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1)¯Á¨sÀ = ªÀiÁjzÀ¨É¯É – PÉÆAqÀ¨É¯É 1) Profit = Selling price – Cost price.
2)£ÀµÀ× = PÉÆAqÀ¨É¯É –ªÀiÁjzÀ¨É¯É 2) Loss = Cost price - Selling price.
3) Profit % = Profit X 100
3) ±ÉÃPÀqÁ ¯Á¨sÀ = ¯Á¨sÀ X 100
Cost price
PÉÆAqÀ¨É¯É
4) loss % = loss X 100
4) ±ÉÃPÀqÁ £ÀµÀ× = £ÀµÀ×s X100 Cost price
PÉÆAqÀ¨É¯É 5) Selling price = ( 100 + Profit%) X Cost price
5) ªÀiÁgÁl¨É¯É = (100+ ¯Á¨sÀ%) XC¸À®Ä¨É¯É 100
100 6) Selling price = ( 100 – Loss %) X Cost price
100
6) ªÀiÁgÁl¨É¯É = (100- £ÀµÀ×%) XC¸À®Ä¨É¯É
7) Cost price = S.pX 100
100
(100 + Profit%)
7) C¸À®Ä¨É¯É = 100 X ªÀiÁgÁl¨É¯É
(100 + ¯Á¨sÀ %) 8) Cost price = S.pX 100
8) C¸À®Ä¨É¯É = 100 X ªÀiÁgÁl¨É¯É (100 – Loss %)
(100 - £ÀµÀ× %) 9) Discount = Marked price – Selling price.
9)jAiÀiÁ¬Äw = £ÀªÀÄÆ¢vÀ¨É¯É – ªÀiÁgÁl¨É¯É
10) Net price = Marked price – Discount.
10) ¤ªÀé¼À¨É¯É = £ÀªÀÄÆ¢¹zÀ¨É¯É - ¸ÉÆÃr.
11) jAiÀiÁ¬Äw = jAiÀiÁ¬Äw zÀgÀX £ÀªÀÄÆ¢vÀ¨É¯É 11) Discount = Discount Rate X Marked price
100 100
12) jAiÀiÁ¬ÄwzÀgÀ = jAiÀiÁ¬Äw X 100 12) Rate of Discount = Discount X 100
£ÀªÀÄÆ¢vÀ¨É¯É Marked price
13) £ÀªÀÄÆ¢vÀ¨É¯É = jAiÀiÁ¬Äw X 100 13) Marked price = selling price X 100
jAiÀiÁ¬ÄwzÀgÀ S.P when M.P is 100

14)zÀ¯Áè½ = zÀ¯Áè½zÀgÀ X ªÀiÁgÁl¨É¯É

14) Commission = Commission X selling price
100 100
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15) zÀ¯Áè½zÀgÀ = zÀ¯Áè½ X 100 15) Commission Rate = Commission X 100
ªÀiÁgÁl¨É¯É C.P or S.P
16) ªÀiÁgÁl¨É¯É = zÀ¯Áè½ X 100
16) Cost price or Selling price = Commission X 100
zÀ¯Áè½zÀgÀ
commission rate
¸ÀgÀ¼À§rØ ( I ) = PTR
Simple interest ( I ) = PTR
100
100
C¸À®Ä (P )= 100I
Principle (P )= 100I
TR
TR
PÁ® (T) = 100I
Time (T) = 100I
PR
PR
§rØzÀgÀ(R) = 100I
Rate of interest À( R) = 100I
PT
PT
¤vÀå¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ :1) a2+b2+2ab =(a+b)2 Identities : 1) a +b +2ab =(a+b)2
2 2

2)a2+b2-2ab =(a-b) 2 2) a2+b2-2ab =(a-b) 2

3)a2-b2 = (a+b)(a-b) 3) a2-b2 = (a+b)(a-b)
4)x2+x(a+b)+ab =(x+a)(x+b) 4) x2+x(a+b)+ab =(x+a)(x+b)
5)a3+b3 = (a+b)(a2+b2-ab) 5) a3+b3 = (a+b)(a2+b2-ab)
6) a3-b3 = (a-b)(a2+b2+ab) 6) a3-b3 = (a-b)(a2+b2+ab)
7)(x+a)(x+b)(x+c) = x3+x2(a+b+c)+x(ab+bc+ca)+abc 7) (x+a)(x+b)(x+c) = x3+x2(a+b+c)+x(ab+bc+ca)+abc
8) (a+b+c)2 = a2+b2+c2+2ab+2bc+2ca 8) (a+b+c)2 = a2+b2+c2+2ab+2bc+2ca
9) (a+b)3 = a3+b3+3ab(a+b) 9) (a+b)3 = a3+b3+3ab(a+b)

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3 3 3
10) (a-b) = a -b -3ab(a-b) 10) (a-b)3 = a3-b3-3ab(a-b)

11) a4+a2b2+b4 = (a2+b2+ab) (a2+b2 - ab) 11)a4+a2b2+b4 = (a2+b2+ab) (a2+b2 - ab)

12) x4 +4y4 = (x2+2y2+2xy) (x2+2y2- 2xy) 12)x4 +4y4 = (x2+2y2+2xy) (x2+2y2- 2xy)

13) a3+b3+c3 -3abc = (a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2-ab-bc-ca) 13)a3+b3+c3 -3abc = (a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2-ab-bc-ca)

14) (a+b+c)3 -a3-b3-c3 = 3(a+b)(b+c)(c+a) 14)(a+b+c)3 -a3-b3-c3 = 3(a+b)(b+c)(c+a)

15) a3+b3+c3 -3abc = ½(a+b+c)[ (a-b)2+(b-c)2+(c-a)2] 15)a3+b3+c3 -3abc = ½(a+b+c)[ (a-b)2+(b-c)2+(c-a)2]

¸ÀASÁåUÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ : Set of numbers :
1) ¸Áé¨sÁ«PÀ ¸ÀASÉåUÀ¼ÀÄ : N = { 1,2,3,4 ,…… } 1) Natural numbers : N = { 1,2,3,4 ,……… }
2) ¥ÀÆtð ¸ÀASÉåUÀ¼ÀÄ : W= {0,1,2,3,4,...................} 2) Whole numbers : W = { 0,1,2,3,4,…….}
3) Integers : Z = {0, ±1, ±2, ……… }
3) ¥ÀÆuÁðAPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ : Z = {0, ±1, ±2, ............}
Positive Integers : Z+ = {0,1,2,3,4,……. }
zsÀ£À ¥ÀÆuÁðAPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ : Z+ = {0,1,2,3,4, ....................} Negative Integers :Z- = {0,-1,-2,-3,-4,…. }
IÄt ¥ÀÆuÁðAPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ : Z- = {0,-1,-2,-3,-4,....................} 4) Rational numbers :Q = {p/q , p,q ∈ Z & q ≠ 0 }
4)¨sÁUÀ®§Ý ¸ÀASÉåUÀ¼ÀÄ : Q={p/q , p,q ∈ Z & q ≠ 0 }
1)DªÀÈvÀ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ : Laws :
1)ClosureLaw :
a+b = c ∈ N¸ÀAPÀ®£ÀzÀ DªÀÈvÀ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ
a+b =c ∈ N Closure Law of Addition
aXb =c ∈ NUÀÄuÁPÁgÀzÀ DªÀÈvÀ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ aXb =c ∈ N Closure Law of Multiplication
a-b = c ∈ NªÀåªÀPÀ®£ÀzÀ DªÀÈvÀ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ a-b = c ∈ N Closure Law of substraction
a/b = c ∈ N¨sÁUÁPÁgÀzÀ DªÀÈvÀ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ a/b = c ∈ N Closure Law of division
2)¥ÀjªÀvÀð¤AiÀÄ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ:
2) Commutative law :
a+b = b+a ¸ÀAPÀ®£ÀzÀ ¥ÀjªÀvÀð¤AiÀÄ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ
a+b = b+a Commutative law of Addition
aXb = bXa UÀÄuÁPÁgÀzÀ ¥ÀjªÀvÀð¤AiÀÄ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ aXb = bXa Commutative law of Multiplication

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3)¸ÀºÀªÀvÀð¤AiÀÄ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ : 3) Associative law :
a+( b+c) = (a+b)+c ¸ÀAPÀ®£ÀzÀ ¸ÀºÀªÀvÀð¤AiÀÄ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ a+( b+c) = (a+b)+c Associative law of Addition
aX(bXc) = (aXb)Xc UÀÄuÁPÁgÀzÀ ¸ÀºÀªÀvÀð¤AiÀÄ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ aX(bXc) = (aXb)Xc Associative law of Multiplication
4) Distributive law:
4)«¨sÁdPÀ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ :
a(b+c) = aXb + aXc Left Distributive law
a(b+c) = aXb + aXc JqÀ «¨sÁdPÀ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ
(b+c)a = bXa + cXa Right Distributive law
(b+c)a = bXa + cXa §® «¨sÁdPÀ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ 5) Identity element law
5)C£À£ÀåvÁA±À ¤AiÀĪÀÄ ; a) Identity element law of Addition : a+0 =0+a = a
C) ¸ÀAPÀ®£ÀzÀ C£À£ÀåvÁA±À : a+0 = 0+a = a o is Identity element of Addition
b) Identity element law of Multiplication : aX1 =1Xa = a
o AiÀÄÄ ¸ÀAPÀ®£ÀzÀ C£À£ÀåvÁA±À
1 is Identity element of Multiplication
D) UÀÄuÁPÁgÀzÀ C£À£ÀåvÁA±À : aX1 = 1Xa = a
1 UÀÄuÁPÁgÀzÀ C£À£ÀåvÁA±À
m n m+n I law of Exponents. am X an = a m+n
WÁvÁAPÀzÀ ªÉÆzÀ®£Éà ¤AiÀĪÀÄ . a X a = a
𝒂𝒎 𝒂𝒎
WÁvÁAPÀzÀ JgÀqÀ£Éà ¤AiÀĪÀÄ . = am-n II law of Exponents. = am-n
𝒂𝒏 𝒂𝒏

WÁvÁAPÀzÀ ªÀÄÆgÀ£Éà ¤AiÀĪÀÄ . (am)n = a mn III law of Exponents. (am)n = a mn

WÁvÁAPÀzÀ £Á®Ì£Éà ¤AiÀĪÀÄ .(a.b)m = am.bm IV law of Exponents.(a.b)m = am.bm

𝒂 𝒎 𝒂𝒎 𝒎
𝒂 𝒂𝒎
WÁvÁAPÀzÀ LzÀ£Éà ¤AiÀĪÀÄ .( ) = 𝒎 V law of Exponents .( ) = 𝒎
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃 𝒃

wæ¨sÀÄd JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ? Define a Triangle .

ªÀÄÆgÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ½AzÀ DªÀÈvÀªÁzÀ ¸ÀªÀÄvÀ¯ÁPÀÈwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß wæ¨sÀÄd J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. The plane surface enclosed by three line segments is called a
wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉ¸Àj¹j. Triangle.

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wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉà Mention the characteristics of a triangle .
1)wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ°è ªÀÄÆgÀÄ ±ÀÈAUÀ©AzÀÄUÀ½gÀÄvÀª Û É. 1)Every tringle has three vertices.
2) ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ½ªÉ. 2) Every tringle has three sides.
3)ªÀÄÆgÀÄ PÉÆãÀUÀ½ªÉ. 3) Every tringle has three interior angles.
4)ªÀÄÆgÀÄ PÉÆãÀUÀ¼À ªÉÆvÀÛ 1800 UÉ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. 4) Sum of three interior angles is equals to 1800
wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼À ªÀVÃðPÀgÀtªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉ¸Àj¹j. Classification of tringles :
wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ PÉÆãÀUÀ½UÉ C£ÀÄUÀÄtªÁV Tringles are classified on measurements of sides and angles.
ªÀVÃðPÀj¸ÀÄvÉÛêÉ.¨ÁºÀÄUÀ½UÉ C£ÀÄUÀÄtªÁV 3 «zsÀ Based on measurement of sides, triangles are of three types.
¨ÁºÀÄUÀ½UÉ C£ÀÄUÀÄtªÁV wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ «zsÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉ¸Àj¹j. they are
1) Equilateral triangle.
¨ÁºÀÄUÀ½UÉ C£ÀÄUÀÄtªÁV wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼À°è ªÀÄÆgÀÄ «zsÀ, CªÀÅUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉÃ
2) Isosceles triangle.
1) ¸ÀªÀĨÁºÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄd.
3) Scalane triangle.
2) ¸ÀªÀÄ¢é¨ÁºÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄd.
3) «µÀªÀĨÁºÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄd.
Based on measurement of angles, triangles are of four types.
PÉÆãÀUÀ½UÉ C£ÀÄUÀÄtªÁV wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ «zsÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉ¸Àj¹j. they are
PÉÆãÀUÀ½UÉ C£ÀÄUÀÄtªÁV wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼À°è £Á®ÄÌ «zsÀ, CªÀÅUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉà 1) Acute angled triangle.
1) ®WÀÄPÉÆãÀ wæ¨sÀÄd. 2) Right angled triangle.
2) ®A§PÉÆãÀ wæ¨sÀÄd. 3) Obtuse angled triangle.
3) «±Á®PÉÆãÀ wæ¨sÀÄd. 4) Equiangular triangle.
4) ¸ÀªÀÄPÉÆäÃAiÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄd.
¸ÀªÀĨÁºÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄd JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ? What is an Equilateral triangle?
wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ J¯Áè ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVzÀÝgÉ D wæ¨sÀÄdªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀªÀĨÁºÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄd Tringle in which all the sides are equal , is called an
J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. Equilateral triangle.
¸ÀªÀÄ¢é¨ÁºÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄd JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ? What is an Isosceles triangle ?
wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ JgÀqÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVzÀÝgÉ D wæ¨sÀÄdªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀªÀÄ¢é¨ÁºÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄd Tringle in which any two sides are equal , is called an
Isosceles triangle.
J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ.

