EHBHMAEAB STPHTAGO

’EAEHFHEO \OSO DHB EOSO, SAPTH IOBGKQBGHB AKSTAPBHI DHB

OBTAPBHI ZAPQSHFHHB―
 DHLTHP OSO
@H@ O...........................................
O.................................................................
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.....8

ZABDHFQIQHB.........................
ZABDHFQIQHB...............................................
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...........................8
.....8

8.8 Ihthr @aihkhbg..........................................................................................................8

8.0 Ehshihf.....................................................................................................8
Pueushb Eh

8.3 Tumuhb Ehkhihf........................................................................................................8

@H@ OO............................................
OO..................................................................
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................................................3
..........................3

OSO........................................
OSO..............................................................
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0.8 \oso Zarushfhhb.........................................................................................................3

0.0 Eoso Zarushfhhb........................................................................................................3

0.
0.3
3 Zar`
Zar`ad
adhh
hhb
b \os
\osoo dhb
dhb Eoso
Eoso Zaru
Zarush
shfhhb......................................................................3
fhhb

0.
0.4
4 Iobg
Iobgku
kubg
bghb
hb Akst
Akstar
arbh
bhii Zar
Zarus
ushf
hfhhb.........................................................................4
hhb

0.1 Lhktnr
Lhktnr Iobgk
Iobgkubg
ubghb
hb _hbg
_hbg Eaepa
Eaepabgh
bghruf
rufoo Koba
Kobarm
rmh
h Zaru
Zarushfhhb..........................4
shfhhb

0.< Iobgkubghb Obtarbhi.................................................................................................6

0.7 Zabghr
Zabghruf
uf Iobgku
Iobgkubgh
bghb
b Obtar
Obtarbhi
bhi Tarfhd
Tarfhdhp
hp Zarush
Zarushfhhb........................................?
fhhb

0.6 Iobgkubghb Obtarbhi...............................................................................................88

0.? Zar`hb
Zar`hbdob
dobghb
ghb Hbthr
Hbthr Zabd
Zabdakh
akhthb
thb Hbhios
Hbhiosos
os Obta
Obtarbh
rbhii Zarus
Zarushfhhb........................88
hfhhb

0.8: Cnbtnf Khsus....................

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.....................80
80

@H@ OOO.............................................
OOO....................................................................
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.....................86

KASOEZQIHB.............................
KASOEZQIHB...................................................
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86

DHLTHP ZQSTHKH................................
ZQSTHKH......................................................
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..................................8?
.....8?

oo
 @H@ O

ZABDHFQIQHB

8.8 Ihthr @aihkhbg

Ehbh
Ehbhma
maea
eab
b st
strh
rhta
tago
goss hd
hdhi
hihf
hf suht
suhtu
u rhbg
rhbgkh
khoh
ohb
b ka
kapu
putu
tush
shb
b dh
dhb
b tobd
tobdhk
hkhb
hb yh
yhbg
bg
eabg
eabgfh
fhso
soik
ikhb
hb ln
lnre
reui
uihs
hsoo dhb
dhb oepi
oepiae
aeab
abth
thso
so ra
rabc
bchb
hbhh ub
ubtu
tuk
k eabc
eabchp
hpho
ho tu
tumu
muhb
hb
parushfhhb. Ehbhmaeab strhtagos eaioputo parabchbhhb, pabghrhfhb,
pabgnrghboshsohb, dhb pabgabdhiohb kaputushb sarth tobdhkhb yhbg sasuho dabghb
strhtagoo parushfhhb.
strhtag parushfhhb. Strhtago dhro suhtu parushfhh
parushfhhb
b eabcareobk
eabcareobkhb
hb kashdhrhb
kashdhrhb dhro
parushfhhb tarsa`ut tabthbg `hghoehbh, khphb, dhb doehbh parushfhhb tarsa`ut
`arknepatoso; hkhb eaihwhb sohph dhihe knepatoso tarsa`ut; dhb ubtuk tumuhb hph
parushfhhb tarsa`ut `arknepatoso.
\oso dhb eoso, sarth hbhiosos dhro iobgkubghb akstarbhi dhb obtarbhi parushfhhb

earu
earuph
phkh
khb
b `hgo
`hgohb
hb hwhi
hwhi dhro
dhro thfh
thfhph
phb
b eh
ehbh
bhma
maea
eab
b strh
strhta
tago
gok.
k. Ni
Niaf
af kh
khra
rabh
bh otu
otu
parushfhhb todhk `niaf eabghbgghp raeaf fhi tarsa`ut, khrabh dhpht eaepabghrufo
ka`arihbgsubghb parushfhhb kadaphbbyh.

8.0 Pueushb Ehshihf

Hdhpub rueushb ehshihf dhro ehkhihf hdhihf sa`hgho `arokut.
8). Hph yhbg
yhbg doehksud
doehksud dabghb
dabghb voso parushfhhb
parushfhhb>>
0). Hph yhbg
yhbg doehksud
doehksud dabghb
dabghb eoso parushfhhb
parushfhhb>>
3). Hph par`adhhb
par`adhhb hbthrh
hbthrh voso dhb eoso
eoso parushfhhb>
parushfhhb>

4). Hph otu iobgk

iobgkubghb
ubghb akstarb
akstarbhi
hi parushfhhb>
parushfhhb>
1). Hph shmh lhktnr iobgkubghb
iobgkubghb yhbg eaepabghru
eaepabghrufo
fo kobarmh suhtu parushfhhb>
parushfhhb>
<). @hghoehbh
@hghoehbh pabghruf
pabghruf gin`hioshso
gin`hioshso tarfhdhp
tarfhdhp parushfhhb>
parushfhhb>
7). Hph otu iobgk
iobgkubghb
ubghb obtarbhi>
obtarbhi>
6). Hph pabghruf
pabghruf iobgkubgh
iobgkubghb
b obtarbhi tarfhdhp
tarfhdhp parushfhhb>
parushfhhb>
?). @hghoehbh
@hghoehbh par`hbdobghb
par`hbdobghb hbthr pabdakhthb
pabdakhthb hbhiosos
hbhiosos obtarbhi parushfhhb>
parushfhhb>
8:
8:).
). @hg
@hghoe
hoehb
hbhh cnb
cnbtn
tnf
f khsu
khsusb
sbyh
yh>>

8.3 Tumuhb Ehkhihf

8). Eabgathfuo
Eabgathfuo hph
hph otu voso
voso parushfhh
parushfhhb.
b.

8
0). Eabgathfuo
Eabgathfuo hph
hph otu eoso
eoso parushfhh
parushfhhb.
b.
3). Eabgathfuo
Eabgathfuo par`adhhb
par`adhhb hbthrh
hbthrh voso dhb eoso parushfhhb
parushfhhb..
4). Eabgathfuo
Eabgathfuo tabthbg
tabthbg iobgkubghb
iobgkubghb akstarbhi
akstarbhi parushfhhb.
parushfhhb.
1). Eabgathfuo lhktnr
lhktnr iobgkubghb
iobgkubghb yhbg
yhbg eaepabghrufo
eaepabghrufo kobarmh suhtu parushfhhb.
<). Eabgathfuo
Eabgathfuo tabthbg
tabthbg pabghruf gin`hiosh
gin`hioshso
so tarfhdhp parushfhhb.
parushfhhb.

7). Eabgathfuo
Eabgathfuo hph
hph otu iobgkubgh
iobgkubghb
b obtarbhi.
obtarbhi.
6). Eabgathfuo tabthbg pabghruf iobgkubghb obtarbhi tarfhdhp
tarfhdhp parushfhhb.
?). Eabgathfuo
Eabgathfuo par`hbdobg
par`hbdobghb
hb hbthr pabdakhthb hbhiosos
hbhiosos obtarbhi parushfhhb.
parushfhhb.
8:)..
8:) Eabgat
Eabgathfu
hfuoo pabarhp
pabarhphb
hb dhro
dhro voso
voso dhb
dhb eoso,
eoso, sarth
sarth hbhio
hbhiosos
sos iobgk
iobgkubg
ubghb
hb aksta
akstarbh
rbhii
dhb obtarbhi parushfhhb.

0
 @H@ OO

OSO

0.8 \oso Zarushfhhb

Zarushfhhb
Satohp
Satohp parush
parushfhh
fhhb
b phstob
phstobyh
yh eaeoio
eaeoioko
ko cot
coth-co
h-coth
th odahi
odahi yhbg
yhbg obgob
obgob dochph
dochphoby
obyh.
h. Coth-co
Coth-coth
th
tarsa`ut hkhb doparmuhbgkhb hghr ’mhto doro―byh maihs, yhkbo cotrh boiho dhb kaparchyhhb
parushfhhb. Cotrh boiho dhb kaparchyhhb oboihf yhbg dosa`ut dabghb voso parushfhhb. \oso
earuphkhb whwhshb iuhs ka ehsh daphb dhro ehbhmaeab dhb earuphkhb knbdoso odahi
yhbg fabdhk dochpho niaf parushfhhb do ehsh yhbg hkhb dhthbg. Sanrhbg phkhr `arbheh
@urt Bhbus eabghthkhb `hfwh voso hdhihf ghe`hr ehsh daphb nrghboshso yhbg rahiostos,
krado`ai, dhb htrhktol. Saihbmutbyh ubtuk eabgfhyhto voso, dopariukhb ththbhb hths boiho
dhb kaparchyhhb parushfhhb
parushfhhb yhbg `osh eabmhdo
eabmhdo ’parbyhthhb
’parbyhthhb ushfh― dhro parushfhhb,
parushfhhb,
parbyhthhb ushfh obo dosa`ut mugh dabghb eoso parushfhhb.

