Introduction To Public Health Engineering

PUBLIC
HEALTH
Prepared by: Evora, Ma. Kimberly B.

15-50316
SE – 5201
INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING
HEALTH
 the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity
PUBLIC HEALTH
 science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical and mental health and
efficiency through organized community efforts for:
 Sanitation of the Environment
 Control of Communicable Infections
 Health Education (Personal Hygiene)
 Organization of Medical/Nursing Services for early detection and treatment
 Development of Social Machinery for the Maintenance of Health
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
 the total relationship of man to his physical, biological, socio-economic and socio-cultural
environment as it affects human well-being
 Characteristics of health that result from the aggregate impact of both natural and man-made
surroundings, including health effects of air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution, solid waste
disposal, and housing; occupational disease and injuries; and those diseases related to unsanitary
surroundings.
PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING
 Deals essentially with the control of the environment, with those modifications and protective and
preventive measures that have been found desirable or necessary for providing optimum conditions
for health and well-being
PUBLIC HEALTH SAFETY
 The analysis of the prevailing conditions, actual and potential, in an area and the forces producing
those conditions which exists or may exert a favorable influence on the health of the inhabitants
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
 the science dealing with the prevention and control of diseases by eliminating or controlling the
environmental factors which may form links in disease transmission
 the control of all factors in man’s physical environment that have significant effect on man’s physical
development, health and survival
Public Health Enginerring | EnSE 524: EnSE Practice and Comprehensive Examination
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SANITARY INSPECTOR
 Makes inspections as a means of enforcing sanitary regulation works under the supervision of a
sanitarians or sanitary engineers
SANITARIAN
 A person who has formal training in the fundamental science that applies to sanitation,
bacteriological, chemistry, biology and vital statistics.
 He should be able to translate the sanitary needs of the community with terms with terms of sanitary
regulation and procedures and they supervise inspectors
SANITARY OR ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER
 A person duly registered with the Board of Examiner for Sanitary Engineers (RA 1364) and who
heads the sanitation division or section or unit of the Provincial/City/Municipal Health Office or
employed with the DOH or its regional field office units
 One who places greater emphasis on the design, construction, preparation of structures leading to
public health.
 He must apply the principles of Sanitary Engineering to some activities as air, water, insect control
measures, waste disposal and the planning of community improvement involving houses
SANITARY PERMIT
 The certification in writing of the City or Municipal Health Officer or Sanitary Engineer that the
establishment complies with the existing minimum sanitation requirements upon evaluation or
inspection conducted in accordance with Presidential Decree No. 522 and 856 and local ordinances
The most common environmental factors w/c the Sanitary Engineers concern that may form links in
disease transmission
 Water
 Food Supplies
 Wastes
 Insects
 Housing
 Public Places
 Sewage and Waste Disposal
 Specification and Features of pit privies, septic tank treatment
 Drainage and Solid Waste Disposal
 Emergency Housing
PERTINENT LAWS AND REGULATIONS ON PUBLIC HEALTH
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CODE TITLE
RA 7305 The Magna Carta of Public Health Workers
RA 9502 Cheaper and Quality Medicine
RA 8293 Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines
RA 6675 Generic Drug Act
RA 5921 Pharmacy Law
RA 9211 Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003
RA 3573 Reporting of Communicable Disease
RA 1082 Rural Health Unit Act
RA 8749 Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999
RA 6425 Dangerous Drug Act of 1972
RA 10643 An Act Effectively to Instill Health
Consciousness Through Graphic Health
Warnings on Tobacco products
RA 9296 Meat Inspection Code of the Philippines
RA 9288 Newborn Screening Act of 2004
RA 10611 Food Safety Act of 2013
RA 9003 Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000
RA 1136 National Tuberculosis Control Act
RA 6969 Toxic Substances and Hazardous and
Nuclear Waste Control Act
RA 9275 Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004
RA 2382 Philippine Medical Act
RA 8504 Philippine Aids Prevention and Control Act
of 1998
Ra 3931 An Act Creating The National Water and
Air Pollution Control Commission
RA 7719 National Blood Services Act of 1994
RA 7875 National Health Insurance Act of 1995
RA 3720 Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
RA 8344 Anti-Hospital Deposit Law
RA 7277 The Magna Carta of Disabled Persons
RA 7883 The Barangay Health Workers’ Benefits
and Incentives Act of 1995
RA 10747 Rare Disease Act of the Philippines
RA 9482 Anti Rabies Act
RA 6365 Population Act of the Philippines
RA 1136 An Act Reorganizing the Division of
Tuberculosis in the Department of Health
RA 349 An Act to Legalize Permissions to Use
Human Organs or Any Portion or Portions
of the Human Body for Medical, Surgical,
or Scientific Purposes, Under Certain
Conditions
PD 491 National Nutrition Council Act
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PD 568 Appropriating Counterpart Funds for the
Philippine Population Project and Creating
the Project Management of Staff Thereof
and for Other Purposes
PEO 26 Establishment of Smoke-Free Environment
PD 996 Compulsory Immunization Act
PD 1160 Barangay Captain to Enforce Pollution and
Environmental Laws
PD 825 Providing Penalty for Improper Disposal of
Garbage
PD 1181 Prevention And Control of Air Pollution for
Motor Vehicle
PD 491 Nutrition Program Law
FROM INDIA Prevention of Food Adulteration Act
GLOBAL QUARANTINE ACT
DAO 2016-08 Water Quality Guidelines and General
Effluent Standards of 2016
DAO 98-49 Technical Guidelines For Municipal Solid
Waste Disposal
DAO 2013-22 Revised Procedures and Standards for the
Management of Hazardous Waste
RA 1891 Act Strengthening Health and Dental
Service in Rural Areas
RA 4073 Liberalized Treatment Of Leprosy
RA 2029 Mandates Liver Cancer and Hepatitis B
Awareness Month Act (February)
RA 7624 Drug Education Law
RA 3373 Law of Reporting of Communicable
Disease
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COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
I. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Communicable Period
 a time during which the infectious agent may be transferred directly or indirectly from an infected
person to another person, or from an infected animal to man.
Contact
 any person or animal known to have been in such association with an infected person or animal
having the opportunity of acquiring the infection
Communicable diseases
 A contagious disease transmitted by contact.

 an illness due to a specific infectious agent or its toxic product arising through transmission of that
agent either directly as from an infected person or animal or indirectly through the agency of an
intermediate plant or animal host, a vector or the inanimate environment.
 All ailments which may be transmitted by any means from person to person or from animal to person
Epidemiology
 The study of the distribution of a disease or condition in a population.
 The science that deals with the inter-relationship of the various factors and conditions which
determine the frequencies and distributions of an infectious process, a disease or a physical state in a
human community.
Epidemiologist
 is a person vested in epidemiology who may also direct measures to control or prevent epidemics.
Channels of infection
 are means through which the body becomes infected by disease-producing agents. The channels may
be the respiratory tract, the digestive tract, exterior surfaces of the body.
HOST
 A person or other living organism that can be infected by an infectious agent under natural conditions.
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Carrier
 is a person or animal without apparent disease who harbors a specific infectious agent and is capable
of transmitting the agent to others.
Incubation period
 is the time from the moment of exposure to an infectious agent until signs and symptoms of the
disease appear. For example, the incubation period of chicken pox is 14-16 days. `

II. IDENTIFICATION OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AND THEORIES OF EPIDEMICS
Concept of Causation of Communicable Disease
HOST
(man or animal)
AGENT ENVIRONMENT
(mosquitoes, (rivers or bodies of

insects or rats) water, surroundings)
The concept of disease is that it is the result of an interaction of

three factors, the HOST, the AGENT and the ENVIRONMENT. These
must be present, neither the agent alone, nor the host alone, nor
the environment alone can cause the disease.
III. CLASSIFICATION OF CONTAGIOUS, INFECTIOUS AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES,

THEIR SOURCES AND CARRIER
Endemic is the term applied to a specific disease when it normally prevails in a locality and does not fluctuate
markedly from the normal expected incidence in the community.
Epidemic is the incidence of a communicable disease among a number of people to an extent that is
recognized statistically as being well beyond the normal expectancy for the disease in a community in a
definite period of time.
Sporadic implies the occurrence of a few scattered cases of the disease without relationship to other cases; a
few cases every now and then.
Pandemic affects large number of people at the same time and transcends community boundaries.
Epizootic - an epidemic among animals.
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Zoonosis - an infection or an infections disease of animals transmissible under natural conditions to man.
How can an infectious agent attack a new host?
Before the infectious agent can attack a new host, it must have a way of escape from the reservoir of
infection, like man, animal, plants, soil, etc.
The manner of entry are similar with the mode of exit from the reservoir. The most important portals of entry
are the respiratory tract, the gastro-intestinal tract (mouth), the genito-urinary tract, the eyes, ears and the skin
by which the infectious agent enters the body, through direct contact, like kissing, sexual intercourse or other
personal association. Indirect contact by touching contaminated objects, such as contaminated objects, such as
handkerchiefs, beddings, toys, and hand to mouth transfer.
Chain of Infection
• The potential for the biological agent to cause infection in a susceptible

host depends on various factors, they are: types of infectious agent,
reservoir of the infectious agent, mode of transmission, portal of entry
and host susceptible.
Antibiotic – medications that weaken or kill bacteria, and are used to treat infections caused by bacteria.
Antibiotics have no effect on infections caused by viruses.
Antibiotic Resistance - when bacteria can no longer be killed by a particular antibiotic. MRSA and VRE are
examples of bacteria that have developed resistance to many commonly used antibiotics. If a bacterium is
resistant to many antibiotics, treating the infections it causes can be very difficult or even impossible.
Widespread inappropriate use of antibiotics contributes to the development of antibiotic resistance.
Colonization - when bacteria are present in a person's nose, mouth, gut or other site, but do not cause illness.
A person may be colonized with bacteria and feel fine. He or she may not know that these bacteria are present
in their body.
Infection - When a bacterium or other germ (like a virus) causes illness in a person. Some signs and
symptoms of infection include fever, pus from a wound, coughing, or diarrhea.
Toxin – is any poisonous substance produce by a living organisms.
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Antitoxin – is the antibody antagonistic to toxin, which is produced by an organism.
Etiology – is the study of causes.
Etiology Agent – the agent that causes the disease.
Direct Transmission. The immediate transfer of an agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct
contact or droplet spread.
Indirect Transmission. The transmission of an agent carried from a reservoir to a susceptible host by
suspended air particles or by animate (vector) or inanimate (vehicle) intermediaries.
Reservoir - The habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies; reservoirs include
human reservoirs, animals reservoirs, and environmental reservoirs.
 People
Symptomatic – Smallpox
Asymptomatic – HIV
 Animals
Lyme Disease
 Environmental
Histoplasmosis
Anthrax
Risk Factor - An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or an inborn or

inherited characteristic that is associated with an increased occurrence of disease or other health-related event
or condition.
Vectors - are arthropods animals with joined legs or other invertebrates (animals without back bones) which
transmit infection by inoculation into or through the skin or mucous membrane by biting or by deposit of
infective materials on the skin or on food or objects. Insect or rodent are sometimes called vectors.
Transmission of Infection
Any mode or mechanism by which an infectious agent is spread through the environment or to another
person.
 Direct Contact
Cutaneous Anthrax
Droplet –Smallpox
 Indirect
Airborne – Histoplasmosis, Inhalation Anthrax
Vehicle borne-Salmonella
Vector borne
Mechanical – Tularemia by fly bites
Biological – Lyme disease
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Aerial transmission – the inhalation of germs in small residue resulting from the evaporation of droplets,
contaminated dust particles which may remain suspended or floating in the air of enclosed space for relatively
long period of time.
Prepathogenesis phase - the phase before man is involved in acquiring the disease through interaction of the
agent, the host, and the environment factors. Everyone is in the prepathogenesis period of many diseases
because disease agents are present in the environment where man lives.
Pathogenesis phase - is when the agent becomes established in the host.
Three levels of disease prevention
Primary prevention – refers to the measure that may be applied in the prepathogenesis phase of the natural
history of disease.
Secondary prevention – this is applied in the early pathogenesis phase period. This consists of early
diagnosis and prompt treatment of the disease in order to arrest the disease and prevent its spread to other
people.
Tertiary prevention – includes disability limitation and rehabilitation.
DISEASES COMMUNICATED BY INTESTINAL DISCHARGES
 Typhoid fever – Salmonella typhi

 Paratyphoid fever – Salmonella typhi but milder
 Cholera – Vibrio cholera
 Dysentery – Bacillary or Amoebic dysentery
 Poliomyelitis - Poliovirus
 Infectious hepatitis (Jaundice)
DISEASES COMMUNICATED BY NOSE AND THROAT DISCHARGES
 Hookworm disease (Ancylostomiasis)