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«µÀªÀĨÁºÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄd JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ? What is a Scalane triangle ?
wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ J¯Áè ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¨ÉÃgÉ-¨ÉÃgÉAiÀiÁVzÀÝgÉ D wæ¨sÀÄdªÀ£ÀÄß «µÀªÀĨÁºÀÄ Tringle in which the sides are different , is called an Scalane
wæ¨sÀÄd J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. triangle.
®WÀÄPÉÆãÀ wæ¨sÀÄd JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ? What is an Acute angled triangle ?
wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ J¯Áè PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ®WÀÄPÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÁVzÀÝgÉ D wæ¨sÀÄdªÀ£ÀÄß ®WÀÄPÉÆãÀ Tringle in which all the angles are acute angles , is called an
wæ¨sÀÄd J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. Acute angled triangle.
®A§PÉÆãÀ wæ¨sÀÄd JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ? What is a Right angled triangle ?
wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÁzÀgÀÆ MAzÀÄ PÉÆãÀ ®A§PÉÆãÀªÁVzÀÝgÉ D wæ¨sÀÄdªÀ£ÀÄß Tringle in which any one angle is Right angle , is called a
®A§PÉÆãÀ wæ¨sÀÄd J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. Right angled triangle.
What is an Obtuse angled triangle ?
«±Á®PÉÆãÀ wæ¨sÀÄd JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ?
Tringle in which any one angle is abtuse angle , is called an
wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÁzÀgÀÆ MAzÀÄ PÉÆãÀ «±Á®PÉÆãÀªÁVzÀÝgÉ D wæ¨sÀÄdªÀ£ÀÄß
Obtuse angled triangle.
«±Á®PÉÆãÀ/C¢üPÀPÉÆãÀ wæ¨sÀÄd J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ.
What is an Equiangular triangle ?
¸ÀªÀÄPÉÆäÃAiÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄd JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ?
Tringle in which all the angles are equal , is called an
wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ J¯Áè PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVzÀÝgÉ D wæ¨sÀÄdªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀªÀÄPÉÆäÃAiÀÄ Equilateral triangle.
wæ¨sÀÄd wæ¨sÀÄd J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. What is a set ?
UÀt JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ? Set is a collection of well defined things.
¸ÀÆPÀÛªÁV ¤gÀƦ¸À¯ÁzÀ ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À UÀÄA¥À£ÀÄß UÀt J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ . In how many ways the sets are represented ? which are
UÀtUÀ¼À ¥Àæw¤¢ü¸ÀÄ«PÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ºÉ¸Àj¹j. they?
UÀtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀæªÀÄÄRªÁV JgÀqÀÄ «zsÀUÀ¼À°è ¥Àæw¤¢ü¸ÀÄvÉÛÃªÉ . CªÀÅUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉà Sets are represented in two ways. They are
1.UÀuÁA±À ¥ÀzÀÝw 1. Roaster method
2.¤AiÀĪÀÄ ¥ÀzÀÝw 2. Rule method
UÀtUÀ¼À «zsÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉ¸Àj¹j. Name different types of sets .
UÀtUÀ¼À «zsÀUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉà types of sets are
1)¥Àj«ÄvÀ UÀt 2)C¥Àj«ÄvÀ UÀt 1, Finate set . 2. Infinate set
3. Null / Empty set 4. Universal set
3) ±ÀÆ£ÀåUÀt/ SÁ°UÀt 4)«±ÀéUÀt
5. Sub set
5) G¥ÀUÀt

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¥Àj«ÄvÀ UÀt JAzÀgÉãÀÄ? What is Finate set?
¥Àj«ÄvÀ UÀuÁA±ÀUÀ½gÀĪÀ UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß ¥Àj«ÄvÀUÀt J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. Set having countable number of elements is called finate set.
For eg: A = { 1,2,3,4,5 } For eg: A = { 1,2,3,4,5 }
B = {4,5,6,7,8 } B = {4,5,6,7,8 }
P ={ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 } P ={ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 }
C¥Àj«ÄvÀ UÀt JAzÀgÉãÀÄ? What is Infinate set ?
C¥Àj«ÄvÀ UÀuÁA±ÀUÀ½gÀĪÀ UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß C¥Àj«ÄvÀUÀt J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. Set having uncountable number of elements is called infinate
For eg : A = { 1,2,3,4,5,........... } set. For eg : A = { 1,2,3,4,5,........... }
B = {4,5,6,7,8,.............. } B = {4,5,6,7,8,.............. }
S ={ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,............... } S ={ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,............... }
SÁ°/±ÀÆ£ÀåUÀt JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ? What is Null / Empty set?
AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà UÀuÁA±ÀUÀ½®è¢gÀĪÀ UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß SÁ° / ±ÀÆ£ÀåUÀt J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ Set without any element is called a null / empty set.
null set is represented by the symbol ‘Ø’
±ÀÆ£ÀåUÀtªÀ£ÀÄß Ø ¸ÀAPÉÃvÀ¢AzÀ ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÉÃÛ ªÉ.
For eg : A = { Human aged 150 years }
GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÉ : A = {150 ªÀµÀð §zÀÄQgÀĪÀ ªÀÄ£ÀĵÀågÀ UÀt} S = { Students having 7 feet in GGpuc(B).hassan }
S ={¨Á.¸À.¥À.¥ÀÆ.PÁ¯ÉÃdÄ(«)zÀ°è 7 Cr JvÀÛgÀ«gÀĪÀ «zÁåyð¤AiÀÄgÀÄ }
«±ÀéUÀt JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ? What is Universal set ?
¥ÀjUÀt£ÉAiÀÄ°ègÀĪÀ J¯Áè UÀtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß G¥ÀUÀtUÀ¼À£ÁßV ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀ The bigger set from which elements are taken to form sub-
UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß «±ÀéUÀt J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ «±ÀéUÀtªÀ£ÀÄß U ¸ÀAPÉÃvÀ¢AzÀ ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÉÃÛ ªÉ . sets is called universal set. universal set is represented by the
G¥ÀUÀt JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ? symbol ‘U’
What is Sub set ?
UÀtªÉÇAzÀjAzÀ PÉ®ªÀÅ UÀuÁA±ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß vÉUÉzÀÄPÉÆAqÀÄ gÀa¸À¯ÁzÀ UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß
The set formed by taking elements from the universal set is
G¥ÀUÀt J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ .G¥ÀUÀtªÀ£ÀÄß ‘ ’ ¸ÀAPÉÃvÀ¢AzÀ ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÉÛêÉ. called sub-set.sub-set is represented by the symbol ‘ ’
KPÁA±ÀUÀt JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ?
MAzÉà MAzÀÄ UÀuÁA±ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀ UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß KPÁA±ÀUÀt J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ. singleton set : The set having only one element is called
singelton set.

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UÀtUÀ¼À ¸ÀAAiÉÆÃUÀ JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ? Define union of sets ?
JgÀqÀÄ UÀtUÀ¼À J¯Áè CA±ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß MmÁÖV PÀÆr¹ §gÉzÀ The set formed by collecting the elements of both the sets is
UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀAAiÉÆÃUÀ UÀt J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ . A ªÀÄvÀÄÛ B UÀtUÀ¼À ¸ÀAAiÉÆÃUÀ called union of sets. union of set A & B is represented by
AUB.
UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß A U B¤AzÀ ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÉÛÃªÉ .
Define intersection of sets ?
UÀtUÀ¼À bÉÃzÀ£À JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ?
The set formed by collecting the elements comman to both
JgÀqÀÆ UÀtUÀ¼À°è ¸ÁªÀiÁ£ÀåªÁzÀ CA±ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß Dj¹ §gÉzÀ
the sets is called intersection of sets. intersection of sets A &
UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß bÉÃzÀ£ÀUÀt J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ . A ªÀÄvÀÄÛ B UÀtUÀ¼À ¸ÀAAiÉÆÃUÀ UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß B is represented by A∩B.
A ∩B¤AzÀ ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÉÃÛ ªÉ . Define difference of sets ?
UÀtUÀ¼À ªÀåvÁå¸À JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ? The set formed by selecting elements belongs to only one set
PÉêÀ® MAzÀÄ UÀtPÉÌ ªÀiÁvÀæ ¸ÉÃjzÀ UÀuÁA±ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ªÀiÁvÀæ DAiÀÄÄÝ §gÉzÀ is called difference of sets.
UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß UÀtUÀ¼À ªÀåvÁå¸À J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ . difference of sets A & B is written as A / B or B /A.
A / B means elements belongs to set A only.
GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÉ A /B CAzÀgÉ A UÀtPÉÌ ªÀiÁvÀæ ¸ÉÃjzÀ CA±ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ JAzÀxÀð.
B /A means elements belongs to set B only.
EzÉà jÃw B / A CAzÀgÉ B UÀtPÉÌ ªÀiÁvÀæ ¸ÉÃjzÀ CA±ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ JAzÀxÀð. Symmetric difference of two sets :
¸ÀªÀÄAd¸À UÀt JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ? Symmetric difference of two sets is the union of all
JgÀqÀÄ UÀtUÀ¼À°è£À ¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå UÀuÁA±ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉÆgÀvÀÄ¥Àr¹ G½zÀ those elements in A which are not in B and those elements
UÀuÁA±ÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀAAiÉÆÃUÀ UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀªÀÄAd¸À UÀt J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ. in B which are not B. It is denoted by A∆B.
A ªÀÄvÀÄÛ B UÀtUÀ¼À ¸ÀªÀÄAd¸À UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß A∆B ¤AzÀ ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÉÃÛ ªÉ Define a complimentary set ?
¥ÀÆgÀPÀ UÀt JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ? The set formed by excluding the elements which are
MAzÀÄ UÀtzÀ UÀuÁA±ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß «±ÀéUÀtzÀ°è ºÉÆgÀvÀÄ¥Àr¹ §gÉzÀ G½PÉ comman in the set & the universal set is called
complimentary set .
UÀuÁA±ÀUÀ¼À UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß ¥ÀÆgÀPÀUÀt J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ,
Complimentary set of A is denoted by A1 orAc .
A UÀtzÀ ¥ÀÆgÀPÀUÀtªÀ£ÀÄß A1 ¤AzÀ ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÉÛêÉ. ¸ÀÆZÀ£É :
¸ÀÆZÀ£É : 1) A U B = B U A
1) A U B = B U A 2) A∩B = B∩A
2) A∩B = B∩A 3) A /B ≠ B/ A
3) A /B ≠ B/ A
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4) A∆B = B∆A
4) A∆B = B∆A 5) (A1)1 = A
5) (A1)1 = A 6) For any disjoint sets A and B, A∩B = Ø
6) For any disjoint sets A and B, A∩B = Ø 7) A∩A1 = Ø
7) A∩A1 = Ø 8) AUA1 = U
8) AUA1 = U 9) U1 = Ø
9) U1 = Ø 10)Ø 1 = U
10) 10)Ø 1 = U 11)U/A = A1
11)U/A = A1
§ºÀĨsÀÄeÁPÀÈwUÀ¼ÀÄ :ªÀÄÆgÀÄ CxÀªÀ ºÉZÀÄÑ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ½AzÀ DªÀÈvÀªÁzÀ Polygons :Plane enclosed by three or more line segments is
¸ÀªÀÄvÀ¯ÁPÀÈwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß §ºÀĨsÀÄeÁPÀÈw J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ. called polygon.
GzÁ: wæ¨sÀÄd For eg : Triangle
ZÀvÀĨsÀÄðd Quadrilateral
¥ÀAZÀ¨sÀÄeÁPÀÈw Pentagon
µÀqÀÄâeÁPÀÈw Hexagon
¸À¥ÀÛ¨sÀÄeÁPÀÈw Heptagon
CµÀרsÀÄeÁPÀÈw Octagon
£ÀªÀ¨sÀÄeÁPÀÈw Nanogon
Decagon
zÀ±À¨sÀÄeÁPÀÈw
wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼À ¸ÀªÀð¸ÀªÀÄvÉ :
Congruency of triangles :
¸ÀªÀð¸ÀªÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼ÀÄ JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ?
Definition of Congruency of triangles :
MAzÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ ªÀÄÆgÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀÄÆgÀÄ PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÉÆAÛ zÀÄ
If the three sides and three angles of one triangle are equal
wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ ªÀÄÆgÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀÄÆgÀÄ PÉÆãÀUÀ½UÉ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVzÀÝgÉ D
to the corresponding three sides and three angles of
wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀªÀð¸ÀªÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼ÀÄ J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ . CxÀªÀ another triangle, then the triangles are said to be
MAzÀgÀ ªÉÄÃ¯É MAzÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdªÀ£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢¹zÁUÀ ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ LPÀåªÁUÀĪÀ congruent.
wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀªÀð¸ÀªÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼ÀÄ J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ .

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wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼À ¸ÀªÀð¸ÀªÀÄvÉUÉ ¸ÀA§A¢ü¹zÀ ¹zÁÝAvÀUÀ¼ÀÄ : Postulates related to Congruency of triangles :
¨Á.PÉÆÃ.¨Á ¸ÀéAiÀÄA¹zÀÝ 1)S.S.S Postulate :
¨Á.¨Á.¨Á ¸ÀéAiÀÄA¹zÀÝ 2)S.A.S Postulate :
PÉÆÃ.¨Á.PÉÆà ¸ÀéAiÀÄA¹zÀÝ 3)A.S.A Postulate :
®A.PÉÆÃ.PÀ.¨Á ¸ÀéAiÀÄA¹zÀÝ 4)R.H.S Postulate :
¨Á.PÉÆÃ.¨Á ¸ÀéAiÀÄA¹zÀݪÀ£ÀÄß ¤gÀƦ¹j . Define S.S.S Postulate :
MAzÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ JgÀqÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ MAzÀÄ PÉÆãÀ ªÀÄvÉÆAÛ zÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ Two triangles are said to be congruent to each other, if
JgÀqÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ MAzÀÄ PÉÆãÀPÉÌ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVzÀÝgÉ , D JgÀqÀÄ three side of one triangle is equal to the corresponding
wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀð¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ . EzÀ£ÀÄß ¨Á.PÉÆÃ.¨Á ¸ÀéAiÀÄA¹zÀÝ J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ three sides of anothe triangle – this is called S.S.S
Postulate.
¨Á.¨Á.¨Á ¸ÀéAiÀÄA¹zÀݪÀ£ÀÄß ¤gÀƦ¹j .
Define S.A.S Postulate :
MAzÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ ªÀÄÆgÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÉÆAÛ zÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ ªÀÄÆgÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ½UÉ
If two sides and their included angle of one triangle is
¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVzÀÝgÉ , D JgÀqÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀð¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ . EzÀ£ÀÄß
equal to the corresponding two sides and their included
¨Á.¨Á.¨Á ¸ÀéAiÀÄA¹zÀÝ J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ .
angle of another triangle,then two triagles are congruent
PÉÆÃ.¨Á.PÉÆà ¸ÀéAiÀÄA¹zÀݪÀ£ÀÄß ¤gÀƦ¹j . to each other- this is called S.A.S Postulate.
MAzÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ JgÀqÀÄ PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ MAzÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄ ªÀÄvÉÆAÛ zÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ Define A.S.A Postulate :
JgÀqÀÄ PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ MAzÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄ«UÉ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVzÀÝgÉ , D JgÀqÀÄ If two angles and their comman side of one triangle is
wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀð¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ . EzÀ£ÀÄß PÉÆÃ.¨Á.PÉÆà ¸ÀéAiÀÄA¹zÀÝ equal to the corresponding two angles and their
J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ comman side of another triangle,then two triagles are
congruent to each other- this is called A.S.A Postulate.
®A.PÉÆÃ.PÀ.¨Á ¸ÀéAiÀÄA¹zÀݪÀ£ÀÄß ¤gÀƦ¹j . Define R.H.S Postulate :
®A§PÉÆãÀ wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼À°è MAzÀgÀ MAzÀÄ PÀtð ªÀÄvÀÄÛ MAzÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄ Two right angled triangles are congruent, if the
ªÀÄvÉÆAÛ zÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ MAzÀÄ PÀtð ªÀÄvÀÄÛ MAzÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄ«UÉ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVzÀÝgÉ D hypotenuse and a side of one triangle, are equal to the
JgÀqÀÆ wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀð¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ . EzÀ£ÀÄß ®A.PÉÆÃ.PÀ.¨Á ¸ÀéAiÀÄA¹zÀÝ hypotenuse and the corresponding side of the other- this
J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ . is called R.H.S Postulate.

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¥Á±ÀéðPÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ? Definition of Adjacent angles :
MAzÉà ¸ÀªÀÄvÀ¯zÀ°ègÀĪÀ G¨sÀAiÀÄ ¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå ¨ÁºÀÄ ºÁUÀÆ MAzÀÄ ¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå Two angles in a plane are adjacent angles if they have a
CAvÀå©AzÀĪÀ£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀ JgÀqÀÄ PÉÆãÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥Á±ÀéðPÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ comman side and a comman end point.
J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ .
¥ÀÆgÀPÀ PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ?. What are complementary angles ?
JgÀqÀÄ PÉÆãÀUÀ¼À ªÉÆvÀÛ 900 UÉ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVzÀÝgÉ , CªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀÆgÀPÀPÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ Two angles are complementary angles,if the sum of their
J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. measures is 900
For example :
GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÉ –
400& 500
400& 500
300& 600
300& 600
700& 200
700& 200 What are supplementary angles ?
¸ÀA¥ÀÆgÀPÀ / ¥Àj¥ÀÆgÀPÀ/¸ÀgÀ¼ÀPÉÆãÀ ¥ÀÆgÀPÀ JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ?. Two angles are supplementary angles,if the sum of their
JgÀqÀÄ PÉÆãÀUÀ¼À ªÉÆvÀÛ 1800 UÉ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVzÀÝgÉ , CªÀÅUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀA¥ÀÆgÀPÀ / measures is 1800
¥Àj¥ÀÆgÀPÀ/¸ÀgÀ¼ÀPÉÆãÀ ¥ÀÆgÀPÀPÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. For example :
GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÉ – 1100& 700
110& 700 1000& 800
1000& 800 300& 1500
300& 1500
What are Vertically opposite angles?
±ÀÈAUÁ©üªÀÄÄR PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ?.
If two straight lined intersect,then the angles formed
JgÀqÀÄ ¸ÀgÀ¼ÀgÉÃSÉUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ bÉâ¹zÁUÀ , CªÀÅUÀ¼À ±ÀÈAUÀ©AzÀÄ«£À°è
vertically opposite are called Vertically opposite angles
C©üªÀÄÄRªÁVgÀĪÀ PÉÆãÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ±ÀÈAUÁ©üªÀÄÄR PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ
Statement 1 : If a ray stands on a straight line, then the
ºÉýPÉ 1: MAzÀÄ ¸ÀgÀ¼ÀgÉÃSÉAiÀÄ ªÉÄÃ¯É MAzÀÄ QgÀtªÀÅ ¤AvÁUÀ GAmÁUÀĪÀ sum of the adjacent angles formed is 1800.
Û ÀÅ 1800 EgÀÄvÀz
¥Á±ÀéPÉÆãÀUÀ¼À ªÉÆvÀª Û É. Statement 2 : If two straight lined intersect,then the
ºÉýPÉ 2: JgÀqÀÄ ¸ÀgÀ¼ÀgÉÃSÉUÀ¼ÀÄ bÉâ¹zÁUÀ GAmÁUÀĪÀ ±ÀÈAUÁ©üªÀÄÄR vertically opposite angles are equal.
PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀªÛ É.
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ºÉýPÉ 3: JgÀqÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀ ¸ÀgÀ¼ÀgÉÃSÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß MAzÀÄ bÉÃzÀPÀªÀÅ PÀvjÀÛ ¹zÁUÀ Statement 3 :If a transversal intersects two parallel
GAmÁUÀĪÀ C£ÀÄgÀÆ¥À PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀª Û É. lines,then the pairs of corresponding angles are equal.
ºÉýPÉ 4: MAzÉà gÉÃSÉUÉ ¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀªÁVgÀĪÀ gÉÃSÉUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ Statement 4 :The lines parallel to a line, are parallel to
¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ . each other.
ªÀÈvÀÛ JAzÀgÉãÀÄ?. What is a circle ?
¹ÜgÀ©AzÀÄ«¤AzÀ ¸ÀªÀÄzÀÆgÀzÀ°ègÀĪÀ C£ÀAvÀ©AzÀÄUÀ¼À UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÈvÀÛ The plane surface formed by tracing a point which is
J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ at equidistance from a constant point.
wædå JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ?. What is Radius ?
ªÀÈvÀÛPÉÃAzÀæ¢AzÀ ªÀÈvÀÛ¥Àj¢üUÉ EgÀĪÀ zÀÆgÀªÀ£ÀÄß wædå J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ . The distance from centre to the circumperence is
called radius.
¥Àj¢ü JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ?.
What is Circumperence ?
ªÀÈvÀÛªÀ£ÀÄß DªÀj¹gÀĪÀ ªÀPÀægÉÃSÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥Àj¢ü J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ .
The curved line enclosing the circle is called
ªÀÈvÀÛPÀA¸À JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ?.
circumperence.
ªÀÈvÀÛ¥Àj¢üAiÀÄ vÀÄAqÁzÀ ¨sÁUÀªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÈvÀÛPÀA¸À J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ .
Define Arc of a circle ?
ªÀÈvÀÛPÀA¸ÀUÀ¼À°è JµÀÄÖ «zsÀ ?. CªÀÅ AiÀiÁªÀŪÀÅ ?. The cut piece of circumperence is called Arc.
ªÀÈvÀÛPÀA¸ÀUÀ¼À°è 3 «zsÀ .CªÀÅUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉà Name different types of arcs .
®WÀĪÀÈvÀÛ PÀA¸À . C¢üPÀ ªÀÈvÀÛ PÀA¸À . CzsÀðªÀÈvÀÛ PÀA¸À. There are three types of arcs . they are
eÁå JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ?. 1) Minor arc. 2) Major arc. 3) Semi arc.
ªÀÈvÀÛ¥Àj¢üAiÀÄ ªÉÄð£À AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà JgÀqÀÄ ©AzÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÉÃj¸ÀĪÀ What is a Chord ?
gÉÃSÁRAqÀªÀ£ÀÄß eÁå J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ . The line joing any two points on the circumperence is
ªÁå¸À JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ?. called chord.
PÉÃAzÀæzÀ ªÀÄÆ®PÀ ºÁzÀĺÉÆÃUÀĪÀ eÁåªÀ£ÀÄß ªÁå¸À J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ . What is diameter ?
ªÁå¸ÀªÀÅ 2 wædåUÀ½UÉ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ . The chord passing through centre is called diameter.
ªÀÈvÀÛRAqÀ JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ?. Define Segment of a circle ?
ªÀÈvÀÛPÀA¸À ªÀÄvÀÄÛ eÁåUÀ½AzÀ DªÀÈvÀªÁzÀ ¸ÀªÀÄvÀ®ªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÈvÀÛRAqÀ J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. The plane surface enclosed by chord and arc is called
Segment.