0.0 Eoso Zarushfhhb

Zarushfhhb
Sanrhbg phkhr `arbheh Stapfab P. Cnvay eabghthkhb `hfwh eoso nrghboshso hdhihf
sasuhtu yhbg earaliaksokhb voso dhb boiho-boiho `arsheh, gubh eabcopthkhb kashtuhb dhb
kneote
kneoteab
ab yhbg
yhbg kuht.
kuht. Eoso
Eoso saparto
saparto obo eabcop
eabcopthk
thkhb
hb karhbg
karhbgkh
kh ralarab
ralarabso,
so, krotaro
krotaroh,
h, sarth
sarth
padnehb dhihe fhto dhb pokorhb sagabhp whrgh nrghboshso. Eoso `arehblhht ubtuk
eae`arokhb padnehb kaphdh ehbhmaeab dhihe eaeushtkhb kagohthbbyh.

0.3 Zar`adhhb
Zar`adhhb \oso dhb Eoso Zarushfhhb
Zarushfhhb
Iawht `ukubyh yhbg `armudui Tfa Loltf Doscopioba,
Doscopioba , Zatar E. Sabga eabya`utkhb `hfwh
voso hdhihf tfa wfht, yhotu ghe`hrhb ehsh daphb yhbg obgob koth `hbgub. Sadhbgkhb eoso
hd
hdhi
hihf
hf tfa
tfa wfy,
wfy, yhkbo
yhkbo hihshb
hihshb utheh
utheh eabghp
eabghphh nrghbo
nrghboshso
shso koth
koth dodoro
dodorokhb
khb.. Saihob
Saihob otu,
otu,
aksosta
aksostabso
bso voso
voso `arhshi
`arhshi dhro
dhro paeoiok
paeoiok parush
parushfhh
fhhb,
b, sadhbg
sadhbgkhb
khb eoso
eoso doparu
doparubtu
btukkh
kkhb
b `hgo
`hgo
ehbhmae
ehbhmaeab.
ab. \oso ia`of
ia`of `arkhr
`arkhrhkt
hktar
ar psokn-
psokn-eht
ehtaro
arohi
hi dhb eoso
eoso ia`of
ia`of `arkhr
`arkhrhkt
hktar
ar psokn-
psokn-
sporotuhi. Kaeudohb, voso `arsolht h`strhk, sadhbgkhb eoso dokhotkhb dabghb hktovoths sarth
ia`of knbkrat dhb dobheos. Dhb yhbg tarhkfor, voso eaeuht coth-coth, kaobgobhb, kaehuhb,
dhe`hhb,
dhe`hhb, fhrhphb,
fhrhphb, hthu karobduhb.
karobduhb. Saeabthrh
Saeabthrh otu, eoso eaeuht
eaeuht phbggoihb,
phbggoihb, dhreh `hkto,
`hkto,
ehkbh dhb ehbdht.

3
0.4 Iobgkubg
Iobgkubghb
hb Akstarbhi Zarushfhhb
Zarushfhhb
Iobgkubg
Iobgkubghb
hb akstarbhi
akstarbhi (axtarbh
axtarbhii abvornbeabt
abvornbeabt) earuph
earuphkhb
khb lhktnr
lhktnr-lhk
-lhktnr
tnr doiuhr
doiuhr kabdhi
kabdhioo
yhbg eaepabghrufo poiofhb parushfhhb eabgabho hrhf dhb tobdhkhb, yhbg mugh phdh

hkforbyh eaepabghrufo struktur nrghboshso dhb prnsas obtarbhibyh.

0.1 Lhktnr Iobgkubghb

Iobgkubghb _hbg Eaepabghrufo Kobarmh Zarushfhhb
Hdh `ar`hgho
`ar`hgho ehche lhktnr-lhktnr
lhktnr-lhktnr akstarbhi
akstarbhi yhbg eaepabghrufo
eaepabghrufo poiofhb
poiofhb parushfhhb
parushfhhb
eabgabho hrhf dhb tobdhkhb, yhbg phdh hkforbyh mugh eaepabghrufo struktur nrghboshso
dhb prnsas
prnsas obtarb
obtarbhib
hibyh.
yh. Lhktnr
Lhktnr – lhktnr
lhktnr tarsa`u
tarsa`utt dhpht
dhpht dokain
dokainepn
epnkkh
kkhb
b eabmhd
eabmhdoo togh
togh
khtagnro, yhotu=
8). Iobgku
Iobgkubg
bghb
hb Mhuf
Iobgkubghb
Iobgkubghb mhuf (raenta abvornbeabt) eae`arokhb paiuhbg, hbchehb, dhb `hthshb

`hgo parushfhhb, tathpo mhrhbg sakhio dotaeukhb parushfhhb yhbg `osh eae`arokhb
toe`hi `hiok yhbg cukup `ashr. Iobgkubghb obo tardoro dhro `ar`hgho ehche lhktnr
yh
yhbg
bg `a
`arh
rhshi
shi dh
dhro
ro pa
paru
rush
shfh
fhhb
hb dh
dhb
b `ohs
`ohshb
hbyh
yh todh
todhk
k ta
tark
rkho
hott da
dabg
bghb
hb sotuh
sotuhso
so suht
suhtu
u
parushfhhb. Lhktnr-lhktnr tarsa`ut hdhihf sa`hgho `arokut=
 Lhktnr aknbneo, `arkhothb dabghb solht dhb hrhf paraknbneohb doehbh suhtu
parushfhhb `arnparhso, `hok yhbg `arthrhl bhsonbhi ehupub obtarbhsonbhi. Cnbtnf
yh
yhbg
bg `a
`arth
rthrh
rhll bh
bhson
sonbh
bhii sa
sapa
part
rtoo tarmh
tarmhdo
doby
byhh ob
obli
lihso
hso.. Sa
Sadh
dhbg
bgkh
khb
b yh
yhbg
bg `a
`art
rthr
hrhl
hl
obtarbhsonbhi saparto hdhbyh parmhbmohb phshr `a`hs hbthr `a`arhph baghrh.
 Lhktnr snsohi, eaioputo kaparchyhhb, boiho, sokhp,
s okhp, npobo, dhb ghyh fodup ehsyhrhkht

dhihe iobgkubghb akstarbhi parushfhhb, yhbg `arkae`hbg dhro knbdoso `udhyh,

akningo, daengrhlo, hgheh, pabdodokhb, dhb atbos. Fhi obo eabya`h`khb lhktnr
snsohi eaeoioko solht yhbg `agotu dobheos hthu eudhf sakhio `aru`hf-u`hf.
 Lhktnr
Lhktnr pnioto
pniotok,
k, lhktnr
lhktnr obo eababt
eababtukh
ukhb
b phrhea
phrheatar-p
tar-phrhe
hrheata
atarr fukue
fukue dhb hturhb
hturhb
doeh
doehbh
bh pa
paru
rush
shfh
fhhb
hb fh
fhru
russ `a
`arn
rnpa
parhs
rhso.
o. Lh
Lhkt
ktnr
nr pn
pnio
ioto
tok
k dh
dhph
phtt eae`
eae`ht
hthso
hso ht
hthu
hu
eabgubtubghb parushfhhb yhbg tarpabghruf. Niaf sa`h` otu, hrhf dhb sth`oioths
lhktnr pniotok earuphkhb partoe`hbghb utheh katokh eabgavhiuhso iobgkubghb
mhuf.
 Lhktnrr takbningo,
Lhktn takbningo, eaio`htkhb
eaio`htkhb paru`hfhb
paru`hfhb takbningo
takbningo yhbg dhpht eaepabghru
eaepabghrufo
fo

obdustrobyh. Dabghb hdhbyh hdhpthso takbningo yhbg krahtol dhpht eabcopthkhb

kaeubgkobhb hkhb prnduk hthu hkhb par`hokhb phdh prnduk yhbg sudhf hdh hthu

4
 phdh takbok ehbulhkturobg dhb paehshrhb. Fhi obo eae`uht tarn`nshb takbningo
eae`ar
eae`arokh
okhb
b dhephk
dhephk yhbg
yhbg sogbol
sogbolokh
okhb
b dhb sakato
sakatokh
kh tarfhdh
tarfhdhp
p iobgku
iobgkubgh
bghb
b suhtu
suhtu
parushfhhb. Safobggh parushfhhb fhrus eaehfheo kaehmuhb takbningo shht obo
dhb kaeubgkob
kaeubgkobhb
hb kaehmuhb
kaehmuhb takbningo
takbningo ehsh daphb yhbg dhpht eaepabghrufo
eaepabghrufo
prnduk dhb mhshbyh.

