbs worth of
gas for heating, making hot air or hot water. And that surprises me. Transport is one of the biggest
forms of energy consumption, and it uses about a third about our energy. If you drive an average
car 50 kilometers a day, that corresponds to adding 40 light bulbs on all the time. Today, the
average British person is using 125 light bulbs of power. That’s 125 light bulbs on all the time, non-
stop. That’s huge.

75. Smart Consumer


 The consumers are smart, consumer values are important for business. They are smart in
choosing the product, brand image; it is essential for the business to create value. An
advertisement regarding the softest product which is also strong can fulfill demands of the smart
consumer. Majority of people are using only a few seconds to decide whether to buy. This is
fundamental engineering contradict. You don't want it to be separated when you put it in the
washing machine.

76. Market economy

Main points:
Developed countries
The market economy
The Industrial Revolution
Negative effects on working classes
The reduced life expectancy and hikes
Declining living standards
Passing legislation on working conditions
Circumscribing (restricting) worst behaviors
Better environmental conditions
Widely shared benefits
100 years ago (or a hundred years ago)
Other points (supporting details and examples):
Notions of pragmatism
Democracies
The 18th and 19th centuries
Medical records
Human populations
Reversing damage
 65

Sample answer:
The lecture was about the market economy, which comprised developed countries and the
Industrial Revolution. The spokesperson described negative effects on working classes, and
essences of the reduced life expectancy and hikes emphasized the significance of declining living
standards. Ultimately, although both passing legislation on working conditions and restricting
worst behavior could be inferred evidently from better environmental conditions, impacts of
widely shared benefits and 100 years ago were acknowledged.

Transcript:
…that within most developed countries notions of pragmatism, notions of the fact that we have
democracies have succeeded in tempering the market economy. In the 19th century 18th century
the Industrial Revolution had some very negative effects on people particularly working classes all
over the world. We see data where life expectancy was reduced, hikes were reduced, we can look
at medical records and see that actually living standards and much of among large fractions of the
population actually went down. But eventually we passed legislation about working conditions
and eventually we circumscribe some of the worst kinds of behavior we eventually in the 20th
century we put regulations that imposed better environmental conditions and so some of the
damage was reversed and that we have made the market economy work in ways that the benefits
of it are at least far more widely shared than they were a hundred years ago.

77. Climate change effects

Main points: Note-taking Sample:
The global climate change effects
Greenhouse gases
The Population Bomb
The population growth
Outpacing agricultural production capacity
Catastrophic results for humanity
A climate scientist
Wrong predictions
Warmest years
Precipitation changes
A global scale
Other points (supporting details and examples):
A Reasonable doubt
Mass panic
Concerned individuals (national governments)
A rapid rate of change
A limit of some sort
Being roundly criticized
The past twelve years
 66

Sample answer:
The lecture was about the global climate change effects, which comprised greenhouse gases and
the Population Bomb. The spokesperson described the population growth, and essences of
outpacing agricultural production capacity emphasized the significance of catastrophic results for
humanity. Ultimately, although both a climate scientist and wrong predictions could be inferred
evidently from warmest years and precipitation changes, impacts of a global scale were
acknowledged.

Transcript:
There can now be no reasonable, science-based, doubt about the reality of global climate change
effects brought on by the cumulative and rapidly growing emission of greenhouse gases -
primarily carbon dioxide - into the atmosphere. As these effects become increasingly more
obvious worldwide, so commercial interests, groups of concerned individuals and national
governments have been gripped by what amounts to mass panic about what to do about it. To
many, Paul Ehrlich's Malthusian "Population Bomb" of 1968 appears about to explode in the
world's face in an indirect version of his millenarian vision of population growth which outpaces
agricultural production capacity - with predictably catastrophic results for humanity. And his
three-part crisis scenario does indeed seem now to be present: a rapid rate of change, a limit of
some sort, and delays in perceiving that limit. Ehrlich's work was roundly criticized at the time,
and later, from many quarters, and much of what he predicted did not come about. Nevertheless,
can the world afford to take the risk that the climate scientists have got it wrong? As the
Chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Mr. Rajendra Pachauri, has recently
pointed out, eleven of the warmest years since instrumental records began have occurred in the
past twelve, while major precipitation changes are taking place on a global scale.

78. Face recognition


 How can people recognize human faces? This is a hard but brilliant question. People should
appreciate something. People can get visual information from faces and put a name on it. We can
tell one’s identity, age, work, health condition, politics, and friends. Recognizing faces is amazing,
difficult and a clever thing. In conclusion, people can get a lot out of faces.
 67

NEW SST

79. Difference between translator and interpreter
Main points:
The difference between translators and interpreters
Written communication
Verbal communication
Requiring different skills
Comprehensive writing skills (or being able to write comprehensively)
An excellent command of the native language
Speaking both languages professionally
Different qualifications (experience)
Different training (learning) outcomes
Other points (supporting details and examples):
A common misconception
Doing the same activity
A court hearing
Involved parties
Translating written evidence
A target language
Written texts
Sample answer:
The lecture was about the difference between translators and interpreters, which comprised
verbal and written communication. The spokesperson described requiring different skills, and
essences of being able to write comprehensively emphasized the significance of an excellent
command of the native language. Ultimately, although speaking both languages professionally
and different qualifications could be inferred evidently from different training outcomes, impacts
of written texts were acknowledged.