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ªÀÈvÀÛRAqÀÀUÀ¼À°è JµÀÄÖ «zsÀ ?. CªÀÅ AiÀiÁªÀŪÀÅ ?. Name different types of Segments .
ªÀÈvÀÛRAqÀUÀ¼À°è 3 «zsÀ .CªÀÅUÀ¼ÉAzÀgÉà There are three types of Segments . they are
®WÀĪÀÈvÀÛ RAqÀ.C¢üPÀ ªÀÈvÀÛRAqÀ.CzsÀðªÀÈvÀÛRAqÀ. 1) Minor Segment .2) Major Segment .3) Semi Segment
ªÀÈvÀÛRAqÀzÀ°è£À PÉÆãÀUÀ¼À §UÉÎ n¥Ààt §gɬÄj. Write a note on Angles in segments :
®WÀĪÀÈvÀÛRAqÀzÀ°è£À PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ «±Á®PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ . Minor segments substends obtuse angles.
C¢üPÀªÀÈvÀÛRAqÀzÀ°è£À PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ®WÀÄPÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ . Major segments substends acute angles.
CzsÀðªÀÈvÀÛRAqÀzÀ°è£À PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ®A§PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÁVgÀÄvÀª Û É. semi segments substends right angles.
MAzÉà ªÀÈvÀÛPÀA¸ÀzÀ ªÉÄð£À PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ . Angles on same arc are equal to each other.
MAzÀÄ ªÀÈvÀÛPÀA¸ÀªÀÅ PÉÃAzÀæzÀ°è K¥Àðr¸ÀĪÀ PÉÆãÀªÀÅ , CzÉà PÀA¸ÀªÀÅ The angle formed by an arc in centre is two times the angle
formed by the same arc in circumperence.
¥Àj¢üAiÀÄ°è K¥Àðr¸ÀĪÀ PÉÆãÀzÀ JgÀqÀ¶ÖgÀÄvÀz Û É.
Name different types of Quadrilaterals .
ZÀvÀĨsÀÄðdzÀ «zsÀUÀ¼ÀÄ :
Square Rectangle
ªÀUÀð/ZËPÀ/ZÀZËÑPÀ DAiÀÄvÀ
Parallelogram Rhombus
¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀ ZÀvÀĨsÀÄðd
Trapizium Isosceles Trapizium
ªÀeÁæPÀÈw vÁæ¦då
Define a triangle ?
¸ÀªÀÄ¢é¨ÁºÀÄ vÁæ¦då
The plane surface enclosed by three lines is called a tringle.
wæ¨sÀÄd JAzÀgÉãÀÄ ?
Mention the characteristics of a triangle .
ªÀÄÆgÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ½AzÀ DªÀÈvÀªÁzÀ ¸ÀªÀÄvÀ¯ÁPÀÈwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß wæ¨sÀÄd J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. 1)Every tringle has three vertices.
wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼ÀÄ. 2) Every tringle has three sides.
wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ°è ªÀÄÆgÀÄ ±ÀÈAUÀUÀ½ªÉ 3) Every tringle has three interior angles.
wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ°è ªÀÄÆgÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ½ªÉ . 4) Sum of three interior angles is equals to 1800
wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ°è ªÀÄÆgÀÄ PÉÆãÀUÀ½ªÉ . List the properties of Quadrilateral
wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ°è ªÀÄÆgÀÄ PÉÆãÀUÀ¼À ªÉÆvÀÛ 1800 UÉ ¸ÀªÀÄ . 1)Every Quadrilateral has four vertices.
ZÀvÀĨsÀÄðdzÀ UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼ÀÄ : 2) Every Quadrilateral tringle has four sides.
ZÀvÀĨsÀÄðdzÀ°è £Á®ÄÌ ±ÀÈAUÀUÀ½ªÉ ZÀvÀĨsÀÄðdzÀ°è £Á®ÄÌ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ½ªÉ 3) Every Quadrilateral tringle has four interior angles.
ZÀvÀĨsÀÄðdzÀ°è £Á®ÄÌ PÉÆãÀUÀ½ªÉ . ZÀvÀĨsÀÄðdzÀ°è JgÀqÀÄ PÀtðUÀ½ªÉ . 4) Sum of four interior angles of Quadrilateral is equals to
ZÀvÀĨsÀÄðdzÀ°è £Á®ÄÌ PÉÆãÀUÀ¼À ªÉÆvÀÛ 3600 UÉ ¸ÀªÀÄ . 3600 5)Every Quadrilateral has two diagonals

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ZËPÀ / ªÀUÀðzÀ UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß w½¹j. .List the properties of Square .
J¯Áè ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. All the sides are equal.
J¯Áè PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ 900 UÉ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. All the angles are equal to 900.
PÀtðUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁV C¢üð¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. Diagonals are equal.
PÀtðUÀ¼ÀÄ ZËPÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀªÀð¸ÀªÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼ÁV «¨sÁV¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. Diagonals bisect each other.
DAiÀÄvÀzÀ UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼ÀÄ : Diagonals divide the square into two conguent triangles.
C©üªÀÄÄR ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀĸÀªÀÄ . List the properties of Rectangle
J¯Áè M¼ÀPÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ 900 UÉ ¸ÀªÀÄ . Opposite sides are equal.
All the angles are equal to 900.
PÀtðUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁV C¢üð¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ
Diagonals are equal.
PÀtðUÀ¼ÀÄ DPÀÈwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀªÀð¸ÀªÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼ÁV ¨sÁUÀ ªÀiÁqÀÄvÀÛªÉ .
Diagonals bisect each other.
¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀ ZÀvÀĨsÀÄðdzÀ UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼ÀÄ:
Diagonals divide the square into two conguent triangles.
C©üªÀÄÄR ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄ .
List the properties of Parallelogram
PÀtðUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀĪÁVgÀĪÀÅ¢®è . Opposite sides are equal.
C©üªÀÄÄR PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄ . Opposite angles are equal .
¥Á±Àéð PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀĸÀgÀ¼ÀPÉÆãÀ ¥ÀÆgÀPÀ / ¸ÀA¥ÀÆgÀPÀ / ¥Àj¥ÀÆgÀPÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ . Any two concecutive angles are supplementary.
PÀtðUÀ¼ÀÄ DPÀÈwAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¸ÀªÀð¸ÀªÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼ÁV ¨sÁUÀ ªÀiÁqÀÄvÀÛªÉ . Diagonals are not equal.
PÀtðUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ ¸ÀªÀĪÁV C¢üð¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ Diagonals bisect each other.
ªÀeÁæPÀÈwAiÀÄ UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß w½¹j. Diagonals divide the square into two conguent triangles.
J¯Áè ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀª Û É. List the properties of Rhombus
C©üªÀÄÄR PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀª Û É. All the sides are equal.
AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà C£ÀÄPÀæªÀÄPÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀA¥ÀÆgÀPÀªÁVgÀÄvÀª
Û É.PÀtðUÀ¼ÀÄ ®A§ªÁV Opposite angles are equal .
C¢üð¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ. Any two concecutive angles are supplementary.
PÀtðUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀeÁæPÀÈwAiÀÄÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀªÀð¸ÀªÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼ÁV «¨sÁV¸ÀÄvÀÛªÉ Diagonals bisect perpendicularly.
Diagonals divide the Rhombus into two conguent triangles.

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vÁæ¦dåzÀ UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß w½¹j. List the properties of Trapizium
MAzÀÄ eÉÆvÉ C©üªÀÄÄR ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. One pair of sides are parellel to each other.
¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀªÀ®èzÀ ¨ÁºÀÄ«£À CAvÀå©AzÀÄ«À£À°è GAmÁUÀĪÀ ¥Á±ÀéðPÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ Angles at the end of non parellel sides are supplementary.
¸ÀA¥ÀÆgÀPÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. PÀtðUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀĪÀÅ¢®è. Diagonals are not equal.
¸ÀªÀÄ¢é¨ÁºÀÄ vÁæ¦dåzÀ UÀÄt®PÀëtUÀ¼À£ÀÄß w½¹j.
MAzÀÄ eÉÆvÉ C©üªÀÄÄR ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. List the properties of Isosceles Trapizium
¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀªÀ®èzÀ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ . One pair of sides are parellel to each other.
¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀªÀ®èzÀ ¨ÁºÀÄ«£À CAvÀå©AzÀÄ«À£À°è GAmÁUÀĪÀ C£ÀÄPÀæªÀÄPÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ Non parellel sides are equal.
¸ÀA¥ÀÆgÀPÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. Angles at the end of non parellel sides are supplementary.
Diagonals are equal.
PÀtðUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ
±ÉæÃrüUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ±ÉæÃtÂUÀ¼À ¸ÀÆvÀæUÀ¼ÀÄ :
Series & Sequence Formulaer!
¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀ ±ÉæÃt UÀÄuÉÆÃvÀÛgÀ±ÉæÃt ºÀgÁvÀäPÀ ±ÉæÃt ARTHMETIC SERIES GEOMETRIC SERIES HARMONIC SERIES

ªÀiÁzÀj gÀÆ¥À a,a+d,a+2d,,…. a,ar,ar2,ar3,… 1/a,1/a+d,........ STANDARD

FORM
a,a+d,a+2d,,…. a,ar,ar2,ar3,… 1/a,1/a+d,........
¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå 2,4,6,8,…… 2,4,8,……. 1/2,1/3,1/4,… GENERAL 2,4,6,8,…… 2,4,8,……. 1/2,1/3,1/4,…
GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÀ¼ÀÄ 1.4.7.10,…….. 1,3,9,27,.... 1/3,1/5,1/7,… FORM 1.4.7.10,…….. 1,3,9,27,.... 1/3,1/5,1/7,…
n £Éà ¥ÀzÀ Tn= a+(n-1) d Tn= a r n-1 Tn=1/a+(n-1)d n th TERM Tn = a+(n-1) d Tnn= a r n-1 Tn=1/a+(n-1)d
n
ªÀiÁzsÀåUÀ¼ÀÄ A = a+b G = ab H = 2ab MEAN A = a+b G = ab H = 2ab
2 a+b 2 a+b
n ¥ÀzÀUÀ¼À Sn = n[2a+(n-1)]d 1) Sn= a(rn-1)
SUM OF n Sn= n[2a+(n-1)]d 1) Sn= a(rn-1)
2 TERMS
ªÉÆvÀÛ 2
r-1 r>1 r-1 r>1
Sn = n(a+l) Sn = n(a+l)
2 2) Sn= a(1-rn) 2 2) Sn= a(1-rn)
1-r r<1 1-r r<1
3) S∞= a 3) S∞= a
1-r sum of ∞ terms 1-r sum of ∞ terms

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Pr£À CxÀð: n ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ½AzÀ r ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À (eÉÆÃqÀuÉAiÀÄ) PÀæªÀÄAiÉÆÃd£ÉAiÀÄ Meaning of nPr : Types of Arrangements of r things out of n
«zsÀUÀ¼ÀÄ things.
n! = 1x2x3x4x5x…….x n 5! = 5x4x3x2x1 n! = 1x2x3x4x5x…….x n 5! = 5x4x3x2x1
n n n n
n n n n Pr = n! Pn = n! P1 = n P0 = 1
Pr = n! Pn = n! P1 = n P0 = 1
(n-r)!
(n-r)!

n
Meaning of nCr : Types of selections of r things out of n
Cr£À CxÀð: n ªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ½AzÀ rªÀ¸ÀÄÛUÀ¼À (DAiÉÄÌAiÀÄ ) «PÀ®àUÀ¼À «zsÀUÀ¼ÀÄ
things.
n n n n
Cr = n! Cn = 1 C1 = n C0 = 1 n
Cr = n! n
Cn = 1 n
C1 = n n
C0 = 1
(n-r)!.r! (n-r)!.r!
n
Cr = nCn-r n
Cr =Pr n n
Cr = nCn-r n
Cr = nPr
r! r!
JgÀqÀÄ ¸ÀASÉåUÀ¼À ¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀªÀiÁzsÀå(AM), UÀÄuÉÆÃvÀÛgÀªÀiÁzsÀå(GM)ªÀÄvÀÄÛ Relationship between (AM) , (GM ) and (HM ) of any two
ºÀgÁvÀäPÀ ªÀiÁzsÀå(HM )UÀ½VgÀĪÀ ¸ÀA§AzsÀ : AM ≥ GM ≥ HM numbers is : AM ≥ GM ≥ HM
ªÀUÀð¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ : Quadratic equations:
DzÀ±ÀðgÀÆ¥ÀzÀ ªÀUÀð¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtªÀÅ ax2+bx+c = 0 gÀÆ¥ÀzÀ°ègÀÄvÀÛzÉ. Standard form of Quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0.
( where a ≠ 0)
(E°è a ≠ 0)
Standard form of pure Quadratic equation is ax2 + c = 0.
DzÀ±ÀðgÀÆ¥ÀzÀ ±ÀÄzÀݪÀUÀð¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀt ax2+c = 0gÀÆ¥ÀzÀ°ègÀÄvÀÛzÉ If b=0 then Standard form of Quadratic equation becomes
b=0 DzÀgÉ ªÀUÀð¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtªÀÅ ax2 + c = 0 DUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.(EzÀ£ÀÄß ax2 + c = 0.(Called pure Quadratic equation )
±ÀÄzÀݪÀUÀð¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀt J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ) If a=0 then Standard form of Quadratic equation becomes
b≠ 0 DzÀgÉ ªÀUÀð¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtªÀÅ ax2+bx+c = 0 DUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.(EzÀ£ÀÄß bx+ c = 0.(Called linear equation )
If b ≠ 0 then Standard form of Quadratic equation becomes
«Ä±ÀæªÀUÀð¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀt J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ )
ax2 + bx + c = 0.(Called Adfected Quadratic equation )
a= 0 DzÀgÉ ªÀUÀð¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtªÀÅbx+c = 0 DUÀÄvÀÛzÉ.(EzÀ£ÀÄß s¸ÀgÀ¼À ¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀt The graph of y= x2 , y= 2x2 ,….. is called parabola
J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ ) y= x2 , y= 2x2 ,…..UÀ¼À £ÀPÉëAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ¥ÀgÀªÀ®AiÀÄ £ÀPÉë J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ

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ªÀUÀð¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtzÀ ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼À ¸Àé¨sÁªÀªÀÅ ±ÉÆÃzsÀPÀ Nature of the roots of Quadratic equation is
2
(▲= b -4ac)£À ¨É¯ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß CªÀ®A©¹gÀÄvÀÛzÉ determined by the Descriminant ▲= b2 - 4ac.
±ÉÆÃzsÀPÀzÀ ¨É¯É ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼À ¸Àé¨sÁªÀ Value of Nature of the roots
Descriminant
(▲= b2-4ac.)
ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼ÀÄ ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀªÀÄ. 1 b2 - 4ac = 0 Roots are real & equal.
1 b2- 4ac = 0
ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼ÀÄ ªÁ¸ÀÛªÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ©ü£Àß. 2 b2 - 4ac > 0 Roots are real & distinct.
2 b2 - 4ac > 0
3 b2 - 4ac < 0 Roots are imaginary
3 b2 - 4ac < 0 ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀA«Ä±Àæ ¸ÀASÉåUÀ¼ÀÄ.
ªÀUÀð¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtzÀ ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼À ªÉÆvÀÛ : m+n = - b/a Sum of the roots : m+n = - b/a
ªÀUÀð¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtzÀ ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼À UÀÄt®§: mn = c/a Product of the roots : mn = c/a
m & n UÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄÆ®UÀ¼ÁVzÀÝgÉ C¥ÉÃQëvÀ ªÀUÀð¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtªÀÅ If m & n are roots, the Quadratic equation is in the form
x2 - (m+n)x + mn = 0
x2- (m+n)x+mn = 0 gÀÆ¥ÀzÀ°ègÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
wæPÉÆãÀ«ÄwAiÀÄ C£ÀÄ¥ÁvÀUÀ¼ÀÄ :
Trignometric ratios :
SinΘ = C©üªÀÄÄR¨ÁºÀÄ CosecΘ = «PÀtð SinΘ = Opp CosecΘ = Hyp
«PÀtð ¥Á±Àéð¨ÁºÀÄ Hyp opp
CosΘ = Adj SecΘ = Hyp
CosΘ = ¥Á±Àéð¨ÁºÀÄ SecΘ = «PÀtð
Hyp Adj
«PÀtð ¥Á±Àéð¨ÁºÀÄ TanΘ = opp CotΘ = adj
TanΘ =C©üªÀÄÄR¨ÁºÀÄ CotΘ = ¥Á±Àéð¨ÁºÀÄ adj opp
¥Á±Àéð¨ÁºÀÄ C©üªÀÄÄR¨ÁºÀÄ Tan 𝛉= sinΘ Cot𝛉 = cosΘ
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉
cosΘ sinΘ
Tan 𝛉 = Cot𝛉 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
Sin 𝛉= 1/ cosec𝛉 Cosec𝛉 = 1/sin𝛉
Sin 𝛉= 1/ cosec𝛉 Cosec𝛉 = 1/sin𝛉 Cos𝛉 = 1/sec𝛉 Sec𝛉= 1/cos𝛉
Cos𝛉 = 1/sec𝛉 Sec𝛉= 1/cos𝛉 Tan𝛉 = 1/cot𝛉 Cot 𝛉=1/tan𝛉
Tan𝛉 = 1/cot𝛉 Cot 𝛉=1/tan𝛉

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¤¢ðµÀ×PÉÆãÀUÀ½UÉ wæPÉÆãÀ«ÄwAiÀÄ C£ÀÄ¥ÁvÀUÀ¼ÀÄ: Trignometric ratios for standard angles:
0 0 0
30 45 60 90 0 0 0 00 300 450 600 900
𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 √𝟑
Sin𝛉 0 1 Sin𝛉 0 1
𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 wæPÉÆãÀ«ÄwAiÀÄ 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏
cos𝛉 1 √ 0 cos𝛉 1 √ 0 Trignometric
𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐 ¤vÀå¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtUÀ¼ÀÄ : 𝟐 √𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 simultaneous equatios:
tan𝛉 0 1 √𝟑 N.D 1)Sin2𝛉 +cos2𝛉= 1 tan𝛉 0 1 √𝟑 N.D 1)Sin2𝛉 + cos2𝛉 = 1
√𝟑 √𝟑
𝟐 𝟐 2)1+ tan2𝛉 = sec2𝛉
cosec𝛉 N.D 2 √𝟐 1 2)1+ tan2𝛉= sec2𝛉 cosec𝛉 N.D 2 √𝟐 1
√𝟑 √𝟑 3)1+ cot2𝛉 = cosec2𝛉
𝟐 3)1+ cot2𝛉 = cosec2𝛉 𝟐
sec𝛉 1 √𝟐 2 N.D sec𝛉 1 √𝟐 2 N.D
√𝟑 √𝟑
𝟏 𝟏
cot𝛉 N.D √𝟑 1 0 cot𝛉 N.D √𝟑 1 0
√𝟑 √𝟑

¥ÀÆgÀPÀPÉÆãÀUÀ½UÉ wæPÉÆãÀ«Äw C£ÀÄ¥ÁvÀUÀ¼ÀÄ :

Trignometric complementary angle ratios:
Sin(900 –A) = cosA Sin(900 –A) = cosA Sin(900 –A) = cosA Sin(900 –A) = cosA
cosec(900 –A) = secA Sec(900 –A) = cosecA cosec(900 –A) = secA Sec(900 –A) = cosecA
tan(900 –A) = cotA cot(900 –A) = tanA tan(900 –A) = cotA cot(900 –A) = tanA
UÀtUÀ¼À ¤AiÀĪÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ : ¥ÀjªÀvÀð¤AiÀÄ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ : AUB = BUA Rules of Sets : Commutative law : AUB = BUA
A∩B = B∩A A∩B = B∩A
¸ÀºÀªÀvÀð¤AiÀÄ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ: AU(BUC) = (AUB)UC Associative law : AU(BUC) = (AUB)UC
A∩(B∩C) = (A∩B)∩C A∩(B∩C) = (A∩B)∩C
«¨sÁdPÀ ¤AiÀĪÀÄ : AU(B∩C) = (AUB) ∩ (AUC) Distributive law : AU(B∩C) = (AUB) ∩ (AUC)
A∩ (BUC) = (A∩B)U(A∩C)
A∩ (BUC) = (A∩B)U(A∩C)

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1
rªÀiÁUÉÆÃð£À ¤AiÀĪÀÄ : (AUB) = A ∩ B 1 1 1
(A∩B) = A U B 1 1
DeMargones law : (AUB)1 = A1∩ B1 (A∩B)1 = A1 U B1
UÀtUÀ¼À UÀuÁA±ÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉåUÀ½VgÀĪÀ ¸ÀA§AzsÀ : Relationship between number of elements of the sets :
n(A) + n(B) = n(AUB) +n(A∩B) n(A) = n(AUB) +n(A∩B) - n(B) n(A) + n(B) = n(AUB) +n(A∩B) n(A) = n(AUB) +n(A∩B) - n(B)
n(B) = n(AUB) +n(A∩B) - n(A) n(AUB) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A∩B) n(B) = n(AUB) +n(A∩B) - n(A) n(AUB) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A∩B)
n(A∩B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(AUB) n(A∩B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(AUB)
¸ÀASÁå±Á¸ÀÛç : Statistics
¸ÀgÁ¸Àj , ªÀiÁ£ÀPÀ«ZÀ®£É ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀiÁ¦ð£ÀUÀÄuÁAPÀ Average, Standard deviation and variance
CªÀVÃðPÀÈvÀ zÀvÁÛA±ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀVÃðPÀÈvÀ zÀvÁÛA±ÀUÀ¼ÀÄ Un-grouped data grouped data
∑𝐱 ∑𝐟𝐱
¸ÀgÁ¸Àj ∑𝐱 ∑𝐟𝐱 Average, 𝐱̅ = 𝐱̅ =
𝐱̅ = 𝐱̅ = 𝐍 𝐍
𝐍 𝐍
𝟐 𝟐
Direct ∑𝐱 𝟐 ∑𝐱 𝟐 ∑𝐟𝐱 𝟐 ∑𝐟𝐱 𝟐
£ÉÃgÀ«zsÁ£À ∑𝐱 𝟐 ∑𝐱 ∑𝐟𝐱 𝟐 ∑𝐟𝐱 𝛔= √ − ( ) 𝛔= √ − ( )
𝛔= √ − ( ) 𝛔= √ − ( ) method 𝐍 𝐍 𝐍 𝐍
𝐍 𝐍 𝐍 𝐍
actual
£ÉÊd¸ÀgÁ¸Àj ∑𝐝𝟐 ∑𝐟𝐝𝟐 mean ∑𝐝𝟐 ∑𝐟𝐝𝟐
«zsÁ£À 𝛔= √ 𝛔= √ 𝛔= √ 𝛔= √
𝐍 𝐍 method. 𝐍 𝐍
CAzÁdÄ
¸ÀgÁ¸Àj ∑𝐝𝟐 ∑𝐝 𝟐 ∑𝐟𝐝𝟐 ∑𝐟𝐝 𝟐 Assumed
𝛔= √ − ( ) 𝛔= √ − ( )
«zsÁ£À 𝐍 𝐍 𝐍 𝐍 mean ∑𝐝𝟐 ∑𝐝 𝟐 ∑𝐟𝐝𝟐 ∑𝐟𝐝 𝟐
𝛔= √ − ( ) 𝛔= √ − ( )
method 𝐍 𝐍 𝐍 𝐍
ºÀAvÀ«ZÀ®£Á
∑𝐝 ∑𝐝 𝟐 𝟐 ∑𝐟𝐝𝟐 ∑𝐟𝐝 𝟐
«zsÁ£À 𝛔=√ − ( ) XC 𝛔=√ −( ) 𝐗𝐂
𝐍 𝐍 𝐍 𝐍 Step
𝟐 𝟐
deviation 𝛔 = √∑𝐝 − (∑𝐝) Xc ∑𝐟𝐝𝟐 ∑𝐟𝐝 𝟐
ªÀiÁ¦ð£À 𝛔 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐍 𝐍
𝛔=√ − ( ) 𝐗𝐜
C.v = method 𝐍 𝐍
UÀÄuÁAPÀ 𝐱̅
𝛔 𝐗 𝟏𝟎𝟎
variance C.v =
𝐱̅

