Module 3

BASIC CALCULUS 3rd Trimester, SY 2023-2024
Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786;
442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Grade Level/Section: GRADE 11 - STEM
Email: email@uc-bcf.edu.ph; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph
MODULE 3 – Math 2 Subject Teacher: Merino A. Bantasan
DERIVATIVE BY LIMIT DEFINITION

Objectives:
At the end of the module, the learner should be able to:
1. illustrate the tangent line to the graph of a function at a given point;
2. apply the definition of the derivative of a function at a given number; and
3. relate the derivative of a function to the slope of the tangent line.
What is a tangent line?

Below are some definitions that we previously encountered. Let us discuss why they are not the
precise definitions.
(a) A line which touches the graph at only one point

- This definition only applies only if you are talking about graphs like circles.
As you can see from the graphs above, line l on the first touches the curve at two points while
line l on the second graph touches the curve at only one point. However, it is actually the first
graph that shows a tangent line to the graph at point P while in the second graph, although
the line touches the graph at only one point but it is not tangent to the graph at point P.
Therefore, the definition “A line which touches the graph at only one point” is not an accurate
definition but it could be applicable when talking about particular graphs like the circle.
(b) (from some dictionaries) touching but not intersecting (cutting through)
Touching and intersecting are very similar concepts in mathematics. The distinction may arise
from the interpretation that a line touching a curve stays entirely on one side (below or above)
of the curve, while intersecting means that the tangent line “cuts through” the curve (the
tangent line is above the curve to the left of the point of tangency while it is below the curve
to the right of the point of tangency, or vice versa). Both the lines below are tangent lines.
Since it is shown in the graph that definition b is still a not precise definition, what then is the
definition of tangent line?
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The precise definition of a tangent line relies on the notion of a secant line.
Let C be the graph of a continuous function y = f(x) and let P be a point on C. A secant line to y = f(x)
through P is any line connecting P and another point Q on C. In the figure below, the line PQ is a
secant line of y = f(x) through P.
We now construct the tangent line to y = f(x) at P.

- Choose a point Q on the right side of P, and connect the two points to construct the secant line
PQ .
- Choose another point Q1 in between P and Q. Connect the two points P and Q1 to construct the
secant line PQ1.
- Choose another point Q2 in between P and Q1. Construct the secant line PQ2.
Consider also the case when Q is to the left of P and perform the same process.
Intuitively, we can define the tangent line through P to be the limiting position of the secant lines PQ
as the point Q (whether to the left or right of P) approaches P.
If the sequence of secant lines to the graph of y = f(x) through P approaches one limiting position (in
consideration of points Q to the left and from the right of P), then we define this line to be the
tangent line to y = f(x) at P.
We summarize below the definitions of the secant line through a point, and the tangent line at a
point of the graph of y = f(x).
Definition:
Let C be the graph of a continuous function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) and let 𝑃 be a point on 𝐶.
1. A secant line to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) through 𝑃 is any line connecting 𝑃 and another point 𝑄 on 𝐶.
2. The tangent line to 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at 𝑃 is the limiting position of all secant lines ̅̅̅̅
𝑃𝑄 as 𝑄 → 𝑃.
*** As can be read from the definition of tangent line above, tangent line is a limiting position of all
secant lines. This is the reason why the definition of tangent line could also be expressed using limits.
You will see that as we go on with our lesson.
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DEFINITION OF THE DERIVATIVE

The expression
𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑎)
lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
can be regarded as a tool that can be used in finding the slope of the tangent line, or in finding the
instantaneous rate of change. In what follows, we define this expression as the derivative of f(x) at a.
If instead of using a constant “a” in the above formula, we replace “a” with the variable x, the resulting
limit (if it exists) will be an expression in terms of x. We can treat this expression in terms of x as another
function of x. This very useful function, denoted by f ‘(x), is called the derivative function of f.
Definition: Let f(x) be a function of x, the derivative function of f at x is given by:
*** In looking for the derivative of a function, we will use method 2 in finding the slope of a tangent line.
Notations: If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the derivative of 𝑓 is commonly denoted by the following notations:

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) 𝐷𝑥 [𝑓(𝑥)] [𝑓(𝑥)] [𝑦]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Examples:
𝒇(𝒙+𝒉)−𝒇(𝒙)
1. Find the derivative of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 5 using f’(x) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 .
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
i. Solve for f(x+h) by ii. Substitute f(x+h) and f(x) in the formula 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉
evaluating x+h in the 𝒉→𝟎
function 𝟑 𝐱+𝟑𝐡−𝟓− (𝟑𝒙−𝟓)

𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
f(x+h) = 3(x+h) – 5
= 3x + 3h – 5 Simplify the expression
𝟑𝐡
𝐥𝐢𝐦
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 5 𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
Cancel common factor

𝟑𝐡
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑 limit of a constant

𝒉→𝟎
= 3 , therefore, the derivative of the function f(x) is 3 denoted as

f’(x) = 3
2. Find the derivative of 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 using the limit theorem.
i. Solve for f(x+h) by evaluating x+h in the function
f(x+h) = 2(x+h)2 + 3(x+h) - 1

= 2 (x2 + 2xh + h2) +3x + 3h – 1
= 2x2 + 4xh + 2h2 + 3x + 3h – 1
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1
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ii. Substitute f(x+h) and f(x) in the formula: 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝐱𝐡 + 𝟐𝒉𝟐 + 𝟑𝐱+𝟑𝐡 – 𝟏 −(𝟐𝒙𝟐−𝟑𝒙−𝟏)

𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
Simplify the expression

𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝐱𝐡 + 𝟐𝒉𝟐 + 𝟑𝐱+𝟑𝐡 – 𝟏 −𝟐𝒙𝟐−𝟑𝒙+𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
Simplify further
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝐱𝐡 + 𝟐𝒉𝟐 + 𝟑𝐱+ 𝟑𝐡 – 𝟏 −𝟐𝒙𝟐−𝟑𝒙+𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝟒𝐱𝐡+𝟐𝒉𝟐+𝟑𝒉
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
Factor the numerator

𝐡(𝟒𝐱+𝟐𝐡+𝟑)
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉

𝐡(𝟒𝐱+𝟐𝐡+𝟑)
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒉 + 𝟑
𝒉→𝟎
Evaluate the limit at h = 0

𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐(𝟎) + 𝟑
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟑
Therefore, the derivative of f(x) is 4𝑥 + 𝟑 .
3. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 8, use the definition of the derivative to compute 𝒇’(𝟖).
For this case, we can use method 1.
Solution:
Given: 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 8
𝒂=8
𝑓(8) = √8 + 8 = √16 = 4
𝑓(𝑥)−𝑓(𝑎)
To compute 𝑓′(8), use the formula: 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
√𝑥+8−4
𝑓 ′ (8) = lim 𝑥−8
Substitute f(x), f(a) and a in the formula
𝑥→8
√𝑥+8−4 √𝑥+8+4
= lim ∙
𝑥→8 𝑥−8 √𝑥+8+4
𝑥+8−16
= lim
𝑥→8 (𝑥−8)(√𝑥+8+4)
𝑥−8
= lim
𝑥→8 (𝑥−8)(√𝑥+8+4)
1
= lim
𝑥→8 √𝑥+8+4
1
=
√8+8+4
1
=
4+4
𝟏
𝒇′(𝟖) =
𝟖
Page 4 of 9
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SLOPE OF A TANGENT LINE

