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IS 12967-1 (1990): Analysis of hydraulic transients in

hydro-electric and pumping plants - Code of practice, Part
1: Criteria for analysis [WRD 14: Water Conductor Systems]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

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“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

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है”
ह
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 IS 12967 ( Part 1) : 1990
( Reaffirmed 2001 )

Indian Standard
ANALYSISOFHYDRAULICTRANSIENTS
..C INHYDRO-ELECTRICANDPUMPING
PLANTS-CODEOFPRACTICE
PART 1 CRITERIA FOR ANALYSIS

UDC 627’844 : 620’162’4 : 621’311’21

. ..

/-\
4

@ BIS 1991
\ :
._’

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Junua~ 1991 Price Group 2

Water Conductor Systems Sectional Committee, RVD 14

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on 20 March 1990, after
the draft finalized by the Water Conductor Systems Sectional Committee had been approved by
the River Valley Projects Division Council.

The hydraulic transients are caused due to unsteady discharges resulting from operation of
hydroelectric and pumping plants. The hydraulic transients may be .caused both during normal
or emergency conditions of operation. There are various devices to reduce or eliminate
undesirable transients and it shall be selected after careful study of different alternatives.
 IS 12967 ( Part 1) : 1990

Indian Standard
ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS
IN HYDRO-ELECTRIC AND PUMPING
PLANTS -CODE OF PRACTICE
PART 1 CRITERIA FOR ANALYSIS

1 SCOPE b) Starting and stopping the pumps in a

pumping system;
1.1 This code deals with the hydraulic transient
4 Stoppage of pumps due to sudden power
in closed conduits of a Hydro-Electric Plant
failure; and
and discharge line of pumping plant.
d) Resonance caused by leakage from valves,
2 TERMINOLOGY vibration of guide vanes.

2.0 For the purpose of this standard the follow- 4 DATA

ing definition shall apply.
4.1 For calculation of hydraulic transient in a
2.1 Hydraulic Transient turbine penstock installation and pumping
installation, data required is as follows:
In a closed conduit, when the flow is unsteady
that is the discharge at each section is varying a) Turbine Penstock Installations
rapidly from one instant to the next, rapid
pressure changes occur inside the conduit. i) Details of water conductor system such
Such pressure changes caused by rapid flow as profile length, shape, material of
changes are termed as hydraulic transient. conduit and size of conduits;

3 CAUSES OF TRANSIENTS ii) Type, location and characteristics of

protective devices such as surge tank
3.1 Turbine - Penstock Installation and pressure relief valves;

The following operations produce transient iii) Type of turbine and turbine
conditions in a turbine penstock installation: characteristics;

iv) Generator characteristics like torque,

a) Unit Synchronized to a Large System
inertia and efficiency;
i) Load acceptance
v) Type of governor and its characteristics;
ii) Load reduction or total load rejection and

vi) Design discharge and head on turbine.

b) Isolated Unit

i) Unit start up b) Pumping Installation

ii) Load acceptance i) Details of discharge line, such as, profile,

length, shape and size of pipe line
iii) Load reduction or total load rejection including location;

C) Hydraulic transients produced by ii) Type, location and characteristics of

resonance due to the vibration of runner protection devices on pipe line such as
blade and guide vanes, leakage from valve surge tanks, air chamber, valves, etc;
seal and governor hunting. iii) Pump characteristics; and

3.2 Pumping Installation iv) Design discharge and pumping head.

The following operations produce transient 5 OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS

state conditions in the discharge line of
pumping installations: 5.1 Following are some of the constraints set by
operational requirements for the calculation of
a) Opening, closing or chattering of valves in hydraulic transients in turbine-penstock
a pipe-line; installation and pumping installation. *
IS 12967 ( Part 1 ) : 1990

5.2 Turbine - Penstock Installation 4 Unless the actual turbine characteristics

are known the effective flow area through
5.2.1 The maximum reduction in electrical the turbine gates or nozzles during
power output that can result from circuit maximum rate of gate movement may be
breaker operation. assumed to be linear with respect to
time;
5.2.2 The maximum allowable speed rise in the
turbine fed by any one penstock. e) The turbine gates may be moved at any
rate of travel by the action of the
5.2.3 The maximum rates of load change that governor head up to a predetermined rate
generating plant is required to accommodate to or at a slower rate by manual control
through auxiliary relays. The water
satisfy system requirements.
hammer effects may be computed on the ,
5.2.4 Limitations set over the range of variation basis of governor rate which is set by the
governor relay valve stops for speed
of transient pressures.
regulation;
5.3 Pumping Installation The penstock alignment shall be checked
such that due to load acceptance water
5.3.1 The maximum reduction in power input column separation shall not cause a
that can result from electrical faults. penstock failure due to collapse; and

5.3.2 Limitation set on the magnitude and rate When the closure is set at a slow rate, the
of variation of discharge. water hammer caused by runaway when
full load discharge reduces to runaway
5.3.3 Limitation set on reverse rotation of discharge during the speed rise shall be
pumps. considered.