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eÁ¯ÁPÀÈwUÀ½UÉ DAiÀÄègÀ£À ¤¨sAzÀ£ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¸ÀÆvÀæUÀ¼ÀÄ: Euler’s Condition for Travesity of graph and formulae :
AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà eÁ¯ÁPÀÈwAiÀÄ°è PÉêÀ® ¸ÀªÀĸÀA¥ÁvÀ©AzÀÄUÀ½zÀÝgÉ D eÁ¯ÁPÀÈw If all the nodes are even nodes, then the graph is travesible.
¥ÁgÀªÁºÀPÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.. If the graph has only two odd nodes, then also the graph is
AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà eÁ¯ÁPÀÈwAiÀÄ°è PÉêÀ® JgÀqÀÄ ¨É¸À¸ÀA¥ÁvÀ©AzÀÄUÀ½zÀÝgÉ D travesible.
eÁ¯ÁPÀÈw ¥ÁgÀªÁºÀPÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. If the graph has only more than two odd nodes, then the
AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà eÁ¯ÁPÀÈwAiÀÄ°è JgÀqÀQÌAvÀ ºÉZÀÄÑ ¨É¸À¸ÀA¥ÁvÀ©AzÀÄUÀ½zÀÝgÉ D graph is non-travesible.
Eulers formula for Polyhedra : F+V = E+2
eÁ¯ÁPÀÈw C¥ÁgÀªÁºÀPÀªÁVgÀÄvÀz Û É..
Here F= faces, V = vertices and E= edges
§ºÀĪÀÄÄRWÀ£ÁPÀÈwUÀ½UÉ DAiÀÄègÀ£À ¸ÀÆvÀ æ: F+V = E+2
Eulers formula graphs : N+R = A+2
E°è F–ªÀÄÄRUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉå. , V- ±ÀÈAUÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉå., E- CAZÀÄUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉå.. Here N= Nodes, R = Regions and A= Arcs
eÁ¯ÁPÀÈwUÀ½UÉ DAiÀÄègÀ£À ¸ÀÆvÀæ N+R = A+2
E°è N–¸ÀA¥ÁvÀ©AzÀÄUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉå,R- ªÀ®AiÀÄUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉå.,A-PÀA¸ÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉå. PÉëÃvÀæUÀtÂvÀ :
ªÀPÀæ ªÉÄïÉäöÊ ¥ÀÆtð ªÉÄïÉäöÊ «¹ÛÃtð WÀ£À¥sÀ®
Mensuration
«¹ÛÃtð
LSA TSA Volume
¹¯ÉAqÀgï A= 2πrh A= 2πr(r+h) V= πr2h
Cylinder A= 2πrh A= 2πr(r+h) V= πr2h
Cone A= Πrl A= πr ( r+l) V= πr2h ±ÀAPÀÄ A= Πrl A= πr ( r+l) V= πr2h
3 3
Sphere A= 4πr 2
A= 4πr 2
V= 4πr3 UÉÆüÀ A= 4πr2 A= 4πr 2
V= 4πr3
3 3
Hemi A= 2πr2 A= 3πr2 V= 2πr2 CzsÀð A= 2πr2 A= 3πr 2
V= 2πr2
sphere 3 UÉÆüÀ 3
Frustrum πh(r1 +r22 + r1r2)
2
±ÀAPÀÄ«£À π( r1 +r2 ) l π [(r1+r2)l + r1 +r2 ] πh(r12 +r22 + r1r2)
2 2
π( r1 +r2 )l π[(r1+r2)l +r1 +r2 ]
2 2
3 ©ü£ÀßPÀ 3

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¥ÉèÃmÉÆäPï WÀ£ÁPÀÈwUÀ¼ÀÄ : Platonic Solids :
WÀ£ÁPÀÈw ªÀÄÄRUÀ¼ÀÄ(F) ±ÀÈAUÀUÀ¼ÀÄ CAZÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ Solid (F) ( V) (E)
( V) (E) Tetrahedron 4 4 6
ZÀvÀĪÀÄÄðRWÀ£À 4 4 6 Hexahedron 6 8 12
µÀtÄäRWÀ£À 6 8 12 Octahedron 8 6 12
CµÀתÀÄÄRWÀ£À 8 6 12 Dodecahedron 12 20 30
zÁézÀ±ÀªÀÄÄRWÀ£À 12 20 30 Isocahedron 20 12 30
«A±ÀwªÀÄÄRWÀ£À 20 12 30 Circles : Minor segments substends obtuse angles.
ªÀÈvÀÛUÀ¼ÀÄ : ®WÀĪÀÈvÀÛRAqÀzÀ°è£À PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ «±Á®PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÁVgÀÄvÀª Û É. Major segments substends acute angles.
C¢üPÀªÀÈvÀÛRAqÀzÀ°è£À PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ®WÀÄPÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. semi segments substends right angles.
CzsÀðªÀÈvÀÛRAqÀzÀ°è£À PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÀÄ ®A§PÉÆãÀUÀ¼ÁVgÀÄvÀª Û É. Converse of pythagoras theorem :
¥sÉÊxÁUÉÆÃgÀ¸À£À «¯ÉÆêÀÄ ¥ÀæªÉÄÃAiÀÄ : AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà MAzÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ°è MAzÀÄ "If the square on the longest side of a triangle is equal to the
¨ÁºÀÄ«£ÀÀ ªÀUÀðªÀÅ G½zÉgÀqÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼À ªÀUÀðUÀ¼À ªÉÆvÀPÛ ÉÌ ¸ÀªÀĪÁVzÀÝgÉ D sum of the squareson the other two sides, then those two
¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ®A§PÉÆãÀªÀ£ÀÄß M¼ÀUÉÆArgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. EzÀ£ÀÄß ¥sÉÊxÁUÉÆÃgÀ¸À£À sides contain a right angle."
«¯ÉÆêÀÄ ¥ÀæªÉÄÃAiÀÄ J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ
£ÉÃgÀ¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ªÀåvÀå¸ÀܸÁªÀiÁ£Àå¸Àà±ÀðPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ : Nature of DCT & TCTs:
£ÉÃgÀ¸ÁªÀiÁ£Àå¸Àà±ÀðPÀUÀ¼À ªÀåvÀå¸ÀܸÁªÀiÁ£Àå DCT TCT
Distinct circles 2 2
¸ÀASÉå ¸Àà±ÀðPÀUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉå
externally 2 1
¨ÉÃ¥ÀðlÖ ªÀÈvÀÛUÀ¼ÀÄ 2 2 touching circles
¨ÁºÀå¸Àà±Àð ªÀÈvÀÛUÀ¼ÀÄ 2 1 internally 1 None
CAvÀB¸Àà±Àð ªÀÈvÀÛUÀ¼ÀÄ 1 E®è touching circles
bÉâ¸ÀĪÀ ªÀÈvÀÛUÀ¼ÀÄ E®è intersecting 2 None
2
circles
KPÀPÉÃA¢æÃAiÀÄ ªÀÈvÀÛUÀ¼ÀÄ E®è E®è
concentric circles None None
¸Àà±ÀðPÀzÀ GzÀÝ 𝒕 𝒕 length of tangent 𝒕 = √𝒅𝟐 − (𝑹 − 𝒓)𝟐 𝒕 = √𝒅𝟐 − (𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐
= √𝒅𝟐 − (𝑹 − 𝒓)𝟐 = √𝒅𝟐 − (𝑹 + 𝒓)𝟐