Transcript:
Hello. It’s Megan this week I’m going to talk about the difference between translators and
interpreters. It’s a common misconception that translators and interpreters do the same thing. So
I just like to highlight a few similarities and differences between the two… firstly translation refers
to written communication whereas interpreting refers to verbal communication. So for example a
translator will not attend a court hearing to verbally translate between the parties involved but
would may translate the written evidence used in the case. Secondly both jobs require different
skills and translate requires the ability to write well and comprehensively into a target language.
This means that they need to have an excellent command of their native language. For example,
although I can speak French to a good standard I cannot translate from English to French.
Although I could translate from French into English. Which means I’m only halfway that to being
an international player. An interpreter needs to be able to speak both languages professionally.
Thirdly the qualifications and experience required to become either a professional translator or
 68

interpreter do differ. Both roles acquire years of training with the resulting qualification. But what
they can learn on the training will be completely different. So just to be clear translators will
translate written texts and interpreters will translate verbal communication.

80 Voynich manuscript
Main points:
The Voynich manuscript (or a manuscript)
Different proposed theories
A complete hoax
The 15th century
Making money by tricking people
A code (or encoded secrets in the manuscript)
A genuine human language (or a genuine script)
An Asian language (or a Caucasian language)

Sample answer:
The lecture was about a manuscript, which comprised different proposed theories and a complete
hoax. The spokesperson described the 15th century, and the fundamental essence of making
money by tricking people emphasized the significance of a code. Ultimately, although encoded
secrets in the manuscript could be inferred evidently from a genuine human language, the
corresponding impacts of an Asian language were acknowledged.
Transcript:
Well, the Voynich manuscript has many different theories proposed for it. Some people think that
it's a complete hoax. It's now been carbon dated from the 15th century. So it's most likely, if it is a
hoax, that's been a 15th-century hoax, which I personally don't believe. But some people think it's
just gobbledygook. It's just an invention to make money. Somebody made it to fool people and
make money. Other people think it's probably a code. In other words, someone encoded lots of
secrets in it, hoping that no one would find out. And if so, that's been very successful because no
one has cracked it so far. But in my opinion, it is actually a genuine script. Obviously, a human
devised script that masking behind it a genuine human Language. In a language, it seems to me to
have more, if you Like, Near Eastern, maybe Caucasian, Asian aspects to it rather than European
because of some of the words that I've decoded. So I would imagine that once we've actually
managed to decode the script, we'll find that the language underneath is a natural human
language probably from that part of the world.
 69

81 Various conclusions
Main points:
The decline of bees
A well-documented decline
Scientific evidence
Various species
Pollinator loss effects
A catastrophe
Raising awareness
Fixing the problem
People's efforts (or actions taken by people)
Other points (supporting details and examples):
Taking action
Recognizing problems
The positive side

Sample answer:
The lecture was about the decline of bees, which comprised different conclusions and a well-
documented decline. The spokesperson described scientific evidence, and the fundamental
essence of various species emphasized the significance of pollinator loss effects. Ultimately,
although a catastrophe could be inferred evidently from raising awareness, the corresponding
impacts of fixing the problem and people's efforts were acknowledged.
Transcript:
So various conclusions. Yes, bees are in decline. These declines are well-documented. There are
real and reported by good strong scientific evidence. Which is the only evidence. The drivers of
decline are many varied depending on species. The effects of pollinator loss, could be absolutely
huge. So is it a catastrophe? Not yet, but it could be. The positive side we are aware of the
problem. Awareness is being raised with time and people are taking action to fix the problem, we
recognize the problem, at least these being done.

82 Language death
Main points:
The language death
A mainstream issue
Changing people's mindsets
Thinking explicitly (enthusiastically) about the language
The interest of the general population in language
Language games
The origins of words
The emotion and drama
Language endangerment
 70

Sample answer:
The lecture was about the language death, which comprised a mainstream issue and changing
people's mindsets. The spokesperson described thinking explicitly about language, and the
fundamental essence of the interest of the general population in language emphasized the
significance of language games. Ultimately, although the origins of words could be inferred
evidently from the emotion and drama, the corresponding impacts of language endangerment
were acknowledged.

Transcript:
Language death is not mainstream theater. It is not mainstream anything. Can you imagine
Hollywood taking it on? It’s so far outside the mindsets of most people, but they have a difficulty
appreciating what the crisis is all about because they’re not used to thinking about language as an
issue in itself. Somehow we need to change these mindsets. We need to get people thinking more
about language. More explicitly, more intimately, more enthusiastically. Interest in language is
certainly there in the general population most people are fascinated by such topics as where
words come from or what the origin of their towns name is or whether their baby’s name means
anything and they’re certainly prepared to play scrabble and a host of other language games ad
infinitum when you get language games on radio and television – but a willingness to focus that
interest on general issues a prepared us to take onboard the emotion and drama inherent in the
situation of language endangerment is not something that happens much.