 Poliomyelitis
 Tuberculosis
 Diphtheria
 Measles
 Scarlet fever
 Whooping cough
 Cerebrospinal fever
 Smallpox
 Chicken pox
 Pneumonia
 Influenza
 Common colds
 Septic sore throat
 SARS
 Meningococcemia
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OTHER COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Arthropod –borne diseases (insects, houseflies, cockroaches)
 Typhus fever
 Plague
 Relapsing fever
 Malaria
 Yellow fever
 Dengue
 Filariasis
 Tularemia
 Rocky Mountain spotted fever
 Viral encephalitis
MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES
 VD
 Trachoma
 Leprosy
DISEASES OF ANIMALS TRANSMISSIBLE TO MAN
 Brucellosis
 Bovine tuberculosis
 Q-fever
 Anthrax
 Leptospirosis
 Salmonellosis
 Tularemia
 Rabies
 Ornithosis
 Arthropod-borne viral II encephalitis
 FMD
 Ringworm
 Trichinosis
 Taeniasis
 Diphyllobothriasis
 Echinococcosis
Other communicable diseases
Plague
 a disease of rats and wild rodents.
 is transmitted to man by the bite of the rat’s fleas, which, upon the death of the original host.
Brucellosis, or undulant fever

 known as Malta fever in man and as infectious abortion or Bang’s disease in cattle, goats, and swine.
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 may be transmitted to man by the ingestion of raw milk from infected animals or by direct or indirect
contact with aborted fetuses, afterbirths, and other discharges that are released during or following
abortion in animals
Anthrax
 so-called ―wool sorter’s disease‖, occurs among textile and wool-factory workers and among
agricultural people.
 is a rare infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis.
 it is primary a disease of cattle and horses.
 is a rare infectious disease caused by the bacterium
Leptospirosis
 also known as Weil’s disease or hemorrhagic jaundice.
 occurs among rats, other rodents, dogs, swine, cattle and occasionally other animals.
 is spread mainly by the urine of infected animals and is generally not transmitted from person to
person.
Salmonellosis
 is a bacterial infection that generally affects the intestinal tract and occasionally the bloodstream.
 salmonella are spread by eating or drinking contaminated food and water or by contact with infected
people or animals.
Tularemia
 is usually contracted by man from rabbits, opossums, rodents, quail, and other game animals.
Rabies
 is an acute fatal encephalitis caused by a specific virus.
 the incubation period of rabies in man varies from 2 to 6 weeks or longer.
 transmission occurs through the entrance of virus-laden saliva into lesions or open wounds, which
are generally caused by the bite.
Ornithosis (psittacosis), also called ―parrot fever‖

 is a virus disease of parrots, parakeets, canaries, pigeons, and numerous other species of birds,
including some of our domestic fowl – chickens, ducks, and turkeys.
 is transmitted to man through direct contact with infected birds.
Foot-and-mouth disease
 is caused by a virus to which all cloven-hoofed animals are susceptible, although cattle are more
commonly infected.
 is a viral infection caused by a strain of Coxsackie virus.
 is transmitted to man through milk or milk products and possibly by the hands. It is rarely fatal to
man.
Ringworm
 is a general term used to describe mycotic or fungal infection of keratinized parts of the body (skin,
hair, and nails).
 is transmitted by direct skin-to-skin contact.
Trichinosis
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 is caused by the larva of a parasitic nematode infecting man and animal hosts.
 anyone who eats undercooked meat of infected animals can develop trichinosis.
Taeniasis
 or beef or pork-tapeworm infection, involves various animal hosts.
 the common varieties that occur in man result from ingestion of infected beef, pork, and fish.
 transmission also occurs through direct hand-to-mouth transfer of the egg and feces.
Diphyllobothriasis
 or fish-tapeworm infection, has as its source the flesh of infected freshwater fish.
 the feces of infected persons contain eggs, and the eggs must reach bodies of freshwater in order to
hatch and infect the first intermediate host.
Echinococcosis,
 or the dog-tapeworm infection, is relatively common in South America, Alaska, Eastern Australia,
New Zealand, and the Middle East.
 disease is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food and water as well as through hand-to-
mouth transfer of eggs.
Trachoma
 is a communicable disease of the eyes which may be transmitted by towels, handkerchiefs, or fingers.
Leprosy
 called Hansen’s disease, is caused by a bacillus, Mycobacterium leprae.
 It affects chiefly the skin, mucous membrane, and peripheral nerves.
Amebiasis
 is an intestinal illness caused by a microscopic parasite called Entamoeba histolytica.
 it is recognized more often in people arriving from tropical or subtropical areas, individuals living in
institutions, and men who have sex with men.
 is contracted by consuming contaminated food or water containing the cyst stage of the parasite. It
can also be spread by person to person contact.
HIV/AIDS
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
 attacks the body’s immune system.
 spreads when infected blood, semen, vaginal fluids, or breast milk gets into the bloodstream of
another person through:
* direct entry into a blood vessel
* mucous linings, such as the vagina, rectum, penis, mouth, eyes,
or nose or a break in the skin
 HIV is not spread through saliva (spit).
 people infected with HIV may have no symptoms for 10 or more years.
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

 is a late stage of HIV disease
 there is no cure.
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Arboviral Infections
 are caused by any number of viruses transmitted by arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks.
 these infections generally occur during warm weather months, when mosquitoes and ticks are active.
 symptoms usually occur three to 15 days after a bite from an infected mosquito or tick.
Botulism
 is a serious illness caused by a nerve toxin made by the bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. (A toxin
is a poison that is released by some bacteria and viruses).
 symptoms generally begin 12-36 hours after eating contaminated food (canned, cooked or reheated
food), but may occur as early as a few hours and as late as 10 days.
 it does not spread by person-to-person
Chancroid
 is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a bacterium.
 it is common in tropical countries but rare in other parts of the world.
 it is commonly seen in men than in women, particularly uncircumcised males.
Chickenpox
 is a highly communicable disease caused by the varicella virus, a member of the herpes virus family.
 occurs most frequently in winter and early spring.
 transmitted by direct person to person contact, by droplet or airborne spread of discharges from an
infected person’s nose and throat or indirectly by contact with articles freshly soiled by discharges
from the infected person’s lesions.
 symptoms commonly appear 14-16 days (range of 10-21 days) after exposure to someone with
chickenfox.
Cholera
 is a bacterial disease that affects the intestinal tract. It is caused by a germ called Vibrio cholerae.
 it is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated by the fecal waste of an infected person.
 this occurs more often in undeveloped countries lacking adequate water supplies and proper sewage
disposal.
 the symptoms may appear from a few hours to five days after exposure.
Diphtheria
 is an acute bacterial disease that usually affects the tonsils, throat, nose or skin.
 is most common where people live in crowded conditions.
 is transmitted to others through close contact with discharge from an infected person’s nose, throat,
skin, eyes and lesions.
 symptoms usually appear two to four days after infection, with a range of one to ten days.
Giardiasis
 is an intestinal illness caused by a microscopic parasite called Giardia lamblia.
 it is a fairly common cause of diarrheal illness.
 occur more often in people in institutional settings, people in day care centers, foreign travelers and
individuals who consume improperly treated surface water. And men who have sex with men.
 people exposed to giardia may experience mild or severe diarrhea, or in some instance no symptom at
all.
Gonorrhea
 is an infection that is spread through sexual contact with another person.
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 infected person will have burning while urinating and a yellowish white discharge
 in males, symptom usually appear 2 to 7 days after infection but it can take as long as 30 days for
symptom to begin.
 often, there are no symptom for people infected with gonorrhea; 10 to 15% of men, and 80% women
may have no symptoms.
Hepatitis A
 is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV). The virus is found in the stool (feces) of HAV-infected
people.
 can easily spread from one person to another by putting something in the mouth (even though it may
look clean) that has been contaminated with the stool of a person with hepatitis A.
Hepatitis B & Hepatitis C

 is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). The virus is found in blood and
certain body fluids.
 is spread when person who is not immune comes in contact with blood or body fluid from an infected
person.
 is spread by having sex w/o a condom, sharing needles or ―works‖ when ―shooting‖ drugs, through
needlestick or sharps exposures in a health care setting, or sometimes from infected mother to her
baby during vaginal birth.
Listeriosis
 is a bacterial infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes. Listeria may infect specific locations
within the human body (brain or spinal cord membranes or the bloodstream).
 those at highest risk are newborns, the elderly, people with weakened immune systems and pregnant
women.
 most cases occur sporadically, food-borne outbreaks do occur.
Measles
 is an acute, highly contagious viral disease capable of producing epidemics.
 is usually considered a childhood disease, it can be contracted at any age.
 is spread by direct contact with nasal or throat secretions of infected people or, less frequently by
airborne transmission.
 is one of the most readily transmitted communicable diseases.
 symptoms usually appear in 10-12 days, although they may occur as early as 7 or as late as 18 days
after exposure.
Impetigo
 is a common infection of the skin resulting in blisters that may occur anywhere on the body but are
usually observed around the nose or mouth.
 it is caused by one of two types of bacteria, either group A streptococci or Staphylococcus aureus.
 is spread person to person through direct contact with discharged from blisters.
 blisters appear 4 to 10 days after exposure to the fluids from blisters of another person.
Kawasaki Syndrome
 is a serious rash illness of children.
 most cases occur in infants and children under 5 years old.
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 most cases have a high spiking fever that does not respond to antibiotics. The fever lasts more than 5
days and is associated with irritability, swollen lymph nodes, red eyes, lips, throat and tongue.
 at the present time, preventive is unknown.
Meningococcal Disease
 is a severe bacterial infection of the bloodstream or meninges (a thin lining covering the brain and
spinal cord) caused by the meninggococcal germ.
 it is more common in infants and children.
 is spread by direct close contact with nose or throat discharges of an infected person.
 symptoms may appear 2 to 10 days after exposure, but usually within 5 days.
Mumps
 is an acute viral disease characterized by fever, swelling and tenderness of one or more of the salivary
glands.
 is transmitted by direct contact with saliva and discharges from the nose and throat of infected
individuals.
 the incubation period is usually 16 to 18 days, although it may vary from 12 to 25 days.
 is contagious 3 days prior to and 4 days after the onset of symptoms.
Mycoplasma Infection
 is respiratory illness caused by Mycplasma pneumoniae, a microscopic organism related to bacteria.
 anyone can get the disease, but it most often affects older children and young adults.
 is most common in late summer and fall.
 is spread through contact with droplets from the nose and throat of infected people especially when
they cough and sneeze.
 symptom generally begin 15-25 days after exposure. The symptom generally develop slowly, over a
period of 2-4 days.
Pinworm Infection
 are white, parasitic worms that can live in the large intestine of humans. They are about one-half inch
long.
 cases of pinworm infection are seen most often at schools, day care centers and other institutional
settings.
 symptoms may include: nervousness, restlessness, loss of appetite, weight loss, girls may experience
vaginal itching and irritation (vaginitis), and itching around the anal area.
Pneumococcal Disease
 is a severe bacterial infection caused by Streptococus pneumoniae, also called pneumococcus. It
may cause pnuemonia, meningitis or a blood stream infection (bacteremia).
 it occurs more frequently in infants, young children, African Americans, some Native American
populations, the elderly or in people with serious underlying medical conditions such as chronic lung,
heart or kidney disease.
 is spread by airborne or direct exposure to respiratory droplets from a person who is infected or
carrying the bacteria.
 the incubation period may vary but it is generally 1-3 days.
Psittacosis
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 is an infectious disease usually transmitted to humans from birds in the parrot family, turkeys and
pigeons. It is caused by a bacteria called Chlamydia psittaci.
 it is occasionally found in pet store workers and people who have purchased an infected bird. It may
also be found in farmers and slaughterhouse workers who process turkeys.
 incubation period may range from 4-15 days but is usually 10 days.
Poliomyelitis
 is a viral disease which may affect the central nervous system.
 is more common in infants and young children and occurs under conditions of poor hygiene.
However, paralysis is more common and more severe when infection occurs in older individuals.
 is predominately spread through the feces.
 the incubation period is usually 6-20 days for paralytic cases, with a range of 3-35 days.
Scabies
 is a fairly common infectious disease of the skin caused by a mite. Scabies mites burrow into the skin
producing pimple-like irritations or burrows.
 are transferred by direct skin-to-skin contact. Indirect transfer from undergarments or bedclothes can
occur only if these have been contaminated by infected people immediately beforehand. And also be
transmitted during sexual contact.
 symptoms will appear from 2-6 weeks in people who have not previously been exposed to scabies
infestations.
SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Sydrome)

 is a viral respiratory illness that was first reported in Asia in February 2003. By late July 2003, no
new cases were being reported and the outbreak was considered contained. During this outbreak,
8,098 people worldwide became sick with SARS, resulting in 774 deaths.
 the illness usually begins with a high fever (temp greater than 100.4ºF). The fever is sometimes
associated with chills or other symptoms, including a headache, a general feeling of discomfort, and
body aches. Some people also experience mild respiratory symptoms at the outset. Approximately 10-
20 percent of patients have diarrhea. After 2-7 days, SARS patient may develop a dry cough with
most developing pneumonia.
 is caused by a coronavirus. Coronaviruses are a common cause of mild to moderate upper-respiratory
illness in humans. The viruses also can cause severe disease in animals, including cats, dogs pigs,
mice and birds.
 is mainly spread by close person-to-person contact.
 the incubation period (the time between exposure to the SARS virus and onset of symptoms) is
typically 2-7 days, although in some cases it may be as long as 10 days.
Swimmer’s Itch
 is a skin rash caused by certain parasites of birds and mammals. These parasites are released from
infected snails and migrate through waters, including those used for recreational swimming.
 the victim may get the infection by swimming or wading in infested water and then allowing water to
evaporate of the skin rather than regularly drying the skin with a towel. Person to person spread does
not occur.
 the itching will subside for 10-15 hours and may then become extremely intense. This stage itching
stage usually disappears within a week.
Syphilis
 is a bacterial infection, primary a sexually transmitted disease (STD).
17
 any sexually active person can be infected with syphilis, mostly among young people between the
ages of 15 and 30 years.
 symptoms can appear from 10-90 days after a person becomes infected, but usually within 3 to 4
weeks.
 is treated with penicillin or tetracycline.
Tetanus
 commonly called lockjaw, is a bacterial disease that affects the nervous system. As a result of
widespread immunization, tetanus is now a rare disease. A common first sign of tetanus is muscular
stiffness in the jaw (lockjaw), followed by stiffness of the neck, difficulty in swallowing, rigidly of
abdominal muscles, spasms, sweating and fever.
 occurs more often in older people and in agricultural workers for whom in contact with animal
manure is more likely and immunization is inadequate.
 is contracted through a wound which becomes contaminated with the organism. It is not transmitted
from person to person.
 the incubation period is usually 8 days but may range from 3 days to 3 weeks.
2009 Flu Pandemic

 is an A(H1N1) pandemic and a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1,
identified in April 2009, commonly referred to as ―swine flu”, which is transmitted between humans.
It is thought to be a mutation—more specifically, a reassortment—of four known strains of influenza
A virus subtype H1N1: one endemic in humans, one endemic in birds, and two endemic in pigs
(swine).
 Experts now assume that the virus "most likely" emerged from pigs in Asia, and the virus was carried
to North America by infected people.
 There is further evidence that the new strain has been circulating among pigs, possibly among
multiple continents, for many years prior to its transmission to humans.
 Virtually all transmission is from human to human; cooked pork products are safe for humans and the
virus cannot be transmitted from foods.
 the outbreak began in Mexico.
2009 Flu Pandemic