Lhktnr akning
Lhktnr akningo,
o, eabghc
eabghcuu phdh
phdh fu`ubg
fu`ubghb
hb hbthrh
hbthrh ehbuso
ehbusohh dhb ehfkiu
ehfkiuk
k fodup
fodup
iho
ihobby
bbyh,
h, sarth
sarth udhrh,
udhrh, thbhf,
thbhf, dhb hor yhbg
yhbg eabduk
eabdukubg
ubgbyh
byh.. Do zhehb
zhehb sakhrhb
sakhrhbg
g
parushfhhb dopneph ubtuk tarus eaihkukhb uphyh ubtuk eaeoboehiosor
pabcaehrhb iobgkubghb hko`ht ioe`hf yhbg dofhsoikhbbyh. Saihob otu mugh hdh
parushfhhb yhbg eabgurhbgo pabcaehrhb iobgkubghb iawht kaehshb yhbg rhehf
iobgkubghb.
0). Iobgku
Iobgkubg
bghb
hb Obdustro
Obdustro
Iobg
Iobgku
kubg
bghb
hb obdu
obdustr
stroo (obdus
obdustry
try abvornbeabt
abvornbeabt) earu
earuph
phkh
khb
b kn
knbd
bdos
osoo ueue
ueue ub
ubtu
tuk
k
parshobghb yhbg eaepabghrufo saiuruf `osbos, yhbg eabyadohkhb prnduk dhb mhsh

saruph. Sanrhbg Zrnlasnr Fhrvhrd, Eocfhai A. Znrtar, eabghmukhb knbsap iobgkubghb

obdustro sa`hgho ihbdhshb paeokorhb strhtagos dhb parabchbhhb `osbos. Oh eabmaihskhb
tardhpht
tardhpht ioeh kakuhthb yhbg eae`abtuk
eae`abtuk parshobghb
parshobghb suhtu obdustro
obdustro,, yhotu sa`hgho
`arokut=
 Hbchehb dhro pabdhthbg `hru
Zabdhthbg
Zabdhthbg `hru `ohshbyh
`ohshbyh eae`hwh
eae`hwh khphsosths
khphsosths `hru, kaobgobhb
kaobgobhb ubtuk
ubtuk eara`ut
eara`ut
phbgsh phshr, dhb sarobgkhio sue`ar dhyh yhbg su`sthbsohi. Tobgkht kasaroushb
dhro hbchehb pabdhthbg `hru `arghbtubg phdh fhe`hthb yhbg hdh dhb rahkso
pashobg shht obo yhbg dhpht dohbtosophso niaf pabdhthbg `hru. Tardhpht abhe

sue`ar utheh yhbg eabmhdo fhe`hthb pabdhthbg `hru ehsuk, yhotu saparto skhih
aknbne
aknbneo,
o, dolarab
dolarabsohs
sohsoo prnduk
prnduk,, parsyh
parsyhrhth
rhthb
b endhi,
endhi, karugo
karugohb
hb `ohyh
`ohyh yhbg
yhbg todhk
todhk
dopabg
dopabghru
hrufo
fo niaf
niaf ukurhb
ukurhb parush
parushfhh
fhhb,
b, hksas
hksas tarfhdh
tarfhdhp
p shiurhb
shiurhb dostro
dostro`us
`uso,
o, dhb
ka`omhkhb paearobthf.
 Zaehsnk yhbg `arkuhsh
Zaehsnk
Zaehsnk dhpht eabggubhkhb
eabggubhkhb kakuhthb
kakuhthb eabhwhrbyh
eabhwhrbyh tarfhdhp phrtosophb
phrtosophb suhtu
obdust
obdustro
ro dabghb
dabghb eabhok
eabhokkhb
khb fhrgh
fhrgh hthu
hthu eabgur
eabgurhbg
hbgoo kuhiot
kuhioths
hs `hrhbg
`hrhbg mhsh
mhsh yhbg
yhbg
do`aio. Kainepnk paehsnk eaeoioko kakuhthb mokh=
- Do dneobhso niaf samueihf kacoi parushfhhb yhbg tarknbsabtrhso do`hbdobgkhb

obdustro kaphdh sohph earakh domuhi.

1
 - Zrndukbyh ubok hthu phiobg todhk tardolarabsohso, hthu mokh kainepnk tarsa`ut
eaeoioko `ohyh tukhr ( swotcfobg cnst) yhbg `ashr.
- Zaehsnk todhk pariu dabghb prnduk ihob ubtuk eabmuhi ka obdustro tarsa`ut.
- Zaehsnk earuphkhb hbchehb yhbg kuht khrabh dhpht eaihkukhb obtagrhso
foior shepho ka `osbos obdustro tarsa`ut.

- Obdustro tarsa`ut `ukhb earuphkhb paihbgghb pabtobg `hgo paehsnk tarsa`ut.

 Zae`aio yhbg `arkuhsh
Zae`aio mugh dhpht eaehksh fhrgh turub, eabubtut kuhioths fhrgh yhbg ia`of
tobggo hthu paihyhbhb yhbg ia`of. Kainepnk pae`aio dhpht `arkuhsh mokh=
- Kainepnk obo tarknbsabtrhso hthu eae`aio dabghb vniuea `ashr.
- Zr
Zrnd
nduk
uk yhbg
yhbg do`a
do`aio
io hdhi
hdhihf
hf pr
prnd
nduk
uk sthb
sthbdh
dhrr ht
hthu
hu pr
prnd
nduk
uk yh
yhbg
bg todh
todhk
k
tardolarabsohso.
- Zrnd
Zrnduk
uk yh
yhbg
bg do`a
do`aio
io earu
earuph
phkh
khb
b shihf
shihf shtu
shtu kn
knep
epnb
nbab
ab dh
dhro
ro pr
prnd
nduk
uk yh
yhbg
bg
dofhsoikhbbyh dhb `ohyh knepnbab cukup `arpabghruf tarfhdhp tnthi `ohyh

prnduk tarsa`ut.
- Zae`aio fhbyh eaeparniaf ih`h yhbg kacoi safobggh eaeoioko obsabtol yhbg
tobggo ubtuk eaburubkhb `ohyh pae`aiohbbyh.
- Zrnduk obdustro todhk tarihiu pabtobg `hgo kuhioths dhro prnduk hthu mhsh so
pae`aio.
- Zrnduk obdustro tarsa`ut todhk dhpht eabgfaeht `ohyh pae`aio.
- Zae`aio earuphkhb hbchehb kuht, khrabh dhpht eaihkukhb obtagrhso ka fuiu
ubtuk eae`uht prnduk obdustro tarsa`ut.
 Zrnduk su`stotuso

Dabghb eabathpkhb `hths dhro fhrgh, prnduk hthu mhsh su`stotuso dhpht eae`hthso
pntabso suhtu obdustro. Saehkob eabhrok kobarmh fhrgh yhbg dothwhrkhb niaf
prnduk su`stotuso, saehkob kuht `hthshb tarfhdhp pntabso ih`h obdustro tarsa`ut. Obo
`arhrto mokh obdustro tarsa`ut todhk dhpht eabobgkhtkhb kuhioths prnduk hthu
eaihkukhb dolarabsohso, ehkh obdustro otu hkhb eabghiheo kaeubdurhb dhihe
ih`h dhb partue`ufhb mugh `osh khihf shobg dhro prnduk su`stotuso.
 Eara`ut pnsoso
Knepatoso hbthr pashobg yhbg sudhf hdh tarmhdo dhihe `abtuk para`uthb pnsoso
dabghb eabggubhkhb thktok, saparto knepatoso fhrgh, pabgabhihb prnduk, dhb

okihb sachrh `ashr-`ashrhb.

3). Iobgkubghb
Iobgkubghb Nparhsonbhi
Nparhsonbhi

<
Iobgkubghb nparhsonbhi (nparhtonbhi
(nparhtonbhi abvornbeabt), dokab
dokabhi
hi mugh dabghb iobgkubg
iobgkubghb
hb
knepatotol hthu tughs, eabchkup lhktnr-lhktnr yhbg eaepabghrufo sotuhso knepatotol
yhbg eabdashk
eabdashk yhbg eaepabghru
eaepabghrufo
fo ka`arfhsoihb
ka`arfhsoihb parushfhhb
parushfhhb dhihe eaeparniaf
sue`ar dhyh yhbg do`utufkhb. Iobgkubghb nparhsonbhi `ohshbyh tarpabghruf hths
pabgabdhiohb parushfhhb do`hbdobgkhb dabghb iobgkubghb mhuf. Iobgkubghb obo

dopabghrufo niaf `a`arhph lhktnr `arokut=

 Znsoso knepatotol
Zabo
Zaboih
ihoh
ohb
b hths
hths pn
pnso
soso
so kn
knep
epat
atot
otol
ol pa
paru
rushf
shfhhb
hhb dh
dhihe
ihe eaep
eaepar`
ar`hok
hokoo pa
paiu
iuhb
hbg
g
parushfhhb ubtuk eabdashob strhtago yhbg eabgnptoehikhb paiuhbg
iobgkubghbbyh. dabghb eae`hbdobgkhb prnloi parushfhhb dabghb pashobg, fhi obo
dhpht eabgodabtolokhso lhktnr-lhktnr yhbg dhpht eae`uht pashobg rabthb tarfhdhp
strhtago yhbg eubgkob dopoiof niaf parushfhhb ubtuk dotarhpkhb.
 Zrnloi paihbgghb
Zabgae`hbghb prnloi paihbgghb dhb chinb paihbgghb parushfhhb dhpht `argubh

ubtuk earabchbhkhb nparhso strhtagos, eabghbtosophso paru`hfhb dhihe ukurhb

phshr, dhb eabghinkhsokhb kae`hio sue`ar dhyh sadaeokohb ruph, safobggh dhpht
eabdukubg pargasarhb pradokso dhihe pnih pareobthhb. Zabdakhthb trhdosonbhi
ubtuk
ubtuk eabyag
eabyageab
eabthso
thsokhb
khb paihbg
paihbgghb
ghb dodhshr
dodhshrkhb
khb phdh
phdh gangrh
gangrhlos,
los, dae
daeng
ngrhlo
rhlos,
s,
psokngrhlos, dhb paroihku pae`aio.
 Zaehsnk
Fu`ubghb hbthr parushfhhb dhb paehsnk eaeoioko parhb yhbg `agotu pabtobg
`hgo ka`arihbgsubghb ushfh dhb partue`ufhb mhbgkh phbmhbg parushfhhb.
Zarushfhhb `ohshbyh eabghbdhikhb paehsnkbyh ubtuk eabdhphtkhb dukubghb

kauhbghb,
kauhbg hb, mhsh,
mhsh, `hfhb
`hfhb `hku,
`hku, dhb parhiht
parhihthb.
hb. Niaf
Niaf sa`h`
sa`h` otu parush
parushfhh
fhhb
b pariu
pariu
eabmhiob fu`ubghb yhbg `hok dabghb paehsnkbyh.
 Kradotnr
Zaboihohb
Zaboihohb hths paehsnk
paehsnk dhb kradotnr eabmhdo shbght pabtobg ubtuk avhiuhso
avhiuhso yhbg
hkurht hths iobgkubghb nparhsonbhi parushfhhb, `oih kuhbtoths, kuhioths, fhrgh dhb
hksaso`oioths sue`ar dhyh kauhbghb, ehbusoh, dhb `hfhb `hku mhuf dhro knbdoso
yhbg odahi.
 Zhshr tabhgh karmh
Dhpht earakrut dhb eaeparthfhb
eaeparthfhbkhb
khb khryhwhb yhbg hbdhi earuphkhb
earuphkhb fhi yhbg

shbght pabtobg `hgo ka`arfhsoihb

ka`arfhsoihb suhtu parushfhhb.
parushfhhb. Hdhpub hksas parushfhhb
tarfhdhp khryhwhb yhbg `arpntabso dopabghrufo `a`arhph lhktnr saparto=