83 music and well-being

Main points:
Music and well-being
Facing extraordinary challenges
Well-being management
Healing music
The Intuitive application of music
The informed use of music
Soothing and teaching infants
Bringing people (communities) together
Adding spirit to personal endeavors
Other points (supporting details and examples):
Health, happiness, a sense of achievement and contentment
The state of mind and body
Personal circumstances, people's lifestyles
The power of music in human life
 71

Sample answer:
The lecture was about music and well-being, which comprised facing extraordinary challenges and
well-being management. The spokesperson described healing music, and the fundamental
essence of the intuitive application of music emphasized the significance of the informed use of
music. Ultimately, although both soothing and teaching infants could be inferred evidently from
bringing communities together, the corresponding impacts of adding spirit to personal endeavors
were acknowledged.
Transcript:
So what do we mean by well-being. Health, happiness, a sense of achievement and contentment.
A state of mind and body where people can thrive. Well-being is not something that is purely
limited to people who are facing extraordinary challenges in their lifestyle, health or personal
circumstances. Everybody here has a level of well-being. Music so often forms an intuitive part of
our well-being management. Music to pick it up, music to calm our sense, music to heal our souls.
Our aim through research is to move from this level of intuitive application of music through the
informed use in our communities to take the next step in the understanding of the power of music
in human life. Music already works for us on so many levels. Whether it’s soothing and teaching
our infants, bringing people and communities together, adding spirit to our work and personal
endeavors. But there is no reason to stop here. We can and we should.
84 children's literature
 Main points:
Children's literature
The longest/ the most distinguished traditions of creating books
A remarkable cultural resource for adults
Doing cultural work for children
A cultural space for creativity, subversion and opportunities
Experimenting with new ideas
Learning the vocabularies
Getting the vicarious experiences
Seeing the images of the world (or understanding the world)
A direct source of information
The values of the past
 Other points:
Serving writers and illustrators
Fitting into the world
The level of an individual child
A particular period
Children's books from the past
Encountering things
The appearance of childhood
A repository of stories
Children's mind
 72

 Sample answer:
The lecture was about children's literature, which comprised Britain and creating books for
children. The spokesperson described cultural resources for adults, and essences of cultural spaces
for creativity and experimenting with new ideas emphasized the significance of learning
vocabularies and getting vicarious experiences. Ultimately, although seeing the images of the
world could be inferred evidently from a direct source of information, impacts of the values of the
past were acknowledged.


 Transcript:
And I am the professor of children’s literature at Newcastle University and I wanted to write a
very short introduction to children’s literature because although here in Britain we have one of
the longest and most distinguished traditions of creating books for children, perhaps the longest
and most distinguished in the world. We often take them for granted and we don’t pay enough
attention to what a remarkable cultural resource they are for adults and the kind of cultural work
they do for children and the way that they have served writers and illustrators as a cultural space
for creativity, subversion and opportunities to experiment with new ideas. So what kind of
cultural work the children’s books do? Well, at the level of an individual child, this is one of the
places where children learn the vocabularies, get the vicarious experiences, and see the images of
the world that help them think about how the world works and where they fit into it, because
children’s books are one of the first places that children encounter these things they are often
very direct, as a source of information about what a particular period thinks including what it
thinks a child is, what a child needs to know, what childhood looks like, sometimes when we are
looking at children’s books from the past, that's very important to notice the kind of children who
aren’t there, for instance. So that is one of the things that we have in children’s books. For great
repository of stories that have been shaped for children in the past that tells us about the values
of the past.

85 Theory of relativity

Main points:
Albert Einstein's theory of relativity
An understanding of space and time
(or an intuitive understanding of space and time)
A uniform and unchanging way
Depending on the person's motion
Slowing down time
Revolutionary ideas
Other points (supporting details and examples):
An environment
A relentless phenomenon
The esoteric understanding of the universe
 73

Sample answer:
The lecture was about Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, which comprised an intuitive
understanding of space and time. The spokesperson described an environment, and the
fundamental essence of a relentless phenomenon emphasized the significance of a uniform and
unchanging way. Ultimately, although depending on the person's motion could be inferred
evidently from slowing down time, the corresponding impacts of revolutionary ideas were
acknowledged.

Transcript:
The special theory of relativity was developed by Albert Einstein in Spring of 1905 and the space
of perhaps 5 and tenth weeks of thought, where he rewrote our understanding of space and time.
Newton had given us an understanding of space and time back in late 1600s which is very
intuitive. It’s the way we all think about space and time. Here is a space, it’s just this environment
where things happen and time is this relentless thing that ticks forward on our watches, our
clocks. Taking us moment after moment, second after second into the future in a completely
uniform, absolute and unchanging way. In special relativity, Einstein said that’s not right. He said
space and time can change depending upon how you move. He showed that if you’re moving
relative to somebody else, time for you slows down. And these kinds of revolutionary ideas are
not simply esoteric, pen and paper type understandings of the universe.

86. The timeline of the universe

Note-taking Sample:
Main points:
The timeline of the universe
The Big Bang
A formless (hot) ball of matter
The merged forces of nature
The cooling and expansion of the universe
Crystallized particles
The mass (substance)
The atomic nuclei (protons and neutrons)
The simplest chemical elements (hydrogen and helium)
Other points (supporting details and examples):
13.7 billion years ago
The Hadron Collider
The CERN, Geneva
 74

Sample answer:
The lecture was about the timeline of the universe, which comprised the Big Bang and a formless
ball of matter. The spokesperson described the merged forces of nature, and the fundamental
essence of the cooling and expansion of the universe emphasized the significance of crystallized
particles. Ultimately, although the mass could be inferred evidently from the atomic nuclei, the
corresponding impacts of the simplest chemical elements were acknowledged.