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R ªÀÄvÀÄÛ r wædåUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢gÀĪÀ JgÀqÀÄ ªÀÈvÀÛUÀ¼À PÉÃAzÀæUÀ½VgÀĪÀ zÀÆgÀ d For two circles having radie R And r, if thedistance between
DVzÀÝgÉ their cetres are 'd, then
1)¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ ¨ÁºÀå¸Àà²ð¸ÀĪÀ ªÀÈvÀÛUÀ½UÉ d = R + r 1)For Externally touching circles d=R+r
2) For internally touching circles d=R- r
2) ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ CAvÀB¸Àà²ð¸ÀĪÀ ªÀÈvÀÛUÀ½UÉ d = R - r
3) For intersecting circles d <R+r
3) ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ bÉâ¸ÀĪÀ ªÀÈvÀÛUÀ½UÉ d < R + r 4) For distinct circles d >R+r
4) ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ zÀÆgÀ«gÀĪÀ ªÀÈvÀÛUÀ½UÉ d > R + r DVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. Theorem1:If two triangles are equiangular, then their
¥ÀæªÉÄÃAiÀÄ -1 :¸ÀªÀÄPÉÆäÃAiÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄgÀƦ wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ corresponding sides are proportional.
JAzÀÄ ¸Á¢ü¹j . CxÀªÀ JgÀqÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄPÉÆäÃAiÀÄUÀ¼ÁzÀÝgÉ CªÀÅUÀ¼À
C£ÀÄgÀÆ¥À ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀiÁ£ÀÄ¥ÁvÀzÀ°ègÀÄvÀÛªÉ . Theorem 2:The areas of similar triangles are proportional
¥ÀæªÉÄÃAiÀÄ -2 :JgÀqÀÄ wæ¨sÀÄdUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄgÀƦUÀ¼ÁVzÀÝgÉ CªÀÅUÀ¼À «¹ÛÃtðUÀ¼ÀÄ to the squares of the corresponding sides.
CªÀÅUÀ¼À C£ÀÄgÀÆ¥À ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼À ªÀUÀðUÀ¼À C£ÀÄ¥ÁvÀzÀ°ègÀÄvÀÛªÉ
Theorem 3 (Pythagoras theorem): In a right angled
¥ÀæªÉÄÃAiÀÄ -3/¥sÉÊxÁUÉÆÃgÀ¸À£À ¥ÀæªÉÄÃAiÀÄ:MAzÀÄ ®A§PÉÆãÀ wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ°è
triangle, the Square on the hypotenuse is equal to the
«PÀtðzÀ ªÉÄð£À ªÀUÀðªÀÅ G½zÉgÀqÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼À ªÉÄð£À ªÀUÀðUÀ¼À ªÉÆvÀPÛ ÉÌ
sum of the squares on the other two sides.
¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ
Theorem 4: If two circles touch each other, the point
¥ÀæªÉÄÃAiÀÄ 4 : JgÀqÀÄ ªÀÈvÀÛUÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ ¸Àà²ð¹zÁUÀ , ¸Àà±Àð©AzÀÄ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ of contact and the centres of the circles are collinear.
ªÀÈvÀÛPÉÃAzÀæUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀgÀ¼ÀgÉÃSÁUÀvÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ Theorem 5: The tangents drawn to a circle from an
¥ÀæªÉÄÃAiÀÄ 5 :¨ÁºÀå©AzÀÄ«¤AzÀ ªÀÈvÀÛPÉÌ J¼ÉzÀ ¸Àà±ÀðPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ C) ¸ÀªÀĪÁVAiÀÄÆ external point are, (i) equal(ii) equally inclined to the
D) ¨ÁºÀå©AzÀĪÀ£ÀÄß PÉÃAzÀæPÉÌ ¸ÉÃj¸ÀĪÀ ¸ÀgÀ¼ÀgÉÃSÉAiÉÆqÀ£É ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁzÀ line joining the external point and the centre(iii)
PÉÆãÀªÀ£ÀÄß ªÀÄvÀÄÛ E) PÉÃAzÀæzÀ°è ¸ÀªÀĪÁzÀ PÉÆãÀªÀ£ÀÄß K¥Àðr¸ÀÄvÀÛzÉ . subtend equal angles at the centre.
¥sÉÊxÁUÉÆÃgÀ¸À£À wæªÀ½UÀ¼ÀÄ : ®A§PÉÆãÀ wæ¨sÀÄdªÀ£ÀÄßAlÄ ªÀiÁqÀĪÀ ªÀÄÆgÀÄ Pythagorean triplets : Set of three natural numbers, which
¸Áé¨sÁ«PÀ ¸ÀASÉåUÀ¼À wæªÀ½UÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥sÉÊxÁUÉÆÃjÃAiÀÄ wæªÀ½UÀ¼ÀÄ makes a right angled triangle are called are called
J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ.GzÁºÀgÀuÉUÉ : C) 3,4,5. Pythagorean triplets.
D) 5,12,13. E) 8,15,17. F)7,24,25.G)6,8,10. Ex : 1) 3, 4, 5 2) 5,12, 13 3) 6,8,10 4) 8, 15,17
PÀgÀtÂUÀ¼À DPÀgÀtÂÃPÀgÀt : MAzÀÄ PÀgÀtÂAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ªÀÄvÉÆÛAzÀÄ PÀgÀt¬ÄAzÀ UÀÄt¹ rationalisation of surds :Conversion of surd from irrational
¨sÁUÀ®§Ý ªÀÄÆ®PÉÌ ¥ÀjªÀwð¸ÀĪÀÅzÀ£ÀÄß PÀgÀtÂUÀ¼À DPÀgÀtÂÃPÀgÀt J£ÀÄßvÉÛÃªÉ form into rational form by multipling with suitable surd is
called rationalisation of surd
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¸ÀÆZÀ£É : KPÀ¥ÀzÀ PÀgÀtÂUÀ½UÉ ¸ÀºÀUÀÄtPÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀjUÀt¸À¨ÉÃPÁV®è Note : 1) For mononial surds they itself are Rationalising
Note : 1) KPÀ¥ÀzÀ PÀgÀtÂUÀ½UÉ KPÀ¥ÀzÀ PÀgÀtÂUÀ¼Éà CPÀgÀtÂÃPÁgÀPÀUÀ¼ÁVgÀÄvÀª
Û É. factor . 2) For mononial surds coefficients cannot be taken
2) KPÀ¥ÀzÀ PÀgÀtÂUÀ½UÉ ¸ÀºÀUÀÄtPÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀjUÀt¸À¨ÉÃPÁV®è consideration. 3) For Binonial surds of the form (a+b)
Rationalising factor is in the form (a-b) .
3)(a+b) gÀÆ¥ÀzÀ ¢é¥ÀzÀ PÀgÀtÂUÀ½UÉ (a-b) gÀÆ¥ÀzÀ
sl no Surd R.F sl no Surd R.F
PÀgÀtÂUÀ¼ÀÄCPÀgÀtÂÃPÁgÀPÀUÀ¼ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ.
1 √𝟓 √𝟓 7 √𝟓 − √𝟑 √𝟓 + √𝟑
PÀgÀt CPÀgÀtÂPÁgÀPÀ PÀgÀt CPÀgÀtÂPÁgÀPÀ
2 𝟑√ 𝒂 √𝒂 8 6√𝒙 − 𝟒√𝒚 6√𝒙 − 𝟒√𝒚
1 √𝟓 √𝟓 7 √𝟓 − √𝟑 √𝟓 + √𝟑 3 √𝒙 + 𝒚 √𝒙 + 𝒚 9 5√𝒂 + 𝟑√𝒃 5√𝒂 − 𝟑√𝒃
2 𝟑√ 𝒂 √𝒂 8 6√𝒙 − 𝟒√𝒚 6√𝒙 − 𝟒√𝒚
4 - 5√𝒙 −√𝒙 10 -10√𝒂 − √𝒃 -10√𝒂 + √𝒃
3 √𝒙 + 𝒚 √𝒙 + 𝒚 9 5√𝒂 + 𝟑√𝒃 5√𝒂 − 𝟑√𝒃 5 𝟒√𝒑 + 𝒒 √𝒑 + 𝒒 11 -√𝟕 − 𝟑√𝟐 -√𝟕 + 𝟑√𝟐
4 - 5√𝒙 −√𝒙 10 -10√𝒂 − √𝒃 -10√𝒂 + √𝒃 𝟑 𝟑
6 3 + √𝟐 3 -√𝟐 12 √𝒂 √𝒂𝟐
5 𝟒√ 𝒑 + 𝒒 √ 𝒑 + 𝒒 11 -√𝟕 − 𝟑√𝟐 -√𝟕 + 𝟑√𝟐
𝟑 𝟑
6 3 + √𝟐 3 -√𝟐 12 √𝒂 √𝒂𝟐 Relationship between expressions and their H.C.F &L.C.M
©ÃeÉÆÃQÛUÀ¼À ªÀÄ.¸Á.C ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ®.¸Á.C UÀ½VgÀĪÀ ¸ÀA§AzsÀ : JgÀqÀÄ Product of any two expressions is equal to the product of
©ÃeÉÆÃQÛUÀ¼À UÀÄt®§ÝªÀÅ CªÀÅUÀ¼À ªÀÄ.¸Á.C ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ®.¸Á.CUÀ¼À UÀÄt®§ÝPÉÌ their L.C.M & H.C.F.
¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. A ªÀÄvÀÄÛ B ©ÃeÉÆÃQÛUÀ¼À ªÀÄ.¸Á.C H ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ®.¸Á.C L If H and L are H.C.F & L.C.M of two expressions A and
DVzÀÝgÉ DUÀ 1) A X B = H X L B , then we have the following relations: 1) A X B = H X L
2) A = H X L 3) B = H X L 4) H = A X B 4) L = A X B
2) A = H X L 3) B = H X L 4) H = A X B 4) L = A X B B A L H
B A L H
Horizontal line: The line parallel to earth surface is called QëwdgÉÃSÉ : ¨sÀÆ«ÄUÉ ¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀªÁVgÀĪÀ gÉÃSÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß Qëwd gÉÃSÉ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
Horizontal line
vertical line : The line perpendicular to horizontal line is ®A§gÉÃSÉ : Qëwd gÉÃSÉ ®A§ªÁVgÀĪÀ gÉÃSÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß ®A§gÉÃSÉ J£ÀÄߪÀgÀÄ.
called vertical line.
slope: The ratio of the vertical distance to the horizontal
𝐲𝟐 − 𝐲𝟏 gÉÃSÉAiÀÄ E½eÁgÀÄ : ®A§JvÀÛgÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ QëwdzÀÆgÀUÀ½VgÀĪÀ C£ÀÄ¥ÁvÀªÀ£ÀÄß
distance is called slope. Slope = (m) = tanƟ = 𝐲𝟐 − 𝐲𝟏
𝐱𝟐− 𝐱𝟏
gÉÃSÉAiÀÄ E½eÁgÀÄ J£ÀÄßvÉÃÛ ªÉ. E½eÁgÀÄ (m) =tanƟ =
𝐱𝟐− 𝐱𝟏
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A (x1, yI) and B(x2, y2) ©AzÀÄUÀ¼À £ÀqÀÄ«£À E½eÁgÀÄ Slope of a straight line passing through two given points:
𝐲𝟐 − 𝐲𝟏 Slope of a straight line passing through twopoints A (x1, yI)
(m) =tanƟ = DVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. 𝐲𝟐 − 𝐲𝟏
𝐱𝟐− 𝐱𝟏
and B(x2, y2) is given by 𝐦 =
𝐱𝟐− 𝐱𝟏
¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀ gÉÃSÉUÀ¼ÀÄ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁzÀ E½eÁgÀ£ÀÄß ºÉÆA¢gÀÄvÀÛªÉ. ( m1 = m2 )
Parallel lines have equal slopes. ( m1 = m2 )
JgÀqÀÄ gÉÃSÉUÀ¼ÀÄ ®A§ªÁVzÀÝgÉ CªÀÅUÀ¼À E½eÁgÀÄUÀ¼À UÀÄt®§Ý -1 PÉÌ If two lines are mutually perpendicular then, the product
¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ. ( m1 X m2 = -1 ) of their slopes is –1. ( m1 X m2 = -1 )
The equation of a line with slope 'm' and whose y -
MAzÀÄ gÉÃSÉAiÀÄ E½eÁgÀÄ m ªÀÄvÀÄÛ CzÀgÀ y CAvÀBbÉÃzÀ c DVzÁÝUÀ CzÀgÀ
intercept is 'c' is given by y = mx +c
¸À«ÄÃPÀgÀtªÀÅ y = mx +c DVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ . *When vertical distance is less than the horizontal distance,
*Qëwd gÉÃSÉAiÀÄÄ ®A§gÉÃSÉVAvÀ PÀrªÉĬÄzÀÝgÉ, E½eÁgÀÄ 1 QÌAvÀ slope is less than 1.
PÀrªÉĬÄgÀÄvÀz Û É. * When vertical distance is equal to the horizontal distance,
*Qëwd gÉÃSÉAiÀÄÄ ®A§gÉÃSÉVAvÀ ºÉZÁÑVzÀÝgÉ, E½eÁgÀÄ 1 QÌAvÀ slope is equal to 1.
ºÉZÁÑVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. * When vertical distance is more than the horizontal
*Qëwd gÉÃSÉAiÀÄÄ ®A§gÉÃSÉUÉ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVzÀÝgÉ, E½eÁgÀÄ 1 PÉÌ ¸ÀªÀi£ÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ distance, slope is more than 1.
ºÉZÁÑVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
Distance formula: Distance between two points : Distance
JgÀqÀÄ ©AzÀÄUÀ¼À £ÀqÀÄ«£À zÀÆgÀ: (x1,y1) & (x2,y2 ) JgÀqÀÄ ©AzÀÄUÀ¼À
between two points (x1,y1) & (x2,y2 ) is given by
£ÀqÀÄ«£À zÀÆgÀªÀ£ÀÄß PÀAqÀÄ»rAiÀÄ®Ä §¼À¸ÀĪÀ ¸ÀÆvÀæ
𝐝 = √(𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝐲𝟐 − 𝐲𝟏 )𝟐
𝐝 √(𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐱 𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝐲𝟐 − 𝐲𝟏 )𝟐 Distance of a point in a plane from the origin: Distance of a
ªÀÄÆ®©AzÀÄ (0,0) «¤AzÀ ©AzÀÄ A(x,y)VgÀĪÀ zÀÆgÀªÀ£ÀÄß point (x,y) in a plane from the origin(0,0) is given by 𝐝 =
√𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐
PÀAqÀÄ»rAiÀÄ®Ä §¼À¸ÀĪÀ ¸ÀÆvÀæ 𝐝 = √𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐲 𝟐
Mid point fomula :If P is the midpoint of AB[Here A(x1,y1)
ªÀÄzsÀå©AzÀÄ ¸ÀÆvÀæ : p ©AzÀÄ AB [E°è A(x1,y1) ªÀÄvÀÄ B(x2,y2)]Û AiÀÄ 𝐱 𝟐 +𝐱 𝟏 𝐲𝟐 +𝐲𝟏
and B(x2,y2)] then coordinates of 𝐏(𝐱, 𝐲) = ( , )
ªÀÄzsÀå©AzÀĪÁVzÁÝUÀ p £À ¤zÉÃð±ÁAPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ 𝟐 𝟐
This is also called the mid point fomula.
𝐱 𝟐 +𝐱 𝟏 𝐲𝟐 +𝐲𝟏
𝐏(𝐱, 𝐲) = ( , )
𝟐 𝟐

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¨sÁUÀ¥ÀæªÀiÁt ¸ÀÆvÀæ : A(x1,y1) ªÀÄvÀÄÛ B(x2,y2)UÀ½AzÀ K¥ÀðqÀĪÀ
gÉÃSÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß m:n ¥ÀæªÀiÁtzÀ°è «¨sÁV¸ÀĪÀ ©AzÀÄ
𝐦𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐦𝐱 𝟏 𝐦𝐲𝟐 + 𝐦𝐲𝟏
P(𝐱, 𝐲) = , 𝐦𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐦𝐱 𝟏 𝐦𝐲𝟐 + 𝐦𝐲𝟏
𝐦+𝐧 𝐦+𝐧
§ºÀÄ¥ÀzÉÆÃQÛUÀ¼ÀÄ : x ZÀgÁPÀëgÀªÁVgÀĪÀ p(x) =a0 + a1x1 +a2x2 +a3x3 +
--------------- + anxn gÀÆ¥ÀzÀ ©ÃeÉÆÃQÛAiÀÄ£ÀÄß §ºÀÄ¥ÀzÉÆÃQÛ J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ.
E°è WÁvÁAPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ IÄuÁvÀäPÀªÀ®è
§ºÀÄ¥ÀzÉÆÃQÛAiÀÄ WÁvÀ : §ºÀÄ¥ÀzÉÆÃQÛAiÀÄ UÀjµÀ×WÁvÀªÀ£ÀÄß §ºÀÄ¥ÀzÉÆÃQÛAiÀÄ
WÁvÀ J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ.
AiÀÄÄQèqï£À ¨sÁUÁPÁgÀ C£ÀÄ¥ÀæªÉÄÃAiÀÄ : JgÀqÀÄ zsÀ£À¥ÀÆuÁðAPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ a ªÀÄvÀÄÛ b
UÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¤ÃrzÁÝUÀ ¸ÀA§AzsÀPÉÌ ¸ÀjºÉÆAzÀĪÀAvÉ JgÀqÀÄ C£À£Àå¥ÀÆuÁðAPÀUÀ¼ÀÄ
q ªÀÄvÀÄÛ r UÀ¼ÀÄ a = bq + r , 0 ≤ r ≤ b jÃwAiÀÄ ¸ÀA§AzsÀªÀ£ÀÄß
ºÉÆA¢gÀÄvÀÛªÉ . EzÀ£ÀÄß AiÀÄÄQèqï£À ¨sÁUÁPÁgÀ C£ÀÄ¥ÀæªÄÉ ÃAiÀÄ J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ.
p(x) and g(x) UÀ¼ÀÄ JgÀqÀÄ ©ÃeÉÆÃQÛUÀ¼ÁVzÁÝUÀ £ÁªÀÅ
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x), jÃwAiÀÄ ¸ÀA§AzsÀªÀ£ÀÄß £ÉÆÃqÀÄvÀÛªÉ
E°è r(x) = 0 CxÀªÀ r(x) £À WÁvÀ < g(x) £À WÁvÀ
¨sÁdå = ¨sÁdPÀ* ¨sÁUÀ®§Ý + ±Éõ ¸ÀA¨sÀªÀ¤ÃAiÀÄvÉ :
AiÀiÁzÀÈaÑPÀ ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ : ¤RgÀªÁzÀ ¥sÀ°vÁA±ÀªÀ£ÀÄß H»¸À¯ÁUÀ¢gÀĪÀ
¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀªÀ£ÀÄß AiÀiÁzÀÈaÑPÀ ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. GzÁ: £Átå aªÀÄÄäªÀÅzÀÄ.
zÁ¼ÀUÀ¼À£ÀÄß GgÀĽ¸ÀĪÀÅzÀÄ.
¥sÀ°vÀ ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥sÀ°vÀUÀt : AiÀiÁzÀÈaÒPÀ ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ ¥sÀ°vÁA±ÀªÀ£ÀÄß ¥sÀ°vÀ
J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. AiÀiÁzÀÈaÒPÀ ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀzÀ J¯Áè ¥sÀ°vÀUÀ¼À UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß ¥sÀ°vÀ UÀt
J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. ¥sÀ°vÀ UÀtªÀ£ÀÄß S CPÀëgÀ¢AzÀ ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÉÛêÉ.
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Section Formula: AB be a line joining the points A(x1,y1)
and B(x2,y2) and point P divides the linesegment AB inthe
ratio m : n then the coordinates of point P is given
by𝑷(𝐱, 𝐲) = ,
𝐦+𝐧 𝐦+𝐧
polynomials : an algebraic expression of the form,
p(x) = a0 + a1x1 +a2x2 +a3x3 + --------------- + anxn in which
the variables involved have only non-negative integral
exponents is called a polynomial in x.
Degree of polynomial: The highest exponent of the variable
in a polynomial is called its degree.
Euclid’s Division algorithm for polynomials:
If a and b are any two integers, then a = bq + r,
where 0 ≤ r ≤ b.
If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x) ≠ 0, then
we can always find polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x), where r(x) = 0 or
degree of r(x) < degree of g(x).
Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder
Random experiment: A random experiment is one in which
the exact outcome cannot be predicted. However, one can
list all the possible outcomes of the random experiment.
For eg : *Tossing a coin
* Throwing a die*Drawing a card from a well shuffled
pack of cards
Sample point & Sample space : The set of all possible
outcomes of a randomexperiment is called a sample space.
It is generally denoted by S.

