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(Ebook PDF) Biology 11th Edition by Peter Raven Download
(Ebook PDF) Biology 11th Edition by Peter Raven Download
Peter Raven
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Chapter 29—Updated discussions appear on microfossils, malaria differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms are
vaccines, micronucleus, and Chlamydomonas genome. Changes in emphasized. Distinctions between similar structures in
section headings more clearly describe section contents. Numerous different tissues—for example, pits in xylem versus pores in
figures were updated to reflect changes in the text. phloem—are made.
Chapters 30—The introduction has been modified to provide an Chapter 37—The significance of water potential gradients in
overview of land plant evolution. Major trends in the evolution of water transport is clarified and emphasized. The association
land plants are now emphasized. The discussion on the effects of between anaerobic conditions and poor root growth is described.
mutations on diploid versus haploid bodies has been clarified. The
Chapter 38—The mechanism of closing in the Venus flytrap
difference between animal and plant life cycles has been empha-
leaf has been updated.
sized. Throughout the chapter, distinctions between sporophyte
and gametophyte generations are clearly described. The signifi- Chapter 41—The concept of alternation of generations has been
cance of hornworts in land plant evolution is described. Section clarified and emphasized.
headings were changed to more clearly describe section contents. Part VII: Animal Form and Function
Chapter 31—The reduction in the complexity of the gameto- Chapter 46—A new illustration of hinge joints was added.
phyte generation in the evolution of land plants is emphasized.
Distinctions between gamete and gametophyte, male and female Chapter 47—The section on pancreas function was revised.
gametophyte, zygote and embryo, and gymnosperms and Chapter 48—Information on cutaneous respiration in turtles
angiosperms have been clarified. A discussion of the hypothesis was added. The discussion of gas exchange in the capillaries
for the rapid expansion of the world’s biomes by the angio- was revised.
sperms has been added. The development of the female gameto-
phyte has been described in more detail. The significance of Chapter 49—The illustration and explanation of components of
double fertilization has been described. blood cells were revised, along with the explanation of how
blood clotting works.
Chapter 32—The development of hyphae during the evolution
of fungi is described. The significance of above-ground spore Chapter 52—New information on facultative parthenogenesis
dispersal structures is emphasized. The characteristics of each in vertebrates was added. Information on birth control was
fungus group are clearly and concisely described. The signifi- updated.
cance of fungi in rumen biology has been described. Section Part VIII: Ecology and Behavior
headings were changed to more clearly describe section contents.
Chapter 54—Information on the social behaviors and brains of
Numerous figures were updated to reflect changes in the text.
prairie and montane voles was updated. The discussion of
Chapters 33–35—These chapters have been streamlined, orientation and migration, plus the section on evolution of mate
eliminating extraneous information that was outside the scope choice in frogs were revised. Extraneous examples were
of the main topics in the chapters. Throughout, changes were eliminated to streamline the chapter.
made in the species used as illustrative examples. Information
Chapter 55—The information on human population growth and
on number of species in different taxa was updated.
population demographics for several countries was updated
Chapter 34—The information on medical infection rates to using current statistics.
various invertebrate groups was updated.
Chapter 56— Extraneous material was removed to streamline
Chapter 35—The phylogeny of chordates was updated. A the chapter.
discussion of evolution of tortoises and new information on the
Chapter 57—Figures and explanations of trophic cascades,
sensory abilities of the platypus were added. The phylogeny of
how effects move from one level of the food web to the next,
primates was updated. New information was added on the
and the discussions of trophic levels and island biogeography
genome of Neanderthals and understanding of the evolution of
were revised. New ideas are presented on why the tropics are so
modern humans.
biologically rich.
Part VI: Plant Form and Function Chapter 58—Up-to-date information appears on global
Throughout the plant chapters, corrections have been made so warming and global ozone levels, with an illustration of how the
that 2n and n refer to the sporophyte and gametophyte genera- Earth revolves around the sun. A section was added on new
tions, respectively, and x refers to the number of sets of human diseases that come from animals (zoonotic diseases).
chromosomes.
Chapter 59—Information on human population growth in
Chapter 36—The anatomical positions of components of biodiversity hot spots, human health toll of West Nile Virus,
plant tissues are more clearly presented. Structural and the recovery of the peregrine falcon was updated.