7
 - Paputhso parushfhhb sa`hgho pae`aro karmh
- Tobgkht pabghbggurhb sataepht
- Katarsadohhb tabhgh karmh dabghb kahfiohb yhbg dopariukhb
- Fu`ubghb parushfhhb dabghb sarokht pakarmh

0.< Zabghruf
Zabghruf Gin`hioshso
Gin`hioshso @hgo Zarushfhhb
Gin`hioshso (gin`hiozhtonb
gin`hiozhtonb)) hdhihf strhtago ubtuk eabgamhr paiuhbg doehbhpub do duboh
yhbg eaeubgkobkhb suhtu parushfhhb ubtuk eabgnptoehikhb lubgso `osbosbyh do baghrh
taepht `arnparhsobyh. Tardhpht duh tanro yhbg `arfu`ubghb dabghb pabgabhihb prnduk
sachrh gin`hi, yhotu sthbdhroshso dhb hdhpthso boiho-boiho sataepht (custneozhtonb
( custneozhtonb).
).
Zarkae`hbghb dhro suhtu parushfhhb gin`hi dhpht tariofht dhro tobgkht strhtago yhbg
tario`ht. Tobgkht partheh, dookuto niaf hktovoths oepnr – akspnr, eaeoioko dhephk yhbg
eoboehi tarfhdhp nroabthso ehbhmaeab shht obo hthu tarfhdhp iobo prnduk yhbg sudhf hdh.
Tobgkht kaduh, eaio`htkhb iosabso hsobg dhb trhbslar takbningo, eae`utufkhb sadokot

paru`hfhb dhihe ehbhmaeab hthu nparhso. Dhb tobgkht katogh, ueuebyh dothbdho niaf
obva
obvast
sths
hsoo ihbg
ihbgsu
subg
bg dhih
dhihe
e npar
nparhs
hsoo do iuhr
iuhr ba
baga
garo
ro,, ta
tare
rehs
hsuk
uk pa
pabd
bdor
oroh
ohb
b ph
ph`r
`rok
ok
ehbu
ehbulh
lhkt
ktur
urob
obg.
g. Zhdh
Zhdh tobg
tobgkh
khth
thb
b ob
obo,
o, eae`
eae`ut
utuf
ufkh
khb
b endh
endhii dh
dhih
ihe
e mu
muei
eihf
hf `a
`ashr
shr dh
dhb
b
pabgae`hbghb kahfiohb ehbhmaeab gin`hi. Zhdh hwhi sa`aiue eaehsuko phshr gin`hi,
parushfhhb taria`of dhfuiu eaihkukhb paboihohb akstarbhi dhb obtarbhi. Zaboihohb
akstarb
akstarbhi
hi eaihku
eaihkukhb
khb paearo
paearoksh
kshhb
hb yhbg
yhbg eabdhi
eabdhihe
he tarfhd
tarfhdhp
hp lotur-l
lotur-lotu
oturr pabtob
pabtobg
g dhro
dhro
iobgkubghb gin`hi tarutheh tarfhdhp sthtus dhro baghrh tuhb ruehf. Sadhbgkhb paboihohb
obta
obtarb
rbhi
hi eaio
eaio`h
`htk
tkhb
hb od
odab
abto
tolo
lokh
khso
so hths
hths ka
kaku
kuht
hthb
hb-k
-kak
akuh
uhthb
thb dh
dhshr
shr dh
dhro
ro np
nparh
arhso
so suhtu
suhtu
parushfhhb. Kakuhthb tarsa`ut eaeoioko parhb pabtobg khrabh earuphkhb khrhktarostok

yhbg shbght dofhrgho niaf baghrh tuhb ruehf safobggh eabobgkhtkhb thwhr-eabhwhr
parushfhhb tarsa`ut.
Hghr `arfhsoi dhihe phshr gin`hi, sa`uhf parushfhhb fhrus eaboiho duh fhi utheh dhro
pareobthhb paihbgghb, yhotu pabaroehhb paihbgghb hths prnduk dhb tobgkht obnvhso
prnduk yhbg doobgobkhb.
doobgobkhb.

6
 Saihob otu parush
Saihob parushfhh
fhhb
b yhbg
yhbg `argar
`argarhk
hk ka hrhf gin`hi
gin`hioshs
oshsoo dhpht
dhpht dokain
dokainepn
epnkkh
kkhb
b
`ardhshrkhb phdh tobgkht knepiaksoths do phshr dhb karhghehb iobo prnduk parushfhhb.
Knepiaksoths phshr eabghcu phdh sa`arhph `hbyhkbyh lhktnr pabtobg yhbg dopariukhb
parushfhhb ubtuk `arfhsoi phdh hrabh knepatotol tartabtu. Dhb karhghehb prnduk
eabghc
eabghcu
u phdh
phdh iuhsby
iuhsbyhh iobgku
iobgkup
p ushfh
ushfh parush
parushfhh
fhhb
b hthu
hthu `hbyhk
`hbyhkbyh
byh iobo
iobo prnduk
prnduk yhbg
yhbg
dothwhrkhb parushfhhb. Dhb `ardhshrkhb kaduh vhroh`ai tarsa`ut tardhpht abhe strhtago
knepatotol yhbg dhpht dotarhpkhb parushfhhb, yhotu akspnr; iosabso, knbtrhk ehbulhktur,
whrhih`h; ushfh phtubghb; ch`hbg do iuhr bagaro; obvasthso sa`hgho paeaghbg shfhe; dhb
hbhk parushfhhb do iuhr bagaro dabghb kapaeoiokhb pabuf.

0.7 Iobgkubg
Iobgkubghb
hb Obtarbhi
Obtarbhi
Iobgkubghb obtarbhi hdhihf `hgohb obtarbhi dhro parushfhhb. @hgohb obtarbhi obo saparto
sue`ar
sue`ar dhyh
dhyh dhb khph`o
khph`oiot
ioths
hs yhbg
yhbg doeoio
doeoioko
ko niaf
niaf parush
parushfhh
fhhb.
b. Dhihe
Dhihe hbhioso
hbhiososs obtarb
obtarbhi
hi
tardhph
tardhphtt togh
togh pabdak
pabdakhth
hthb,
b, yhotu
yhotu hbhioso
hbhiososs SWNT,
SWNT, hbhioso
hbhiososs rhbtho
rhbtho boiho,
boiho, dhb phbdhb
phbdhbghb
ghb
`ar`hsos sue`ar dhyh. Katoghbyh shiobg `arfu`ubghb dhb eabggubhkhb sthbdhr yhbg
`arhrto ubtuk par`hbdobghb dhihe hbhiosos obtarbhi.
8). Hbhiosos SWNT earuphkhb takbok fostnros yhbg eabcopthkhb ghe`hrhb ueue sachrh
capht
capht eabgab
eabgabho
ho sotuhso
sotuhso strhtag
strhtagos
os parush
parushfhh
fhhb.
b. SWNT
SWNT earuph
earuphkhb
khb sobgkh
sobgkhthb
thb dhro
dhro
Strab
Strabgt
gtf
f (kakuhthb), Wa
Wahk
hkba
bass
ss (kaiaehfhb), Nppnrtubotoas (paiuhbg), dhb Tfraht
(hbchehb) dhro iobgkubghb yhbg dofhdhpo parushfhhb. Hbhiosos obo `ardhshrkhb hsueso

?
 `hfwh strhtago yhbg alaktol `arhshi dhro ’kasasuhohb― yhbg `hok hbthrh sue`ar dhyh
obtarbhi
obtarbhi parushfhhb
parushfhhb (kakuhthb
(kakuhthb dhb kaiaehfhb)
kaiaehfhb) dabghb sotuhso akstarbhibyh
akstarbhibyh (paiuhbg
(paiuhbg
dhb hbchehb).
 Kakuhthb (Strabgtf)
(Strabgtf),, earuphkhb sue`ar dhyh hthu khph`oioths yhbg dokabdhiokhb
niaf hthu tarsadoh `hgo parushfhhb yhbg eae`uht parushfhhb raihtol eabmhdo ia`of

ubggui do`hbdobgkhb pashobgbyh dhihe eaeabufo ka`utufhb paihbgghbbyh.