There are two possible methods in identifying the slope of a tangent/secant line using limits of a
function:
Method 1
𝒇(𝒙)−𝒇(𝒂)
𝒎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂
Where: m = slope
f(x) = given function
a = point of tangency at x=a
f(a) = function evaluated as “a”
Method 2:
𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
Where:
f(x+h) = function evaluated as x+h but x will be the point of tangency(x=a)
f(x) = given function evaluated as (x=a)
*** Both can be used to find the slope of a tangent line.
Examples:
1. What is the slope of the tangent line to 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 1 at x = 1?
Again, both methods could be used to answer our question. Let us show the two methods in
solving for the slope.
𝒇(𝒙)−𝒇(𝒂)
Using method 1 to identify the slope: 𝒎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂
Solution:
i. First, identify f(a), a in ii. Substitute f(x), f(a) and a in the formula, and solve
the given is 1, thus: using limit theorem
(3𝑥 2 −12𝑥+1)−(−𝟖)
𝑚 = lim substitute the given
f(1) = 3(1)2 – 12(1) + 1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1
= -8
3𝑥 2 −12𝑥+9
𝑚 = lim Simplify
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
Given: 3(𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3)

𝑚 = lim Factor out 3 in the numerator
f(x) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 1 𝑥→1 𝑥−1
a=1
3(𝑥−1)(𝑥−3)
f(a) or f(1) = -8 𝑚 = lim Factor further the numerator
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
3(𝑥−1)(𝑥−3)
m= lim Cancel common factor
𝑥→1 𝑥−1
𝑚 = lim 3(𝑥 − 3) Evaluate limit as x approaches to one

𝑥→1
𝑚 = 3(1 − 3)
𝒎 = −𝟔 Therefore, the slope is -6.
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Using method 2: 𝒎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
i. Identify f(x+h)
Since x = 1, therefore f(x+h) is f(1+h)
Evaluate f(1+h) in the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 1
f(1+h) = 3(1+h)2 – 12(1+h) + 1
= 3(1+ 2h+h2) – 12 - 12h + 1
= 3 + 6h + 3h2 – 12 – 12h + 1
f(1+h) = 3h2 – 6h – 8
ii. Evaluate f(x) where x = 1 (based on the given)
f(1) = 3 (1)2 – 12(1) + 1
f(1) = - 8
iii. Substitute f(x+h) and f(x) in the formula 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝟑𝒉𝟐 −𝟔𝒉−𝟖 −(−𝟖)
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝟑𝒉𝟐 −𝟔𝒉
𝐥𝐢𝐦 Simplify
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝟑𝒉(𝒉−𝟐)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 Factor out common factor in the numerator
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝟑𝒉(𝒉−𝟐)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 Cancel common factor
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑(𝒉 − 𝟐) Evaluate limit at h=0

𝒉→𝟎
= 3(0 – 2)
=-6 Therefore, slope is – 6.
2. What is the equation of the tangent line tangent to𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 at the point (-1, 11)?
Solution: (for this we will use method 1)
IDENTIFY THE GIVEN SOLVE FOR THE SLOPE SOLVE FOR THE EQUATION
i. First, identify f(a), a in ii. Substitute f(x), f(a) and a in the iii. To solve the equation of the
the given is -1 based formula, and solve using limit tangent line, we will use the
from (-1,11) theorem point-slope formula
𝒚 – 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 – 𝒙𝟏 )
f(-1) = 2(-1)2 – 4(-1) + 5 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒂)
𝒎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
f(-1) = 2 (1) + 4 + 5 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂 Where:
f(-1) = 11 (x1,y1) = point of
2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5 − 11 tangency.
𝑚 = lim
Given: 𝑥→−1 𝑥 − (−1) m = slope
f(x) = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5
f(-1) = 11 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 6 For this case (x1,y1) is (-1, 11)
𝑚 = lim
a = -1 𝑥→−1 𝑥 + 1 and m = - 8
𝒚 – 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 – 𝒙𝟏 )
2(𝑥−3)(𝑥+1)
𝑚 = lim 𝑦 − 11 = −8[𝑥 − (−1)]
𝑥→−1 𝑥+1
(We factor the numerator then cancel 𝑦 − 11 = −8(𝑥 + 1)

