NCLEX-RN EXAM REVIEW 133 VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS

UPDATED 2024’,

When selecting an NCLEX answer or determining the order of priority what should you
remember or use and what is the exception? - Correct answerUse the ABC rule:
Airway breathing, and circulation. The exception to the rule is with actual CPR, use C-A-
B for CPR. Also remember safety first and acute before chronic. If the pt. is not in
distress then you assess. If the pt is in distress then you should do something. If the pt
has diaphorisis you should always do something.

How should you address questions related to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Correct
answerAddress physiological needs first, followed by safety and security needs, love
and belonging needs, self esteem needs and finally self actualization needs. *When a
physiological need is not addressed in the question, look for the option that addresses
safety.

If a question is related to the nursing process, read the question to determine the step of
the nursing process. What are the steps in the nursing process and what kind of
question might be related to that step. - Correct answerAssessment question
address the gathering and verification of data.

Analysis questions require the nurse to: interpret data, collect additional information,
identify and communicate nursing diagnoses and determine the health team's ability to
meet the pts needs.

Planning questions ask about determining, prioritizing, and modifying outcomes of care.

Implementation questions reflect the management and organization of care and the
assignment and delegation of tasks. Be prepared for questions on client teaching.

Evaluation questions focus on comparing the actual outcomes of care with the expected
outcomes and on communicating and documenting findings.

What are the normal ranges for H&H? What are the nursing implications - Correct
answerHemoglobin - Male 14-18 Female 12-16 Newborn 14-24

High altitude living increases value, slight decrease during pregnancy. Drug therapy can
alter values.

Hematocrit - Male 42-52 Female 37-47 Newborn 44-64

Prolonged stasis from vasoconstriction secondary to the tourniquet can alter values.
Abnormalities in RBC size may alter Hct values
What are the normal ranges for WBC?
What can increase values?
What can decrease values?
How long does the postpartum period of pregnancy affect normal ranges? What range
is normal during the postpartum period? - Correct answerBoth genders 5000-10000
Newborn 9000-30000

Anesthetics, stress, exercise, and convulsions can increased values.

Drug therapy can decrease values.

24-28 hr postpartum: a count as high as 25000 is normal

What are the normal ranges for RBC?

What can increase levels
What happens to levels during pregnancy? - Correct answerMales: 4.7-6.1 million
Female: 4.2-5.4 million
Exercise and high altitudes can cause an increase levels
pregnancy usually lower values
drug therapy can alter values
Never draw a specimen from an arm with an infusing IV.

What are the normal ranges for PLATELETS?

What may increase values?
What may decrease values?
What drugs decrease values? - Correct answerBoth Genders: 150000-400000

Living at high altitudes, exercising strenuously or taking oral contraceptives may

increase values

decreased values may be caused by hemorrhage, DIC, reduced production of platelets,

infections, use of prosthetic heart valves, and drugs.

Drugs that decrease platelets: acetaminophen, aspirin, chemotherapy, H2 blockers,

INH, Levaquin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, thiazide diuretics.

What are the normal ranges for K+? What should you keep in mind when getting a
specimen? - Correct answer3.5-5 is normal range for potassium
Exercise of the forearm with tourniquet in place may cause an increased level.
Hemolysis of specimen can result in a falsely elevated value

What are the normal ranges for Na+? What should you consider when collecting a
specimen? - Correct answer136-145 is a normal sodium range
Do Not collect from an arm with an infusing IV solution

What are the normal ranges for Ca+?

What type of drug can increase calcium levels?
What are two tests with positive results that are associated with hypocalcemia?
How do you preform the two tests? - Correct answer9-10.5 for adults. slightly lower
in the elder
Use of thiazide diuretics can cause increased levels of calcium

Positive Chvostek and Trousseau tests are associated with hypocalcemia.

• Chvostek sign: contraction of ipsilateral facial muscles when the facial nerve is tapped
just in front of the ear.