 The virus typically spreads from coughs and sneezes or by touching contaminated surfaces and then
touching the nose or mouth.
 Symptoms are similar to those of seasonal flu, and may include fever, sneezes, sore throat, coughs,
headache, and muscle or joint pains.
 Philippines reports 1st swine flu-related death (June 22, 2009)
 The Philippines confirmed Monday its first swine flu-related death a 49-year-old woman who died
from congestive heart failure but who also tested positive for the H1N1 virus
Avian influenza
 sometimes avian flu, and commonly bird flu, refers to influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds.
 Bird flu is a phrase similar to ―swine flu," ―dog flu," ―horse flu," or ―human flu" in that it refers to an
illness caused by any of many different strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to a specific
host.
 All known viruses that cause influenza in birds belong to the species influenza A virus.
 All subtypes (but not all strains of all subtypes) of influenza A virus are adapted to birds, which is
why for many purposes avian flu virus is the influenza A virus (note that the "A" does not stand for
"avian").
18
INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND ITS CAUSATIVE AGENTS
Occupational Diseases
Major Antigen/Causative
Occupational Diseases Source of Exposure
Agent
Plant and Animal Origin
Bagasossis Moldy Sugar Fiber Thermoactinomyces sacchari,
Thermophilic actinomycetes
Byssinosis (Brown Lung Disease, Textile. Yarn or Fabric Textile Fiber Dust, Cotton Dust,
Monday Fever) Manufacturing Industry Endotoxins
Bird's Fancier Lung (Bird Pigeons, Parakeets, Fowls, Avian or animal Protein
Breeder's Lung) Rodents
Cheese Worker's Lung Cheese Mold Penicillium casei. Penicillium
roqueforti
Esparto Grass Hypersensitivity Moldy Esparto used to produce Fungus (Aspergillus fumigatus)
Pneumonitis ropes, canvas, sandals, mats,
baskets and paper paste
Farmer's Lung Disease Moldy Hay Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula,
Thermoactinomyces viridis,
Thermoactinomyces sacchari
Grain Handler's Lung Moldy Grain S. rectivirgula, T. vulgaris
Air Conditioner Lung Contaminated forced air S. rectivirgula, T. vulgaris
systems, Heated water Reservoir
Japanese Summer-Type Damp Wood and Mats Fungus ( Trichosporon cutaneum)
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Malt Worker's Lung Moldy Malt Aspergillus clavatus, Aspergillus
fumigatus
Maple Bark Disease Moldy Maple Bark Fungus (Cryptostroma corticale)
Metal Working Fluids Mist from metalworking fluids Thermophylic actinomycetes
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Mollusk Shell Hypersensitivity Shell Dust Sea Snail Shells
Mushroom Picker's Lung Mushroom Trichophyton vulgaris,
Micropolyspora faeni
Paprika Splitter's Lung Paprika Dust Mucor stolonifer
(Paprika is a spice made from
air-dried fruits of chili pepper
familiy)
Sequoiosis Moldy Redwood Bark Pullularia pullulans,
Aureobasidium, Graphium
19
Soy Sauce Brewer Lung Fermentation Starter for Soy Fungus (Aspergillus oryzae)
Sauce
Suberosis Moldy Cork Dust Fungus (Penicillum frequentans)
Wheat weevil Infested Wheat (Flour) Sitophilus granarius
Weaver's Cough Mildewed Yarn
Wood Pulp Worker's Disease Conatminated (Moldy) Wood Fungus (Alternaria species)
Pulp
Wood Trimmer Lung Mpldy Wood Trimmings Fungus (Rhizopus species)
Inorganic Contaminant
Asbestosis (White Lung Disease) Asbestos Fibers
Baritosis Barium Handling Industry Barium Dust
Berylliosis Aerospace Manufacturing, Beryllium Dust
Beryllium Mining
Bauxite Fibrosis/Shaver's Disease Alumina Abrasive Bauxite Fumes
Manufacturing, Bauxite
Production
Calcicosis Limestone Dust
Chalicosis Stone cuttings and Masonry Fine Particles of Stone
Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis Dust From Coal, Graphite, or Man
(Black Lung Disease) Made Carbon
Captan's Syndrome Dust From Coal, Graphite, or Man
Made Carbon
Siderosis Metal Grinding or Welding Iron Particles
Silicosis (Potter's Rot) Silica Exposure during Coal Silica Dust
Mining, Construction Industry,
Tunneling, Cement Industry,
Pottery, Brick Manufacturing
and ceramic work
Stannosis Tin Dust
Talcosis ( Talc Pneumonoconiosis) Talc Industry Talc Dust
VITAMINS SYSTEMATIC NAME DEFICIENCY

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin A Retinol/Beta Carotene Xerophthalmia/Night Blindness
Vitamin D Calciferol Rickets
Vitamin E Tocopherol, Tocotrienols Abetalipoproteinemia
Vitamin K Phylloquinone, Menadione
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamin B1 Thiamine Beri - ber-
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin Aroboflavinosis
Vitamin B3 Niacin Pellegra
Vitamin B5 Panthotenic Acid Neurologic Symptoms
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine, Pyridoxal Microcytic anemia
Vitamin B7 Biotin Hair Loss and Scaly Red Rach in
Face
Vitamin B8 Inositol Muscle Pain, Hairloss
Vitamin B9 Folate/Folic Acid Megaloblastic Anemia
Vitamin B12 Cyanobalamin Microcytic anemia
Vitamin B15 Pangamic acid
20
Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Scurvy(Sailor's Disease)
MINERALS
Iron Anemia
Iodine Goiter
Protein Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
Selenium Keshan Disease
Zinc Week Immunity and Growth
Retardation
Potassium Hypokalemia
Phosphorus
Calcium Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia
INFECTION CAUSATIVE AGENT

PROTOZOAL INFECTION
1. Amebiasis Entamoeba hystolytica
2. Crytosporidiosis Cryptosporidium parvum
3. Cyclosporiasis Cyclospora cayetanensis
4. Giardiasis Giardia lamblia
5. Microsporidiosis Microsporidia
PARASITIC INFECTION
1. Schistosomiasis Schistosoma
2. Dracunculiasis Drancunculus medinensis
3. Taeniasis Taenia
4. Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolopsis buski
5. Hymenolepsiasis
Hymenolepsis nana
(Dwarf Tape Worm)
6. Onchocerciasis
Onchorcerca volvulus and wolbachia
(River Blindness)
Echinococcus granulosus
7. Echinococcosis
(Hydatid Disease)
8. Coenurosis Multiceps multiceps
9. Ascariasis Ascaris lumbricoides
10. Enterobiasis Enterobius vermicularis
BACTERIAL INFECTION
1. Botulism Clostridium botulinum
2. Campylobacteriosis Campylobacter jejuni
3. Cholera Vibrio Cholerae
4. E. coli infection Escherichia coli
5. M. marinum infection Mycobacterium marinum
6. Dysentery Shigella dysenteriae
7. Legionellosis Legionella pneumiphilia
8. Leptospirosis Leptospira (Weil's disease)
9. Otitis externa (Swimmer's ear)
21
10. Salmonellosis Salmonella
11. Typhoid Fever Salmonella typhi
Vibrio vulnificus
12. Vibrio illness Vibrio alginolyticus
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
VIRAL INFECTION
1. Adenovirus Infection Adenovirus
Astrovirus
Calicivirus
2. Gastroenteritis
Enteric Adenovirus
Porvovirus
3. SARS Corona Virus
4. Hepatitis A HAV
5. Poliomyelitis Poliovirus
6. Polyomavirus Infection Polyomavirus JC and BK
DISEASE OF THE SKIN
1. Impetigo Staphylococcus aureus,
- Pyoderma Staphylococcus pyogenes
2. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rickettsia rickettsii
- Tickborne Typhus Fever
3. Measles
Measles virus (morbillivirus)
- Rubeola (Hard Measles)
4. German Measles
Rubella virus (Rubivirus)
- Rubella/Three-day Measles
5. Chicken pox
Varicella-zosttervirus
- Varicella
6. Smallpox Variola virus (orthopoxvirus)
7. Leishmaniasis
- Cutaneous
Leishmania
- Mucocutaneus
- Visceral
Ascomycetes
8. Dermatophytoses Microsporum
- Ringworm/Tinea Epidermiphyton
Trichophyton
9. Tinea pedis Athlete's foot
10. Tinea Corporis Ringworm of the trunk
11. Tinea Capitis Ringworm of the head
12. Tinea Curis Ringworm of the groin area
13. Tinea Ungulum Ringworm of the nails
DISEASE OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND THE EYES
22
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria meningitidis
1. Meningitis
Haemophilus influenza
- Bacterial Meningitis
Listeria monocytogenes
Steptococcus agalactiae
2. Leprosy (Hansen's Disease) Mycobacterium leprae
3. Tetanus (Lockjaw) Clostridium tetani
4. Poliomyelitis (Infantile paralysis) Poliovirus
5. Rabies Rabies Virus

6. African Trypanosomiasis (African Trypanosoma brucei ssp. gambiense
Sleepng Sickness) Trypanosoma bruicei ssp. rhodesiense
7. Trachoma Chlamydia trachomatis
CARDIOVASCULAR AND SYSTEMIC DISEASE
1. Tularemia(Rabbit Fever) Francisella tularensis
2. Plague
- Bubonic
Yersinia pestis
- Pneumonic
- Septicemic
Plasmodium falcifarum,
Plasmodium vivax,
3. Malaria
Plasmodium Ovale,
Plasmodium malariae
DISEASE OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. Cholera Vibrio Cholerae
2. Salmonellosis Salmonella enterica
3. Typhoid Fever Salmonella typhi
- Enteric Fever Salmonella bacillus
4. Paratyphoid Fever Salmonella paratyphi
Shigella sonnei,
5. Shigellosis Shigella boydii,
- Bacillary dysentery Shigella felxneri,
Shigella dysenteriae
6. Mumps Mumps Virus (Paramyxoviridae)
7. Hepatitis A HAV
8. Giardiasis Giardia lamblia
9. Amebiasis (Amebic Dysentery) Entamoeba hystolytica
DISEASE OF THE GENITO-URINARY TRACT

1. Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis
2. Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae
3. Syphilis Treponema pallidum
4. Trichomoniasis Trichomonas vaginalis
23
5. Hepatitis B HBV
6. Genital Herpes HSV-1, HSV-2
7. genital Warts Human papilloma virus
8. HIV/AIDS Type I and Type II HIV
9. Yeast Vaginitis Candida albicans
10. Thrush Candida albicans
HELMINTHS
1. Tapeworm (cestodes) -
Taenia saginata: Beef
- Tania solium: Pork
- Echinococcus granulosis: Canine
LV - Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica

2. Flukes (Trematodes/Flatworms)
BV - Schistosoma mansoni,
- Liver Flukes
Schistosoma haemotobium
- Blood Flukes
Schistosoma japanicum
3. Roundworms (nematodes)
- Ascaris lumbricoides
- Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)
- Anclylostomaduodenale / Nechtoramericanus (hookworm)
- Wuchereria bancrofti / Bruga malayi
- Trichinella spiralis
INFECTION CAUSATIVE AGENT

