ADETAYO TOLANI JOHN GEO/2019/0013

Soil Excavation
Excavation in soils is necessary for site preparation, which involves removing topsoil,
vegetation, and other obstacles to create a stable foundation for construction projects.

1) Foundation construction: Excavation is required for foundation construction, such as

basements, trenches, and footings, which are essential for building structures.

2) Material extraction: Soil excavation can involve the extraction of materials like sand,
gravel, and clay, which are used as aggregates in construction.

Rock Excavation
This is used in quarrying to extract stone, limestone, granite, and other rocks, which
are then processed into construction materials like aggregates, asphalt, and concrete.
1) Tunneling and drilling: Rock excavation techniques like tunnel boring and drilling
are used to create tunnels, foundations, and other underground structures.
2) Dimension stone: Rock excavation is used to extract dimension stone, which is
used for architectural and decorative purposes in construction.

Common Excavation Techniques

1) Open-pit excavation: Used for quarrying and soil excavation, where the
material is extracted from an open pit.
2) Trenching: Used for installing utilities, pipes, and cables.
3) Drilling and blasting: Used for rock excavation in quarrying and construction
projects.
4) Mechanical excavation: Used for soil and rock excavation, involving the use
of heavy machinery like backhoes, excavators, and loaders
 OLADUNNI ABIODUN AYODEJI 2020/32510

Rock excavation
This refers to the process of removing rock from the ground or a specific location. This
can be done for various purposes, including.
1. Construction: Rock excavation is often necessary for building foundations, tunnels, and other
infrastructure project
2. Mining: Rock excavation is used to extract minerals and ores from the earth.3. Quarrying:
Rock excavation is used to extract stone, sand, and gravel for construction and other purposes.
4. Tunneling: Rock excavation is used to create tunnels for transportation, utilities, and other
purposes.

Methods of rock excavation include:

1) Drilling and blasting
2) Mechanical excavation (using machines like backhoes, excavators, and loaders)
3) Hydraulic excavation (using high- pressure water jets)
4) Chemical excavation (using chemicals to break down the rock)

Soil excavation
This refers to the process of removing soil from a specific location, often for
construction, landscaping, or environmental remediation purposes.
Methods of soil excavation include:
1. Mechanical excavation (using machines like backhoes, excavators, and loaders)
2. Hand digging (using shovels and other hand tools)
3. Hydro excavation (using high-pressure water jets)
4. Vacuum excavation (using suction equipment)
Soil excavation is used for various purposes, including:
1. Foundation construction
2. Basement excavation
 3. Swimming pool installation
4. Septic system installation
5. Environmental remediation (e.g.,
removing contaminated soil) 6. Landscaping and gardening
7. Utility installation (e.g.,
pipes, cables) Soil excavation requires
careful planning and execution to avoid damage to surrounding structures, utilities, and the
environment. It's essential to conduct soil tests and assessments to determine the soil's stability,
composition, and potential hazards before excavation begins.

Quarry construction materials

A quarry is the process of removing rock, sand, gravel or other minerals from the ground
in order to use them to produce materials for construction or other uses. So, a quarry is any such
working on the surface of the earth where minerals are extracted, including
Aggregates: These are sand, gravel, and crushed stone. Other materials like slag and
recycled concrete can be considered aggregates as well. Aggregates can be put in place as
washed stone, mixed with cement for pouring concrete for paving or with asphalt for paving.
Examples of rock in aggregates include:
1) Sand and gravel from granite, limestone, basalt, gneiss, and
sandstone. 2) Alluvial and crushed rock from granite, limestone, and
sandstone. 3) Crushed stone from granite, limestone, and marble.
Construction
materials include Water, Wood, Bricks, Asphalt, Cement,
Concrete, Steel, Aluminum, Magnesium
Quarry materials Quarry materials are the raw materials
extracted from a quarry, including: 1. Aggregates: such as
Sand, Gravel Crushed stone (limestone, granite,basalt, etc.), Pebbles, Cobbles
2. Dimension stones:
such as Granite, Marble, Limestone, Sandstone, Slate 3. Industrial minerals:
Silica sand, Limestone (for cement and lime production), Gypsum, Clay 4. Decorative stones:
Flagstone, Fieldstone, Bluestone, Quartzite 5. Other materials:
Fill materials (soil, clay, etc.), Riprap (large stones for erosion control), Boulder
These quarry
materials are used in various industries, including: 1. Construction
(roads, buildings, bridges) 2. Landscaping and
gardening 3. Manufacturing (cement,
concrete, asphalt) 4. Decoration and
architecture 5. Water management
(erosion control, drainage)
Constructing material Wood (lumber, timber)
Stone (granite, marble,
limestone, sandstone) Clay (bricks, blocks,
tiles) Sand (aggregate, fill)
Gravel (aggregate, fill)
NAME: BAYOWA MARY IYANUOLUWA
MATRIC NO: 2021/36316
COURSE CODE: GLG 414
COURSE TITLE: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
DATE: 10/6/2024

Excavating is the process of creating a man-made cut or cavity within the surface of the
earth. Soil Excavation involves the removal of loose or compacted soil from the site. Soil
excavation is necessary for construction projects like water and sewer piping, power line
construction, repairing foundations and other structural work. On small sites or in confined
spaces, excavation may still be carried out by manual means using tools such as picks, shovels
and wheelbarrows, larger scale excavation works will require heavy plant such as bulldozers and
back actors.