common factor.) Refer to module 3
𝑦 − 11 = −8𝑥 − 8
𝑚 = lim 2(𝑥 − 3)
𝑥→−1
𝑦 = −8𝑥 − 8 + 11
𝑚 = 2(−1 − 3)
𝒚 = −𝟖𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒎 = −𝟖
Page 6 of 9
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3. What is the equation of the tangent line to 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 9 at the point where x = 0?
Solution: (use method 1)
IDENTIFY THE GIVEN SOLVE FOR THE SLOPE SOLVE FOR THE EQUATION
i. First, identify f(a), a is zero ii. Substitute f(x), f(a) and a in iii. To solve the equation of the
the formula, and solve tangent line, we will use the
f(0) = √0 + 9 using limit theorem point-slope formula
f(0) = √9 𝒚 – 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 – 𝒙𝟏 )
f(0) = 3 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒂)
𝒎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂 *we don’t have y1, however if we
Given: will evaluate x= 0 in the function
√𝑥 + 9 − 3 then y = 3, thus (x1,y1) is (0,3) and
f(x) = √𝑥 + 9 𝑚 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥−0 m = 1/6.
f(0) = 3
a =0 Rationalize the numerator Determine the equation of the
𝑚= lim
√𝑥+9−3 √𝑥+9+3
∙ tangent line:
𝑥→0 𝑥 √𝑥+9+3 1
𝑦 − 3 = (𝑥 − 0)
6
Multiply the conjugate 𝟏
𝑚 = lim
𝑥+9−9 𝒚= 𝒙+𝟑
𝑥→0 𝑥(√𝑥+9+3)
𝟔
Simplify
𝑥
𝑚 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥( √𝑥+9+3)

𝑥
𝑚 = lim
𝑥→0 𝑥(√𝑥 + 9 + 3)
1
𝑚 = lim
𝑥→0 √𝑥 +9+3
Evaluate the limit at x = 0
1
𝑚=
√0+9+3
1
𝑚=
√9 + 3
1
𝑚=
3+3
𝟏
𝒎=
𝟔
𝟏
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆, slope is
𝟔
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4. Find the equation of the tangent line, tangent to 𝑓(𝑥) = √25 − 𝑥 2 at the point where 𝑥 = 4.
IDENTIFY THE GIVEN SOLVE FOR THE SLOPE SOLVE FOR THE
i. First, identify f(a), a is 4 ii. Substitute f(x), f(a) and a in the formula, EQUATION
and solve using limit theorem iii. To solve the equation
f(4) = √𝟐𝟓 − (𝟒)𝟐 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒇(𝒂) of the tangent line, we
𝒎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
f(4) = √9 𝒙→𝒂 𝒙−𝒂 will use the point-slope
f(4) = 3 formula
√25 − 𝑥 2 − 3 𝒚 – 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎(𝒙 – 𝒙𝟏 )
𝑚 = lim
Given: 𝑥→4 𝑥−4
*we don’t have y1,
f(x) = √𝟐𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐 Rationalize the numerator by multiplying the
however if we will evaluate
f(4) = 3 conjugate of the numerator
x= 4 in the function then y
a =4 √25 − 𝑥 2 − 3 √25 − 𝑥 2 + 3 = 3, thus (x1,y1) is (4,3) and
𝑚 = lim ∙
𝑥→4 𝑥−4 √25 − 𝑥 2 + 3 m=
−𝟒
.
𝟑
Multiply
25 − 𝑥 2 − 9 *Equation of the tangent
𝑚 = lim
𝑥→4 (𝑥 − 4)(√25 − 𝑥2 + 3) line:
Simplify 4
𝑦 − 3 = − (𝑥 − 4)
−𝑥 2 + 16 3
𝑚 = lim
𝑥→4 (𝑥 − 4)(√25 − 𝑥 2 + 3) 4 16
𝑦=− 𝑥+ +3
3 3
Factor the numerator and cancel common factor
−(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 − 4) 𝟒 𝟐𝟓
𝑚 = lim 𝒚=− 𝒙+
𝑥→4 (𝑥 − 4)(√25 − 𝑥 2 + 3) 𝟑 𝟑
−(𝑥+4)
𝑚 = lim
𝑥→4 √25−𝑥 2 +3
−(4+4) This is the equation in