Trypanosoma brucei ssp. gambiense
1 African Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma bruicei ssp. rhodesiense
2 Amebiasis Entamoeba histolytica
American
3 Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Trypanosomia cruzzi
Diseases)
4 Ancyclostomiasis Ancyclostoma duodenale
5 Anthrax Bacillus anthracis
6 Ascariasis Ascaris lumbricoides
Aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillosis Aspergillus flavus,
7
(Otomycosis) Aspergillus niger,
Aspergillus terreus
8 Avian Flu Avian Influenza Virus A
9 Babesiosis Babesia microti
10 Balantidiasis Balantidum coli
24
11 Beef Tapeworm Infection Taenia saginata
12 Black Piedra Piedraia hortae
13 Blastomycosis Blastomyces dermatitides
14 Botulism Clostridium botulinum
15 Bovine Tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovus
16 Brucellosis Brucella abortus
17 Campylobacter Enteritis Campylobacter jejuni
18 Candidiasis Candida albicans
19 Cat-scratch Disease Bartonelle henselae
20 Chancroid Haemophilus ducreyi
21 Cholera Vibrio cholerae
22 Clonorchiassis Clonorchis sinensis
Coccidiodomycosis(Valley
23 Coccidiodes immitis
Fever)
24 Cryptococcosis Cryptococcosis neoformans
25 Cysticercosis Cysts of Taenia solium
26 Dental Carries (Plaque) Stretococcus mutans
27 Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae
28 Diphyllobotriasis Diphyllobothrium latum
29 Dog Tapeworm Infection Dipylidium caninum
30 Dracunculiasis Dracunculus medinensis
Dwarf Tapeworm
31 Hymenolepis nana
Infection
32 Echinococcosis Echinococcus granulosis
Ehrlichiosis chaffenensis,
33 Ehrlichiosis
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
34 Endemic Typhus Fever Rickettsia typhi
35 Enterobiasis (Oxyuriasis) Enterobius vermicularis
36 Epidemic Typhus Fever Rickettsia prowazekii
37 Equine Encephalitis Various Arbovirus
38 Fascioliasis Fasciola hepatica (Liver Fluke)
39 Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolopsis buski (Intestinal Fluke)
40 Filariasis Wuchereria bancrofti
41 Flu Pandemic Avian A Subtype H1N1
42 Gas Gangrene Clostridium perfringens
43 Gastric Ulcer Helicobacter pylon
44 German Measles Rubella Virus
45 Giardiasis Giardia lamblia
46 Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Granuloma Inguinale
47 Klebsiella granulomatis
(Donovanosis)
25
Hanta Pulmonary
48 Hantavirus
Syndrome
49 Hard Measles Rubeola Virus
Hepatitis A Virus (Hepatovirus,
50 Hepatitis A
Picornaviridae Family)
Hepatitis B Virus (Hepadnavirus,
51 Hepatitis B
Hepadnaviridae Family)
Hepatitis C Virus (Hepacivirus,
52 Hepatitis C
Flaviviridae Familiy)
53 Hepatitis D Hepatitis D Virus (Delta Virus)
Hepatitis E Virus (Calcivirus, Calciviridae
54 Hepatitis E
Family)
Hepatitis G Virus (Hepacivirus,
55 Hepatitis G
Flaviviridae Familiy)
56 Histoplasmosis Histoplasma capsulatum
57 HIV Type 1 & 2 HIV
Staphylococcus aureus,
58 Impetigo
Staphylococcus pyogenes
59 Lassa Fever Lassa Virus
60 Legionellosis Legionella pneumophila
61 Leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis donovani
62 Leprosy Mycobacterium Leprae
63 Leptospirosis Leptospira Genus
64 Listerosis Listeria monocytegenes
65 Loiasis Chrysops silacea. C. dimidiata
66 Lyme Disease Borrelia burgdorferi
Lymphocytic
67 L. choriomengitis virus
Choriomengitis
Plasmodium falcifarum,
Plasmodium vivax,
68 Malaria
Plasmodium Ovale,
Plasmodium malariae
69 Marburg Disease Marburg Virus
70 Melioidosis Pseudomonas pseudomallei
71 Mumps Mumps Virus (Paramyxoviridae)
72 Myiasis Cochliomya hominivorax
73 Necrotizing Fascilitis Streptococcus pyogenes
74 Onchocerciasis Onchocerca volvulus (River Blindess)
75 Onychia Candida albicans
76 Otitis Externa Pseudomonas aeruginosa
77 Paragonimiasis Paragonimus westermani
26
78 Paratyphoid Fever Salmonella paratyphi
79 Pasteurollosis Pasteurella multocida
80 Pertussis Bordatella pertussis
81 Plague Yersinia pestis
82 Pneumocytosis Pneumocystis jiroveci
83 Pneumonia Streptococcus pneumoniae
84 Poliomyelitis Polio Virus (Picornaviridae)
85 Primary Amoebic Negleria flowleri (Meningoencephalitis)
Primary Atypical
86 Mycoplasma pneumoniae
pneumonia
87 Psittacosis Chlamydia psittaci
88 Q Fever Coxille burnetii
89 Rabies Rabies Virus (Rhabdoviridae)
90 Rat Tapeworm Infection Hymenolepis diminuta (nana)
91 Rickettsial Pox Rickettsia akari
Dermatophytes
92 Ringworm (microsporum, epidermophyton,
trichopthyton)
Rocky Mountain Spotted
93 Rickettsia rickettsii
Fever
94 Salmonellosis Salmonella enterica
95 SARS Corona Virus
96 Schistosomiasis Schistosoma Genus
97 Scrub Typhus Orientia tsutsugamushi
Shigella sonnei,
Shigella boydii,
98 Shigellosis
Shigella felxneri,
Shigella dysenteriae
99 Smallpox Variola Virus
100 Sporotrichosis Sporothrix schenkii
101 Strep Throat Streptococcus pyogenes
102 Strongyloidiasis Strongyloides stercoralis
103 Syphilis Treponema pallidum
Taeniasis(Pork tapeworm
104 Taenia solium
Infection)
105 Tetanus Clostridium Tetani
106 Thrush Candida albicans
107 Tinea Barbae Epidermophyton ssp.
108 Tinea Captis Microsporum spp.
109 Tinea Corporis Epidermophyton ssp.
110 Tinea Cruris Trichophyton ssp.
111 Tinea Nigra Hortaea werneckii
27
112 Tinea Pedis Trichophyton ssp.
113 Tinea Unguium Trichophyton ssp.
114 Tinea Versicolor Malassezia furfur
115 Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii
116 Trachoma Chlamydia keratoconjunctivitis
117 Traveler Diarrhea Enteropathogenic E. coli
118 Trench Fever Bartonella quintana
119 Trichinosis Trichinella spiralis
120 Trichomoniasis Tricomonas vaginalis
121 Tricuriasis Trichuris trichiura
122 Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis
123 Tularemia Francisella tularensis
124 Typhoid Fever Salmonella typhi
125 Urinary Tract Infection Proteus vulgaris
126 Varicella Varicella Zoster Virus
127 Gastroenteritis Vibrio parahaemolyticus
128 Gastroenteritis Vibrio valnificus
West Nile Virus
129 West Nile Virus
Encephalitis
130 White Piedra Trchosporon beigelii
131 Yeast Vaginitis Candida albicans
132 Yellow Fever Flavivirus fibricus
133 Yersiniosis Yersinia enterocolitica
134 Zygomycosis Various Zygomytes
BIOSTATISTICS OR VITAL STATISTICS

Vital Statistics -pertains to birth and death records in general, vital pertains to life or concerning births,
marriages, deaths, and illnesses.
Morbidity Statistics – are the statistics of disease.
Mortality Statistics – concerned with death and the causes of death, indicate more or less clearly the
healthfulness of a community and the success and failure of health work.
Importance of Vital Statistics
28
Statistics of disease and death, or morbidity and mortality statistics, indicate the state of healthfulness of a
community and the success or failure of health work/services.
More important, they give valuable clues as to the character of work required or needed. Birth rates together
with death rates influence directly the population, the prediction of which is essential in planning for sanitary
facilities such as water supplies, sewerage, food sanitation, and others.
Sources of Vital Statistics
Statistics on population and its characteristics such as age and sex distribution are obtained from records of
National Statistics Office, the office in charged with the duty of registering vital facts in the country.
A census of the country is undertaken by the government at intervals and the data obtained therein are
considered official figures.
The Science and Analysis of Vital on Population with particular reference to Birth, Marriage,
Morbidity and Mortality.
Birth registration is required of all babies born and the local civil registrar handles the required registration.
The birth certificate contains the date and place of birth, name and sex of child; name, age, birthplace,
residence and occupation of parents. It is accomplished by the person who attended at birth, such as
physician, midwife, nurse, etc. Incidentally the registration birth is of great importance not only to the
community but also to the individual.
Death certificates are required even more so, for no person can be buried unless his death is duly registered.
Information of the death certificate includes name, age, nationality, civil status, occupation, date of death and
cause of death and is accomplished by a physician or undertaker. A copy of the birth and death certificate as
used in the country today can easily be obtained from the office of the municipal health officer.
Estimate Population Size for a future date
To be able to estimate the population for any date in the future, one should have the population count for an
earlier date. It is upon the population of any particular geographical subdivision that its vital statistics are
based and this information is obtained from census reports.
For vital statistics purposes, population during non-censal years are generally estimated by the arithmetic
increase, the geometric increase, or other suitable methods.
 Arithmetic Method – it is assumed that the actual increase in population per year is constant.
Pf = Pp + nk
where: Pf – future population
Pp – present population
29
n – number of years
k – constant annual increase
 Geometric Method – it is assumed that the rate of increase in population per year as a percent of the
previous population is constant.
Pf = Pp (1+k)n
where: Pf – future population
Pp – present population
n – number of years
k – constant rate of increase
Rates
this refers to the occurrence of events over a given interval of time. Rates are vey useful when events being
studied are dynamic; in other words, it measures amounts of change.
COMMONLY USED FORMULAS IN VITAL STATISTICS
A. Fertility Rates
Crude Birth Rates (CBR) measures how fast people are added to the population through births
Number of registered live births in a year

CBR = ---------------------------------------------------------- x 1,000
Midyear Population
General Fertility Rate (GFR) is more specific rate than the crude birth rate since births are related to the
segment of the population deemed to be capable of giving birth.
Number of registered live births in a year

GFR = ------------------------------------------------------------------- x 1,000
Midyear population of women 15-44 years of age
B. Mortality Rates
Crude Death Rate (CDR) gives the speed with which mortality occurs in a given population.
Number of deaths in a calendar year

CDR = -------------------------------------------------------- x 1,000
Midyear Population
Specific Mortality Rates show rates of dying in specific population groups.
Number of deaths in a specified group in
30
Specific a calendar year
Mortality = ------------------------------------------------------------------------- x 1,000
Rates Midyear population of the same specified group
Cause-of-Death Rate or Mortality Rate from specific diseases or conditions gives the rate of dying secondary
to specific causes.
Number of deaths from a certain cause in a

Cause- calendar year
of-Death Rate = ----------------------------------------------------- x 1,000
Midyear Population
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is defined as the number of deaths among infants under one year of age in a
calendar year per one thousand live births in the same period.
Deaths under 1 year of age in a calendar year
IMR = ---------------------------------------------------------------- x 1,000
Number of live births in the same year
Case Fatality Rate (CFR) is the proportion of cases which end up fatality.
Number of deaths from a specified cause
CFR = --------------------------------------------------------- x 100
Number of cases of the same disease
C. Morbidity Rates
Incidence Rates measures the development of disease in a group exposed to the risk of the disease in a period
of time.
Number of disease developing in a period of time

Incidence = --------------------------------------------------------------- x F
Rate Population at risk
Prevalence Rates measures the proportion of existing cases of a disease in the population. The term
―existing‖ refers to old and new cases of the diseases.
Number of existing cases of a specified disease
Prevalence = ---------------------------------------------------------------------- x F
Rate Population at that point in time/examined
Sample Problem 1
The following data are taken form the 1985 Philippine Health Statistics Report
Number
Total Males 27,437,246
Total Females 27,231,086
Females aged 15-44 years 12,913,036
Total Deaths 334,663
31
Deaths due to Tuberculosis 31,650
Total Live births 1,437,154
Tuberculosis cases 153,406
Over 28 days to less than 1 year 54,613
Deaths under 28 days 22,343
Using the information given, compute and interpret the following vital health indicators:
a. Crude birth rate
b. Crude death rate
c. General fertility rate
d. Infant mortality rate
e. Mortality rate from tuberculosis
f. Morbidity rate from tuberculosis
g. Case-fatality rate from tuberculosis
Solution:
a. Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Number of registered livebirths in a year
CBR = ----------------------------- x 1,000
Midyear Population
1,437,154
CBR = ------------------------------ x 1,000
27,437,246 + 27,231,086
CBR = 26.29/ 1000
b. Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Number of deaths in a calendar year
CDR = ---------------------------------------- x 1,000
Midyear Population
334,663
CDR = ---------------------------- x 1,000
54,668,332
CDR = 6.12 / 1000
c. General Fertility Rate (GFR)

Number of registered livebirths in a year
GFR = ------------------------------------------------------------------------ x 1,000
Midyear population of women 15-44 years of age
1,437,154
GFR = ---------------------------------------------- x 1,000
12,913,036
GFR = 111.30 / 1000
32
d. Infant Mortality Rate
Deaths under 1 year of age in a calendar year
IMR = -------------------------------------------------- x 1,000
Number of livebirths in the same year
54,613 + 22,343
IMR = ---------------------------------------- x 1,000
1,437,154
IMR = 53.55 / 1000
e. Mortality Rate from TB (Cause-of Death Rate)
Number of deaths from a certain

Mortality cause in a calendar year
Rate = ---------------------------------------------------- x 100,000
From TB Midyear Population
31,650
Mortality Rate from TB = -------------------- x 100,000
54,668,332
Mortality Rate from TB = 57.9 / 100,000
f. Morbidity Rate from TB (Prevalence Rate)

No. of existing cases of a
Morbidity specified disease
Rate = ------------------------------------------- x 1,000
From TB Population at Risk
Morbidity 153,406
Rate = -------------------------------------------- x 1,000
From TB 54,668,332
Morbidity Rate from TB = 2.81 / 1000
g. Case Fatality Rate from TB

Number of deaths from a specified cause
CFR = ---------------------------------------- x 100
Number of cases of the same disease
31,650
CFR = ------------------------------------------------------ x 100
153,406
CFR from TB = 20.63 %

33
REPORTS FROM EnSE 524: EnSE PRACTICE
WITH COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
SY: 2019 – 2020
34
CONTROL OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
HEALTH
 The state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.
PUBLIC HEALTH
 Science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical and mental health.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
 Epidemiology is the study of factors that determine the frequency, distribution, and determinants of
diseases in human populations, and ways to prevent, control, or eradicate diseases in populations.
COMMUNICABLE AND CONTAGIOUS DISEASES
• If the infectious disease is transmissible from one human to another (i.e., person to person), it is called
a communicable disease.
• Although it might seem like splitting hairs, a contagious disease is defined as a communicable
disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another.
CHANNELS OF INFECTION
35
• Any person known to have been in such association with an infected person or animal having the
opportunity acquiring the infection.
CONTACT
• Any person known to have been in such association with an infected person or animal having the
opportunity acquiring the infection.
HOST
• A person or living organism that can be infected by an infectious agent under natural conditions.
CARRIER
• Is a person or animal without apparent disease who harbors a specific infectious agent and is capable
of transmitting the agent to others.
INCUBATION PERIOD
• Is the time from the moment of exposure to an infectious agent until signs and symptoms of the
disease appear. For example, the incubation period of chickenpox is 14-16 days.
CLASSIFICATION OF CONTAGIOUS, INFECTIOUS AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES,

THEIR SOURCES AND CARRIER
ENDEMIC DISEASES
• Endemic diseases are diseases that are always present within the population of a particular geographic
area.
PANDEMIC
• Affects large number of people and transcends community boundaries.
EPIDEMIC DISEASES
• An epidemic (or outbreak) is defined as a greater than usual number of cases of a disease in a
particular region, usually occurring within a relatively short period of time.
SPORADIC DISEASES
• A sporadic disease is a disease that occurs only occasionally (sporadically) within the population of a
particular geographic area.
ZOONOTIC DISEASES
36
• Infectious diseases that humans acquire from animal sources are called zoonotic diseases or
zoonoses (sing., zoonosis).
EPIZOOTIC DISEASES
• An epidemic among animals.
CHAIN OF INFECTION
• The six components in the chain of infection are:
a) a pathogen,
b) a reservoir of infection,
c) a portal of exit,
d) a mode of transmission,
e) a portal of entry, and
f) a susceptible host.
MODES OF TRANSMISSION
The three principle routes by which pathogens involved in HAIs are transmitted are contact, droplet, and
airborne.
1. CONTACT TRANSMISSION There are two types of contact transmission:

 Direct contact transmission, pathogens are transferred from one infected person to
another person without a contaminated intermediate object or person.
 Indirect contact transmission happens when pathogens are transferred via a
contaminated intermediate object or person.
2. DROPLET TRANSMISSION
In droplet transmission, respiratory droplets carrying pathogens transmit infection when they
travel from the respiratory tract of an infectious individual (e.g., by sneezing or coughing) to
susceptible mucosal surfaces of a recipient. Droplets traditionally have been defined as being larger
than 5 m in size.
3. AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION
Airborne transmission occurs with dissemination of either airborne droplet nuclei or small
particles containing pathogens.
4. VEHICULAR TRANSMISSION
Involves contaminated objects, such as food, water, dust and fomites.
5. VECTOR TRANSMISSION
37
Involves the various types of biting insects and arachnids.
OTHER TERMS
• ANTIBIOTIC – medications that weaken or kill bacteria, and are used to treat infections caused by
bacteria. Antibiotics have no effect on infections caused by viruses.
• ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE – when bacteria can no longer be killed by a particular antibiotic.
• COLONIZATION – when bacteria are present in a person’s nose, mouth, gut or other site, but do not
cause illness.
• INFECTION – when a bacterium or other germ (like virus) causes illness in person.
• TOXIN – any poisonous substances produce by a living organism
• ANTITOXIN – is the antibody antagonistic to toxin, which is produced by an organism.
World Health Organization (WHO)
• According to the World Health Organization (WHO), infectious diseases are responsible for
approximately half the deaths that occur in developing countries; approximately half of those are
caused by three infectious diseases—human immunodeficiency virus/ acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (HIV/AIDS), tuberculosis, and malaria. Collectively, these three diseases cause more than
300 million illnesses and more than 5 million deaths per year.
Transmission-Based Precautions
1. Contact Precautions (most frequent mode of transmission) are used for patients known or
suspected to be infected or colonized with epidemiologically important pathogens that can be
transmitted by direct or indirect contact.
2. Droplet Precautions are used for particles that are larger than 5 m in diameter.
3. Airborne Precautions are used when particles are 5 m or less in diameter.
ARBOVIRAL INFECTIONS
• Are caused by any number of virus transmitted by arthropods such as mosquitoes and ticks.
• These infections generally occurs during warm weather moths, when mosquitoes and ticks
are active.
• Symptoms usually occur 3-15 days after a bite from an infected mosquito or tick.
Healthcare-Associated Infections
• Infectious diseases (infections) can be divided into two categories depending on where the person
became infected:
38
(a) infections that are acquired within hospitals or other healthcare facilities (called healthcare-associated
infections or HAIs).
(b) infections that are acquired outside of healthcare facilities (called community-acquired infections).
INFECTION CONTROL
• The term infection control pertains to the numerous measures that are taken to prevent infections from
occurring in healthcare settings. These preventive measures include actions taken to eliminate or
contain reservoirs of infection, interrupt the transmission of pathogens, and protect persons (patients,
employees, and visitors) from becoming infected
Asepsis
• wound contamination is not inevitable and that pathogens can be prevented from reaching vulnerable
areas, a concept referred to as asepsis (without infection).
Aseptic techniques are actions taken to prevent infection or break the chain of infection.
Medical Asepsis
Medical asepsis is a clean technique. Its goal is to exclude pathogens.
Surgical Asepsis
Surgical asepsis is a sterile technique. Its goal is to exclude all microbes.
Vaccinations
• Because healthcare personnel are at particular risk for several vaccine-preventable infectious diseases,
the CDC recommends that they receive the following vaccines:
1. Hepatitis B recombinant vaccine
2. Influenza vaccine
3. Measles live-virus vaccine
4. Mumps live-virus vaccine
5. Rubella live-virus vaccine
6. Varicella-zoster live-virus vaccine
Hand Hygiene
• The most important and most basic technique in preventing and controlling infections and preventing
the transmission of pathogens is handwashing.
• Personal Protective Equipment
• Gloves
39
• Isolation gown
• Mask
• Eye protection
• Respiratory protection.
Patient-Care Equipment
• Organic material (e.g., blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions) must be removed from medical
equipment, instruments, and devices prior to high level disinfection and sterilization because residual
proteinaceous material reduces the effectiveness of disinfection and sterilization processes.
Environmental Control
• The hospital must have, and employees must comply with, adequate procedures for the routine care,
cleaning, and disinfection of environmental surfaces such as bedrails, bedside tables, commodes,
doorknobs, sinks, and any other surfaces and equipment in close proximity to patients.
Linens
• Textiles such as bedding, towels, and patient gowns that have become soiled with blood, body fluids,
secretions, or excretions must be handled, transported, and laundered in a safe manner.
Disposal of Sharps
• Needlestick injuries and injuries resulting from broken glass and other sharps are the primary manner
in which healthcare workers become infected with pathogens such as HIV, HBV, and HCV.
Transmission-Based Precautions
• Within a healthcare setting, pathogens are transmitted by three major routes: contact, droplet, and
airborne.
BACTERIAL DISEASES VIRAL DISEASES

• Anthrax • Measles
• Impetigo • German Measles
• Leprosy • Chickenpox
• Trachoma • Smallpox
• Diphtheria • SARS
• Primary Atypical Pneumonia • Avian Influenza
• Pneumonia • 2009 Flu Pandemic
• Tuberculosis • Hepatitis A
• Whooping Cough • Hepatitis B & Hepatitis C
• Cholera • HIV/AIDS
• Salmonellosis • AIDS
• Typhoid Fever • Mumps Poliomyelitis
• Shigellosis • Rabies
40
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
• Endemic and Epidemic Typhus
Fever
• Gonorrhea FUNGAL INFECTIONS
• Syphilis • Ringworm
• Plague • Cryptococcosis
• Tularemia Listeriosis • Thrush
• Tetanus • Yeast Vaginitis
DISEASES COMMUNICATED BY DISEASES COMMUNICATED BY NOSE

INTESTINAL DISCHARGES AND THROAT DISCHARGES
• Typhoid Fever • Poliomyelitis
• Paratyphoid Fever • Tuberculosis
• Cholera • Diptheria
• Dysentery • Measles
• Poliomyelitis • Scarlet Fever
• Infectious Hepatitis • Whooping Cough
• Hookworm Disease • Cerebrospinal Fever
• Smallpox
• Chickenpox
• Pneuminoa
PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS • Influenza
• Giardiasis • Common Colds
• Amebiasis • Septic Sore Throat
• African Trypanosomiasis • SARS
• Malaria • Meningococcemia
ANTHROPOD – borne diseases (insects, DISEASE OF ANIMALS TRANSMISIBLE TO

houseflies, cockroaches) MAN
• Typhus Fever • Brucellosis
• Plague • Bovine Tuberculosis
• Relapsing Fever • Q-fever
• Malaria • Anthrax
• Yellow Fever • Leptospirosis
• Dengue • Salmonellosis
• Filariasis • Tularemia
• Tuleremia • Rabies
• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever • Ornithosis
• Ringworm
MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES • Trichinosis
• VD • Taeniasis
41
• Trachoma • Diphyllobothriasis
• Leprosy • Echinococcosis
ZOONOTIC DISEASES -Infectious diseases

that human acquire from animal sources.
• Anthrax
• Bilharzia
• Chagas Disease
• Chikungunya
• Cholera
• Dengue Fever
• Ebola
• Malaria
• Plague
• Ringworm
• Salmonellosis
• Trichinosis
• Yellow Fever
VIRAL DISEASES
Disease Causative Agent Description
• Is an acute, highly contagious viral disease

capable of producing epidemics.
• Usually considered a childhood disease, it
can be contracted at any change.
• Is spread by direct contact with nasal or
1 Measles RUBEOLA VIRUS
throat secretions of infected people or lass
frequently by airborne transmission
• Symptoms usually appear in 10-12 days,
although they may occur as early as 7 or as
late as 18 days of exposure.
2 German Measles
42
• A highly communicable disease, a
member of herpes virus family.
• Occurs most frequently in winter and early
spring.
• Transmitted by direct person-to-person
3 Chicken Pox VARICELLA VIRUS contact by droplet of airborne spread of
discharges from an infected person’s nose
and throat.
• Symptoms commonly appears 14-16 days
(range of 10-21 days) after exposure to
someone with chickenpox.
• Caused by the VARIOLA VIRUS, a
member of the family Poxviridae.
• Transmission is via the respiratory tract
4 Smallpox VARIOLA VIRUS (droplet spread) or skin inoculation.
• Infection with fever, malaise, headache,
prostration, severe backache, skin rash, and
occasional abdominal pain & vomiting.
5 SARS
• Caused by viruses adapted to birds, the
avian influenza virus type A .
• Infected wild and domesticated bird serve
as reservoirs.
• All known viruses that cause influenza in
AVIAN INFLUENZA
6 Avian Influenza birds belong to the species influenza A
VIRUS TYPE A virus. All subtypes (but not all strains of all
subtypes) of influenza A virus are adapted
to birds, which is why for many purposes
avian flu virus is the influenza A virus (note
that the "A" does not stand for "avian").
2009 Flu
7
Pandemic
• Caused by the HEPATITIS A VIRUS
(HAV). The virus is found in the stool
(feces) of HAVinfected people.
HEPATITIS A VIRUS
8 Hepatitis A • Can easily spread from one person to
(HAV) another by putting something in the mouth
that has been contaminated with the stool of
a person with hepatitis A.
• Caused by the HEPATITIS B VIRUS
(HBV) and HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV).
The virus is found in blood and certain body
fluids.
HEPATITIS B VIRUS • Spread when person who is not immune
comes in contact with blood or body fluid
9 Hepatitis B & C (HBV) and HEPATITIS C from an infected person.
VIRUS (HCV) • Spread by having sex w/o a condom,
sharing needles or ―works‖ when
―shooting‖ drugs, through needlestick or
sharps exposures in a health care setting, or
sometimes from infected mother to her baby
43
during vaginal birth.
• Is a late stage of HIV disease.

10 HIV/AIDS
• There is no cure.
• Is an acute viral disease characterized by

fever, swelling and tenderness of one or
Mumps Virus more of the salivary gland
11 Mumps
(PARAMYXOVIRIDAE) • Transmitted by direct contact with saliva
and discharges from the nose and the throat
of infected individuals.
• Viral disease which may affect the central

nervous system
• Is more common in infants and young
POLIO children and occurs under conditions of
poor hygiene. However, paralysis is more
12 Poliomyelitis VIRUS(PICORNAVIRID common and more severe when the
AE) infection occurs in older individuals.
• Is predominately spread through the feces
• The incubation period is usually 6-20 days
for paralytic cases, with a range of 3-35
days.
• Is an acute fatal encephalitis caused by a

specific virus
• The incubation period varies from 2 to 6
RABIES VIRUS
13 Rabies weeks or longer
(RHABDOVIRIDAE) • Transmission occurs through the entrance
of the virus-laden saliva into lesions or open
wounds which are generally caused by the
bite.
44
BACTERIAL DISEASES
(BACILLUS ANTHRACIS)
• So called ―wool sorter’s disease‖, occurs
BACILLUS
1 Anthrax among textile and wool-factory workers and
ANTHRACIS among agricultural people.
• It is primary a disease cattle and horses
• Common infection of the skin resulting in

blisters that may occur anywhere on the
STREPTOCOCCI OR body but are usually observed around the
nose or mouth.
2 Impetigo STAPHYLOCOCCUS
• Spread person to person through direct
AUREUS contact with discharged from blisters.
• Blisters appear 4 to 10 days after exposure
to the fluids from blisters of another person.
(MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE)
• Called ―hansen disease‖, caused by a
MYCOBACTERIUM
3 Leprosy BASILLUS.
LEPRAE • It affects chiefly the skins, mucous
membrane and peripheral nerves.
(CHLAMYDIA
CHLAMYDIA KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS)
4 Trachoma KERATOCONJUNCTIVI • Is a communicable disease of the eyes
TIS which may be transmitted by towels,
handkerchiefs or fingers.
• Is an acute bacterial disease that usually
affects the tonsils, throat, nose or skin.
• Is most common where people live in the
crowded conditions.
CORYNEBACTERIUM
5 Diphtheria • Is transmitted to others through close
DIPTHERIAE contact with discharge from an infected
person’s nose, throat, skin, eyes and lesions.
• Symptoms usually appear 2 to 4 days after
infection with a range of 1 to 10 days
Caused by MYCOPLASMA
PNEUMONIAE .
Has a gradual onset with headache, malaise,
Primary
MYCOPLASMA dry cough, sore throat, and less often, chest
6 Atypical discomfort.
PNEUMONIAE
Pneumonia • Transmission occurs via droplet inhalation
or direct contact with infected person, or
contaminated articles.
45
• Most frequently caused by
STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.
• An acute nonspecific infection of the small
air sacs and tissues of the lung, with fever,
STREPTOCOCCUS productive cough, acute chest pain, chills,
7 Pneumonia and shortness of breath.
PNEUMONIAE
• Transmission is by droplet inhalation,
direct oral contact, contact with
contaminated hands and fomites, or
inhalation of yeasts and fungal spores.
• Caused by any of the species in the
MYCOBACTERIUM Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.
• An acute or chronic infection of the lower
8 Tuberculosis TUBERCOLUSIS respiratory tract with malaise, fever, night
COMPLEX sweats, weight loss, and productive cough.
• Transmission occurs via airborne droplets.
• Caused by BORDATELLA PERTUSSIS.
Whooping • Highly contagious, acute childhood
BORDATELLA
9 Cough (usually) infection. •
PERTUSSIS Transmission occurs via droplets produced
(Pertussis)
by coughing.
• Disease that affects the intestinal tract, and
caused by VIBRIO CHOLERAE.
• Spread by eating or drinking food or water
contaminated by the fecal waste of an
infected person.
• Occurs more often in undeveloped
10 Cholera VIBRIO CHOLERAE
countries lacking adequate water supplies
and proper sewage disposal.
• Disease with profuse watery stools,
occasional vomiting, and rapid dehydration.
• Symptoms may appear from a few hours
to five days after exposure.
• (SALMONELLA ENTERICA)
• Is a bacterial infection that generally
affects the intestinal tract and occasionally
SALMONELLA
11 Salmonellosis the bloodstream
ENTERICA • Spread by eating or drinking contaminated
food and water or by contact with infected
people or animals.
• Disease caused by SALMONELLA
TYPHI OR TYPHOID BACILLUS . •
Paratyphoid Fever (less severe infection) is
caused by Salmonella paratyphi .
SALMONELLA TYPHI • Transmission occurs via fecal-oral route,
Typhoid Fever eating or drinking food or water
12 OR TYPHOID
(Enteric Fever) contaminated by the fecal waste of an
BACILLUS infected person, or mechanical transmission
by flies.
• Disease with fever, severe headache,
malaise, anorexia, non-productive cough,
and constipation.
46
• Some people become carriers following
infection
• Caused by SHIGELLA DYSENTERIAE,