Transcript:
This is the timeline of the Big Bang timeline of the universe. Now we know that it began around
13.7 billion years ago. Back there, In the Big Bang. And we know that when it began it was really a
formless unimaginably hot ball of not even matter. In fact, we think that all the forces of nature
emerged together. There were no particles as we know them today. But as the universe continued
to cool and expand, then we think that the particles that we are made of and the forces that we're
familiar with today crystallized out in one of the most important moments with something called
a fancy name called electroweak symmetry breaking is the point when mass entered the universe
for the first time when things got substance for the first time. It's just back there about a billionth
of a second after the big bang and we're investigating that at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN in
Geneva. We then know that the universe continued to cool and expand. After around about a
second. Then the familiar particles that make up the atomic nuclei of stars and planets, the
protons and neutrons formed in the universe. We know after about 3 minutes, somewhere
around there was hydrogen and helium in the universe. The first two the simplest chemical
elements. The universe then continued to expand and cool. And after about 350 to 400 thousand
years the universe was cold enough and diffuse.

87. Babies Just Want to Be Smiled at

 Main points:
Babies' smile
Strategic smiles
Smiling for a reason
Interacting with a parent
Wanting a parent to smile back
Sophisticated timing
Quantifying parents and infant's interactions
Four categories of interactions
Maximizing the time babies smiling at mothers
Maximizing the time mothers smiling at babies
Experiencing simultaneous smiling
Not smiling at all
 75

 Other points:
Getting a baby to smile
A seemingly joyous grin
The subsequent effect of smiling
Mothers wanting the interaction
Being smiled at Spontaneous smiles
Enlisting real mothers and infants

 Sample answer:
The lecture was about smiles of mothers and babies, which comprised strategic smiles and
smiling for a reason . The spokesperson described four categories of interactions, and
essences of sophisticated timing emphasized the significance of quantifying parents and
infant's interactions. Ultimately, although both maximizing the time babies smiling at
mothers and mothers smiling at babies could be inferred evidently from experiencing
simultaneous smiling , impacts of not smiling at all were acknowledged.

 Transcript:
Ever try to get a baby to smile? It can seem close to impossible—and then suddenly there it is:
that elusive, seemingly joyous grin. Well it turns out those smiles aren’t spontaneous—they’re
strategic. Researchers have found that when babies smile, it’s for a reason. They want whoever
they’re interacting with—typically a parent—to smile back. And they time it just so, a smile here
and a smile there. The researchers call it sophisticated timing. The study is in the journal PLoS
ONE. The researchers enlisted real mothers and infants and quantified their interactions, which
fell into four categories. One: babies wanted to maximize the amount of time smiling at their
mothers. Two: they wanted to maximize the time the mothers smiled at them. Three: they
wanted to experience simultaneous smiling, and four: no smiling at all. By studying when smiles
happened and what the subsequent effect was, the investigators were able to figure out that for
mothers the goal 70 percent of the time was to be smiling simultaneously—while for babies 80
percent of the time they just wanted their mother smiling at them. So, mothers want the
interaction, while babies just want to be smiled at. So your baby may not be able to feed itself,
talk or even turn over yet. But when it comes to smiles, babies seem to know exactly what they’re
up to.

88. Parenting babies

The social skills of the babies can be developed by parents through playing with them when they
are at home. Also, parents can have conversations with the babies to make them become a good
communicator. Besides, parents can promote baby’s development to help serve them well. Also,
there is community support available that can help parents enjoy parenting.
 76

89. Vitamin D (second version)

 Main points:
The function of vitamin D
Maintaining blood calcium level in a narrow range
Keeping the bones and teeth strong
Facing a quick death
The muscle contraction and nerve transmission
Normal nerve impulses
Tetany
Uncontrolled convulsions
Enzyme activities
Blood clotting

 Sample answer:
The lecture was about the function of vitamin D, which comprised maintaining blood calcium level
in a narrow range and keeping the bones and teeth strong. The spokesperson described facing a
quick death, and essences of the muscle contraction and nerve transmission emphasized the
significance of normal nerve impulses. Ultimately, although both Tetany and uncontrolled
convulsions could be inferred evidently from enzyme activities, impacts of blood clotting were
acknowledged.

 Transcript:
Ok to understand what vitamin D does, we need to understand the central concept. The function
of vitamin D is to maintain blood calcium. You probably think the function of vitamin D is to
maintain strong bones and teeth but it does that by accident. Its real function is to maintain your
blood calcium level in a very narrow range and the reason for that is, if your blood calcium level
falls below about 9 mg per 100mls, then you're longing to be in a big trouble and die rather
quickly and that's because blood calcium is important for muscle contraction and nerve
transmission and if you don't have enough of it you can't contract muscles normally. They can't be
normal nerve impulses and this results in a disease called Tetany, where you got these
uncontrolled convulsions followed by rapid death. Calcium is also important for enzyme activities
and blood clotting.