Rock excavation
Rock excavation means the excavation and disposal of igneous,
metamorphic or sedimentary rock that cannot be removed by rippers or other mechanical
methods and therefore requires drilling and blasting.
Quarry and construction
materials Quarrying is the process of removing rock, sand, gravel, or other
minerals from the ground in order to use them to produce materials for construction or other
uses. Quarry materials
1) Limestone
2) Sandstone
3) Marble
4) Slate
5)
Granite 6)
Basalt
 Construction materials
1. Bricks
2. Cement
3. Concerete
4. Sand
5. Reinforement
6. Glass
7. Plastic
8. Wood
9. Tiles

Building material is material used for construction. Many naturally occurring substances, such as
clay, rocks, sand, wood, and even twigs and leaves, have been used to construct buildings and
other structures like bridges. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made products
are in use. The manufacturing of buildings is an established industry in many countries and the
use of these materials is typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as carpentry,
insulation, plumbing and roofing work. They provide the make-up of habitats and structures
including homes.
 INVESTIGATION OF GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF LOCAL SOIL

The investigation of geotechnical properties of local soil involves determining the

physical and mechanical properties of soil to understand their behavior under different loads and
conditions. The following are some of the key geotechnical properties of soils that are typically
investigated.
Physical properties
1) Texture (sand, silt, clay etc)
2) Density
3) moisture content
4) specific gravity

Mechanical properties
1) Cohesion
2) Friction angle
3) comprehensive stress
4) shear strength

investigation on the properties of the geotechnical attribute of soil is highly needed, because data
are very important in preliminary design and in the design involving building, foundation,
pavement, and retaining structure for construction project. Investigation of engineering
properties of soil should be done for economic design of sub-structural element and most
everything we build such as building, bridge, dams and others that are in, on or within soil.
 ADEMODI INIOLUWA VICTOR 2020/30759

EXCAVATION
This is the process of removing soil, rock, and other materials from a site to create a hole or
cravity for specific purpose such as construction, mining, landscaping etc.

SOIL EXCAVATION
This is the process of removing soil from site to a specific depth, usually for construction,
landscaping, or environmental remediation purpose. This process involve
1) removal of topsoil and vegetation
2) digging or drilling to the desired depth
3) grading and compacting the remaining soil
soil excavation is use in various ways
1) foundation construction
2) underground utility installation
3) construction of underground structures (tunnels, parking garages etc)

Rock excavation
This is the process of removing rock from site to access underground resources, create
space for construction, or modify the landscape .this process involve
1) Drilling and blasting: using explosive to break up rock into manageable pieces
2) Mechanical excavation: using heavy machinery like excavators, loader, and haul
trucks to remove rock.
3) Rock cutting: Using specialized equipment equipment like rock saw or grinders to
cut through rocks.
4) Tunnel boring: Using machine to dig tunnel through rock
Rock excavation is use in various purposes
1) Mining: Extracting minerals, ores and other geological materials
2) Construction: creating space for building, road, and infrastructure.
3) Quarrying: Extracting rocks for aggregate, dimension stone or other use
 Techniques use for excavation
1) backhoe excavation
2) Trenching
3) Drilling and augering
4) Hand digging
5) Mechanical excavation (using heavy machinery like excavator
 JOHNSON MAVELOUS OLASUNKANMI 202/30761

SOIL EXCAVATION
Soil Excavation involves the removal of loose or compacted soil from the site. Soil
excavation is necessary for construction projects like water and sewer piping, power line
construction, repairing foundations and other structural work.
Soil excavation is used for various purposes, including:
1. Foundation construction
2. Basement excavation

Rock excavation
This is the process of removing rock from site to access underground resources, create
space for construction, or modify the landscape .this process involve
1) Drilling and blasting: using explosive to break up rock into manageable pieces
2) Mechanical excavation: using heavy machinery like excavators, loader, and haul
trucks to remove rock.
3) Rock cutting: Using specialized equipment equipment like rock saw or grinders to
cut through rocks.
4) Tunnel boring: Using machine to dig tunnel through rock

Quarry construction materials

A quarry is the process of removing rock, sand, gravel or other minerals from the ground
in order to use them to produce materials for construction or other uses. So, a quarry is any such
working on the surface of the earth where minerals are extracted, including,
Aggregates: These are sand, gravel, and crushed stone. Other materials like slag and recycled
concrete can be considered aggregates as well. Aggregates can be put in place as washed stone,
mixed with cement for pouring concrete for paving or with asphalt for paving.