WÀl£É : ¥sÀ°vÀ UÀtzÀ G¥ÀUÀtªÀ£ÀÄß WÀl£É J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ.
WÀl£ÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¨sÀªÀ¤ÃAiÀÄvÉ : MAzÀÄ ¥sÀ°vÀ UÀtzÀ°ègÀĪÀ WÀl£ÉUÉ
C£ÀÄPÀÆ°¸ÀĪÀ ¥ÁæxÀ«ÄPÀ WÀl£ÉUÀ¼À ¸ÀASÉå ªÀÄvÀÄÛ ¥ÁæxÀ«ÄPÀ WÀl£ÉUÀ¼À MlÄÖ
¸ÀASÉåUÀ¼À £ÀqÀÄ«£À C£ÀÄ¥ÁvÀªÀ£ÀÄß WÀl£ÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¨sÀªÀ¤ÃAiÀÄvÉ J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ.
WÀl£ÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¨sÀªÀ¤ÃAiÀÄvÉ = WÀl£ÉUÉ C£ÀÄPÀÆ°¸ÀĪÀ ¥ÁæxÀ«ÄPÀ WÀl£ÉUÉ ¸ÀASÉå
¥sÀ°vÀUÀtzÀ°ègÀĪÀ ¥ÁæxÀ«ÄPÀ WÀl£ÉUÀ¼À MlÄÖ ¸ÀASÉå
P(A) = n(A)
n(S) Note : 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
RavÀWÀl£É: ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀzÀ AiÀÄvÀßzÀ°è RArvÀªÁV ¸ÀA¨sÀ«¸ÀĪÀ WÀl£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß
RavÀWÀl£É J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. RavÀWÀl£ÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¨sÀªÀ¤ÃAiÀÄvÉ 1 PÉÌ ¸ÀªÀÄ£ÁVgÀÄvÀz
GzÁ : zÁ¼ÀªÀ£ÀÄß GgÀĽ¹zÁUÀ 6 QÌAvÀ PÀrªÉÄ EgÀĪÀ ¸Áé¨sÁ«PÀ ¸ÀASÉå
§gÀĪÀÅzÀÄ.
C¸ÀA¨sÀªÀ WÀl£É : ¥ÀæAiÉÆÃUÀ AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà AiÀÄvÀßzÀ°è ¸ÀA¨sÀ«¸À®Ä ¸ÁzsÀå«®èzÀ
WÀl£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß C¸ÀA¨sÀªÀ WÀl£É J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. C¸ÀA¨sÀªÀ WÀl£ÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¨sÀªÀ¤ÃAiÀÄvÉ
0 DVgÀÄvÀz Û É.
AiÀiÁªÀÅzÉà WÀl£ÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¨sÀªÀ¤ÃAiÀÄvÉAiÀÄÄ 0 ªÀÄvÀÄÛ 1 gÀ £ÀqÀÄªÉ EgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
¥ÀÆgÀPÀWÀl£É : E1 WÀl£ÉAiÀÄ ¥ÀÆgÀPÀ WÀl£É E2 DVzÀÝgÉ WÀl£É E1
¸ÀA¨sÀ«¹zÁUÀ WÀl£É E2 ¸ÀA¨sÀ«¸À¯ÁUÀzÀ WÀl£ÉAiÀiÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ. E£À ¥ÀÆgÀPÀ
WÀl£ÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß E¤AzÀ ¸ÀÆa¸ÀÄvÉÛêÉ. GzÁ: zÁ¼ÀªÀ£ÀÄß GgÀĽ¹zÁUÀ WÀl£É A
¸ÀªÀĸÀASÉåUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¥ÀqÉAiÀÄĪÀÅzÁVzÀÄÝ , WÀl£É B ¨É¸À¸ÀASÉåUÀ¼À£ÀÄß
¥ÀqÉAiÀÄĪÀÅzÁVzÀÝgÉ DUÀ A ªÀÄvÀÄÛ B UÀ¼ÀÄ ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ ¥ÀÆgÀPÀ
WÀl£ÉUÀ¼ÁVgÀÄvÀÛªÉ.
¸ÀÆZÀ£É : P(E) + P(E) = 1
¢£ÀPÉÆÌAzÀÄ UÀtv
 À¸ÀÆvÀæ
sample space : Each element or memberof a sample space is
called a sample point.
Probability : The chance of happening of an event when
expressed quantitatively is called probability.
Probability of an event = Noof events favourable to theevent
Total no of elementary events in sample space
P(A) = n(A)
n(S) Note : 0 ≤ P(A) ≤ 1
sure or certain event : An event of a random experiment is
Û É. called a sure or certain event if any one of its elements will
surely occur in any trial of the experiment. Probability of
sure event is 1.
impossible event :An event which will not occur on any
account in any trial of the experiment is called an
impossible event. Probability of an impossible event is 0.
Probability of an event can be any fraction from 0 to 1,
including 0 and 1.
Complementary events: Suppose we throw a die once.
Consider the two events,
(i ) getting an even number E= {2, 4, 6}
(i i) getting an odd number E = {1, 3, 5}
Compare the two events, "getting an odd number "and
"not geting an evennumber"we observe that event E1 occurs
only when event E2 doesnot occur and vice versa.These two
events E1 and E2 are called complementary events.
Note : P(E1) + P(E2) = 1

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¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ ªÀdåð WÀl£ÉUÀ¼ÀÄ : JgÀqÀÄ CxÀªÀ CzÀQÌAvÀ ºÉZÀÄÑ WÀl£ÉUÀ¼À£ÀÄß Mutually exclusive events : Two or more events are said to
¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ ªÀdåð WÀl£ÉUÀ¼ÉAzÀÄ ºÉüÀ¨ÉÃPÁzÀgÉ MAzÀÄ WÀl£ÉAiÀÄ be mutually exclusive if the occurance of one event prevents
¸ÀA¨sÀ«¸ÀÄ«PÉAiÀÄÄ ªÀivÉÆAÛ zÀÄ WÀl£ÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¨sÀ«¸ÀÄ«PÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß vÀqÉAiÀĨÉÃPÀÄ. or excludes the occurance of other event.
E1 & E2 ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ ªÀdåð WÀl£ÉUÀ¼ÁVzÀÝgÉ P(E1 U E2) = P(E1) + P(E2) Addition rule of probability: if E1 and E2 are two mutually
DVgÀÄvÀz
Û É. EzÀ£ÀÄß ¸ÀA¨sÀªÀ¤ÃAiÀÄvÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀAPÀ®£À ¤AiÀĪÀÄ J£ÀÄßvÉÛêÉ. exclusive events, then E1 ∩ E2 = ɸ and
P(E1 U E2) = P(E1) + P(E2) . This result is known as the
¸ÀA¨sÀªÀ¤ÃAiÀÄvÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀAPÀ®£À ¤AiÀĪÀÄ : E1 & E2 ¥ÀgÀ¸ÀàgÀ ªÀdåð
addition rule of probability.
WÀl£ÉUÀ¼ÁVzÀÝgÉ
P(E1 U E2) = P(E1) + P(E2) DVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ Planes Formula Formula
gÉÃSÁPÀÈw ¸ÀÆvÀæ ¸ÀAPÉÃvÀ¸ÀÆvÀæ
1 wæ¨sÀÄd ¥ÁzÀ X JvÀÛgÀ bXh 1 Triangle BaseX Height bXh
2 2
2 ZÀvÀĨsÀÄðd PÀtð(®A¨JvÀÛg1À + ®A¨JvÀÛgÀ2À ) d(h1+h2) 2 Quadrilateral Diagonal (Height1 + Height2) d(h1+h2)
2 2 2 2
3 ZËPÀ ¨ÁºÀÄ X ¨ÁºÀÄ 3 Square side X side a2
a2
4 Rectangle BaseX Height
4 DAiÀÄvÀ ¥ÁzÀ X JvÀÛgÀ bXh bXh
5 ¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀ GzÀÝ X CUÀ® 5 Paralellogram length X breadth lXb
ZÀvÀĨsÀÄðd lXb
6 Rhombus Diagonal 1 X Diagonal2 d1Xd2
6 ªÀeÁæPÀÈw PÀtð1 X PÀtð2 d1Xd2 2 2
2 2 7 Trapizium Height(sum of parallel sides) h(a+b)
7 vÁæ¦då ®A¨ JvÀÛgÀ(¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼À ªÉÆvÀÛ ) h(a+b) 2 2
2 2
Note: 1 Kunta = 33feetX 33feet 1 Acre = 40 Kuntas
¸ÀÆZÀ£É : 1 PÀÄAmÉ = 33Cr X 33Cr 1 JPÀgÉ = 40 PÀÄAmÉ 2
1 Hectare = 100m X 100m = 10000m = 2.5 Acres
1 ºÉPÉÖÃgï = 100«Äà X 100«Äà = 10000ZÀ«Äà = 2.5 JPÀgÉ

Shivaprasanna22@gmail.com # Girls Govt P.U.College-Bifurcated. R.C.Road.Hassan

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xÉîì£À ¥ÀæªÉÄÃAiÀÄ : wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ MAzÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄ«UÉ ¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀªÁV Thale’s theorem : The line drawn parallel to a side of a
J¼ÉzÀ ¸ÀgÀ¼ÀgÉÃSÉAiÀÄÄ G½zÉgÀqÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß ¸ÀªiÀ Á£ÀÄ¥ÁvÀzÀ°è triangle divides the other two sides proportionally. If in In
«¨sÁV¸ÀÄvÀzÛ É. In ▲ABC if DE II BC then AD = AE
DB DC
▲ABC £À°è DE II BC DVzÀÝgÉ AD = AE
DB DC DVgÀÄvÀz Û É. Converse of Thale’s theore m : The line which divides
xÉîì£À «¯ÉÆêÀÄ ¥ÀæªÉÄÃAiÀÄ : wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ JgÀqÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼À£ÀÄß Two sides of a triangle proportionally is parallel to
¸ÀªÀiÁ£ÀÄ¥ÁvÀzÀ°è «¨sÁV¸ÀĪÀ gÉÃSÉAiÀÄÄ wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ ªÀÄÆgÀ£Éà ¨ÁºÀÄ«UÉ Third side of the triangle.
¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀªÁVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ
▲ ABC £À°è AD = AE In ▲ABC if AD = AE
DB DC then DE II BC
DB DC DVzÀÝgÉ DE II BC DVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ.
Corollary of Thale’s theorem : If a straight line is drawn
xÉîì£À G¥À¥ÀæªÉÄÃAiÀÄ : wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ MAzÀÄ ¨ÁºÀÄ«UÉ ¸ÀªÀiÁAvÀgÀªÁV parallel to a side of a triangle then the sides of intercepted
¸ÀgÀ¼ÀgÉÃSÉAiÀÄ£ÀÄß J¼ÉzÁUÀ GAmÁzÀ wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ ¨ÁºÀÄUÀ¼ÀÄ zÀvÀÛ wæ¨sÀÄdzÀ triangle will be proportional to the sides of the given
¨ÁºÀÄUÀ½UÉ ¸ÀªÀiÁ£ÀÄ¥ÁvÀzÀ°ègÀÄvÀÛªÉ. ▲ABC £À°è DE II BC DVzÀÝgÉ triangle.
AD = AE = DE In ▲ABC if DE II BC then AD = AE = DE
AB AC BC DVgÀÄvÀÛzÉ AB AC BC

Shivaprasanna22@gmail.com # Girls Govt P.U.College-Bifurcated. R.C.Road.Hassan