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Pure 1 Algebra
Pure 1 Algebra
YOUR NOTES
A Level Maths CIE
CONTENTS
1.1 Quadratics
1.1.1 Expanding Brackets
1.1.2 Quadratic Graphs
1.1.3 Discriminants
1.1.4 Completing the square
1.1.5 Solving Quadratic Equations
1.1.6 Further Solving Quadratic Equations (Hidden Quadratics)
1.2 Inequalities & Simultaneous Equations
1.2.1 Linear Simultaneous Equations - Elimination
1.2.2 Linear Simultaneous Equations - Substitution
1.2.3 Quadratic Simultaneous Equations
1.2.4 Linear Inequalities
1.2.5 Quadratic Inequalities
1.2.6 Inequalities on Graphs
1.3 Functions
1.3.1 Language of Functions
1.3.2 Composite Functions
1.3.3 Inverse Functions
1.4 Graphs of Functions
1.4.1 Sketching Polynomials
1.4.2 Reciprocal Graphs - Sketching
1.4.3 Solving Equations Graphically
1.4.4 Proportional Relationships
1.5 Transformations of Functions
1.5.1 Translations
1.5.2 Stretches
1.5.3 Reflections
1.6 Combinations of Transformations
1.6.1 Combinations of Transformations
1.7 Modelling with Functions
1.7.1 Modelling with Functions
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Worked Example
Exam Tip
Be extra careful with negatives!
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'FOIL' is a special case of this, when each set of brackets contains two terms
If you are trying to expand something like (a + b)n for powers of n greater than 2 or 3, use the
binomial expansion
If you have to expand more than two sets of brackets, just expand them two at a time:
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Worked Example
Worked Example
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You may have to rearrange the equation before you can find some of these things YOUR NOTES
Exam Tip
Your calculator may tell you the roots of a quadratic function and the
coordinates of the turning point
But don't rely on it – think about how many marks the question is worth and how
much method/working you should show
Remember sometimes you'll need to rearrange an equation into the form
y = ax 2 + bx + c
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Exam Tip
When questions just mention “real roots”, the roots could be distinct or
repeated (i.e. they arent talking about complex numbers!)
In these cases, you only need to worry about solving b 2 − 4ac ≥ 0
When solving using inequalities always sketch the quadratic and decide
whether you're looking above or below zero to help write your solutions
correctly
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When a ≠ 1
You first need to take a out as a factor of the x2 and x terms
Then continue as above
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It can also be used to prove and/or show results using the fact that a squared term will YOUR NOTES
always be greater than or equal to 0
Exam Tip
Sometimes the question will explicitly ask you to complete the square
Sometimes it will even remind you of the form to write it in
But sometimes it will expect you to spot that completing the square is what you
need to do to help with other parts of the question... like finding turning points!
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Remember this will help with questions involving turning points too YOUR NOTES
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Solving a quadratic equation by using a calculator
Exam Tip
A calculator can be super-efficient but be aware some marks are for method
There will never be many marks for solving a quadratic at AS/A level
Use your judgement:
is it a “show that” or “prove” question?
how many marks?
how long is the question?
Remember the quadratic formula with a song... there are loads of fun ones on
YouTube
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Exam Tip
Don't skip the checking step (it only takes a few seconds) – there are many
places to go wrong when solving simultaneous equations!
Mishandling minus signs is probably the single biggest cause of student error in
simultaneous equations questions
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Exam Tip
Although elimination will always work to solve simultaneous linear equations,
sometimes substitution can be easier and quicker.
Knowing both methods can help you a lot in the exam (plus you will need
substitution to solve quadratic simultaneous equations).
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Solving two simultaneous equations in two unknowns means finding pairs of values that
make both of the equations true at the same time
At A level usually only one equation will be quadratic and the other will be linear
For one quadratic and one linear equation there will usually be two solution pairs
(although there can be one, or none)
Step 1: Rearrange the linear equation so that one of the unknowns becomes the subject (if the
linear equation is already in this form, you can skip to Step 2)
Step 2: Substitute the expression found in Step 1 into the quadratic equation
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Step 3: Solve the new quadratic equation from Step 2 to find the values of the unknown (there YOUR NOTES
will usually be two of these)
Step 4: Substitute the values from Step 3 into the rearranged equation from Step 1 to find the
values of the other unknown
Step 5: Check your solutions by substituting the values for the two unknowns (one pair at a
time!) into the original quadratic equation
Exam Tip
You have to use substitution to solve quadratic simultaneous equations – the
elimination method won't work.
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Interval notation
Use of square [] and round () brackets
[ or ] mean included
( or ) mean excluded
(4,8] means 4 < x < 8
Note ∞ always uses ( or )
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Exam Tip
Recognise this type of inequality by the use of two variables
You may have to deduce the inequalities from a given graph
Pay careful attention to which region you are asked to shade
Sometimes the exam could ask you to shade the region that satisfies the
inequalities this means you should shade the region that is wanted.
If you're unsure, you could …
… draw the (dotted and/or solid) lines in on the answer diagram and use a
rough sketch to find the region required …
… and/or …
… write clearly you have “shaded the unwanted area”
As long as your final answer is clear you should get the marks!