• Trousseau sign: carpopedal spasm elicited by inflating a sphygmomanometer above

systolic BP for 3 minutes.

What are the normal ranges for Mg+?

What may high magnesium levels indicate?
What may low magnesium levels indicate? - Correct answer1.7-2.2

A high magnesium level may indicate: Addison disease

Chronic renal failure, Dehydration, Diabetic acidosis
Oliguria

A low magnesium level may indicate: Alcoholism

Chronic diarrhea, Delirium tremens, Hemodialysis
Hepatic (liver) cirrhosis, Hyperaldosteronism
Hypoparathyroidism, Pancreatitis, Too much insulin
Toxemia of pregnancy, Ulcerative colitis

What are the normal ranges for Cl- - Correct answer98-106 is the normal range for
chloride

What are the normal ranges for ALP (alkaline phosphatase)? - Correct answer30-
120
slightly increased in the elderly

What are the normal ranges for BUN?

What does BUN stand for?
What is the ratio of BUN-creatinine?
What does it indicate? - Correct answer10-20
blood urea nitrogen
BUN-creatinine ratio of 20:1 indicates adequate kidney functioning

What are the normal ranges for Creatinine?

What is the ratio of BUN-creatinine?
What does it indicate? - Correct answerMale 0.6-1.2
Female 0.5-1.1
BUN-creatinine ratio of 20:1 indicates adequate kidney functioning

What is the relationship of Ca+ and PO4?

What is the relationship of Ca+ and pH? - Correct answercalcium and phosphorus
have an inverse relationship: when calcium levels increase, phosphorus levels
decrease, and vice versa.

pH also affects the level of ionized calcium:

As pH rises and blood becomes more alkalotic, calcium binds more easily with protein,
causing the level of ionized calcium to drop.

Conversely, when pH falls, causing acidosis, less calcium binds with protein, which
raises the ionized calcium level

What are the normal ranges for ABGs?

(pH, pCO2, HCO3) - Correct answerpH (AC) 7.35-7.45 (AL)
pCo2 (AL) 35 - 45 (AC)
HCO3 (AC) 22 - 26 (AL)

What are the normal ranges for PT? What is PT used to help regulate? What is the
therapeutic range? - Correct answer11-12.5 is a normal PT range
PT is used to help regulate Coumadin dosages. The therapeutic range: 1.5 to 2 times
normal or control

What are the normal ranges for INR?

What type of patients should have individualized values
What should the values be for those patients? - Correct answer0.8-1.1 normal INR
Individualized values for pts with:
Afib and DVT between 2.0 and 3.0
mechanical heart valves between 3.0 to 4.0

What are the normal ranges for PTT and aPTT? What do they help regulate? What is
the therapeutic range? - Correct answernormal range PTT: 60-70
normal range aPTT: 30-40
Both PTT and aPTT are used to help regulate heparin dosages.
Therapeutic range is 1.5 to 2.5 times normal or control

What are the 7 Rights of medication administration? - Correct answer1. Right drug
2. right dose
3. Right route
4. Right time
5. Right patient
6. Right documentation
7. Right to refuse

When should you draw a peak level? - Correct answer30-60 minutes after
medication administration

When should you draw a trough level? - Correct answer30-60 minutes before
medication administration

When introducing foods to infants what should you teach the new parents? - Correct
answerIntroduce one food at a time to help identify allergies.
Progression of food should be "AS TOLERATED"
The nursing assessment guides decisions about progression.

What is civil law concerned with? - Correct answerProtection of the patients private
rights

What does criminal law deal with? - Correct answerRights of individuals and society
as defined by legislative laws

What is nursing negligence - Correct answerNegligence is malpractice that is NOT

intentional. It is the failure to exercise the proper degree of care required by the
circumstances that a reasonably prudent person would exercise under the
circumstances to avoid harming others. It is a careless act of omission or commission
that results in injury to another.

What is nursing malpractice? - Correct answerMalpractice is not always negligence.