Committed To Excellence vii
ix
Biology 11th edition and its online assets have been carefully
crafted to help professors and students work efficiently and
Prepare for
effectively through the material in the course, making the most
the course
of instructional and study time.
LearnSmart Prep is an
adaptive learning tool designed Tying it all
together develops Engage in class
to increase student success and
critical-thinking
aid retention through the first few weeks of class. Using this skills
digital tool, Majors Biology students can master some of the
most fundamental and challenging principles of biology before
they begin to struggle in the first few weeks of class.
xii
Tying it all
together develops Engage in class
critical-thinking
skills
Required=Results
McGraw-Hill Connect®
Learn Without Limits
Connect is a teaching and learning platform
that is proven to deliver better results for
students and instructors.
Connect empowers students by continually
adapting to deliver precisely what they
need, when they need it, and how they need
it, so your class time is more engaging and
effective.
Analytics
Connect Insight®
Connect Insight is Connect’s new one-of-a-kind
visual analytics dashboard—now available for
both instructors and students—that provides
at-a-glance information regarding student
performance, which is immediately actionable. By presenting
assignment, assessment, and topical performance results together
with a time metric that is easily visible for aggregate or individual Students can view
results, Connect Insight gives the user the ability to take a just-in-
time approach to teaching and learning, which was never before
their results for any
available. Connect Insight presents data that empowers students Connect course.
and helps instructors improve class performance in a way that is
efficient and effective.
Mobile
Connect’s new, intuitive mobile interface gives students
and instructors flexible and convenient, anytime–anywhere
access to all components of the Connect platform.
SmartBook®
Proven to help students improve grades and
study more efficiently, SmartBook contains
the same content within the print book, but
actively tailors that content to the needs of the
individual. SmartBook’s adaptive technology
provides precise, personalized instruction on
what the student should do next, guiding the
student to master and remember key concepts,
targeting gaps in knowledge and offering
customized feedback, and driving the student
toward comprehension and retention of the
subject matter. Available on smartphones and
tablets, SmartBook puts learning at the student’s
fingertips—anywhere, anytime.
Committed to Excellence v
Preparing Students for the Future ix 5 Membranes 88
Using Connect® and Biology, 11th edition xii 5.1 The Structure of Membranes 88
5.2 Phospholipids: The Membrane’s Foundation 92
5.3 Proteins: Multifunctional Components 94
5.4 Passive Transport Across Membranes 96
Part
I The Molecular Basis of Life 5.5
5.6
Active Transport Across Membranes 99
Bulk Transport by Endocytosis
and Exocytosis 102
1 The Science of Biology 1
1.1 The Science of Life 1 6 Energy and Metabolism 107
1.2 The Nature of Science 4
6.1 The Flow of Energy in Living Systems 108
1.3 An Example of Scientific Inquiry: Darwin
6.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics and
and Evolution 8
Free Energy 109
1.4 Unifying Themes in Biology 12
6.3 ATP: The Energy Currency of Cells 112
6.4 Enzymes: Biological Catalysts 113
2 The Nature of Molecules and the
6.5 Metabolism: The Chemical Description
Properties of Water 17 of Cell Function 117
2.1 The Nature of Atoms 18
2.2 Elements Found in Living Systems 22 7 How Cells Harvest Energy 122
2.3 The Nature of Chemical Bonds 23
7.1 Overview of Respiration 123
2.4 Water: A Vital Compound 25
7.2 Glycolysis: Splitting Glucose 127
2.5 Properties of Water 28
7.3 The Oxidation of Pyruvate Produces
2.6 Acids and Bases 29 Acetyl-CoA 130
7.4 The Krebs Cycle 131