90. Motivation
The lecturer who has learned psychology, describes motivations with concepts and examples.
Motivation means the move to take action. There are lots of factors that can affect motivation
such as interests, value, and inspiration. The most fundamental elements are of punishment and
rewards. Motivation changes with age, when people grow older, there are more things they have
done.
 77

91. Design of the hospital (80 % similar)

 Main points:
Nearby access to the natural landscape/ gardens
Enhancing people's ability to deal with stress
Improving health outcomes
Green nature, sunlight and fresh air
Essential components of healing
The design of hospitals
Recovering faster
Viewing a hospital's yard
Nurses' experience
Well-developed hospitals
Making patients comfortable/ meeting patients' needs
The location/ means of treatment for patients

 Other points:
Getting access to the view of the outside environment
Hospitals' windows
Being visited by families and friends
Resting and sleeping faster
Releasing stresses easily
The choice of materials
The outdoor spaces between the buildings
Certain patient groups

 Sample answer:
The lecture was about the design of hospitals, which comprised nearby access to gardens and
dealing with stress. The spokesperson described essential components of healing , and
essences of improving health outcomes emphasized the significance of green nature, sunlight
and fresh air . Ultimately, although both recovering faster and viewing hospitals' yards could
be inferred evidently from meeting patient's needs, impacts of nurses' experience, well-
developed hospitals, and means of treatment were acknowledged.

 Transcript:
Nearby access to the natural landscape or a garden can enhance people’s ability to deal with
stress and thus potentially improve health outcomes. In past centuries, green nature, sunlight and
fresh air were seen as essential components of healing. Along the history of the design of
hospitals, researchers have found that patients recover faster when they get access to the view of
the outside environment through hospital’s windows and are frequently visited by friends and
families. Viewing of hospital’s yard can help people rest and sleep faster and also release stresses
easily. Nurses’ experience suggests that hospitals should be well-developed. The hospital makes
 78

patients comfortable and meets their needs through everything from the choice of materials to
the outdoor spaces between the buildings, which draw the landscape into the hospital. Gardens
are becoming the location of, and means of treatment for, certain patient groups.

92. The separation of power

Constitution, legislative power, executive power, judicial power, blurry line

93. Nonverbal communication

According to experts, a substantial portion of our communication is nonverbal. Every day, we
respond to thousands of nonverbal behaviors including postures, facial expression, and gestures.
Therefore, we may understand people’s meaning behind the words through facial expressions and
emotions. We could use nonverbal communication in presentations and interviews. Nonverbal
communication includes people’s body language, which can convey your attitude by how you
deliver, as well as some other aspects such as dressing code.

94. Newspapers (80 % similar)

Main points:
The widely-debated decline of newspapers
The rise of the internet
Advertising revenue
The long-term decline in readership
Economic models
The disappearance of newspapers
Losing jobs in journalism
Moving to online advertising/ moving to a more efficient place
Requiring local government intervention
The market failure
Providing subsidies for newspapers
Other points:
The newspaper industry
Facing the mortal threat
The habit of buying a daily paper
Advertising dropdown
An increase in cash flow/ the cash flow increase
Losing money
Finding buyers/ being unable to find buyers
Small online newspapers
Going online
Retired staff/ journalists
 79

Sample answer:
The lecture was about the decline and disappearance of newspapers, which comprised the rise of
the internet and advertising revenue. The spokesperson described the long-term decline in
readership, and essences of economic models emphasized the significance of losing jobs in
journalism. Ultimately, although moving to online advertising could be inferred evidently from
requiring local government intervention, impacts of the market failure and providing subsidies for
newspapers were acknowledged.

Transcript:
The decline of newspapers has been widely debated. The newspaper industry was facing a mortal
threat from the rise of the Internet, advertising revenue, and a long-term decline in readership, as
the habit of buying a daily paper dwindled from one generation to the next. While economic
models have changed, advertising has dropped down. Although newspapers have an increase in
cash flow, the newspaper industry lost money because they can’t find buyers. Small newspapers
go online, and some newspapers disappeared. If one looks at the USA one sees that over the last
decade or so roughly 30-60 percent of staff and journalists have lost their jobs retired and not
been replaced or whatever. It's fallen because advertising has moved to a more efficient place. It's
moved essentially online. This market failure requires local government intervention in the form
of subsidies for newspapers.

95. Hook (80 % similar)

 Main points:
An essay
Collecting materials
Writing an essay in paragraphs, structures and quotes
Polishing the introduction
The first sentences
An essay hook
Adding something interesting/ funny/ shocking/ intriguing
Winning the reader's attention
Building an emotional connection with readers
A catchy sentence/ paragraph
The impressive introduction
Serving as an attention element
Interesting/ engaging hook sentences
Argumentative/ persuasive essays
Appearing in the first sentence
The opening paragraph
A thesis sentence
Popular hook choices
Using an interesting quote, a little-known fact, famous last words and statistics
 80

 Other points:
Searching for books or articles
Wowing teachers
An important part
A perfect method

 Sample answer:
The lecture was about an essay hook, which comprised writing essays in paragraphs and collecting
materials. The spokesperson described polishing the introduction, and essences of catchy
sentences emphasized the significance of winning the reader's attention and building an
emotional connection. Ultimately, although both engaging hook sentences and argumentative
essays could be inferred evidently from popular hook choices, impacts of little-known facts,
interesting quotes, famous last words, and statistics were acknowledged.