It is often referred to as professional negligence, it is a type of negligence. It is the
failure to use that degree of care that a reasonable nurse would use under the same or
similar circumstances. Malpractice is found when:
*The nurse owed a duty to the patient
*The nurse did NOT carry out the duty/breached that duty
*The patient was at a high risk of injury
* The nurse's failure to carry out that duty caused the patients injury

Where do Standards of Care originate? - Correct answerNurses are required to

follow standards of care, which originate in the Nurse Practice Acts, state and federal
laws, accreditation recommendations, the guidelines of professional organizations, and
the written policies and procedures of the healthcare agency

What are nurses responsible for related to the standards of care? - Correct
answerNurses are responsible for performing procedures correctly and exercising
professional judgment when implementing healthcare providers prescriptions.
When can the nurse NOT follow the healthcare provider's prescription and what must
they do about it? - Correct answerNurses MUST follow the healthcare provider's
prescription unless the nurse believes that it is in error; that it violates hospital policy; or
that it is harmful to the patient. The nurse makes a formal report explaining the refusal.
The nurse should file an incident (occurrence) report for any situation that may result in
harm to the patient.

What should the nurse do related to advanced medical directives (ADs) - Correct
answerAssess the patients knowledge of advance directives.
Integrate them into the patients plan of care
Provide the patient with information about advanced directives or review ADs on
admission.
Have the knowledge that ADs can limit life-prolonging measures when there is little or
no chance of recovery

What is documented in a living will? - Correct answerA person documents his or her
wishes regarding future care in the event of terminal illness

What is a durable power of attorney for healthcare? - Correct answerThe person

appoints a representative (healthcare proxy) to make healthcare decisions in a
document

When can restraints be used? What must the nurse do if restraints are used? -
Correct answerRestraints can be used only: to ensure the physcial safety of the
patient or other residents, when less restrictive interventions are not successful, and
must have a written order of a HCP. The nurse must follow agency policy and
procedure to retrain any client, Documentation of the use of restraints and of follow-up
assessments must detail the attempts to use less restrictive interventions. Liability for
improper or unlawful restraint lies with the nurse and the healthcare facility. 30 min
pulse checks, 2 hr ROM, one on one,

Related to mental Health, how long can an involuntary admission last? - Correct
answer72 hours

What is HIPPA and what does it require? - Correct answerHealth Insurance

Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 established standards for the verbal, written
and electronic exchange of private health information. HIPPA created patient rights to
consent to use and disclose health information, to inspect and copy one's medical
record, and to amend mistaken or incomplete information. HIPPA requires all hospitals
and health agencies to have specific policies and procedures in place to ensure
compliance with its standards.

What is required for informed consent to be valid? - Correct answerthe patient

giving consent must be competent and of legal age. The consent is given voluntarily.
The patient giving consent understands the procedure, risks/benefits, and alternative
procedures. The patient has the right to have all questions answered satisfactorily. It is
the duty of the HCP performing the procedure or treatment to obtain informed consent
and to answer any questions the patient might have about the procedure. The RN is
witnessing the signature not providing informed consent.

what type of communication and leadership is it if the person says "do it my way"? -
Correct answerAggressive communication/authoritarian leader

What type of communication and leadership is it if the persons says "Whatever...as long
as you like me." - Correct answerPassive communication/laissez-faire leader

What type of communication and leadership is it if the person says "Lets consider the
options available."? - Correct answerAssertive communication/democratic leader

What are the five rights of delegation? - Correct answer1. right task
2. right circumstance
3. right person
4. right direction/communication
5. right supervision

What skills are needed for Supervision - Correct answerBe able to:
give direction/guidance
evaluate/monitor
following up

What is the acronym S-BAR stand for? - Correct answerIt is a interdisciplinary

communication strategy that promotes effective communication between caregivers
S = situation - State the issue or problem
B = background - provide history
A = assessment - most recent VS and current findings
R = recommendation - state what should be done