SHIGELLA FLEXNERI, SHIGELLA
BOYDII and SHIGELLA SONEII .
SHIGELLA • Acute infection of the lining of the small
DYSENTERIAE, and large intestine, producing diarrhea (as
Shigellosis
many as 20 bowel movements a day) with
13 (Bacillary SHIGELLA FLEXNERI, blood, mucus, and pus.
Dysentery) SHIGELLA BOYDII and • Transmission occurs via fecal-oral route,
SHIGELLA SONEII . eating or drinking food or water
contaminated by the fecal waste of an
infected person, or mechanical transmission
by flies.
• Caused by RICKETTSIA RICKETTSII. •
Rocky Characterized by sudden onset of moderate-
to-high fever, extreme exhaustion, muscle
Mountain
RICKETTSIA pain, severe headache, chills, conjunctival
14 Spotted Fever infection, and maculopapular rash on
RICKETTSII.
(Tickborne extremities. • Transmission occurs via the
Typhus Fever) bite of an infected tick. Person to person
rarely occurs – through blood transfusion.
• Endemic Fever caused by RICKETTSIA
TYPHI •
Transmission occurs from rat to flea to
Endemic Fever caused by human. •
Endemic and RICKETTSIA TYPHI Epidemic Fever caused by RICKETTSIA
15 Epidemic Epidemic Fever caused by PROWAZEKII •
Typhus Fever RICKETTSIA Transmission occurs from human to lice to
PROWAZEKII human. • Disease
often with sudden onset of headache, chills,
prostration, fever, and general pains.
Bacterial.
• A sexually transmitted disease caused by
NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE .
• In males, symptom usually appear 2 to 7
days after infection (can take as long as 30
NEISSERIA
16 Gonorrhea days for symptom to begin) with urethral
GONORRHOEAE discharge and painful urination.
• Often, there are no symptom for people
infected with gonorrhea; 10 to 15% of men,
and 80% women may have no symptoms.
47
• Infection caused by TREPONEMA
PALLIDUM, primary a sexually
transmitted disease.
• Any sexually active person can be infected
TREPONEMA with syphilis, mostly among young people
17 Syphilis between the ages of 15 and 30 years.
PALLIDUM
• Symptoms can appear from 10-90 days
after a person becomes infected, but usually
within 3 to 4 weeks.
• Treated with penicillin or tetracycline.
• Disease of rats and wild rodents and is
caused by YERSINIA PESTIS.
• Transmission is usually via flea bite (from
18 Plague YERSINIA PESTIS rodent to flea to human).
• Three types: Bubonic Plague, Pneumonic
Plague, and Septicemic Plague
• Caused by FRANCISELLA
TULARENSIS .
• Usually contracted by man from rabbits,
opossums, rodents, quail, and other game
Tularemia FRANCISELLA animals.
19
(Rabbit Fever) TULARENSIS • Transmission occurs via tick bite,
ingestion of contaminated meat, inhalation
of dust, and animal bite.
• Results in skin ulcer, pharyngitis, or
pneumonia
• Infection caused by LISTERIA
MONOCYTOGENES
• Listeria may infect specific locations
within the human body (brain or spinal cord
membranes or the bloodstream).
• Those at highest risk are newborns, the
LISTERIA
20 Listeriosis elderly, people with weakened immune
MONOCYTOGENES systems and pregnant women.
• Most cases occur sporadically;
transmission occurs via ingestion of
contaminated milk or vegetables, or from
mother to fetus.
• Causes fever and spontaneous abortion.
48
• Caused by NEUROTOXIN called
TETANOSPASMIN produced by
CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
• Disease that affects the nervous system.
• As a result of widespread immunization,
tetanus is now a rare disease.
NEUROTOXIN called • A common first sign of tetanus is
Tetanus TETANOSPASMIN muscular stiffness in the jaw (lockjaw),
21
(Lockjaw) produced by followed by stiffness of the neck, difficulty
CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI in swallowing, rigidly of abdominal
muscles, spasms, sweating and fever.
• Contracted through a wound which
becomes contaminated with the organism. It
is not transmitted from person to person.
• Incubation period is usually 8 days but
may range from 3 days to 3 weeks.
• (LEPTOSPIRA GENUS)
• Also know as ―weil’s disease or
hemorrhagic jaundice‖ •
Occurs among rats, other rodents, dogs,
22 Leptospirosis (LEPTOSPIRA GENUS)
swine and occasionally other animals
• Spread mainly by the urine of infected
animals and is generally not transmitted
from person to person
PROTOZOAL DISEASES

• An intestinal illness caused by a
microscopic parasite called GIARDIA
LAMBLIA (GIARDIA INTESTINALIS ).
• Infection of the uppermost portion of the
GIARDIA LAMBLIA
small intestine. Patients experience diarrhea,
1 Giardiasis (GIARDIA INTESTINALIS
abdominal cramps, bloating, abdominal gas,
)
fatigue, and weight loss.
• Transmission occurs via the fecal-oral
route, usually by ingestion by fecally
contaminated food or water.
49
microscopic parasite called ENTAMOEBA
HISTOLYTICA .
• It is recognized more often in people
arriving from tropical or subtropical areas,
Amebiasis
ENTAMOEBA individuals living in institutions.
2 (Amebic
HISTOLYTICA • Transmission occurs via ingestion of
Dysentery)
fecally contaminated food or water, by flies
transporting cyst from feces to food, by
oral-anal sexual contact, or by anal
intercourse involving multiple sexual
partners.
• Caused by TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI
SSP. GAMBIENSE AND
TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI SSP.
RHODESIENSE .
TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI • Tsetse flies become infected when they
African SSP. GAMBIENSE AND ingest blood that contains the trypanasomes.
3
Trypanosomiasis TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI Transmission occurs via bites of Tsetse fly.
SSP. RHODESIENSE • Early stages of the disease include intense
headache, insomnia, anemia, local edema,
and rash.
• Later stages include body wasting, falling
asleep, coma, and even death.
• Caused by the four species in the genus
Plasmodium: PLASMODIUM VIVAX
(most common), PLASMODIUM
PLASMODIUM VIVAX
FALCIPARUM (most deadly),
(most common),
PLASMODIUM MALARIAE , and
PLASMODIUM
PLASMODIUM OVALE .
4 Malaria FALCIPARUM (most
• Infection occur as a result of injection of
deadly), PLASMODIUM
sporozoites into the bloodstream by an
MALARIAE , and
infected female Anopheles mosquito while
PLASMODIUM OVALE
taking a blood meal. Also by transfusion or
use of bloodcontaminated needles and
syringes.
50
PROTOZOAL DISEASES

microscopic parasite called GIARDIA
LAMBLIA (GIARDIA INTESTINALIS ).
• Infection of the uppermost portion of the
GIARDIA LAMBLIA
small intestine. Patients experience diarrhea,
1 Giardiasis (GIARDIA INTESTINALIS
abdominal cramps, bloating, abdominal gas,
)
fatigue, and weight loss.
• Transmission occurs via the fecal-oral
route, usually by ingestion by fecally
contaminated food or water.
microscopic parasite called ENTAMOEBA
HISTOLYTICA .
• It is recognized more often in people
arriving from tropical or subtropical areas,
Amebiasis
ENTAMOEBA individuals living in institutions.
2 (Amebic
HISTOLYTICA • Transmission occurs via ingestion of
Dysentery)
fecally contaminated food or water, by flies
transporting cyst from feces to food, by
oral-anal sexual contact, or by anal
intercourse involving multiple sexual
partners.
• Caused by TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI
SSP. GAMBIENSE AND
TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI SSP.
RHODESIENSE . • Tsetse
TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI flies become infected when they ingest
African SSP. GAMBIENSE AND blood that contains the trypanasomes.
3
Trypanosomiasis TRYPANOSOMA BRUCEI Transmission occurs via bites of Tsetse fly.
SSP. RHODESIENSE • Early stages of the disease include intense
headache, insomnia, anemia, local edema,
and rash.
• Later stages include body wasting, falling
asleep, coma, and even death.
• Caused by the four species in the genus
Plasmodium: PLASMODIUM VIVAX
(most common), PLASMODIUM
PLASMODIUM VIVAX
FALCIPARUM (most deadly),
(most common),
PLASMODIUM MALARIAE , and
PLASMODIUM
PLASMODIUM OVALE .
4 Malaria FALCIPARUM (most
• Infection occur as a result of injection of
deadly), PLASMODIUM
sporozoites into the bloodstream by an
MALARIAE , and
infected female Anopheles mosquito while
PLASMODIUM OVALE
taking a blood meal. Also by transfusion or
use of bloodcontaminated needles and
syringes.
51
OTHER DISEASES
• ―PARROT FEVER‖ (CHLAMYDIA

PSITTACI)
• A viral disease of parrots, parakeets,
Psittacosis ―PARROT FEVER‖ canaries, pigeons, and numerous other
1
(Bacterial) (CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI) species of birds, including of some of our
domestic fowl-chickens, ducks and turkeys.
• Is transmitted to man through direct
contact with infected birds.
• (TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS)
• Caused by the larva of a parasitic
Trichinosis
2 TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS nematode infecting man and animal host.
(Nematode)
• Anyone who eats undercooked meat of
infected animals can develop trichinosis
• (TAENIA SOLIUM)
• Beef or pork-tapeworm infection, involves
Taeniasis (Beef
various animal host.
or pork-
3 TAENIA SOLIUM • The common varieties that occur in man
tapeworm
ingestion of infected beef, pork and fish.
infection)
• Transmission also occurs through direct
hand-to-mouth transfer of the egg and feces
• CLOSTRIDUIM BOTULINUM
• Is a serious illness caused by a nerve toxin
made by the bacterium, clostriduim
botulinum. (A toxin is a poisonous that is
CLOSTRIDUIM released by some bacteria and viruses).
4 Botulism
BOTULINUM • Symptoms generally begin12-36 hours
after eating contaminated food (canned,
cooked or reheated food) but may occur as
early as a few hours and as late as 10 days.
• HAEMOPHILUS DUCREYI
• Is a sexually transmitted disease (STD)
caused by a bacterium.
HAEMOPHILUS
5 Chancroid • It is common in tropical countries but rare
DUCREYI
in other parts of the world.
• It is commonly seen in men that in
women, particularly uncircumcised males.
52
• NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE
• Is an infection that is spread through
sexual contact with another person.
• Infected person will have burning while
NEISSERIA
6 GONORRHEA urinating and a yellowish white discharge
GONORRHOEAE
• In males, symptoms usually appears 2 to7
days after infection but it can takes as long
as 30 days for symptom to begins.
• LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES
• May infect specific locations within the
human body (brain or spinal cord
membranes or the bloodstreams).
LISTERIA • Those at a highest risk are newborns, the
7 Listeriosis
MONOCYTOGENES elderly, people with weakened immune
system and pregnant women.
• Most cases occur sporadically, food-borne
outbreaks do occur.
• (mycplasma pneumoniae)
• Is a respiratory illness, a microscopic
organism related to bacteria.
• Anyone can get the disease but it most
Mycoplasma MYCOPLASMA often affects the older children and young
8
Infection PNEUMONIAE adults.
• Spread through contact with droplets from
the nose and throat and infected people
especially when they cough and sneeze.
• Fairly common infectious of the skin

caused by a mite. Scabies mites burrow
into the skin producing pimple-like
irritations or burrows.
• Transferred by direct skin-to-skin contact.
9 Scabies Indirect transfer from undergarments or
bedclothes can occur only if these have
been contaminated during sexual contact.
• Symptoms will appear from 2-6 days in
people who have not previously been
exposed to scabies infestations.
• TREPONEMA PALLIDUM
• Bacterial infection, primary a sexual
transmitted disease (STD).
• Any sexually active person can be infected
with syphilis, mostly among young people
10 Syphilis TREPONEMA PALLIDUM
between ages of 15-30 years.
• Symptoms can appear from 10-90 days
after a person becomes infected, but usually
within 3-4 weeks.
• Is treated with penicillin or tetracycline.
53
• CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI
• Commonly called ―lockjaw‖ is a bacterial
disease that affects the nervous system.
• Common first sign is muscular stiffness in
11 Tetanus CLOSTRIDIUM TETANI the jaw (lockjaw), followed by stiffness of
the neck, difficulty in swallowing, rigidly of
abdominal muscles, spasms, sweating and
fever.
• A serious rash illness of children