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Mappings can be
‘many-to-one’ (many ‘input’ values go to one ‘output’ value)
‘one-to-many’
‘many-to-many’
‘one-to-one’
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Notation
Functions are denoted by the notation f(x), g(x), etc
eg. f(x) = x2 - 3x + 2
Of the alternative notation
eg. f : x ↦ x2 – 3x + 2
Sets of numbers
Functions often involve domains and ranges for specific sets of numbers
All numbers can be organised into different sets ℕ, ℤ, ℚ, ℝ
So ℕ is a subset of ℤ etc
ℤ- would be the set of negative integers only
Domain
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The domain of a function is the set of values that are allowed to be the ‘input’ YOUR NOTES
A function is only fully defined once its domain has been stated
Restrictions on a domain can turn many-to-one functions into one-to-one functions
Range
The range of a function is the set of values of all possible ‘outputs’
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The ‘output’ of one function will be the ‘input’ of the next one
Sometimes called function-of-a-function
A composite function can be denoted
fg (x )
f (g (x ))
f ⎡⎢⎣ g (x ) ⎤⎥⎦
( f ∘ g ) (x )
All of these mean “ f of g (x ) ”
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Special cases
fg(x) and gf(x) are generally different but can sometimes be the same
ff(x) is written as f2(x)
Inverse functions ff-1(x) = f-1f(x) = x
Exam Tip
Domain and range are important.In fg(x), the ‘output’ (range) of g must be in
the domain of f(x), so fg(x) could exist, but gf(x) may not (or not for some
values of x).
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The range of f is the domain of f-1 (and vice versa) YOUR NOTES
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When asked to sketch a polynomial you'll need to think about the following
y-axis intercept
x-axis intercepts (roots)
turning points (maximum and/or minimum)
a smooth curve (this takes practice!)
How do I sketch a graph of a polynomial?
STEP 1 Find the y-axis intercept by setting x = 0
STEP 2 Find the x-axis intercepts (roots) by setting y = 0
STEP 3 Consider the shape and “start”/”end” of the graph
eg. a positive cubic graph starts in third quadrant (“bottom left”) and “ends” in first
quadrant (“top right”)
STEP 4 Consider where any turning points should go
STEP 5 Draw with a smooth curve
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The sign of a shows which part of the graph the curves are located
The size of a shows how steep the curves are
The closer a is to 0 the more L-shaped the curves are
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horizontal, y = 0 (x-axis)
vertical, x = 0 (y-axis)All have two asymptotes
How do I sketch a reciprocal graph?
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STEP 1 Use the sign of “a” to locate the curves YOUR NOTES
and use the size of “a” to gauge the steepness of the curve
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It can be difficult to tell from a sketch if graphs intersect once, more, or not at all
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Exam Tip
When writing out your solutions to simultaneous equations, always pair the correct x
solution with the correct y solution
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Inverse proportion
1 1
y∝ means y is proportional to or y is inversely proportional to x
x x
y decreases as x increases and vice versa, k determines the rate
k
by changing this to the equation y = we can substitute in given values and solve to find
x
k
Note that this means the product of x and y is constant k = xy
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A particular translation (how far left/right, how far up/down) is specified by a translation
vector:
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What do I need to know about graph translations?
⎛0 ⎞
The graph of y = f (x ) + a is a vertical translation of the graph y = f (x ) by the vector ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟
⎝a⎠
The graph moves up for positive values of a and down for negative values of a
The x-coordinates stay the same
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Any asymptotes of f(x) are also translated. If an asymptote is parallel to the direction of
translation, however, it will not be affected
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1
The graph of y = f(ax) is a horizontal stretch of the graph y = f(x) by a scale factor of ,
a
centred on the y
1
The y coordinates of points stay the same; x coordinates are multiplied by
a
Points on the y axis stay where they are
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All other points move parallel to the x axis, away from (0 < a < 1) or towards (a > 1) the y YOUR NOTES
axis
Any asymptotes of f(x) are also affected by the stretch (stretch them as you would stretch
the function of a straight line)
If an asymptote is one of the coordinate axes, or is parallel to the direction of the stretch,
however, it will not be affected
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Exam Tip
When you sketch a stretched graph, be sure to indicate the new coordinates of
any points that are marked on the original graph.
Try to indicate the coordinates of points where the stretched graph intersects
the coordinate axes (if you don't have the equation of the original function this
may not be possible).
If the graph has asymptotes, don't forget to sketch the asymptotes of the
stretched graph as well.
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Any asymptotes of f(x) are also affected by the reflection (reflect them as you would
reflect the function of a straight line)
If an asymptote is one of the coordinate axes, or is perpendicular to the coordinate axis in
which the graph is reflected, it will not be affected
What do I need to know about graph reflections?
The graph of y = -f(x) is a reflection in the x axis
The x coordinates of points stay the same; y coordinates have their signs flipped
(positive to negative, negative to positive)
Points on the x axis stay where they are
All other points are reflected to the other side of the x axis
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Any asymptotes of f(x) are also affected by the reflection (reflect them as you would
reflect the function of a straight line)
If an asymptote is one of the coordinate axes, or is perpendicular to the coordinate axis in
which the graph is reflected, it will not be affected
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Any asymptotes of the function are also affected by the combined transformation (perform
the transformations one at a time in the same order as above)
Exam Tip
Be sure to apply transformations in the correct order – applying them in the
wrong order can produce an incorrect transformation.
When you sketch a transformed graph, indicate the new coordinates of any
points that are marked on the original graph.
Try to indicate the coordinates of points where the transformed graph
intersects the coordinate axes (although if you don't have the equation of the
original function this may not be possible).
If the graph has asymptotes, don't forget to sketch the asymptotes of the
transformed graph as well.
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