Lecture: Properties of Pure Substances

PURE SUBSTANCE ?
 A pure substance is one that has a homogeneous and invariable chemical composition. It may exist in
more than one phase, but the chemical composition is the same in all phases.

Example of pure substances: Water, nitrogen, helium, and carbon dioxide,…

 A mixture of two or more phases of a pure substance is still a pure substance as long as the chemical
composition of all phases is the same.
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PHASES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE

We all know from experience that substances exist in different phases.

Intermolecular bonds are strongest in solids and weakest in gases. One reason is that molecules in solids
are closely packed together, whereas in gases they are separated by relatively large distances.
PHASE-CHANGE PROCESSES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
The pressure in the cylinder remains constant at 1 atm during this process since it depends on the outside
barometric pressure and the weight of the piston, both of which are constant.

Compressed Liquid, Superheated

Saturated
or Subcooled Saturated Vapor
Liquid. Vapor
Liquid

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SATURATION TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE

At a given pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance changes phase is called the saturation
temperature Tsat. Likewise, at a given temperature, the pressure at which a pure substance changes phase
is called the saturation pressure Psat.

The amount of energy absorbed or released during a phase-change process is called the latent heat.

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PROPERTY DIAGRAMS FOR PHASE-CHANGE PROCESSES
The T-v Diagram

The phase-change process of water at 1 atm pressure was described in detail. Now we repeat this
process at different pressures to develop the T-v diagram.

As the pressure is increased further, this

saturation line continues to shrink and it
becomes a point when the pressure reaches
22.09 MPa for the case of water. This point is
called the critical point, and it is defined as
the point at which the saturated liquid and
saturated vapor states are identical.

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PROPERTY DIAGRAMS FOR PHASE-CHANGE PROCESSES

Saturation temperature (Tsat): designates the temperature at which evaporation occurs for a given pressure.

Saturation pressure (Psat): refers to the pressure at which occurs evaporation for a given temperature.
Table A4: Saturated Vapor (vapeur saturée : table de la température)

Table A5: Saturated Vapor (vapeur saturée : table de la pression)

Table A6: Superheated Vapor (Vapeur Surchauffée)

Table A7: Compressed Liquid (Liquide comprimé)

Properties Given in Choose Look up Then You Have a
the problem Appropriate Table Compressed Liquid Mixture Liquid and Vapor If Superheated Vapor If
statement If

𝐏𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 , 𝐓𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 Pgiven Tsat at Pgiven Tgiven < Tsat Tgiven = Tsat Tgiven > Tsat

𝐏𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 , 𝐓𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 Tgiven Psat at Tgiven Pgiven > Psat Pgiven = Psat Pgiven < Psat

𝐏𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 , 𝐯𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 Pgiven vf 𝑎𝑛𝑑 vg vgiven < vf vf < vgiven < vg vgiven > vg

𝐏𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 , 𝐮𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 Pgiven uf 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ug ugiven < uf uf < ugiven < ug ugiven > ug

𝐏𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 , 𝐡𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 Pgiven hf 𝑎𝑛𝑑 hg hgiven < hf hf < vgiven < hg hgiven > hg

𝐓𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 , 𝐯𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 Tgiven vf 𝑎𝑛𝑑 vg vgiven < vf vf < vgiven < vg vgiven > vg

𝐓𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 , 𝐮𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 Tgiven uf 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ug ugiven < uf uf < ugiven < ug ugiven > ug

𝐓𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 , 𝐡𝐠𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧 Tgiven hf 𝑎𝑛𝑑 hg hgiven < hf hf < vgiven < hg hgiven > hg