 Transcript:
An essay is a chance to identify your read and learned. As a writer, you first need to collect many
materials, then write an essay in four or five paragraphs, structures and quotes. If someone is
searching for a book or article to read, he or she will decide from the very beginning whether this
work is worth attention. If you want to wow your teacher, polish the introduction, especially the
first couple of sentences. Add an essay hook–something interesting, funny, shocking, or intriguing
to win the reader’s attention. Build an emotional connection with your reader right from the start.
A hook in the essay is a catchy sentence or paragraph in the impressive introduction which serves
as an attention element and an important part. An excellent hook sentence is engaging and
interesting; it is a perfect method to start an argumentative or persuasive essay. The hook for
your essay often appears in the first sentence. The opening paragraph includes a thesis sentence.
Some popular hook choices can include using an interesting quote, a little-known fact, famous last
words, or a statistic.

96. UK Arts festival

UK Arts Festival is about a British experiment with regard to the secret life of plants. Plants can
interact or communicate with each other not only among their own species but also other plants
surrounding them. But this session will show the audience how plants interact through interactive
lectures and live experiments. It will show you how plants talk to each other and to other species.
So the audience can judge by themselves to see whether it’s true or not.
 81

97. The fight-or-flight response

 Main points:
The fight or flight response
The role of emotions in our lives
Focusing on our logical nature
Purposeful emotions
Vital messengers
Evolving as signals
Meeting basic needs
Self-preservation and safety
Being indecisive about a threat to survival
Running information from senses
The most primitive brain parts
Controlling instinctive responses
Creating unignorable signals
Powerful emotions and symptoms


 Other points:
Ignoring troublesome emotions
Basic emotions
Fear, anger or disgust
Communicating with the body

 Sample answer:
The lecture was about the fight or flight responses, which comprised emotions' role in
people's lives and focusing on human's logical nature . The spokesperson described
troublesome and purposeful emotions, and essences of vital messengers and being
indecisive emphasized the significance of self-preservation and safety . Ultimately although
primitive brain parts and controlling instinctive responses could be inferred evidently from
creating unignorable signals, impacts of powerful emotions and symptoms were
acknowledged.
 Transcript:
To understand the Fight or Flight response it helps to think about the role of emotions in our lives.
Many of us would prefer to focus on our logical, thinking nature and ignore our sometimes
troublesome emotions, but emotions have a purpose. Our most basic emotions like fear, anger or
disgust are vital messengers: they evolved as signals to help us meet our basic needs for self -
preservation and safety. It would be dangerous to be indecisive about a threat to our survival, so
the brain runs information from our senses through the most primitive, reactive parts of our
brains first. These areas of the brain control instinctive responses and they don’t do too much
thinking. This more primitive part of our brain communicates with the rest of our brain and our
body to create signals we can’t ignore easily: powerful emotions and symptoms.
 82

98. Absolutism
Absolutism contains some rules, guidelines, and concepts which are universal. It is like a road map
to guide individual and social behavior. Some principles of values such as individual, societies, and
the environment cannot be violated and betrayed and they have wide acceptance without
assumptions and interpretations.
universalism ideas
clear boundaries between right and wrong
no exceptions
99. Manager
A manager should have a broad perspective. The manager should read more book, go learning
from universities and studying abroad to improve themselves. Experience is not necessary, but
gaining management knowledge is important. The best manager is not to know their organization
better, but to be a professor of management.

running organizations, the widest knowledge of managing skills

The Education Leadership Initiative was started by Dean Bob Joss, of Stanford Graduate School of
Business. He talked a lot about the importance of education leadership. Education leaders need to
be dynamic and entrepreneurial change agents. Managing is not enough increasingly leaders must
rise to the challenge of changing their organizations through innovative, problem-solving
strategies. So we are combining forces from our School of Education and School of Business to
support the development of management skills and leadership capacity for current
superintendents and other central office leaders. The School of Education will focus on learning
while the School of Business will focus on management. Now many institutes are providing
education leadership learning opportunities, for profit or non-profit. We want to make sure that
here at Stanford, we are not only delivering the services but with good quality. The program
incorporates case-studies and research-based presentations, discussions, and exercises.
Participants also collaborate and build relationships through group work. However, they must
realize that it is their own responsibility to achieve and accomplish - what others can do does not
indicate what you are capable of.
100. childhood
Children have been losing childhood both in the past and now. In the 19th century, the reason of
losing childhood was that children needed to work at an early age with high risks of staying and
threating at streets. However, the reasons why children are losing childhood vary according to the
change of society such as the changing aspects of gender and commercial advertisements.

Customer, manufacturer
 83

101. Types of family

Three types of family:
1. Nuclear family includes mom dad and children.
2. Extended family with grandparents, parents, and children. Families live close geographically.
3. Single parent family, not live together but keep contact daily over phone and internet

102. Telescope (80 % similar)

Main points:
Telescopes and eyes
Tools for collecting and detecting light
More powerful eyes
Lenses and mirrors
Determining telescope features
Resolution of telescopes
Defining image details
Primary mirrors
Having a fraction
Bringing starlight to focus at the same point
Resulting in blurry images
Astronomy fields
Digital detectors
Other points:
Covering a wide range of instruments
Collecting light in different frequency bands
Astronomers
Sample answer:
The lecture was about telescopes and powerful eyes, which comprised tools for collecting and
detecting light. The spokesperson described lenses and mirrors, and essences of determining
telescope features and resolution emphasized the significance of defining image details and
bringing starlight to focus. Ultimately, although blurry images, primary mirrors, and having
fractions could be inferred evidently from collecting light in frequency bands and astronomy
fields, impacts of digital detectors were acknowledged.

