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Q11. Nitrogen gas is confined in a cylinder and the pressure of the gas is Q12. An electric current of 0.5 A from a 12 V supply is passed for 5
maintained by a weight placed on the piston. The mass of the piston and the minutes through a resistance in thermal contact with saturated
weight together is 50 kg. The acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 m/s2 and water at 1 atm. As a result, 0.798 g of water is vapourized.
the atmospheric pressure is 1.01325 bar. Assume frictionless piston. Assuming that the water vapour behaves ideally, calculate the molar
Determine:
internal energy change and enthalpy change during this process. (3)
(i) The force exerted by the atmosphere, the piston, and the weight on Solution:
the gas if the piston is 100 mm in diameter.
• The electrical energy supplied to he heater enters the water as heat.
(ii) The pressure of the gas. The electric energy supplied = V × I × t = 0.5 × 12 × (5 × 60) × = 1800 J = 1.8 kJ
(iii) If the gas is allowed to expand pushing up the piston and the weight by • Since the vapourization is occurring at constant pressure, the heat supplied (1)
400 mm, What is the work done by the gas in kJ. (3) to the water equals the change in the enthalpy. Q = ∆𝐻
Solution:
Force exerted by the atmosphere= Pressure × Area The change in the molar enthalpy.
= 1.01325 × 105 × × (100 × 10-3)2 =795.8 N
ΔH = _ ΔH
.
= 41 kJ/mol (1)
Force exerted by the piston and weight = m × g = 50 × 9.81 = 490.5 N ( . / )

(i) Total force acting on the gas = 795.8 + 490.5 = 1286.3 N (1) The change in the molar internal energy
ΔH = ΔU + PΔV _ ΔU = ΔH - PΔV
Force . (1)
(ii) Pressure= = = 1.6378×105 (=1.6378 bar)
× × Since vapour behaves ideally, PΔV = RT _ ΔU = ΔH - RT
(iii) Work done = Force × Displacement = 1286.3 × (400 × 10-3) = 514.5 J (1)
_ ΔU = 41 – (8.314 × 10-3)× 373 = 37.9 kJ/mol (1)

Q13. Heat is transferred to 10 kg of air which is initially at 100 kPa Q14. State Carnot principles . (2)
and 300 K until its temperature reaches 600 K. Determine the
change in internal energy, the change in enthalpy, the heat supplied Ans:
and the work done, if the volume remains constant.Assume that air
is an ideal gas. Take CP =29.099 kJ/kmol K (3) • The efficiency of an irreversible heat engine is always less than
the efficiency of a reversible one operating between the same
Solution: two reservoirs., (1)
• Change in internal energy: ∆𝑈 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝐶 𝑑𝑇 • The efficiencies of all reversible heat engines operating between
the same two reservoirs are the same. (1)
∆𝑈 = 0.3448 × 20.785 × (600 − 300)

∆𝑈 = 2150 𝑘𝐽 (1)
• Heat supplied: 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 = 2150 𝑘𝐽 (0.5)
• Work done: W = 𝑄 − ∆𝑈 = 0 (0.5)
• Change in enthalpy: ∆𝐻 = ∆𝑈 + ∆ 𝑃𝑉 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑛𝑅∆𝑇

∆𝐻 = 2150 + 0.3448 × 8.314 × 600 − 300

∆𝐻 = 3010 kJ (1)

Q15. Twenty kilograms of air is compressed from 1 bar, 300 K to 5

bar in a single stage compressor. The process is polytropic with n = (i) Work done: W = PdV
1.25. The specific heat of air at constant pressure in kJ/kmol K is:
𝐶 = 27.4528 + 6.1839 × 10 𝑇 − 8.9932 × 10 𝑇
Determine: For polytropic process: 𝑃𝑉 =𝑃 𝑉 =𝑃 𝑉
(i) The work done by the compressor per cycle and
(ii) The amount of heat transferred to the surroundings (4)
_ 𝑊 = 𝑃𝑉 ∫
Solution:
Amount of air, n = 20/29 = 0.69 kmol= 690 mol _ 𝑊= 𝑉 −𝑉
× . ×
_ Initial volume, 𝑉 = = = 17.31 𝑚 × × . .
× . .
_ 𝑊= 4.75 − 17.21
For polytropic process, 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 .