 Kaiaehfhb (Wahkbass)
(Wahkbass),, earuphkhb katar`hthshb hthu kakurhbghb dhihe shtu hthu
ia`of sue`ar dhyh hthu khph`oioths suhtu parushfhhb raihtol tarfhdhp pashobgbyh
yhbg eabgfhe`ht kobarmh alaktol parushfhhb.
 Zaiu
aiuhbg (Nppnrtubotoas) hd
hdhih
hihf
f so
sotu
tuhso
hso ut
uthe
hehh yh
yhbg
bg eabg
eabgub
ubtu
tubg
bgkh
khb
b dh
dhih
ihe
e
iobgku
iobgkubgh
bghb
b suhtu
suhtu parush
parushfhh
fhhb.
b. Cnbtnf
Cnbtnfbyh
byh sapart
sapartoo paru`h
paru`hfhb
fhb dhihe
dhihe knbdos
knbdosoo
parshobghb hthu raguihso.
 Hbchehb (Tf
(Tfra
rah
ht) hd
hdhi
hihf
hf sotuh
sotuhso
so uthe
uthehh yh
yhbg
bg todh
todhk
k eabg
eabgub
ubtu
tubg
bgkh
khb
b dh
dhih
ihe
e
iobgkubghb
iobgkubghb suhtu parushfhhb.
parushfhhb. Hbchehb hdhihf pabgfhihbg
pabgfhihbg utheh parushfhhb

ubtuk eabchpho pnsoso yhbg doobgobkhb.

Hkhb
Hkhb tat
tathpo
hpo hbhioso
hbhiososs SWNT
SWNT mugh
mugh eaeoiok
eaeoiokoo katar`
katar`hths
hthshb,
hb, safobg
safobggh
gh dopari
dopariukh
ukhb
b
karhbgkh yhbg ia`of kneprafabsol gubh eaihkukhb hbhiosos obtarbhi.

0). Hb
Hbhi
hios
osoo rh
rhbt
btho boihoo (vhi
ho boih vhiua
ua cfhob hbhiysoss), ear
cfhob hbhiyso earuph
uphkhb
khb hbhios
hbhiosos
os yhbg
yhbg `arup
`aruphyh
hyh
eaeh
eaehfh
fheo
eo `h
`hgh
ghoe
oehb
hbhh su
suht
htu
u `osb
`osbos
os eabc
eabcop
opthk
thkhb
hb bo
boih
ihoo `h
`hgo
go pa
paih
ihbg
bggh
ghb
b da
dabg
bghb
hb
eaearoksh knbtro`uso dhro hktovoths-hktovoths yhbg `ar`adh dhihe `osbos tarfhdhp boiho
tarsa`ut. Hbhiosos obo earuphkhb shihf shtu karhbgkh kneprafabsol yhbg do`utufkhb
niaf
niaf hbhioso
hbhiososs SWNT.
SWNT. Hbhio
Hbhiosos
sos doihku
doihkukhb
khb dabghb
dabghb eaeachf
eaeachf parush
parushfhh
fhhb
b eabmhd
eabmhdoo

hk
hkto
tovo
voth
ths-h
s-hkt
ktov
ovot
oths
hs `a
`arb
rboi
oiho
ho yh
yhbg
bg `a
`ar`
r`ad
adhh dh
dhb
b eaeu
eaeubg
bgko
kobk
bkhb
hb hd
hdhb
hbyh
yh av
avhi
hiuh
uhso
so
tarparobco yhbg shiobg `arkhothb hths kakuhthb dhb kaiaehfhb obtarbhi parushfhhb.
Avhiuhso tarsa`ut dhpht dogubhkhb ubtuk eaiabgkhpo hthu eaepar`hoko strhtago yhbg
taihf dosusub dabghb eabggubhkhb hbhiosos SWNT.

3). Zhbd
Zhbdhbgh
hbghb
b `ar`hsos sue`ar dhyh (rasnurca `hsad voaw – P@\ ) hdhihf eatnda
`ar`hsos sue`ar
ubtuk eabghbhiosos dhb eabgodabtolokhso kaubgguihb strhtagos suhtu parushfhhb yhbg
dodhshrkhb phdh tobmhuhb tarfhdhp kne`obhso dhro hsat, kahfiohb, khph`oioths, dhb hsat
thk `arwumud yhbg spasohi sa`hgho suhtu nrghboshso. Hsueso yhbg eabdhshro P@\

hd
hdhi
hihf
hf `h
`hfw
fwhh pa
paru
rushf
shfhhb
hhb `a
`ar`
r`ad
adhh sachrh
sachrh lu
lubd
bdhe
heab
abth
thii kh
khrab
rabhh tohp
tohp pa
paru
rushf
shfhh
hhb
b

8:
 eaeoio
eaeoioko
ko ’kuepu
’kuepuihb
ihb―― sue`ar
sue`ar dhyh
dhyh yhbg
yhbg ubok
ubok `arup
`aruphh hsat thk `arwum
`arwumud
ud dhb thk
`arwumud sarth khph`oioths nrghboshsonbhi ubtuk eaehblhhtkhb hsat tarsa`ut.
tar sa`ut. Hbhiosos
obo hkhb eaepar`hoko hbhiosos SWNT dabghb eaiofht mabos-mabos sue`ar dhyh dhb
khph`o
khph`oioth
iothss yhbg
yhbg `arhgh
`arhghe
e bheub
bheub spasolo
spasolok,
k, yhbg
yhbg doeoio
doeoioko
ko niaf
niaf parush
parushfhh
fhhb.
b. Qbtuk
Qbtuk
kaeud
kaeudohb
ohb doavhi
doavhiuhso
uhso shepho
shepho samhuf
samhuf ehbh
ehbh kaduh
kaduh fhi tarsa`
tarsa`ut
ut eabmhd
eabmhdoo `hsos
`hsos `hgo
`hgo

kaubggui
kaubg guihb
hb knepat
knepatotol
otol yhbg
yhbg `arkaso
`arkasobhe
bhe`ub
`ubghb
ghb `ardhs
`ardhshrk
hrkhb
hb phdh
phdh partoe
partoe`hb
`hbghb
ghb
obdu
obdust
stro
ro dh
dhbb pa
parsh
rshob
obgh
ghb.
b. Dhb
Dhb da
dabg
bghbhb eaihk
eaihkuk
ukhb
hbby
byh,
h, hbhbhi
hioso
ososs ob
oboo eaby
eabyhm
hmok
okhb
hb
pabdakhthb dosopiob hths hbhiosos obtarbhi.

0.6 Zabghruf Iobgkubghb

Iobgkubghb Obtarbhi Tarfhdhp Zarushfhhb
Saparto yhbg sudhf dokathfuo `hfwh iobgkubghb obtarbhi parushfhhb eabchkup sue`ar
dhyh dhb khph`oioths dhro parushfhhb. Hghr parushfhhb dhpht `arfhsoi, sanrhbg pabgushfh
todhk fhbyh eabghehto iobgkubghb asktarbhi dhro parushfhhb shmh tathpo mugh eabyhdhro
`hfwh kaubgguihb knepatotol parushfhhb `arhshi dhro sue`ar dhyh, khph`oioths, dhb

kahfiohb obtarbhi dhro parushfhhb. Dabghb kashdhrhb yhbg rahiostos dhb hprasohso hths
kaubgguihb parushfhhb yhbg dofhsoikhb sachrh obtarbhi, eae`hwh ka`arfhsoihb yhbg iuhr
`ohsh `hgo Wabdys, Hppia, dhb IobkSys. Niaf sa`h` otu pariu hdhbyh hbhiosos obtarbhi
parushfhhb dabghb eaihkukhb odabtolokhso sue`ar dhyh dhb khph`oioths obto ubtuk
eabgae`hb
eabgae`hbgkhb
gkhb strhtago yhbg `arfhsoi. Dhb `oih dokhotkhb dabghb voso eoso parushfhhb
dhb hbhiosos iobgkubghb akstarbhi parushfhhb, hbhiosos obtarbhi dhpht eabmhdo ihbdhshb
pabtobg dhihe pabyusubhb strhtago. Safobggh dabghb hbhiosos obtarbhi yhbg hkurht,
shksheh, dhb tapht whktu phrh ehbhmar dhpht earueuskhb strhtago yhbg ia`of alaktol.

0.? Zar`hbdobghb Hbthr Hbhiosos

Hbhiosos Obtarbhi Zarushfhhb
Hghr eabdhpht sthbdhr yhbg n`maktol ubtuk eaboiho sue`ar dhyh dhb hktovoths pabgfhsoi
boiho obtarbhi, ehkh sanrhbg ehbhmar hkhb eaihkukhb par`hbdobghb yhbg `arhrto hbthrh
hbhiosos SWNT, hbhiosos rhbtho boiho, dhb P@\ dabghb eabggubhkhb togh parspaktol dhshr.
Fhi obo doihku
doihkukhb
khb ubtuk
ubtuk eabgav
eabgavhiu
hiuhso
hso `hghoe
`hghoehbh
hbh parush
parushfhh
fhhb
b dhpht
dhpht eabobg
eabobgkht
khtkhb
khb
khph`oioths obtarbhibyh.
8). Zar`hbdobg
Zar`hbdobghb
hb dabghb
dabghb kobarmh
kobarmh ehsh ihiu
ihiu
@ohshbyh ehbhmar hkhb earhsh ia`of tar`ohsh dabghb khph`oioths dhb ehshihf obtarbhi
parushfhhbbyh khrabh earakh shbght tario`ht dhihe hktovoths kauhbghb, paehshrhb,

prndukso, sarth pabaiotohb dhb pabgae`hbghb. Safobggh paboihohb ehbhmar eabgabho

lhktnr obtarbhi tartabtu shbght `arghbtubg phdh pabghihebbyh tarkhot lhktnr tarsa`ut.