3 The Chemical Building Blocks of Life 33 7.5 The Electron Transport Chain
3.1 Carbon: The Framework of Biological Molecules 34 and Chemiosmosis 134
3.2 Carbohydrates: Energy Storage and Structural 7.6 Energy Yield of Aerobic Respiration 137
Molecules 38 7.7 Regulation of Aerobic Respiration 138
3.3 Nucleic Acids: Information Molecules 41 7.8 Oxidation Without O2 139
3.4 Proteins: Molecules with Diverse Structures 7.9 Catabolism of Proteins and Fats 140
and Functions 44 7.10 Evolution of Metabolism 142
3.5 Lipids: Hydrophobic Molecules 53
8 Photosynthesis 147
8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis 147
Part
1 μm
II Biology of the Cell 8.2 The Discovery of Photosynthetic
Processes 149
8.3 Pigments 151
4 Cell Structure 59 8.4 Photosystem Organization 154
4.1 Cell Theory 59 8.5 The Light-Dependent Reactions 156
4.2 Prokaryotic Cells 63 8.6 Carbon Fixation: The Calvin Cycle 160
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells 65 8.7 Photorespiration 163
4.4 The Endomembrane System 69
4.5 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: Cellular Generators 73 9 Cell Communication 168
4.6 The Cytoskeleton 75 9.1 Overview of Cell Communication 168
4.7 Extracellular Structures and Cell Movement 79 9.2 Receptor Types 171
4.8 Cell-to-Cell Interactions 82 9.3 Intracellular Receptors 173
xviii
10 How Cells Divide 186 15 Genes and How They Work 278
10.1 Bacterial Cell Division 187
15.1 The Nature of Genes 278
10.2 Eukaryotic Chromosomes 189
15.2 The Genetic Code 281
10.3 Overview of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle 192
15.3 Prokaryotic Transcription 284
10.4 Interphase: Preparation for Mitosis 193
15.4 Eukaryotic Transcription 287
10.5 M Phase: Chromosome Segregation and the Division
of Cytoplasmic Contents 194 15.5 Eukaryotic pre-mRNA Splicing 289
10.6 Control of the Cell Cycle 198 15.6 The Structure of tRNA and Ribosomes 291
15.7 The Process of Translation 293
15.8 Summarizing Gene Expression 297
15.9 Mutation: Altered Genes 299
Part
III Genetic and Molecular 16 Control of Gene Expression 304
16.1 Control of Gene Expression 304
Biology 16.2
16.3
Regulatory Proteins 305
Prokaryotic Regulation 308
16.4 Eukaryotic Regulation 312
11 Sexual Reproduction 16.5 Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression 315
and Meiosis 207 16.6 Eukaryotic Posttranscriptional Regulation 317
16.7 Protein Degradation 322
11.1 Sexual Reproduction Requires Meiosis 207
11.2 Features of Meiosis 209
11.3 The Process of Meiosis 210 17 Biotechnology 327
11.4 Summing Up: Meiosis Versus Mitosis 215 17.1 Recombinant DNA 327
17.2 Amplifying DNA Using the Polymerase
12 Patterns of Inheritance 221 Chain Reaction 332
17.3 Creating, Correcting, and Analyzing
12.1 The Mystery of Heredity 221 Genetic Variation 335
12.2 Monohybrid Crosses: The Principle 17.4 Constructing and Using Transgenic
of Segregation 224 Organisms 337
12.3 Dihybrid Crosses: The Principle of Independent 17.5 Environmental Applications 341
Assortment 228
17.6 Medical Applications 343
12.4 Probability: Predicting the Results
of Crosses 230 17.7 Agricultural Applications 347
12.5 The Testcross: Revealing Unknown
Genotypes 231 18 Genomics 353
12.6 Extensions to Mendel 232 18.1 Mapping Genomes 353
18.2 Sequencing Genomes 357
13 Chromosomes, Mapping, and the 18.3 Genome Projects 360
Meiosis–Inheritance Connection 239 18.4 Genome Annotation and Databases 361
18.5 Comparative and Functional Genomics 365
13.1 Sex Linkage and the Chromosomal
Theory of Inheritance 240 18.6 Applications of Genomics 370
13.2 Sex Chromosomes and Sex Determination 241
13.3 Exceptions to the Chromosomal Theory 19 Cellular Mechanisms
of Inheritance 244 of Development 375
13.4 Genetic Mapping 244
19.1 The Process of Development 375
13.5 Selected Human Genetic Disorders 249
19.2 Cell Division 376
19.3 Cell Differentiation 378
14 DNA: The Genetic Material 256 19.4 Nuclear Reprogramming 383
14.1 The Nature of the Genetic Material 256 19.5 Pattern Formation 386