• Most cases occurs in infants and children
under 5 years old.
• Most cases have high spiking fever that
Kawasaki does not respond to antibiotics. The fever
12
Syndrome last more than 5 days and is associated with
irritability, swollen lymph nodes, red eyes,
lips. Throat and tongue.
• At the present time, preventive is
unknown.
54
BIOSTATISTICS AND VITAL STATISTICS
What is Vital Statistics?
The application of statistical methods and techniques to the study of vital facts, such as those concerning
births, marriages, deaths, and illnesses.
The most common way of collecting information on these events is through Civil Registration, an
administrative system used by the government to record vital events which occur in a certain population
What is Vital Statistics?
Pertains to birth and death records in general. VITAL pertains to ―life‖ or concerned in births, marriages,
death and illness
Vital Statistics/Biostatistics
 Pertains to birth and death records in general, vital pertains to life or concerning births, marriages,
deaths, and illnesses.
 The Science and Analysis of Vital on population with particular references to birth, marriage,
morbidity and mortality
 Compilation of statistical analysis of information pertinent to life and death of people in a
community.
STATISTICS
The study of the collection, organization, analysis and interpretation of data.
It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys
and experiments
The word Statistics, when referring to the scientific discipline, is singular, as in ―Statistics is an art‖. This
should not be confused with the word statistic, referring to a quantity such as mean or median calculated from
a set of data, whose plural is statistics which means ―this statistic seems wrong‖ or ―these statistics are
misleading‖.
STATISTICIAN
Someone who is particularly well versed in the ways of thinking necessary for the successful application of
statistical analysis.
Is working in any of a wide number of fields
Example: Mathematical Statistics - a discipline that studies statistics mathematically.
Morbidity Statistics
The statistics of disease. It is widely used by epidemiologists in the analysis of ill-health within human
populations
Mortality Statistics
55
Concerned with death and causes of death, indicate more or less clearly the healthfulness of a community and
the failure of health work
Importance of Vital Statistics
 Statistics of disease and death, or morbidity and mortality statistics
 Indicate the state of healthfulness of a community and the success of failure of health work /
services
 Give valuable clues as to the character of work required or needed
Birth Rates together with Death Rates influence directly the population, the prediction of which is essential
in planning for sanitary facilities such as water supplies, sewerage, food sanitation, and others.
Sources of Vital Statistics
 Statistics on population and its characteristics are obtained from records of National Statitics Office
(NSO), the office in charged with the duty of registering vital facts in the country
 A census of the country is undertaken by the government at intervals and the data obtained therein are
considered official figures
Birth Registration
It is required of all babies born and the local civil registrar handles the required registration. It is
accomplished by the person who attended the birth such as physician, midwife, nurse, etc.
Birth Certificate Contains:
 Date and place of birth
 Name and sex of child
 Name, age, birthplace, residence and occupation of parents
Birth Registration
Incidentally, the registration birth is of great importance not only to the community but also to the individual.
Death Certificate
Are required even more so, for no person can be buried unless his death is duly registered. It is accomplished
by a physician or undertaker.
Death Certificate Contains:
 Name, age, nationality, civil status, occupation of the dead person
 Date of death
 Cause of death
56
A copy of the birth and death certificate as used in the country today can easily be obtained from the office of
the Municipal Health Officer.
Estimate Population Size for a Future Date
 To be able to estimate the population of any date in the future, one should have the population count
for an earlier date
 It is upon the population of any particular geographical subdivision that its vital statistics are based
and this information is obtained from census reports.
 For vital statistics purposes, population during non - censal years are generally estimated by the
arithmetic increase, the geometric increase, or other suitable methods.
Arithmetic Method
It is assumed that the actual increase in population per year is constant.
Pf = Pp + nk
Pf - Future Population
Pp - Present Population
n - number of years
k - constant annual increase
Geometric Method
It is assumed that the rate of increase in population per year as a perccent of the previous population is
constant.
Pf = Pp (1 + k)n
Pf - Future Population
Pp - Present Population
n - number of years
k - constant rate increase
RATES
 This refers to the occurrence of events over a given interval of time

 Very useful when events being studied are dyanamic; in other words, it measures amounts of change
57
Commonly Used Formula in Vital Statistics
A. Fertility Rates
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) - measures how fast people are added to the population through births
General Fertility Rate (GFR) - is more specific rate than the crude birth rate since births are related to the
segment of the population deemed to be capable of giving birth
B. Mortality Rates
Crude Death Rate (CDR) - gives the speed with which mortality occurs in a given population
Specific Mortality Rates - show rates of dying in specific population groups
Cause of Death Rate or Mortality Rate - from specified diseases or conditions gives the rate of dying
secondary to specific causes
Infant Mortality Rates (IMR) - is defined as the number of deaths among infants under one year of age in a
calendar year per one thousand live births in the same period
Case Fatality Rate (CFR) - is the proportion of cases which end up fatality
58
C. Morbidity Rates
Incidence Rates - measures the development of disease in a group exposed to the risk of the disease in a
period of time
Prevalence Rates - measures the proportion of existing cases of a disease in the population. The term
―existing” refers to old and new cases of the disease
59
FOOD AND MILK SANITATION
FOOD PRESERVATION
What is food preservation?
• The prevention of growth of microorganism, as well as slowing the oxidation of fats that cause
rancidity. Food preservation may also include processes that inhibit visual deterioration, such as the
enzymatic browning reaction in apples after they cut during food preparation
One of the most ancient food preservation techniques which

Drying reduces water activity sufficiently to prevent or delay bacterial
growth
Preserves food by slowing down the growth and reproduction
Refrigeration of microorganisms and the action of enzymes which cause
food to rot.
Also one of the most commonly used processes commercially
and domestically for preserving a very wide range of food
Freezing
including prepared food stuffs which would not have required
freezing in their unprepared state.
Stores food in a vacuum environment, usually in an air-tight
Vacuum Packing
bag or bottle. Commonly used for storing nuts.
Curing or salting draws moisture from the meat through a
Curing
process osmosis
Used to preserve fruits, either in syrup with fruit or in
Sugaring
crystallized form.
Pickling A method of preserving food in an edible anti-microbial liquid
Involves cooking food, sealing it in sterile cans or jars and
Canning and
boiling the containers to kill or weaken any remaining bacteria
Bottling
as form of sterilization.
Sodium hydroxide makes food too alkaline for bacterial
Lye
growth
Bag of Prague #1, also known as ―curing salt‖ or ―pink salt. It
Salt is typically a combination of salt and sodium nitrite, with pink
color added to distinguish it from ordinary salt.
MILK SANITATION
What is milk?
• A white liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals
• The primary source of nutrition for young mammals before they are able to digest other types of
foods
60
• Early lactation milk contains colostrum, which carries the mother’s anti bodies to the baby and can
reduce the risk of many disease in the baby
• An important food which supplies protein, fat, carbohydrates, mineral matter and vitamins to the
human body.
MILK AS VEHICLE OF INFECTION
Bovine tuberculosis
• Transmitted by the ingestion of unpasteurized milk or dairy products from tuberculous cows, by
airborne in barns and by handling of contaminated animal products
• Caused by Mycobacterium bovis
Typhoid Fever Dysentery and Salmonela Gastroenteritis
• From unclean hands of milkers or other dairy employees.
Diphtheria & Septic Sore Throat
• Transmitted by throat and nose discharges.
Staphylococcal toxins
• Bovine Mastitis- inflammation of the mammary gland and udder tissue, and is major endemic disease
of dairy cattle.
• Most often transmitted by contact with the milking machine, and through contaminated hands.
Brucellosis
- Consumption of raw milk and cheese made from raw milk.

- Fresh cheese is the major source of infection in man
- Caused by BRUCELLA
-
 Brucella melitensis (highest pathogenicity)
 Brucella suis (high pathogenicity)
 Brucella abortus (moderate pathogenicity)
 Brucella canis (moderate pathogenicity)
BRUCELLOSIS (Other Names)

61
 Bruce’s septicemia
 Chumble Fever
 Continued Fever
 Crimean Fever
 Cyprus Fever
 Febris Melitensis
 Febris undulans
 Fist of Mercy
 Goat Fever
 Melitensis Septicemia
 Melitococcosis
 Milk Sickness
 Mountain Fever
 Neapolitan Fever
 Satan’s Fever
 Slow Fever
 Scottish Delight
 Jones Disease
 Contagious Abortion
 Maltese Fever
Q-fever
• A worldwide disease with acute and chronic stages caused by the bacteria Coxiella Burnetii.
• Cattle, sheep, and goats are the primary reservoirs.
• Results from inhalation of a spore-like small cell variant, and from contact with the milk, urine, feces,
vaginal mucus, or semen of infected animals.
• Usually develop within 2-3 weeks of exposure.
Essentials of Milk Sanitation
1. Healthy Cows
2. Clean and Healthy Workers
3. Clean Environment
4. Separate Milk Room
5. Proper design of equipment and utensils
6. Effective sanitation and scrupulous cleanliness of pails, cans, coolers and bottles
7. Prompt cooling and proper handling of milk
62
8. Pasteurization
BACTERIOLOGICAL TEST OF MILK
 TOTAL COUNT
• Determining the number of organisms which will grow on agar plates under the standard
laboratory conditions.
• Also obtained by counting with microscope the clumps of bacteria seen in the field and by
counting individual organisms.
PHYSICAL TEST OF MILK
 BUTTERFAT TEST
• Determines whether the cream content is up to standard.
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST & CRYOSCOPE (WATER FREEZING POINT) TEST
• Determine the content of solid-not-fat and indicate whether milk has been watered.
CHEMICAL TEST OF MILK
 CHEMICAL TEST
– Made when milk is suspected to contain preservatives
– Phosphate test shows that this enzyme has been destroyed by heat and indicates whether milk
has been properly pasteurized.
OTHER TEST FOR MILK
 ORGANOLEPTIC TESTS
- Permits rapid segregation of poor quality of milk at the milk receiving platform.
- No equipment is required, but the milk grader must have good sense of sight, smell and taste.
 CLOT ON BOILING (C.O.B) TESTS
- It is one of the old tests for too acid milk (pH<5.8) or abnormal milk (e.g. colostral or mastitis
milk).
 RESAZURIN TESTS
- Most widely used test for hygiene and the potential keeping quality of raw milk.
- Resazurin is a dye indicator
 THE ALCOHOL-ALIZARIN TESTS
- Alizarin- a color indicator changing color according to the acidity.

63
FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
• The term foreign substances does not include bacteria, dirt , hairs, insects, manure or other dirt, which
may appear in milk.
These other foreign substances that constitute a potential health hazard are:
 Pesticides
 Antibiotics
 Plastics
 Chemical sanitizing agents
 Radionuclides
Pasteurization
The application of heat to milk for the purpose of destroying disease-producing organisms
TYPES
Holding or Vat Pasteurization 142-143 °F for 30 minutes
High Temperatures, Short Time Pasteurization 160-162 °F for 30 minutes
Flash Pasteurization 190 °F for 2 seconds
Destruction of bacteria by heat is dependent on temperature and time of exposure:
Diphtheria 130°F for 30 minutes

Streptococcal 133°F for 30 minutes
Typhoid Bacilli 136°F for 30 minutes
Tubercle Bacilli 139 °F for 30 minutes
Sterilization
• Attained by ultra high temperatures but not high enough to destroy the important nutrients in milk
except Vitamin C.
• Sterilized milk will keep longer on the shelf provided it is not opened. Once opened, it will behave
like fresh and pasteurized milk
Milk recommended per day:
64
• Adult – 2 cups
• Teenagers – 4 cups
• Children – 3 cups
Grade of Milk
- Grade A- has the lowest bacteria count and is grade sold in retail stores
- Grade B and C- are both safe and wholesome, but have a higher bacterial count
TYPES OF MILK
contains 8.25 solids non fat like protein, lactose and

1 Ordinary milk
minerals which are not fats and 3 % of milk fat
2 Carabao or Buffalo’s milk 8.5% of milk solids not fat, 7.5 % of milk fat
3 Raw milk fresh, unpasteurized milk straight from the cow
4 Whole milk high in milk fat
5 Low fat milk labeled as low fat, 1% or 2%
6 Skim milk also known as nonfat milk
made by adding a special bacterial culture to milk to
7 Buttermilk
produce the desirable acidity, body, flavor and aroma
made by adding chocolate or cocoa and sweetener to 2%
8 Chocolate milk
milk
9 Sour cream cream that has been soured by lactic acid bacteria
canned whole milk concentrate, prepared by evaporating
10 Evaporated milk enough water, under a vacuum, to reduce the volume by
half
11 Sweetened condensed milk prepared like evaporated milk, but with added sugar
12 Nonfat dry milk obtained by removing water from pasteurized skim milk
13 Whipping cream the fat of whole milk
14 Half and half a blend of milk and cream
the addition of one or more vitamins, minerals or
15 Fortified
proteins not already present in a food.
65
INSECTS AND VERMIN CONTROL
VECTORS
 Arthropods or other invertebrates which transmit infection by inoculation into or through the skin or
mucous membrane by biting, or by deposit of infective materials on the skin or on food or other
objects.
 Living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to human
TRANSMISSION METHOD OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASE
Diseases are transmitted by vectors either:
 Mechanically
 The causative organism is carried in or on the body of the vector
 The vector plays no part in the metabolism, or physiological changes in the nature of the
organism.
 Biological
 The body of the vector furnishes an essential link in the series of biological changes
which occur in the development of the organisms.
Vector-Borne Diseases
 Vector-Borne Diseases account for more than 17% of all infectious diseases, causing more than 1
million deaths annually
 More than 2.5 billion people in over 100 countries are at risk of contracting dengue alone
 Malaria causes more than 600000 deaths every year globally, most of them children under 5 years of
age.
Basic Requirements in the Control of Vectors
• Anatomy
• Method and time of growth
• Habits
• Stage of its life history in which it causes damage
• Food
• Common living places
66
Basic Methods In the control of Insects and Rodents
 Physical and Mechanical

 Chemical
 Biological
 Environmental
 Health Education Campaign
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL

- Use of mechanical device or physical forces
CHEMICAL
- Chemical applications are rapid and effective means to reduce vector population density.
Constraints:
1. Behavioral resistance of insecticides

2. Insecticides persistence
BIOLOGICAL
- Considering of limiting factors that affect their growth and reproduction
ENVIRONMENTAL (source elimination)

- Removal of breeding places and attractants
HEALTH EDUCATION CAMPAIGN

- Understand and appreciate the importance of control measures and therefore motivate them to change their
habits, practices, and attitudes, which promote the survival and multiplication of pests.
Housefly (Musca domestica)

Adult look like:
• Large eyes
• 2 wings
• Small antennae (feelers)
• 3 pairs of legs and fat body
• 6 to 9 mm long (1/4 inch)
• No biting mouthparts
Life Cycle of a Housefly (Musca Domestica)