88
 0). Zababt
Zababtuhb
uhb tnink
tnink ukur
ukur (`abcfehrkobg
(`abcfehrkobg)
Zababtuhb tnink ukur `osh doihkukhb dabghb eabgavhiuhso ka`arihbgsubghb tarfhdhp
kaubgguihb-kaubgguihb parihwhbhb pashobg-pashobg kubco. Eae`hbdobgkhb kobarmh
parushfhhb yhbg `arhktovoths kfusus dabghb pashobg yhbg eaihkukhb fhi saruph.
Hphihg
Hphihgoo katokh
katokh rhbtho
rhbtho boiho
boiho saehko
saehkob
b `hbyhk
`hbyhk dogubh
dogubhkhb
khb ubtuk
ubtuk eabyus
eabyusub
ub hbhioso
hbhiososs

obtarbhi, phrh ehbhmar sachrh sostaehtos hkhb eae`hbdobgkhb `ohyh dhb fhsoi dhro
hktovoths yhbg eabgfhsoikhb boiho sakacoi hphpub dabghb pashobg yhbg raiavhb khrabh
fhi obo tar`uk
tar`ukto
to earup
earuphkh
hkhb
b chrh
chrh yhbg
yhbg alakto
alaktoll ubtuk
ubtuk tarus
tarus eaepar
eaepar`ho
`hoko
ko hktovo
hktovoths
ths
tarsa`ut.
3). Zar`hbdobg
Zar`hbdobghb
hb dabghb lhktnr
lhktnr ka`arfhsoihb
ka`arfhsoihb dhihe obdustro
obdustro
Saparto yhbg taihf dokathfuo `hfwh pababtuh ka`arfhsoihb utheh dhihe suhtu obdustro
dhpht dogubhkhb ubtuk eabgodabtolokhso kakuhthb dhb kaiaehfhb obtarbhi parushfhhb.
Dabghb eabaioto phrh pashobg obdustro sarth ka`utufhb paihbgghb, struktur obdustro
vartokhi, shiurhb dostro`uso, `ohyh, fhe`hthb `hgo ehsukbyh pabdhthbg `hru, sarth

katarsadohhb `hrhbg obdustro

katarsadohhb obdustro dhb paehsnk, ehbhmar eabcn`h
eabcn`h eababtukhb
eababtukhb hphkhf
khph`oioths obtarbhi parushfhhb shht obo eabcareobkhb kakuhthb hthu kaiaehfhb phdh
hrah parshobghb `hru.

0.8:
0.8: Cnbt
Cnbtnf
nf Khs
Khsus
us Zhd
Zhdhh ZT H@C
H@C Zra
Zrasod
sodab
abtt Obdn
Obdnba
baso
sohh
ZT H@C Zrasod
Zrasodabt
abt Obdnba
Obdnbasoh
soh `ardor
`ardoroo phdh
phdh `uihb
`uihb Saptae
Saptae`ar
`ar 8??8
8??8 sa`hgh
sa`hghoo `abtuk
`abtuk
karmhsheh hbthrh ZT H@C Cabtrhi Lnnd dhro Obdnbasoh dhb Qbo-Zrasodabt Abtarprosas
Cnrpnrhtonb dhro Thowhb.
ZT H@C Zrasodabt Obdnbasoh eaeoioko ph`rok saiuhs 7 fakthr yhbg `arinkhso do

Khrhwhbg, Mhwh @hrht. Zhdh hwhi ehsh `ardorobyh,

Khrhwhbg, `ardorobyh, parushfhhb
parushfhhb fhbyh eaeprnduk
eaeprndukso
so
`a`arhph ro`u khrtnb eo. Samhihb dabghb thbthbghb phshr, ZT H@C Zrasodabt
Obdnbasoh
Obdnbasoh eabgae`hbg
eabgae`hbgkhb
khb ushfhbyh
ushfhbyh do obdustro eobuehb
eobuehb taf sohp shmo. Hkforbyh
Hkforbyh
phdh Saptae`ar 0::1, ZT H@C Zrasodabt Obdnbasoh eaiubcurkhb prnduk BQ Graab
Tah. Zrnduk obo earuphkhb painpnr eobuehb taf fomhu sohp shmo dhihe kaehshb `ntni
ZAT do Obdnbasoh. Saihob knbsap prnduk BQ Graab Tah yhbg obnvhtol, parushfhhb
eabg
eabggu
gubh
bhkh
khb
b takb
takbni
ning
ngoo tarko
tarkobo
bo yh
yhot
otu
u ZAT
ZAT Hsapt
Hsaptoc
oc Loii
Loiiob
obg
g Tacf
Tacfbn
bnin
ingy
gy,, yh
yhbg
bg
eabmheob
eabmheob rhsh, hrneh, takstur
takstur dhro khbdubghb
khbdubghb butroso
butroso dhihe prnduk.
prnduk. Shht obo BQ
Graab Tah mugh taihf eabmhdo shihf shtu paeoepob phshr phdh khtagnro rahdy-tn-drobk

Graab tah.

80
8). \oso Zarush
Zarushfhh
fhhb
b
Eabmhdo coth rhsh poiofhb tarkobo ubtuk fodup yhbg ia`of `arehkbh.
Coth rhsh tarkobo= Abhk, `arkuhioths, safht, obnvhtol, dhb trabdo

0). Eoso Zarush

Zarushfhh
fhhb
b
 Eark= Hghr knbsueab dhpht earhshkhb prnduk ehkhbhb dhb eobuehb yhbg
`arkuhioths, yhbg ehepu eae`arokhb kagubhhb nptoehi dhro sago paeabufhb
ka`utufhb dhb kapuhshb.
 Ehsyhrhkht = Hghr eabmhdo taepht karmh `hgo nrhbg-nrhbg yhbg eaeoioko fhsrht
ubtuk eabchpho pabobgkhthb kasuksashb `hok sachrh obdovoduhi ehupub sachrh
nrghboshsonbhi.
 Zaeaghbg shfhe= Hghr
Hghr ehepu
ehepu eaehkso
eaehksoehi
ehikhb
khb boiho-b
boiho-boih
oihoo shfhe
shfhe dhb dhpht
dhpht
eabmhdo parushfhhb yhbg dotaroeh dabghb `hok do khihbghb ehsyhrhkht.

3). Iobgku
Iobgkubg
bghb
hb Akstarbhi
Akstarbhi
 Iobgkubghb Mhuf
- Lhktnr Aknbneo= Do`arihkukhbbyh Ehsyhrhkht Aknbneo HSAHB (EAH)
eae`uht parshobghb eabmhdo ia`of katht. Qbtuk ehepu `arshobg dabghb
prnduk-prnduk hsobg tarsa`ut sarth eabmhgh phshr dhihe bagaro, strhtago yhbg
doihkukhb niaf ZT H@C Zrasodabt Obdnbasoh yhotu dabghb eaihkukhb
pabgae`hbghb prnduk eaihiuo
eaihiuo rasahrcf hbd davainpeabt (P&D) dabghb
SDE inkhi. Khrabh eaihiuo SDE inkhi parushfhhb dhpht ia`of thfu coth rhsh
inkhi yhbg dosukho ehsyhrhkht otu saparto hph.

- Lhktnr Snsohi= Hdhb

Hdhbyh
yh kakaca
cabd
bdaru
arubg
bghb
hb ehsy
ehsyhr
hrhk
hkht
ht Ob
Obdn
dnba
basoh
soh dh
dhih
ihe
e
eabgnbsueso eoa dhb taf, safobggh fhi obo tabtubyh dhpht eaepabghrufo
pabmuhihb prnduk. Qbtuk taf sabdoro `ardhshrkhb fhsoi survao `ar`hgho
iae`
iae`hg
hghh rosa
rosatt sa
sapa
part
rtoo HC Bo
Boai
aisa
sab
b eabg
eabght
hthk
hkhb
hb dh
dhro
ro th
thfu
fub
b 0:
0:::
::-0
-0::
::3
3
eabubmukkhb `hfwh tobgkht pabatrhso phshr ubtuk taf eabchpho ?1%.
- Zniotok= Tarmhdobyh karusufhb do Obdnbasoh phdh thfub 8??6 yhbg
Lhktnr Zni
eabya`h`k
eabya`h`khb
hb kakhchuhb
kakhchuhb pniotok dhb `arumubg phdh oblihso
oblihso yhbg eabchpho
7:%, sarth eabgghbggu kasth`oihb sostae kauhbghb Obdnbasoh. Tathpo saorobg
`armhihb whktu, kahdhhb aknbneo obdnbasoh euiho eae`hok. Dhb @hdhb Zusht

Sthtostok eabchtht `hfwh partue`ufhb obdustro ehkhbhb dhb eobuehb bhok

sachrh `arturut-turut dhro thfub (0::4) 83,1%; 0:,8% (0::1); 38% (0::<).

83
 - Lhktnr Takbningo= @ashrbyh pabghruf dhro kaehmuhb takbningo yhbg saehkob
`arkae`hbg, eae`uht ZT H@C Zrasodabt Obdnbasoh todhk obgob katobgghihb.
Fhi obo tariofht dhro paiubcurhb BQ Graab Tah yhbg eabmhdo painpnr eobuehb
partheh do Obdnbasoh yhbg eabggubhkhb takbningo pabgaehshb ZAT Hsaptoc
Loiiobg Tacfbningy,
Tacfbningy, yhbg eabmhe
eabmheob
ob rhsh, hrneh,
hrneh, takstur
takstur dhro
dhro khbdubgh
khbdubghb
b

butroso dhihe prnduk.