5.3.4 Limitation set on the formation of 6.1.2 Emergency Condition of Operation

column separation in pipe lines.
For emergency condition of operation the
6’ OPERATING CONDITIONS dynamic pressure rise is due to sudden load
rejection. The basic conditions to be considered
6.1 The pressure rise due to hydraulic transient as emergency operation for an impulse and
conditions in a turbine penstock installations reaction turbine is as follows:
and pumping installations are considered for
the following conditions. a) Impulse turbine

6.2 Turbine - Penstock Installation The dynamic pressure rise due to

needle slam on loss of oil pressure or
6.2.1 Normal Operating Condition mechanical failure. As the needles are
hydraulically balanced at mid-point,
The design criteria for dynamic pressure rise or the turbine flow cut-off shall be taken
drop due to water hammer under normal as instantaneous due to slam closure of
operating conditions shall be due to full load of the needles from half position.
rejection or specified acceptance. The basic
conditions to be considered as normal operations b) Reaction turbine
are as follows:
i) The turbine gates may be closed at any
a>The turbine-penstock
any
installation
head
may be
between the
time by the action of the governor
operated at head, manual control of the main relay
maximum and minimum water levels in valve or by the emergency selenoid
the reservoir or forebay or surge tank; device. The gate traversing time will
be taken as the minimum time for
b) The turbines may be operating at any which the governor is designed;
gate position and be required to drop any
or all of the load; ii) Cushioning stroke or pressure relief
valve if present, shall be assumed to be
4 Where the turbine-penstock installation is inoperative in one unit; and
equipped with any of the pressure control
devices like surge tanks, relief valves, iii) The water hammer shall be computed
governor control device and cushioning for the maximum reservoir head
stroke device, it is assumed that these condition for final part gate closure to
devices are properly adjusted and function zero gate position on one unit at the
in the manner as contemplated in the maximum governor rate of*seconds.
design; a
9

2
 IS 12967 ( Part 1) : 1990

6.2 Pumping Installation shall be as follows:

Conditions of Operation Factor of Safe&

6.2.1 Normal Conditions of Operation
a) Normal ( one unit ) 2’0
i) Pumps may be started or tripped b) Normal ( more than 1’6
manually or automatically throughout one unit)
the entire range of pumping heads 1’25
c) Emergency
specified for the installation;
7.2 The factor of safety is based on the yield
ii) If there is more than one pump on the point stress of steel pipe lines, turbine or pump
line, all are tripped simultaneously, casing. The factor of safety for specials like
however, only one may be started; bifurcation is increased by 125 percent.

iii) Where the pump discharge system is 8 DEVICES FOR CONTROLLING

equipped with any of the pressure TRANSIENTS
control devices like surge tanks, air
chambers; 8.1 The devices commonly used to reduce or to
eliminate the undesirable transients such as
iv) If a check valve is present in the excessive pressure, column separation and
discharge line, the hydraulic transients pump or turbine over speed following a power
will be computed on the basis that the failure or load rejection are following:
check valves close immediately upon i) Surge tanks;
the reversal of flow;
ii) Air chamber; and
v) If an air chamber is present in the
iii) Valves such as safety valves, pressure
pump discharge line system, it is
air relief valve, pressure regulating valve, air
assumed to have a minimum
inlet valves, check valves and bursting disc.
volume during the power failure; and
8.2 Surge tank and pressure relief valves are
vi) The alignment of the pump discharge used on a turbine penstock installation to
line shall be checked to see that water control pressure rise due to hydraulic transient.
column separation does not occur at
On a pumping installation all the devices
any point, due to power failure. mentioned above are used together or in
combination.
6.2.2 Emergency Conditions of Operation
8.3 The severity of undesirable transients can
also be reduced by any of the following
i> If surge suppressors, surge tanks or
pressure relief valves are present only methods:
one will be assumed to be inoperative;
a) By changing profile of pipeline;

ii) Closure of one of the check valves b) By increasing diameter of pipeline;

provided for shutting off return flow
through the pumps is delayed and 4 By reducing water hammer wave velocity;
occurs at the time of maximum reverse
d) Use of check valves downstream of
flow; pumps;

Air-inlet valves, if present in the system NOTE-Wave velocity depends on elastic

iii)
parameters and also conduit size, wall thickness
are assumed to be inoperative; and and wall material and also external constraints
such as type of support and freedom of
iv) Power failure occurs at any time longitudinal movement of conduit.
during or following the starting of a
4 The rotation inertia of turbine or pump
pump or pumps.
and of generator or motor mechanically
coupled to turbine or pumps.
7 FACTOR OF SAFETY
f) Dual closing of guidance servomotors.

7.1 Turbine-Penstock Installation 8.4 The choice and type of controlling devices
to be used shall be decided by various
The minimum factor of safety to be adopted alternative studies. The alternative that gives
for the design of turbine penstock, surge tank an acceptable system response as defined by
and other pressure control devices to withstand operation requirement and overall economical
normal and emergency condition of operation system shall be selected.
-

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