14.2 DNA Structure 259 19.6 Morphogenesis 393
Contents xix
Part
IV Evolution 399 25 Evolution of Development 497
25.1 Evolution of Developmental Patterns 497
20 Genes Within Populations 399 25.2 Single-Gene Changes and the Alteration of Form
20.1 Genetic Variation and Evolution 399 and Function 500
20.2 Changes in Allele Frequency 401 25.3 Different Ways to Evolve the Same Structure 505
20.3 Five Agents of Evolutionary Change 404 25.4 Diversity of Eyes in the Natural World:
A Case Study 506
20.4 Quantifying Natural Selection 408
20.5 Natural Selection’s Role in Maintaining
Variation 409
20.6 Selection Acting on Traits Affected
20.7
20.8
by Multiple Genes 411
Experimental Studies of Natural Selection 413
Interactions Among Evolutionary Forces 415
Part V Diversity of Life on Earth
20.9 The Limits of Selection 417 26 The Origin and Diversity of Life 513
26.1 Deep Time 515
21 The Evidence for Evolution 421 26.2 Origins of Life 515
21.1 The Beaks of Darwin’s Finches: Evidence 26.3 Evidence for Early Life 518
of Natural Selection 422 26.4 Earth’s Changing System 520
21.2 Peppered Moths and Industrial Melanism: More Evidence 26.5 Ever-Changing Life on Earth 521
of Selection 424
21.3 Artificial Selection: Human-Initiated Change 426 27 Viruses 527
21.4 Fossil Evidence of Evolution 428
27.1 The Nature of Viruses 528
21.5 Anatomical Evidence for Evolution 432
27.2 Bacteriophage: Bacterial Viruses 532
21.6 Convergent Evolution and the Biogeographical
Record 434 27.3 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 534
21.7 Darwin’s Critics 436 27.4 Other Viral Diseases 538
27.5 Prions and Viroids: Subviral Particles 540
22 The Origin of Species 440
22.1 The Nature of Species and the Biological
28 Prokaryotes 544
Species Concept 441 28.1 Prokaryotic Diversity 544
22.2 Natural Selection and Reproductive Isolation 445 28.2 Prokaryotic Cell Structure 549
22.3 The Role of Genetic Drift and Natural Selection 28.3 Prokaryotic Genetics 552
in Speciation 446 28.4 Prokaryotic Metabolism 557
22.4 The Geography of Speciation 447 28.5 Human Bacterial Disease 558
22.5 Adaptive Radiation and Biological Diversity 450 28.6 Beneficial Prokaryotes 561
22.6 The Pace of Evolution 455
22.7 Speciation and Extinction Through Time 456
29 Protists 565
23 Systematics, Phylogenies, 29.1 Eukaryotic Origins and Endosymbiosis 565
29.2 Overview of Protists 568
and Comparative Biology 460 29.3 Feeding Groove in Excavata 570
23.1 Systematics 460 29.4 Secondary Endosymbiosis in
23.2 Cladistics 462 Chromalveolata 573
23.3 Systematics and Classification 465 29.5 Chloroplasts in Archaeplastida 578
23.4 Phylogenetics and Comparative 29.6 Slender Pseudopods in Rhizaria 581
Biology 469 29.7 Blunt Pseudopods in Amoebozoa 583
23.5 Phylogenetics and Disease Evolution 475 29.8 Propulsion via a Single Posterior Flagellum
in Opisthokonta 584
24 Genome Evolution 480
24.1 Comparative Genomics 480 30 Seedless Plants 588
24.2 Genome Size 483 30.1 Origin of Land Plants 588
24.3 Evolution Within Genomes 487 30.2 Bryophytes: Dominant Gametophyte Generation 591
xx Contents
Contents xxi
xxii Contents
Contents xxiii
Language: Finnish
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Kirj.
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Haapsalun valkea nainen
Punaista ja kultaa
Viimeisestä illasta
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Atlantis
Piilipuitten alla
Luuranko metsässä puhuu
Vainaja
III
Kaunas 1.
2. (Hämärä metsä)
Tivoli
Fürstenhof
Wintergarten
IV
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1. Miss Annabel
2. Fatiman kuolo
Lasisesta silmästä
Yxi walitettava wirsi
Suomalainen ryijy
Puer natus in Betlehem
Vaatimattomasta hautauksesta
Legenda väsyneistä naisista
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Dominus Krabbe
1. Pappilan nuorenherran kertomus
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5. Pappilan neitien kertomus
6. Vanhan haudankaivajan kertomus
VI
I
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