Transcript:
Telescopes and eyes are both tools for collecting and detecting light. In fact, telescopes can be
thought of as bigger, more powerful eyes. The type of lenses and mirrors and their arrangement
determine some of the features of the telescope. The resolution of the telescope is a measure of
how sharply defined the details of the image can be. Telescope's shape primary mirror may have a
fraction. As a result, starlight was not brought to a focus at the same point, resulting in blurry
images. The name "telescope" covers a wide range of instruments. There are major differences in
how astronomers must go about collecting light in different frequency bands. The telescope is
widely used in the astronomy field because it is a digital detector, 100 times more efficient than
our eyes. Now physicists have begun to develop a various quantum mechanism.
 84

103. Parenting babies

Parents play an essential role in cultivating babies’ abilities. By playing together and having
communications with them, they can develop babies’ social skills and help them become good
communicators. Meanwhile, babies’ development should be promoted to help fulfill themselves
in the future. If help is needed, community support is available for parents to enjoy the process of
parenting.

104. The term need

The term need in the American English language is strong desire and essential thing, not basic
things. For example, designers want to design a planet with sunlight, water, and organic things.
Human beings desire not for development but for the social environment. This is not psychological
for nature.

105. Boy's and girl's performance

Main points:
The performance of boys and girls
Math and English (or math/mathematics)
Outperforming boys
Different results
Key differences
Biological and cognitive factors (or interaction between biological and cognitive factors)
A range of social factors
Childhood development
School performance (school achievements)
Learning cognitive skills
Other points:
Distinct gender behavioral patterns
Patterns of behavior in skills
Cognitive development
Gender categories
Having direct consequences
Being supported by teachers
Creating a reinforcement of patterns
Sample answer:
The lecture was about the performance of boys and girls, which comprised math and English. The
spokesperson described outperforming boys, and essences of different results emphasized the
significance of key differences, biological, and cognitive factors. Ultimately, although both
childhood development and a range of social factors could be inferred evidently from having
direct consequences, impacts of school achievements, learning cognitive skills and creating a
reinforcement of patterns were acknowledged.
 85

Transcript:
You can see that the two charts each give quite a different picture of the performance of boys and
girls in the two key subjects of Math and English. It shows that in English, girls consistently
outperform boys over a period of six years, achieving scores about 10% above their male peers.
There is quite a different picture when we look at the math results with no real difference be tween
genders in the results. What is the explanation for these key differences? To answer thi s que sti on,
researchers look at biological and cognitive factors and a range of social factors. The interaction
between these different components in early childhood development, are seen as mai ntai ned and
reinforced in the school context and this leads to distinct gender patterns of behavior in ski l ls wi th
direct consequences for school performance and achievement. The argument uses this evidence to
show that biological factors such as patterns of cognitive development are closely linked to social
factors such as learned gender categories. These cognitive skills are learned both preschool and
subsequently at school, supported by the responses of teachers, creating a reinforcement of
patterns.

106. Chimpanzees
Main points:
Filing a suit (or finding the jurisdiction)
The state of New York
Chimpanzees
Cognitive capabilities
Resembling human beings
Autonomy and self-determination
Being conscious (or conscious animals)
Understanding the life (or living individuals)
Engaging in mental time travel
The chimpanzee's imprisonment
Criminal punishment (or punishing criminals)
 Other points:
Plaintiffs
Finding experts
Japan, Sweden, Germany, Scotland, England, and the United States
Individually or together
Remembering yesterday
Tomorrow and yesterday
Sample answer:
The lecture was about filing a suit, which comprised the state of New York and chimpanzees. The
spokesperson described having cognitive capabilities, and essences of resembling human beings
emphasized the significance of autonomy and self-determination. Ultimately, although both being
conscious and understanding the life could be inferred evidently from engaging in mental time
travel, impacts of the chimpanzee's imprisonment and criminal punishment were acknowledged.
 86

Transcription:
We then searched through 80 jurisdictions, it took us seven years, to find the jurisdiction where we
wanted to begin filing our first suit. We chose the state of New York. Then we decided upon who our
plaintiffs are going to be. We decided upon chimpanzees, not just because Jane Goodall was on our
board of directors, but because they, Jane and others, have studied chimpanzees intensively for
decades. We know the extraordinary cognitive capabilities that they have, and they al so re se mbl e
the kind that human beings have. And so we chose chimpanzees, and we began to then canvass the
world to find the experts in chimpanzee cognition. We found them in Japan, Sweden, Germany,
Scotland, England and the United States, and amongst them, they wrote 100 pages of affidavits in
which they set out more than 40 ways in which their complex cognitive capability, either individually
or together, all added up to autonomy and self-determination. Now, these include d, for e xample ,
that they were conscious. But they're also conscious that they're conscious. They know they have a
mind. They know that others have minds. They know they're individuals, and that they can live. They
understand that they lived yesterday and they will live tomorrow. They engage in mental time
travel. They remember what happened yesterday. They can anticipate tomorrow, which i s why i t's
so terrible to imprison a chimpanzee, especially alone. It's the thing that we do to our worst
criminals, and we do that to chimpanzees without even thinking about it.