- Lhktnr Akningo= ZT H@CH@C Zr
Zraso
asoda
dabt
bt Ob
Obdn
dnba
baso
sohh earu
earuph
phkh
khb
b shihf
shihf shtu
shtu
parushfhhb yhbg paduio phdh knbsueabbyh. Tariofht dhro kaehshb yhbg
dogubhkhb ubtuk Eoa H@C Cup yhbg eabggubhkhb kaehshb phpar cup dhb
pihstoc cup lnnd grhda (`ukhb styrnlnhe
styrnlnhe)) safobggh ia`of hehb `hgo kasafhthb
knbsueabbyh.
 Iobgkubghb Obdustro
- Hbc
Hbchehb
ehb Zab
Zabdh
dhth
thbg @hru= Sataihf doiubcurkhbb
bg @hr doiubcurkhbbyh
yh BQ Graab Tah, `hbyhk
`hbyhk
pashobg euiho `areubcuihb, `hok otu parushfhhb `hru ehupub parushfhhb

yhbg taihf iheh

iheh `ardoro. Cnbtnfby
Cnbtnfbyhh saparto Mny Graab Tah yhbg doprnduk
doprndukso
so
niaf ZT Sobhr Snsrn dhb Ocfo Ncfh Graab Tah. Tathpo BQ Graab Tah dhpht
`arthfhb eabmhdo prnduk ubgguihb khrabh eabggubhkhb strhtago dolarabsohso
prnduk iawht paehshrhb do T\ ehupub eadoh snsohi sarth eae`hbgub
kneu
kneubo
both
ths,
s, sa
safo
fobg
bggh
gh ttai
aihf
hf eae
eaeoi
oiok
okoo `rh
`rhbd
bd hwhrabass yh
hwhrabass yhbg
bg kuht
kuht do
ehsyhrhkht.
- Zaehsnk _hbg @arkuhsh= Kakuhthb dhro paehsnk `osh dokhthkhb iaehf hthu
sadhbg. Khrabh knbdoso dhb sotuhso parushfhhb yhbg todhk eaeabufo syhrht-
syhrht yhbg eae`uht paehsnk `arkuhsh. Eubgkob phdh hwhi doiubcurkhbbyh

BQ Graab Tah kakuhthb paehsnk targninbg kuht, khrabh phdh shht otu
parushfhhb pashobg eobuehb taf fomhu kaehshb ehsof shbght sadokot.
- Zae`aio _hbg @arkuhsh= Za
Zae`
e`ai
aioo eaeo
eaeoio
ioko
ko ka
kaku
kuht
hthb
hb yh
yhbg
bg cu
cuku
kup
p
`arpabghruf, khrabh hdh `hbyhkbyh mabos prnduk saruph dabghb prnduk eoiok
parushfhhb. Taria`of ihgo `oih pae`aio tarsa`ut sabsotol tarfhdhp fhrgh dhb
earhsh fhrgh dhro prnduk eoiok parushfhhb ehfhi, ehkh doh dhpht eaeoiof
ubtuk eae`aio prnduk dhro parushfhhb ihob dabghb fhrgh yhbg ia`of eurhf.
- Zrnduk Su`stotuso= Katarsadohhb `hrhbg su`stotuso dhro prnduk parushfhhb obo
`osh dokhthkhb `hbyhk. Dhro prnduk BQ Graab Tah sabdoro `hrhbg

su`sto
su`stotus
tusoby
obyhh hdhihf
hdhihf mabos
mabos prnduk
prnduk taf ihobbyh
ihobbyh,, saparto
saparto taf eaihto
eaihto hthu
hthu taf

84
 dabghb rhsh `uhf. Safobggh fhi obo pariu doparfhtokhb kfususbyh taf eaihto,
eabg
eabgob
obgh
ghtt `a
`a`a
`arhp
rhphh pr
prnd
nduk
uk dh
dhro
ro taf eaih
eaihto
to yh
yhbg
bg ta
tark
rkab
abhi
hi do
dokh
khihb
ihbgh
ghb
b
ehsyhrhkht saparto taf `ntni snsrn, taf pucuk fhrue, dhb taf knthk.
- Eara
Eara`u
`utt Znsoso== Sako
Znsoso Sakoth
thrr thfu
thfub
b 0:
0:86
86 dh
dhb
b 0:
0:8?
8? saeph
saephtt vo
vorh
rhii Sh
Shey
eyhb
hbg
g
Cfhiiab
Cfhiiabga
ga do Obdnb
Obdnbasoh
asoh,, sa`uhf
sa`uhf thbthb
thbthbghb
ghb ubtuk
ubtuk eaehkh
eaehkhb
b eoa padhs
padhs hshi

Knrah
Knrah Saihthb
Saihthb yhotu
yhotu Sheyhb
Sheyhbg.
g. Sataih
Sataihf
f eubcui
eubcuibyh
byh thbthb
thbthbghb
ghb obo `hbyhk
`hbyhk
parushfhhb eoa `arine`h eaeprndukso eoa dabghb vhrohb rhsh yhbg padhs.
Kaeudohb phdh 88 Nktn`ar 0:8? yhbg ihiu, ZT H@C Zrasodabt Obdnbasoh
eabgabhikhb prnduk tar`hrubyh yhotu Eoa H@C Saiarh Zadhs dabghb vhrohb
Zadhb
Zadhb Bhepni
Bhepni.. Zarush
Zarushfhh
fhhb
b saihbm
saihbmutb
utbyh
yh eae`u
eae`ukh
kh garho
garho yhbg
yhbg do`aro
do`aro bheh
bheh
Whrubg Eo Bhepni yhbg do`ukh kfusus dabghb ehksud ubtuk eabgabhikhb
vh
vhro
rohb
hb eoa
eoa tar`
tar`hr
hru
u ka
kaph
phdh
dh ehsy
ehsyhr
hrhk
hkht
ht.. Do
Do`u
`ukh
khby
byhh ga
garh
rhoo ob
oboo fo
fobg
bggh
gh 8:
Bnvae`ar 0:8?, dhb dokathfuo taihf eabmuhi fobggh kurhbg ia`of 8.:::
ehbgkuk eoa padhs.


Iobgkubghb Nparhsonbhi
Zaru
Zarushf
shfhh
hhb
b ZT H@C
H@C Zr
Zraso
asoda
dabt
bt Ob
Obdn
dnba
basoh
soh ub
ubtu
tuk
k pr
prnd
nduk
ukso
so eoa
eoa earu
earuph
phkh
khb
b
pabdhthbg `hru. Zrnduk eoa H@C obo fhrus `arshobg dabghb prndu
prnduk
k eoa yhbg kuht
sapart
sapartoo Obdne
Obdneoa.
oa. Sadhbg
Sadhbgkhb
khb ubtuk
ubtuk BQ Graab
Graab Tah,
Tah, phdh
phdh hwhi
hwhi `ardor
`ardoroo ehsof
ehsof
eaeo
eaeoiok
iokoo pa
pasho
shobg
bg yh
yhbg
bg sadok
sadokot
ot shmh.
shmh. Tath
Tathpo
po satai
sataihf
hf `a
`a`a
`arhp
rhphh sh
shht,
ht, saoro
saorobg
bg
`arkae`hbgbyh eobht ehsyhrkht eabgnbsueso taf dhihe kaehshb, euiho `hbyhk
pabdhthbg `hru do phshr taf fomhu `arkaehshb. @hfkhb ZT Sobhr Snsrn mugh okut
eaiubcurkhb
eaiubcurkhb prnduk taf fomhu kaehshbbyh
kaehshbbyh yhbg `arbheh Mny Graab Tah. Tathpo
Tathpo
dabghb ushfh dhro parushfhhb, BQ Graab Tah ehepu eabmhdo ehrkat iahdar do

phshr eobuehb taf fomhu kaehshb obo dhb sarobgkhio eabdhpht pabgfhrghhb hths
kaeh
kaehsh
shbb
bbyh
yh yhbg
yhbg eabg
eabggu
gubh
bhkh
khb
b `ntn
`ntnii ZAT
ZAT dh
dhb
b ta
takb
kbni
ning
ngoo Hsaptoc Loiiobg
Tacfbningy..
Tacfbningy
Qbtuk paihbgghb dhro ZT H@C Zrasodabt Obdnbasoh `hok prnduk eoa ehupub
eobuehbbyh, eaeoioko paihbgghb dhro saiuruf usoh. Easkopub `agotu, paihbgghb
tar`as
tar`ashr
hr dhro
dhro prnduk
prnduk parush
parushfhh
fhhb,
b, kfusus
kfususbyh
byh prnduk
prnduk eobueh
eobuehb,
b, hdhihf
hdhihf dhro
dhro
pabduduk `arusoh raehmh fobggh dawhsh. Obo dokhrabhkhb mugh ZT H@C Zrasodabt
Obdnbasoh
Obdnbasoh eaehbg
eaehbg eabhrgatkhb
eabhrgatkhb knbsueabb
knbsueabbyh
yh `arusoh
`arusoh raehmh. Zarushfhhb obo
lnkus
lnkus tarfhdh
tarfhdhp
p sageab
sageab knbsue
knbsueabb
abbyh.
yh. Zarush
Zarushfhh
fhhb
b taihf
taihf eaihku
eaihkukhb
khb `ar`hg
`ar`hgho
ho

ehche chrh, euiho dhro okihb do T\ dhb eadoh snsohi fobggh eabyaiabgghrhkhb
hchrh saparto `ukh tutup `ntni sarabthk. @hfkhb yhbg tar`hru hdhihf BQ Graab

81
 Tahh eabg
Ta eabggh
ghat
at @nyg
@nygrn
rnup
up hs
hshi
hi Knra
Knrahh Sa
Saih
ihth
thb
b BC
BCT
T ub
ubtu
tuk
k eabm
eabmhd
hdoo @rhbd
He`hsshdnr byh. Fhi obo earuphkhb raspnb parushfhhb tarfhdhp daehe Kpnp
yhbg
yhbg tabghf
tabghf eaihbdh
eaihbdh Obdnba
Obdnbasoh
soh shht obo.
obo. Otuihf
Otuihf eabghp
eabghphh BQ Graab
Graab Tah `osh
`osh
eabmhd
eabmhdoo ehrkat iahdar
iahdar do phshrbyh, sa`h` oh ehepu eabgghat knbsueab `hru,
dhb eabcopthkhb `rhbd hwhrabass yhbg kuht do ehsyhrhkht.