What are the 3 categories of pain medications - Correct answer1. non-opioids: for
mild pain or in combination for moderate pain
2. Opioids: for moderate to severe pain
3. Co-analgesic or adjuvant drugs (i.e. anticonvulsants, antidepressants) for neuropathic
pain

Name 4 types of Nonopioid Analgesics - Correct answer1. Acetaminophen: Tylenol

2. Salicylates: Aspirin, Trilisate
3. NSAIDS: ibuprofen, Indomethacin, Ketorolac, Diclofenac
4. COX-2 inhibitors: Celebrex

What type of drug is Aspirin? - Correct answerNon opioid Analgesic

Salicylates
Choline magnesium trisaliclate (Trilisate) is another type of non opioid Analgesic
salicylates

Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is what type of drug?

What is the maximum recommended dosage?
What should you monitor? - Correct answerNonopioid Analgesics.
Max dose: 4000 mg (4 g) in 24 hrs
Monitor liver function

What have NSAIDs (except aspirin) been linked to and what type of patient should not
take NSAIDs? - Correct answerNSAIDs (except aspirin) have been linked to a
higher risk for increased cardiovascular events, such as myocardial infarction, stroke,
and heart failure. Patients who have just had heart surgery should not take NSAIDs.
NSAIDs are very hard on the stomach. NO NSAIDs for Cardiac patient.

At what pain level should an Opioid Analgesic be considered? - Correct answerPain

level of 6 or greater. Opioids are used for moderate to severe pain.

DO NOT delegate what you can EAT - Correct answerE = evaluate

A = assess
T = teach

What are some examples of Non-opioid Analgesic pain medications - Correct

answerAcetaminophen (Tylenol)
Salicylates:
- Aspirin
- Choline magnesium trisalcylate (Trilisate)
NSAIDs:
- Ibuprofen
- Indomethacin
- Ketorolac
- Diclofenac K
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors
- Celecoxib

What are some types of Analgesics (used for moderate to severe pain)? - Correct
answerMu agonists
- Morphine
- Hydromorphone
- Methadone
- Levorphanol
- Fentanyl
- Oxycodone
- Codeine (Tylenol No.3)
Mixed agonist-antagonists
- Pentazocine
-Butorphanol
Partial agonists
- Nuprenorphine
-Buprenorphine plus naloxone
Adjuvant drugs
- used for neuropathic pain
- Antiepileptic drugs, antidepressants, and anesthetics are prescribed alone or in
combination with opioids for neuropathic pain,
- Corticosteroids

What is a Mu agonist? - Correct answerThe so-called agonist-antagonist drugs have

a relationship to the opioid receptors that includes activation and blockade. Some of
these drugs activate one type of opioid receptor, known as the kappa receptor, while
blocking another, the mu receptor

When an opioid is prescribed in combination with a nonopioid analgesic, such as

acetaminophen or a NSAID, what should you monitor? - Correct answerThe daily
dose

Name 5 non-invasive non-pharmacological pain relief techniques (1st choice of pain

relief) - Correct answerTen's
heat and cold application
message therapy
relaxation techniques
guided imagery
biofeedback techniques

Name 3 Invasive non-pharmacological pain relief techniques. - Correct

answerNerve blocks
Interruption of neural pathways
Acupuncture

What can cause fluid volume excess? - Correct answerCHF (most common)
Renal failure
cirrhosis
overhydration

What are the symptoms of fluid volume excess? - Correct answerPeripheral edema
periorbital edema
elevated BP
dyspnea
ALOC
What may be some Lab findings r/t fld volume excess - Correct answerEverything
will be decreased
Decreased: BUN, Hgb/Hct, serum osmolality, urine specific gravity and electrolytes

How would you treat fluid volume excess? - Correct answerGive Diuretics (Lasix),
fluid restrictions, weigh daily, monitor K+

What can cause a fluid volume deficit - Correct answerInadequate fluid intake
hemorrhage
vomiting or diarrhea
massive edema

What are some symptoms of fluid volume deficit - Correct answerweight loss
oliguria (not enough urine)
postural hypotension

What lab findings may be present with a fluid volume deficit? - Correct
answerIncreased BUN
Increased or normal creatinine
Increased H/H
Increased urine specific gravity

How do you treat fluid volume deficits? - Correct answerStrict I&O

Replace with isotonic fluids
monitor Bp
weight daily

What is most important to remember about intracellular electrolyte balance? - Correct

answerThat potassium K+ maintains osmotic pressure and if K+ is not in balance it
may be life threatening.