107. Sugar

Main points:
The amount of sugar in foods
Sugar in sweets and donuts
Finding sugar in peanut butter
Being the second common ingredient
Reading food labels
The list of ingredients
Beef stew
The marketing strategy
Having more sugar than carrots
Corn syrup
Other points:
Lots of sugar in donuts or ice cream
The source of sugar in ketchup

Sample answer:
The lecture was about the amount of sugar in foods, which comprised sugar in sweets and donuts.
The spokesperson described finding sugar in peanut butter, and essences of the second common
ingredient emphasized the significance of reading food labels and beef stew. Ultimately, although
both the list of ingredients and the marketing strategy could be inferred evidently from having
more sugar than carrots, impacts of corn syrup were acknowledged.
 87

Transcript:
There’s sugar in a lot of foods where you don’t expect it. Of course there’s lots of sugar in donuts or
ice cream, or pastries, or other things that are sweet; candy of course, but there are other places
where you see it and you don’t necessarily expect it. So as an example: peanut butter. He re ’s a l i st
of ingredients from Skippy Peanut Butter and you see that sugar is the second most common
ingredient. So that you may know from reading food labels that these ingredients in any food l abe l
are listed in order of how much there is in the food itself, so sugar comes right after peanuts. Here’s
another example, Beef stew, you wouldn’t necessarily expect to find sugar in beef stew but it’s
there. Now it’s down the list of ingredients, it’s actually toward the end, but if you look at the
marketing of this and look at the can, it says, there’s fresh potatoes and carrots, but actually there ’s
more sugar in this than there is in carrots. And so you wouldn’t eat something like beef stew and
expect to find this to be the case. Here’s another example, where you have high fructose corn syrup,
is the source of sugar is in ketchup.

108. Grand project in Paris

Main points:
Paris (or the renovation of Paris)
Growing in size and importance
A medieval city
A modern city
(Or the transformation of medieval Paris to modern Paris)
Napoleon III
Bringing light and air into the central districts
Improving sanitation and living areas
A beautiful city
Connecting districts together
Other points (supporting details and examples):
Carefully planned cities
Less conscientiously designed cities
The third century
The destruction of the old medieval neighborhoods
Widening streets and building large parks and public squares
Fountains and sewer lines
Doubling the Paris's size
Annexing nearby suburbs
 88

Sample answer:
The lecture was about the renovation of Paris, which comprised growing in size and importance.
The spokesperson described a medieval city, and the fundamental essence of a modern city
emphasized the significance of Napoleon III. Ultimately, although bringing light and air into the
central districts could be inferred evidently from improving sanitation and living areas, the
corresponding impacts of a beautiful city and connecting districts together were acknowledged.

Transcript:
Cities are interesting places. Some cities are carefully planned built for a reason and reflect the
needs of the people as it grows. Others are less conscientiously designed. Paris, for e xampl e, was
originally founded in the third century as a small village and with every passing generation it grew i n
size and importance. It grew from a medieval city to a modern city but the transition was not always
smooth. Emperor Napoleon the third had to hire someone to oversee the rebuilding of Paris. The
man he chose was George Eugene Haussmann. In 1853 Haussmann began the process of renovating
France's capital city. His basic instructions were to bring light and air into the central districts,
improve the sanitation and living areas, and make Paris a more modern beautiful city. Not your
average weekend renovation. Haussmann's projects included the destruction of the ol d me di e val
neighborhoods, widening of streets, building large parks and public squares, and additional
fountains and sewer lines. To add to all this, the size of Paris had to be increased, doubled actual l y,
and Napoleon the third issued official decrees annexing nearby suburbs to make the m part of the
city. One of the main priorities of this massive renovation was to connect all of the districts
together.

109. Stress
There are two kinds of stress, one is little stress, and it will happen when people taking exam or
practice. But it is actually necessary because it could help people to improve what they are doing.
Another stress is what we usually talk about. To release such stress, people could use calendar to
schedule their play and work.

110. Globalization & De-traditionalization

Main points:
Globalization
Living in a global village
Instant communications by the internet
Sharing ideas
The shrinking world
De-traditionalization
The erosion of traditional cultures
Conventional moralities
The rejection of culture
Imitating a Hollywood model of society
Inheriting local traditional background
 89

Sample answer:
The lecture was about globalization, which comprised living in a global village . The spokesperson
described instant communications through the Internet, and essences of the shrinking world
emphasized the significance of detraditionalization. Ultimately, although both the erosion of traditional
cultures and the conventional moralities could be inferred evidently from the rejection of cultures by
young people , impacts of a Hollywood model of society and the local traditional background were
acknowledged.

Transcription:
So, I think you all know what I mean by globalization, don’t you? This is the idea that we all live in
a global village with instant communications, we can share ideas, and consume cultural artifacts
from countries all over the world, just by going into the Internet and all dream basically. The world
is shrinking. In terms of speeds, it is accelerating, but in terms of distance, it is shrinking. What do I
mean by de-traditionalization? I mean the disappearance or the erosion, for the better word to
use, the erosion of traditional cultures, of conventional ways of doing things, of conventional
moralities. More and more young people around the world are rejecting the culture they grow up
in, and it is probably a little bit cruel. But some imitating a Hollywood model of society, rather
than the one which they inherit from their local tradition background.