_ 𝑃𝑉 =𝑃 𝑉
𝑊 = −2.612 × 10 𝐽 = −2612 𝑘𝐽 (1.5)
_ 𝑉 =𝑉 = 4.73 𝑚 (0.5)

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(ii) Amount of Heat: Q The change in internal energy of the actual process:
𝑃𝑉 𝑃𝑉
For an ideal gas, = ∆𝑈 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑇 = 𝐶 − 𝑅 𝑑𝑇
𝑇 𝑇
5 4.75
_ 𝑇 =𝑇 = 300 × × = 414 𝐾 (0.5) ∆𝑈 = ∫ 27.4528 + 6.1839 × 10 𝑇 − 8.9932 × 10 𝑇 − 8.314 𝑑𝑇
1 17.21
Initial Conditions: P = 1 bar , V = 17.21 m3 & T = 300 K.
Final Conditions: P = 5 bar , V = 4.75 m3 & T = 414 K (6.1839 × 10 )
∆𝑈 = 19.1388 × 414 − 300 + × 414 − 300
2
This process may be assumed to occur in two steps: (8.9932 × 10 )
(i) A constant temperature process at 300 K whereby the −
3
× (414 − 300 )
pressure is increased from 1 bar to 5 bar. 𝐽
∆𝑈 = 2420.3
(ii) A constant pressure process at 5 bar by which the 𝑚𝑜𝑙
temperature is increased from 300 K to 414 K. 𝐽
∆𝑈 = 2420.3 × 690 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 1670 𝑘𝐽
𝑚𝑜𝑙
 For step 1 (Isothermal process) : ΔU=0.
 For step 2 (Isobaric process) : ΔU=∫ 𝐶 𝑑𝑇 The heat transferred: 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊 = 1670 − 2612 = −942 𝑘𝐽
(1.5)

Q16. Hydrocarbon oil is to be cooled from 425 K to 340 K at a rate Change in entropy of the oil:
of 5000 kg/h in a parallel flow heat exchanger. Cooling water at a
rate of 10,000 kg/h at 295 K is available. The mean specific heats ∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝐶 𝑙𝑛
𝑇
of the oil and water are respectively 2.5 kJ/kg K and 4.2 kJ/kg K. 𝑇
(a) Determine the total change in entropy. 340 𝑘𝐽
(b) (b) If a reversible Carnot engine is to be operated receiving the ∆𝑆 = 5000 × 2.5 × 𝑙𝑛
425
= −2789.3 (0.5)
𝐾
heat from the oil and rejecting the heat to the surroundings at
295 K, how much work would be available? (4) Change in entropy of the water:
Solution: 𝑇
∆𝑆 = 𝑚𝐶 𝑙𝑛
Assuming no heat loss, the energy balance gives 𝑇

𝑚𝐶 𝑇 − 𝑇 = 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 − 𝑇 320.3 𝑘𝐽
∆𝑆 = 10000 × 4.2 × 𝑙𝑛 = 3455.9 (0.5)
295 𝐾
_ [5000 × 2.5 × 425 − 340 ] = [10000 × 4.2 × 𝑇 − 295 ] Total entropy change:
𝑘𝐽
_ 𝑇 = 320.3 𝐾 (Water) (0.5) ∆𝑆 = −2789.3 + 3455.9 = 666.6 (0.5)
𝐾

Q17. A 6 m3 tank contains 25 kmol of a gas at 275 bar and 882 K.

(b) The Heat given out by the oil on cooling Determine the critical temperature of the gas using generalized
compressibility factor method. Given that the critical pressure is
𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 𝑇 − 𝑇 50 bar. (3)
_ 𝑄 = [5000 × 2.5 × 425 − 340 ] Solution:
𝑘𝐽 • Volume, V = 2.4 x 10– 4 m3/mol (0.5)
_ 𝑄 = 1.0625 × 10 (0.5)
ℎ • Pr = 5.5
The Heat rejected QL to the surrounding at T0 by the carnot
engine is given by • Compressibility factor, Z = PV/ RT = 0.9 (1)
𝑄
_ 𝑄 = 𝑇 𝑇 _ 𝑄 = 𝑇 ∆𝑆 (0.5)
𝑄 𝑇
=
𝑄 𝑇 From compressibility chart …@ Pr = 5.5 & Z = 0.9…..
Where ΔS is the change in entropy of the oil  Tr = 1.6 (1)
 Tc = 551.25 K (0.5)
The work output of the engine is
𝑊 = 𝑄 − 𝑄 = 1.0625 × 10 − 295 × 2789.3 = 2.39657 × 10 𝑘𝐽
(1)

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Q18. A spherical ballon of diameter 0.5 m contains a gas at 1 bar

and 300K. The gas is heated and the balloon is allowed to expand.
The pressure inside the balloon is found to vary linearly with the
diameter. What is the work done by the gas when pressure inside
reaches 5 bar? (3)
Solution:
Since the pressure varies linearly with the diameter of the baloon
𝑃 𝑃 𝑃 𝑁
𝐾= = = _𝐾 = 𝑃 = 1 × 10 𝑚 = 2 × 10 _P = 2×105 D (0.5)
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 𝐷 0.5 𝑚
𝑁
𝑃 5 × 10
𝐷 = = 𝑚
= 2.5 𝑀 (0.5)
𝐾 2 × 10
𝜋
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = 2 × 10 𝐷 𝑑 𝐷 (1)
6
.
𝜋 𝜋
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 2 × 10 𝐷 𝑑𝐷 = × 10 2.5 − 0.5
2 . 4

= 30.63 × 105 N m = 30.63 × 105 J (1)