𝑚= (evaluate the limit)
√25−42 +3 slope-intercept form.
−8 −𝟒
𝑚= or 𝒎 = ,
6 𝟑
5. Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of y = x2 + 2 at x = 2.
For example number 5, let us use method 2: 𝒍𝒊𝒎 ..
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
i. The initial step is the computation of f(2) and f(2+h).

 f (2) = 22 + 2
f(2) = 6
 f(2+h) = (2+h)2 + 2
= (4 + 4h + h2) + 2
= 6 + 4h + h2
ii. Substitute f(x+h) and f(x) in the formula 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝟔+𝟒𝒉+𝒉𝟐 −𝟔
𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝟒𝒉+𝒉𝟐
𝐥𝐢𝐦 Simplify
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝒉(𝟒+𝒉)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 Factor out h
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝒉(𝟒+𝒉)
𝐥𝐢𝐦 Cancel out common factor
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
𝐥𝐢𝐦 4 +h Evaluate limit at h=0
𝒉→𝟎
m=4+0
m= 4 Therefore, the slope is 4.
Page 8 of 9
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References:
Basic Calculus: Teaching Guide for Senior High School by DepEd
Balmaceda, J. M. et al. (2016). Teaching guide for senior high school: Basic calculus. Quezon City:
CHED
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BASIC CALCULUS 3rd Trimester, SY 2023-2024

Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600

MODULE 3 – Math 2 Subject Teacher: Merino A. Bantasan

DERIVATIVE BY LIMIT DEFINITION

What is a tangent line?

(a) A line which touches the graph at only one point

MODULE 3 – Math 2 Subject Teacher: Merino A. Bantasan

We now construct the tangent line to y = f(x) at P.

MODULE 3 – Math 2 Subject Teacher: Merino A. Bantasan

DEFINITION OF THE DERIVATIVE

Definition: Let f(x) be a function of x, the derivative function of f at x is given by:

Notations: If 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the derivative of 𝑓 is commonly denoted by the following notations:

function 𝟑 𝐱+𝟑𝐡−𝟓− (𝟑𝒙−𝟓)

Cancel common factor

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑 limit of a constant

= 3 , therefore, the derivative of the function f(x) is 3 denoted as

2. Find the derivative of 2𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 1 using the limit theorem.

i. Solve for f(x+h) by evaluating x+h in the function

f(x+h) = 2(x+h)2 + 3(x+h) - 1

MODULE 3 – Math 2 Subject Teacher: Merino A. Bantasan

𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝐱𝐡 + 𝟐𝒉𝟐 + 𝟑𝐱+𝟑𝐡 – 𝟏 −(𝟐𝒙𝟐−𝟑𝒙−𝟏)

Simplify the expression

Factor the numerator

Cancel common factor

Evaluate the limit at h = 0

Therefore, the derivative of f(x) is 4𝑥 + 𝟑 .

MODULE 3 – Math 2 Subject Teacher: Merino A. Bantasan

SLOPE OF A TANGENT LINE

*** Both can be used to find the slope of a tangent line.

1. What is the slope of the tangent line to 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 1 at x = 1?

Given: 3(𝑥 2 −4𝑥+3)

𝑚 = lim 3(𝑥 − 3) Evaluate limit as x approaches to one

𝒎 = −𝟔 Therefore, the slope is -6.

MODULE 3 – Math 2 Subject Teacher: Merino A. Bantasan

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑(𝒉 − 𝟐) Evaluate limit at h=0

(We factor the numerator then cancel 𝑦 − 11 = −8(𝑥 + 1)

MODULE 3 – Math 2 Subject Teacher: Merino A. Bantasan

Cancel common factor

MODULE 3 – Math 2 Subject Teacher: Merino A. Bantasan

−(4+4) This is the equation in

i. The initial step is the computation of f(2) and f(2+h).

MODULE 3 – Math 2 Subject Teacher: Merino A. Bantasan

Basic Calculus: Teaching Guide for Senior High School by DepEd

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