What is most important to remember about extracellular electrolyte balance? - Correct

answerThat sodium Na+ maintains most abundant osmotic pressure. When either the
ECF or the ICF changes in concentration, fluid shifts from the area of lesser
concentration to the area of greater concentration.

What is Hyponatremia? Symptoms? and How should you treat it - Correct

answerHyponatremia is a sodium (Na+) level less than 135 mEq/L, it creates
Neuro/confusion and muscle cramps. Check blood pressure often, restrict fluids, and be
cautious with IV fluid replacement.

What is Hypernatremia? What symptoms might you see? How should you treat it? -
Correct answerNa+ greater than 145 mEq/L
May see:
Pulmonary edema
Neuro: seizures, thirst, fever.
Do Not Use Ivs that contain sodium
Restrict sodium diet
Weigh daily

What is Important to remember about Hypokalemia - Correct answerHypokalemia is

a K+ level less than 3.5 mEq/L. Affects the cardiac system: The patient may exhibit a
rapid, thready pulse, flat T waves, fatigue, anorexia, and muscle cramps. Give IV
potassium supplements with a max flow rate of 20 meq/hr. Encourage foods high in K+
(bananas, oranges, spinach, potatoes, milk, strawberries, apricots)

What is Hyperkalemia, what might you see with the patient and how do you treat it? -
Correct answerHyperkalemia is a K+ level greater than 5 mEq/L
You may see tall, tented T waves, bradycardia, muscle weakness.
Treatment may include:
- 10%-20% glucose with regular insulin
- Kayexalate
- renal dialysis may be required

What is Hypocalcemia, What might the patient exhibit? How will you treat it? - Correct
answerHypocalcemia is a Ca2+ level of less than 8.5 meq/L
It affects the muscles: You may see a + Trousseau's sign, + Chvostek's sign, diarrhea,
numbness, and convulsions.
Treatment may include: calcium supplements and vitamin D to absorb. If giving IV
calcium, give it slowly. Teach patient to increase dietary calcium.

How do you test for the Chvostek sign and what happens if there is a positive
response? - Correct answerElicitation: Tapping on the face at a point just anterior
to the ear and just below the zygomatic bone

Postitive response: Twitching of the ipsilateral facial

muscles, suggestive of neuromuscular excitability
caused by hypocalcemia

How do you test for the Trousseau's sign and what happens if there is a positive
response? - Correct answerElicitation: Inflating a sphygmomanometer cuff above
systolic blood pressure for several minutes

Positive response: Muscular contraction including flexion of the wrist and

metacarpophalangeal joints,
hyperextension of the fingers, and flexion of the thumb
on the palm, suggestive of neuromuscular excitability
caused by hypocalcemia
What is Hypercalcemia? What signs and symptoms may be present? and how do you
treat it? - Correct answerHypercalcemia is a calcium level above 10.5 mEq/L
Calcium affects the muscles, you may see muscle weakness, constipation, n/v,
dysrhythmias, and behavioral changes.

Limit vitamin D intake but push fluids. Avoid calcium-based antacids.