1. Egg
2. Larva • A small, white worm

(maggot) • Grows and molts (sheds its skin) 3 times in 3 days or
more
• For 3 days or more
3. Pupa • A resting stage in a dark shell
4. Adult • Hatches and can mate after 15 hours
67
Notes:
• The life cycle takes 6 days or more.
• A female can lay 500 to 3000 eggs in her life
• A fly can live 4 weeks
DISEASES known to have been so transmitted are typhoid fever, cholera, bacillary and amoebic dysentery.
HOW DO WE CONTROL HOUSEFLIES?
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
• Cleaning and removal of decaying vegetables, animal matter, garbage, manure piles, such materials
shall never be allowed to remain for more than 4 days
• Proper refuse storage and disposal
• Proper food storage
• Proper excreta disposal
MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL CONTROL
• Screening of doors and windows, and other openings.
• Electric fans- fans mounted over doorways leading to food serving establishments will keep out most
flies
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• Release of sterile flies- when female fly mate with sterile male whose pupa which expose to gamma
rays from radioactive cobalt, large number of sterile eggs are produced. Released of sterile flies
continued until the population falls to an extremely low level.
CHEMICAL CONTROL
• Residual Spray- for long lasting control. When applied, the chlorinated hydrocarbons and organic
phosphorus insecticide will leave a film of crystals that will kill some insects for weeks or months
thereafter
• Space spraying- ultra low volume and thermal fog application- economical and fast. Putting a very
fine mist or aerosol into areas where flies are abundant, for killing a large number of adults. To
control fly quickly from distance away.
• Larvicidal Treatment- for control of maggots. It is directed towards the elimination of breeding media
of larval habitats
Cockroach (Blattella Germanica)

Adult are strong:
68
• They can live 2 weeks w/o water
• They can live 3 weeks w/o food
• They eat almost anything: food, leather, glue, hair, paper, wallpaper, paste and each other.
Life Cycle of a Cockroach (Blatella Germanica)

• A female lay about 30-40 eggs in an egg case.
1. Egg • She carries the egg under her body within a day or
two.
• A nymph (young cockroach) comes from the egg in 2

2. Nymph
or 3 days
• The nymph grows and shed skin 5 to 7 times in 30 to
60 days.
3. Adult • Adults mate 7 to 10 days after they are fully grown
Notes:
• The life cycle takes 2 to 3 months
Why are cockroaches (Blattella Germanica) harmful?
 They can carry organisms that cause disease (typhoid fever food poisoning, gastroenteritis)
 They can make skin itch and cyclids swell
 They can spoil food
WHAT ARE THEIR HABITS?
 They are active at night
 They hide during day in the kitchen and furniture and almost everywhere
 They look small, dark, damp, spaces
 They fit into very narrow spaces
 Cockroaches live in-groups
 They prefer starchy materials such as bakery good, cereals and book bindings but will also feed upon
feather, wallpaper, and dead animals.
MOSQUITOES
- as diseases vector-its role as important human disease vector for dengue, microfilaria and malaria
INTERESTING FACT
 Alexander the Great, conqueror of many nations, was vanquished by the bite of a tiny mosquito
bearing malaria parasites
69
 The black death, decimator of Europe, killer of tens of million worldwide is the work of a flea
vectoring the bacilli that cause bubonic plague from rats to people
MOSQUITO
 Cultex
 Aedes
 Anopheles
Life Cycle of Mosquitoes (Anopheles, Culex Pipiens Quinquefasciatus, and Aedes Aegypti)
The life cycle of a mosquitoes has 4 stages:
1. Egg
2. Larva
3. Pupa
4. Adult.
Culex Pipiens Quinquefasciatus
Life Cycle of a Culex Pipens Quinquefasciatus

• A female lays eggs in clusters of 100-300 eggs
1. Egg • Eggs from a raft which floats on water
• Eggs hatch in 1 to 2 days
2. Larva
• Larva and pupa stages (young mosquito and cocoon)
take 8-10 days
3. Pupa
4. Adult • It takes 9-13 days to change from egg to adult.

• An adult life for 10-12 days
Notes:
• Females need blood to lay eggs
 About 550 species of Culex have been described, most of them from tropical and subtropical regions
 Some species are important as vectors of bancroftian filariasis and arboviral diseases such as Japanese
Encephalitis
Cultex quinquesfasciatus
 Adult mosquitoes are active at night.
 They rest during the day in and around the house
 They bite anywhere on people and animals
70
 They lay eggs in waters: in bottles, tin cans, rain barrels, ponds and lakes, puddles and gutters, and
water with sewage in it.
Culex Pipiens Quinquesfasciatus
 Mosquitoes that causes FILARIASIS
 Elephantiasis
 Culex Quinquefasciatus (vector of Brancroftian filariasis)
 Culex Tritaeniorhynchus (vector of Japanese encephalitis-B)
Aedes Aegypti
Life Cycle of a Aedes Aegypti
1. Egg • An egg hatches in 10-20 minutes
• An egg can live for a year or more w/o water
2. Larva • A larva (wriggler) lives in water for 7-9 days
3. Pupa • It is pupa (tumbler) for 1-2 days
4. Adult • It becomes an adult on day 11
AEDES: BIOLOGY
 Aedes mosquitos occur around the world and there are over 950 species
 They can cause a serious biting nuisance to people and animals, both in the tropics and in cooler
climates
 In tropical countries aedes aegypti is an important vector of dengue, dengue hemorrhagic fever,
yellow fever and other viral diseases
AEDES: BEHAVIOR
 Aedes mosquitos bite mainly in the morning or evening (crepuscular bitters)
AEDES AEGYPTI
 This mosquito bites only in the daytime or by artificial light and its favorite point of attack is the
ankles.
 They bite and suck blood
 A female bites people on ankles, neck, and under clothing
 They hide in holes in trees and in drainage pipes
 They carry organisms that cause (dengue, encephalitis)
 Adult mosquitoes live near the water

71
 An adult flies less than 90 meters (100 yards) from where it was born
AEDES AEGYPTI
Mosquitoes that causes Dengue, Encephalitis.
ANOPHELES
Mosquitoes that causes Malaria
ANOPHELES
ANOPHELES: BIOLOGY
 About 380 species of anopheles occur around the world
 Some 60 species are sufficiently attracted to humans to act as vectors of malaria
 A number of anopheles species are also vectors of filariasis and viral diseases
ANOPHELES: BEHAVIOR
Anopheles mosquitos are active between sunset and sunrise
WHY ARE MOSQUITOES HARMFUL?
 They cause annoyance and discomfort to the people
 They bite and make skin itch
 They carry organisms that cause disease (malaria, filariasis, dengue)
NOTE:
 Only female mosquitoes bites and suck blood in people

 Male mosquitoes suck only the nectar or fluid in plants
MOSQUITO-BORNE DISEASES are divided into three groups (according to the pathogens):
 Protozoa diseases (e.g. Malaria)
 Viral Diseases (e.g. dengue, Japanese encephalitis)
 Nematode diseases (e.g. Filariasis)
RESERVOIR OF HUMAN DISEASES
72
Murine Typhus Fever
- Caused by infected rat fleas. The rat is the reservoir and the flea is the vehicle of infection
Plague
- Bubonic and Pneumonic plague- caused by infected rat fleas. Regurgitation of infected blood into bite
wound by fleas.
Rat bite fever

- Bite of infected rat
Weil’s Disease of leptospirosis

- Disease transmitted to man from food contaminated with infected urine and feces of infected rat
Salmonellosis
- Same as in Weil’s disease
Ricketsialpox
- Bite of house mouse
RAT AND MOUSE

MOUSE RAT
Size Sparrow sized Sexually dimorphic, avg. 1
pound
Best known Common house mouse Black Rat (Rattus rattus);
species (Mus Musculus) brown rat (Rattus
Norvegicus)
Genetic Mice have 20 chromosome Rats have 21 chromosome
Differences pairs and 2.6 million base pairs and 2.75 million base
pairs pairs
Identification Small feces Large Feces
Method
Head Small, triangular, small Short, stubby, broad, large
Attributes relative to body relative to body
Muzzle Narrow with sharp muzzle Large and blunt wide
Attributes muzzle
Ears Ears are large relative to the Ears are small relative to the
head head
Life span Avg. 1.5-2.5 years Avg. 2-3 years
Tail A mouse is small and has a A rat is bigger and has a
skinny tail thicker tail
Digging Mice do not dig deep and Rats dig deep and long
burrows even if they do so, they may burrows
dig only to about a foot
Eyes Slightly bigger compared to Small compared to heal
head
73
LIFE CYCLE OF DOMESTIC RATS
Norway Rats (Rattus Norvegicus) and Roof Rats (Rattus rattus):
 Rats of these kind attained its sexual maturity within 3-5 months and the average gestation period is
22 days
 The frequent range of travel is 100-150 ft from their harborage.
 The length of life is about one year
HOUSE MOUSE (Mus Musculus)
 Rats of this kind attained its sexual maturity in 1 ½ months or 45 days and the average gestation
period is 19 days
 The frequent range of travel is 100-150 ft from their harborage
 The length of life is about one year
1. Reaction to strange objects

2. Climbing
3. Jumping and reaching
4. Swimming
5. Nesting and Haborage
6. Burrowing
7. Gnawing
8. Feeding Habits
9. Senses
74
RADIOLOGICAL SANITATION
RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH
– the public health aspect of the use ionizing radiation and is becoming increasingly important as nuclear
energy is used to an ever-increasing extent in medicine and industry.
RADIOLOGICAL SANITATION
– necessary to prevent human injury since it is the environmental factors such as air, water, food and
industrial operations.
– This is essentially the protection of the general public and workers exposed to radioactivity from excessive
exposures; it is accomplished through environmental-control measure.
ATOMS
– consists of nucleus surrounded by a group of electrons moving orbitally about it
NUCLEUS
– made up of particles called protons and neutrons
PROTONS
– a positive electric charge
– Its mass is some 2000 times that of electron
NEUTRON
– neutral in charge and has about the same mass as a proton and an electron combined.
 A free neutron will spontaneously split into a proton and electron.
ELECTRON
– has a very small mass and a negative electric charge
ATOMIC NUMBER
– the number of protons or electrons present in a chemical element
HYDROGEN
- simplest element, has only one proton and one electron and thus its atomic number is 1.
LITHIUM
– 3 Protons, 3 electrons and its number is 3.
CHLORINE – Atomic no. 17

IRON – Atomic no. 26
LEAD – Atomic no. 82
ISOTOPES
– one or two or more forms of an element having the same atomic number and hence occupying the same
position in the periodic table.
– Slightly varying atoms of the same element
75
3 ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN
HYDROGEN 1 – PROTIUM
HYDROGEN 2 – DEUTERIUM
HYDROGEN 3 – TRITIUM
DEUTERIUM
– Heavy water
– Hydrogen compound
– used in reactors to slow down neutrons
5 ISOTOPES OF CARBON
CARBON 10, 11, 12, 13, 14
MASS NUMBER
– based upon the mass or quantity of matter in its nucleus
– used in making chemical calculations
– sum of proton and neutrons
STABLE
– the forces holding the nuclear particles are balanced and the balance is hard to upset.
UNSTABLE ISOTOPES
– relatively high number of neutrons in the nucleus as compared with the no. of protons
* RADIONUCLIDES
* RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
* RADIOISOTOPES
RADIOACTIVITY
– the process whereby unstable nuclei undergo spontaneous atomic disintegration with the liberation of
energy.
– also known as DECAY
– characterized by the emission of one or more types of radiation, such as alpha particles, beta particles and
gamma particles
ALPHA RADIATION
– the heavier elements have very large nuclei, and this is considered to be a cause of their instability.
ALPHA PARTICLES
– the nuclei become smaller through the ejection of protons and neutrons in groups of two of each
– very important INTERNAL HAZARD
• Alpha particles changes URANIUM to THORIUM and RADIUM to RADON
BETA RADIATION
– unstable isotopes have a high proportion of neutrons and protons in their nuclei.
– They emit electrons these are known as BETA PARTICLES
– emission of electrons is known as BETA RADIATION
– Heavy water
76

Introduction To Public Health Engineering

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Introduction To Public Health Engineering

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PUBLIC

Prepared by: Evora, Ma. Kimberly B.

 Sanitation of the Environment

 Control of Communicable Infections

 Health Education (Personal Hygiene)

 Organization of Medical/Nursing Services for early detection and treatment

 Development of Social Machinery for the Maintenance of Health

PUBLIC HEALTH ENGINEERING

PUBLIC HEALTH SAFETY

SANITARY OR ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER

PERTINENT LAWS AND REGULATIONS ON PUBLIC HEALTH

 A contagious disease transmitted by contact.

 The study of the distribution of a disease or condition in a population.

Concept of Causation of Communicable Disease

(mosquitoes, (rivers or bodies of

The concept of disease is that it is the result of an interaction of

III. CLASSIFICATION OF CONTAGIOUS, INFECTIOUS AND COMMUNICABLE DISEASES,

Epizootic - an epidemic among animals.

How can an infectious agent attack a new host?

• The potential for the biological agent to cause infection in a susceptible

Toxin – is any poisonous substance produce by a living organisms.

Etiology – is the study of causes.

Etiology Agent – the agent that causes the disease.

Risk Factor - An aspect of personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or an inborn or

Pathogenesis phase - is when the agent becomes established in the host.

Three levels of disease prevention

Tertiary prevention – includes disability limitation and rehabilitation.

DISEASES COMMUNICATED BY INTESTINAL DISCHARGES

 Typhoid fever – Salmonella typhi

DISEASES COMMUNICATED BY NOSE AND THROAT DISCHARGES

 Hookworm disease (Ancylostomiasis)

DISEASES OF ANIMALS TRANSMISSIBLE TO MAN

Other communicable diseases

Brucellosis, or undulant fever

Ornithosis (psittacosis), also called ―parrot fever‖

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)

Hepatitis B & Hepatitis C

 the incubation period may vary but it is generally 1-3 days.

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Sydrome)

2009 Flu Pandemic

2009 Flu Pandemic

VITAMINS SYSTEMATIC NAME DEFICIENCY

INFECTION CAUSATIVE AGENT

2. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

4. Poliomyelitis (Infantile paralysis) Poliovirus

5. Rabies Rabies Virus

9. Amebiasis (Amebic Dysentery) Entamoeba hystolytica

DISEASE OF THE GENITO-URINARY TRACT

LV - Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica

INFECTION CAUSATIVE AGENT

BIOSTATISTICS OR VITAL STATISTICS

Morbidity Statistics – are the statistics of disease.

Importance of Vital Statistics

Sources of Vital Statistics

Estimate Population Size for a future date

where: Pf – future population

k – constant annual increase

where: Pf – future population

k – constant rate of increase

COMMONLY USED FORMULAS IN VITAL STATISTICS

Number of registered live births in a year

Number of registered live births in a year

Number of deaths in a calendar year