Qbtuk paehsnk prnduk eoa, parushfhhb obo eaehblhhtkhb mhrobghb paehsnk

dh
dhro
ro pa
paru
rush
shfh
fhhb
hb ob
obdu
dukb
kbyh
yh,, yh
yhot
otu
u ZT H@C
H@C Cabt
Cabtrhi
rhi Lnnd
Lnnd dh
dhbb Qbo
Qbo Zraso
Zrasoda
dabt
bt
Abta
Abtarp
rpro
rosa
sas.
s. Dhb
Dhb ubtu
ubtuk
k paeh
paehsn
snk
k eobu
eobueh
ehb
b ta
taf
f sa
sabd
bdor
oro,
o, pa
paru
rush
shfh
fhhb
hb ob
oboo
eaehbl
eaehblhhtk
hhtkhb
hb ka`ub
ka`ub saiuhs
saiuhs 7 fakthr
fakthr ub
ubtuk
tuk eaehsn
eaehsnk
k dhub
dhub tafbyh
tafbyh sabdoro
sabdoro,,
safobggh kuhiothsbyh tarmheob. Ihiu ubtuk tabhgh karmh byh sabdoro, parushfhhb obo
dodn
dodneo
eobh
bhso
so niaf
niaf ehsy
ehsyhr
hrhk
hkht
ht Ob
Obdn
dnba
baso
soh,
h, kf
kfus
usus
usby
byhh do `h
`hgo
gohb
hb rosa
rosatt dh
dhb
b
pabgae`hbghbbyh. Obo dokhrabhkhb parushfhhb obo obgob eae`uht eobuehb yhbg
sasuho dabghb cothrhsh inkhi yhbg dosabhbgo ehsyhrhkht.
 Iobgkubghb Gin`hi

- ZT H@C Zrasodabt Obdnbasoh

Obdnbasoh taihf euiho eabgae`hbgkhb
eabgae`hbgkhb parushfhhbb
parushfhhbbyh
yh
eabm
eabmhd
hdoo paru
parush
shfh
fhhb
hb gin`
gin`hi
hi dabg
dabghb
hb eaeh
eaehsu
suko
ko th
thfh
fhph
phb
b pa
part
rthe
hehh dh
dhro
ro
pabgae`hbghb parushfhhb gin`hi, yhotu eaihkukhb akspnr ka `ar`hgho baghrh
do Arnph dhb Hsoh Zhsolok. Cnbtnfbyh saparto @aihbdh, Zhpuh Bugobo, dhb
Turko.
- Sa`aiue ZT H@C Zrasodabt Obdnbasoh eaehsuko phshr gin`hi eaihiuo akspnr,
parushfhhb obo sudhf taria`of dhfuiu eaihkukhb paboihohb tarfhdhp baghrh
akspnr
akspnr yhbg
yhbg dotumu
dotumu.. Shihf
Shihf shtuby
shtubyhh parush
parushfhh
fhhb
b obo eaeoio
eaeoiof
f Turko
Turko sa`hgh
sa`hghoo
baghrh yhbg dotumu khrabh earuphkhb phshr yhbg `hgus sa`h` `arhdh do duh

`abuh, yhotu Arnph dhb Hsoh. Dhb ubtuk phshr HSAHB sabdoro ehsof suiot
dotae`us khrabh ehsobg-ehsobg baghrh eaepubyho prnduk saruph.
- Zrnduk dhro ZT H@C Zrasodabt yhbg ihros doakspnr hdhihf prnduk eoa. Mokh
dohbhiosos
dohbhiosos parsyhrhthb
parsyhrhthb phshr dhb khrhktarosto
khrhktarostok
k prndukbyh
prndukbyh tarehsuk kadhihe
kadhihe
tobgkh
tobgkhtt paru`
paru`hfh
hfhb
b prnduk
prnduk yhbg
yhbg ihe`ht
ihe`ht,, khrabh
khrabh todhk
todhk sarobg
sarobg eabghi
eabghiheo
heo
obnvhs
obnvhso.
o. Saihob
Saihob otu,
otu, prnduk
prnduk tarsa`
tarsa`ut
ut dosasu
dosasuhok
hokhb
hb ubtuk
ubtuk satohp
satohp phshr
phshr sasuho
sasuho
kaobgobhb dhro phshr tarsa`ut.
- Ihiu
Ihiu mokh
mokh doiofh
doiofht,
t, parush
parushfhh
fhhb
b eaeoiok
eaeoiokoo knepia
knepiakso
ksoths
ths phshr
phshr yhbg
yhbg targni
targninbg
nbg
rabdh
rabdhf
f dh
dhb
b muei
mueihf
hf iobo
iobo pr
prnd
nduk
uk yh
yhbg
bg ehsof
ehsof sa
sado
doko
kot.
t. Sa
Safo
fobg
bggh
gh strht
strhtag
agoo

knepatotol yhbg cncnk dotarhpkhb niaf ZT H@C Zrasodabt Obdnbasoh ubtuk

8<
 eaehsuko phshr hsobg hdhihf akspnr ubtuk caruk phshr, khrabh eabyasuhokhb
prndukbyh ubtuk eaeabufo
eaeabufo pareobthhb dhro phshr hsobg yhbg dotumu.

4). Iobgku
Iobgkubg
bghb
hb Obtarbhi
Obtarbhi
Qbtuk eaihkukhb hbhiosos iobgkubghb obtarbhi tarfhdhp ZT H@C Zrasodabt Obdnbasoh,
dogubhkhb hbhiosos SWNT, doehbh prnduk yhbg hkhb dohbhiosos hdhihf prnduk BQ
Graab Tah.
- Stra
Strabg
bgtf
tf (Ka
(Kakuh
kuhthb
thb)=
)= Eaeoio
Eaeoioko
ko `rhbd hwhrabass yhbg kuht do ehsyhrhkht,
kfususbyh knbsueab yhbg `arusoh eudh.
- Wahkba
Wahkbass
ss (Kaiaehfhb)= Euiho eaburubbyh eobht ehsyhrhkht eabgnbsueso
eobuehb taf fomhu kaehshb.
- Nppnrtuboty (Zaiuhbg)= @arkurhbgbyh pashobg eobuehb taf fomhu kaehshb.

- Tfraht (Hbchehb)= @hbyhk `areubcuihb eobuehb taf yhbg eabhrok eobht

ehsyhrhkht, saparto Tfho Tah dhb @u``ia Tah.

87
 @H@ OOO
KASOEZQIHB

Ehbh
Ehbhma
maea
eab
b st
strh
rhta
tago
goss hd
hdhi
hihf
hf suht
suhtu
u rhbg
rhbgkh
khoh
ohb
b ka
kapu
putu
tush
shb
b dh
dhb
b tobd
tobdhk
hkhb
hb yh
yhbg
bg
eabg
eabgfh
fhso
soik
ikhb
hb ln
lnre
reui
uihs
hsoo dhb
dhb oepi
oepiae
aeab
abth
thso
so ra
rabc
bchb
hbhh ub
ubtu
tuk
k eabc
eabchp
hpho
ho tu
tumu
muhb
hb
parushfhhb. Ehbhmaeab strhtagos eaioputo parabchbhhb, pabghrhfhb,

pabgnrghboshsohb, dhb pabgabdhiohb kaputushb sarth tobdhkhb yhbg sasuho dabghb

strhtago parushfhhb. \oso dhb eoso, sarth hbhiosos dhro iobgkubghb akstarbhi dhb obtarbhi
parushfhhb earuphkhb `hgohb dhro thfhphb ehbhmaeab strhtagok. Niaf khrabh otu
parushfhhb todhk `niaf eabghbgghp raeaf fhi tarsa`ut, khrabh dhpht eaepabghrufo
ka`arihbgsubghb parushfhhb kadaphbbyh.

86
 DHLTHP ZQSTHKH

Dhvod, Lrad P. 0:88. Strhtagoc Ehbhgaeabt= Cnbcapts hbd Chsas.

Chsas . Zahrsnb Aduchtonb Obc.

Luhd E., dkk. 0:::. Zabghbthr @osbos.

@osbos. Mhkhrth= Grheadoh Zusthkh Qtheh.

Zahr
Zahrca
ca Mnfb
Mnfb H.,
H., dh
dhb
b Po
Pocf
cfhrd
hrd @.
@.Pn
Pn`o
`obs
bsnb
nb Mr. 0:
0:83
83.. Ehbhmaeab Strhtagos= Lnreuihso,
Oepiaeabthso, dhb Zabgabdhiohb
Zabgabdhiohb Adoso 80 @uku 8. Mhkhrth= Shiae`h Aepht.

ftp=//h`cprasodab.cne/fnea/voso-eoso/

ftps=//aknbneo.knephs.cne/rahd/0:83/:7/:8/84:18<8/ZT.H@C.Zrasodab.Thrgakhb.Zabmuhihb.Bho

k.3:.Zarsab

ftps=//ndhy.ioba.ea/od/pc/hrcia/Qphyh+H@C+Zrasodab+Obdnbas
ftps=//ndhy.ioba.ea/od/pc/hrcia/Qphyh+H@C+Zrasodab+Obdnbasoh+eabmhbgkhu+phshr+e
oh+eabmhbgkhu+phshr+eo+obshb
o+obshb

-Egbm3z

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