Administer calcitonin to reduce calcium

Renal dialysis may be required

Name 3 types of IV fluids - Correct answerIsotonic: 0.9% NS, LR, and D5w
Hypotonic: 0.5% NS, 0.45% NS
Hypertonic: d5 0.45% NS, D5LR, D5NS

What is in a LR IV fluid - Correct answerNS + electrolytes

When should you use NS IV fluids - Correct answerUse NS when you are trying to
replace volume (plasma)

What are the 5 stages of grief - Correct answerDenial, anger, bargaining,

depression, and acceptance

What should you remember when someone is dealing with death and grief - Correct
answer- Encourage expression of anger
- Do not take away the defense mechanism or coping mechanism the person uses in a
crisis.
- Customs surrounding death and dying vary among cultures. Make every attempt to
understand and accommodate the family's cultural traditions when caring for a dying
patient.

What are nosocomial infections - Correct answerInfections acquired as a result of

exposure to a microorganism in the hospital setting

What routes of transmission are related to HIV exposure - Correct answer-

unprotected sexual contact (most common)
- exposure to blood through drug using equipment
- perinatal transmission - most common for children
- can occur during pregnancy, at the time of delivery, or after birth through breast
feeding

Nursing assessment r/t HIV - Correct answer-Positive result on enzyme-linked

immunosorbed assay (ELISA)
- CONFIRMED WITH WESTERN BLOT TEST
-Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - used with neonate
- OraQuick In-Home HIV Test: positive result is only preliminary; it must be confirmed by
a healthcare professional.

**Ongoing assessment, interaction with the client, and client education and support are
required.***

- NCLEX testing - never choose abstinence, choose educate!

What should you know about HIV symptoms - Correct answer- 1 to 3 weeks; flu like
symptoms
- 8-10 years for diagnosis

May begin with flu like symptoms in the earliest stage and advance to..
- severe weight loss
- secondary infections
- cancer
-neurological disease

HIV Nursing and Collaborative Management includes... - Correct answer- Monitor

disease progression and immune function
-Initiate and monitor (ART) antiretroviral therapy: to decrease viral load and increase T
cell count
-prevent development of opportunistic diseases
-detect and treat opportunistic diseases
-manage symptoms
-prevent or decrease complications of treatment
-prevent transmission of HIV

What are the goals of HIV drug therapy? - Correct answer-Reduce the viral load
-maintain or raise the CD4+ T cell counts. T cell counts =
Normal 800-1200 HIV 500 AIDS below 200
-Delay the development of HIV related symptoms and opportunistic diseases
**compliance**

What are some HIV Medications - Correct answerNucleoside reverse transcriptase

inhibitors (NRTIs)
-zidovudine (AZT, ZDV, Retrovir)
-lamivudine
-abacavir
-emtricitabine
Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NtRTI)
- Tenofovir DF (Viread)

What is the antidote for heparin toxicty - Correct answerprotamine sulfate

What is the antidote for coumadin toxicty - Correct answervitamin K

What is the antidote for too much ammonia - Correct answerlactulose

What is the antidote for dgioxin - Correct answerdigibind

What is the drug of choice for alcohol withdraw - Correct answerLibrium

What is the drug of choice to treat pain in pts who are narcotic addicts - Correct
answermethadone is an opioid analgesic used to detoxify and treat pain in narcotic
addicts

Why should be be concerned about the patient receiving potassium and digoxin -
Correct answerpotassium potentiates dig toxicity

What does heparin prevent - Correct answerplatelet aggregation

What is the medication of choice for V tach - Correct answerlidocaine

What is the medication of choice for SVT - Correct answeradenosine or adenocard

What is the medication of choice for Asystole - Correct answeratropine

How often is nitroglycerine administered and when should you not give it? - Correct
answerup to 3 times (every 5 minutes) do not give when BO is less than 90/60

What does preload affect? - Correct answerThe amount of blood that goes to the R
ventricle

What is afterload? - Correct answerthe resistance that blood has to overcome when
leaving the heart

What type of drug will affect afterload - Correct answerCalcium channel blockers

If PVC's are left untreated what can it lead to? - Correct answerVentricular fibrillation

Aldosterone attracts what? - Correct answerSodium

Angiotensin II in the lungs is a potent? - Correct answervasodialator

How do you convert Fahrenheit to Centigrade - Correct answerF+40, multiply 5/9

and subtract 40
How do you convert Centigrade to Fahrenheit - Correct answerC+40, multiply 9/5
and subtract 40

EPI is always given in what type of syringe - Correct answerTB syringe

What should be avoided when a patient is neutropenic? - Correct answerNo live

vaccines
no fresh fruit
no flowers

What happens when a patient has prednisone toxicity - Correct answerCushing's

syndrome, buffalo hump, moon face, high glucose, hpertension

What is the medication of choice for CHF - Correct answerAce inhibitors

What is the medication used for anaphylactic shock - Correct answerEpinephrine

What is the medication of choice for Status Epilepticus - Correct answerValium

What is the medication of choice for a bipolar person - Correct answerlithium

What does a low residue diet mean? - Correct answerLow fiber

Where is insulin produced? - Correct answerbeta cells of pancreas

What drug is contraindicated in Pancreatitis? What pain medication should be used? -

Correct answerDo not give Morphine for pancreatitis because it causes spasms of
the Sphincter of Oddi, give Demerol instead.

Never IV push what electroylte - Correct answerK+

What is a sign of a fat embolism and what medication would you give? - Correct
answerpetechiae is a sign of a fat embolism. Treat with heparin

To much CO2 causes what? - Correct answervasoconstriction

What should be considered when communicating with a Chinese American? - Correct

answerMost Chinese Americans maintain a formal distance with others, which is a
form of respect. Many Chinese Americans are uncomfortable with face-to-face
communications, especially when eye contact is direct. If the client turns away from the
nurse during a conversation, the best action is to continue with the conversation.
Walking around the client so that the nurse faces the client is in direct conflict with this
cultural practice. The client may consider it a rude gesture if the nurse returns later to
continue with the explanation. Telling the client about the importance of the instructions
for the maintenance of health care may be viewed as degrading.

What are low risk therapies - Correct answerLow-risk therapies are therapies that
have no adverse effects and, when implementing care, can be used by the nurse who
has training and experience in their use. Low-risk therapies include meditation,
relaxation techniques, imagery, music therapy, massage, touch, laughter and humor,
and spiritual measures, such as prayer.

What Nationalities have a high risk r/t the development of obesity and diabetes mellitus?
- Correct answerBecause of their health and dietary practices, Native Americans,
Latino Americans, Hispanic Americans, and African Americans have a high risk of
obesity and diabetes mellitus.

Asian Americans have a lower risk for obesity and diabetes mellitus.

Define fluid volume excess: Hypervolemia - Correct answertoo much fluid in the
vascular space (first).
Vascular equals the vessels --> veins, arteries, capillaries, heart chambers, etc.

What can cause fluid volume excess: Hypervolemia - Correct answerHeart Failure
(HF) where the heart is weak, CO is decreased, the kidneys have decreased perfusion
and urinary output is decreased. **The volume stays in the vascular space!

Renal Failure (RF) When the kidneys are not working.

Medications: alka-seltzer, fleet enema's and IVF with Na. These medications have a lot
of sodium causing water retention in the vascular space.

What are the two main hormonal regulations related to fluid volume - Correct
answerAldosterone (steroid, mineralocorticoid)
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Where is aldosterone found - Correct answerin the adrenal glands

When blood volume gets low (vomiting, blood loss, etc.) what happens to the secretion
of aldosterone and what happens because of it? - Correct answerAldosterone
secretion increases which causes a retention of sodium and water which will make
blood volume go up or increase.

What diseases are related to too much aldosterone? - Correct answerCushings and
Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's)

Which disease is related to not enough aldosterone? - Correct answerAddisons:

fluid volume is decreased
Where is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) found? - Correct answerIn the atria of the
heart

How does atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) work? - Correct answerIt is the opposite of
aldosterone, so it causes excretion of Nas and H2O

aminoglycosides (mycins) - Correct answer