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(Ebook PDF) The Legal Writing Handbook: Analysis, Research, and Writing (Aspen Coursebook) 7th Edition Download
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Copyright © 2018 Laurel Currie Oates, Anne Enquist, and Jeremy Francis.
Wolters Kluwer Legal & Regulatory U.S. serves customers worldwide with CCH, Aspen
Publishers, and Kluwer Law International products.(www.WKLegaledu.com)
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or utilized by any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. For information
about permissions or to request permissions online, visit us at www.WKLegaledu.com, or a
written request may be faxed to our permissions department at 212-771-0803.
Wolters Kluwer
Attn: Order Department
PO Box 990
Frederick, MD 21705
eISBN 978-1-4548-9713-2
Names: Oates, Laurel Currie, 1951- author. | Enquist, Anne, 1950- author. |Francis, Jeremy,
(Law teacher) author.
Title: The legal writing handbook : analysis, research, and writing / Laurel Currie Oates,
Professor of Law, Seattle University School of Law; Anne Enquist, Professor Emeritus,
Seattle University School of Law; Jeremy Francis, Associate Clinical Professor of Law,
writing specialist, Michigan State University College of Law.
Description: Seventh edition. | New York : Wolters Kluwer, [2018] | Series: Aspen
coursebook series | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017042835 | eISBN 9781454897132
Subjects: LCSH: Legal composition. | Legal research--United States.
Classification: LCC KF250 .O18 2018 | DDC 808.06/634--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017042835
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To my daughter, Julia Fishler and her husband, Michael Fishler;
to my son, Michael Oates and his wife, Emily Oates; to my
grandchildren Milla and Braxton Fishler; and to
my new partner, Tom Deal. I could not ask for
a better family.
To my family, Steve, Matt, Mary, Natalie and
Jeff Enquist and Ilana Stern, Theodore and
Sophia Anne Enquist for their love and support.
To my family, Andrea, Leighton, and Alex Francis.
Your love and support mean the world to me.
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Summary of Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Glossary of Usage
Glossary of Terms
Index
xi
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
xii
xiii
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§ 8.3 Finding Cases
§ 8.4 Organizing Your Research Notes
§ 8.5 Read as You Go
§ 8.6 Know When to Stop
§ 8.7 Make Sure That You Understand the Law
§ 8.7.1 Make Sure You Understand the Big Picture
§ 8.7.2 Make Sure You Understand the Statute, Regulation, or Court Rule
§ 8.7.3 Make Sure You Understand the General and Specific Rules
Chapter 9: Reading Statutes
§ 9.1 How Statutes Are Enacted
§ 9.1.1 Federal Statutes
§ 9.1.2 State Statutes
§ 9.2 How Regulations Are Promulgated
§ 9.3 The Relationship Among Statutes, Regulations, and Cases
§ 9.3.1 Federal Statute Governs
§ 9.3.2 State Statute Governs
§ 9.3.3 Both Federal and State Statutes Govern
§ 9.3.4 Party Argues That a Statute Is Unconstitutional
§ 9.3.5 Party Argues That an Agency Exceeded Its Authority in Promulgating a
Particular Regulation
§ 9.4 Reading and Analyzing Statutes
§ 9.4.1 Finding Statutes Using the Citation
§ 9.4.2 Distinguishing Between the Text of the Statute and Other Material
Provided by the Publisher
§ 9.4.3 Making Sure You Have the Right Version of the Statute
§ 9.4.4 Identifying the Elements or Requirements
§ 9.5 Exercise
Chapter 10: Reading Cases
§ 10.1 Which Cases Are Binding on Which Courts
§ 10.2 How Attorneys Use Cases
§ 10.2.1 Case as Authority for Rule
§ 10.2.2 Using Analogous Cases to Illustrate How the Courts Have Applied a
Statute or Common Law Rule
§ 10.3 Reading and Analyzing Cases
§ 10.3.1 Finding Cases Using the Citation
§ 10.3.2 Distinguishing Between the Text of an Opinion and Material Added by
the Publisher
§ 10.3.3 Reading the Opinion
§ 10.4 Exercise
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§ 15.3.3 Prepare the First Draft
§ 15.3.4 Include a Citation to Authority for Each Rule
§ 15.4 Draft the Discussion of the Undisputed Elements
§ 15.4.1 Decide Where to Put Your Discussion of the Undisputed Elements
§ 15.4.2 Prepare the First Draft of Your Discussion of the Undisputed Elements
§ 15.5 Draft the Discussion of the Disputed Elements
§ 15.6 Set Out the Specific Rules
§ 15.7 Describe the Analogous Cases
§ 15.8 Draft the Arguments
§ 15.9 Identify Each Side’s Arguments
§ 15.9.1 Plain Language Arguments
§ 15.9.2 Analogous Case Arguments
§ 15.9.3 Policy Arguments
§ 15.10 Present the Arguments
§ 15.11 The Script Format
§ 15.11.1 Set Out the Parties’ Arguments
§ 15.11.2 Predict How the Court Will Decide the Element
§ 15.12 Integrated Format
§ 15.13 Avoid the Common Problems
§ 15.13.1 Give Appropriate Weight to Each Side’s Arguments
§ 15.13.2 Write Sentences That Are Easy to Read
Chapter 16: Drafting the Formal Conclusion
§ 16.1 Summarize Your Conclusions
§ 16.2 Present Your Advice
Chapter 17: Revising, Editing, and Proofreading the Memo
§ 17.1 Revise Your Draft
a. Check Content
b. Check to Make Sure That the Information Is Presented Accurately
and Objectively
c. Check to Make Sure That the Discussion Section Is Well Organized
d. Check to Make Sure That the Connections Are Explicit
1. Roadmaps
2. Topic Sentences, Signposts, and Transitions
3. Dovetailing
4. Coherence
§ 17.2 Edit Your Draft
§ 17.2.1 Writing Effective Sentences
a. Passive Constructions
b. Nominalizations
c. Expletive Constructions
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d. Dangling Modifiers
§ 17.2.2 Write Concisely
§ 17.2.3 Write Precisely
a. Select the Correct Term
b. Use Terms Consistently
c. Make Sure the Subjects and Verbs Go Together
d. Compare or Contrast Like Things
§ 17.2.4 Writing Correctly
§ 17.3 Proofreading
§ 17.4 Citations
§ 17.5 Checklist for Memo Written Using the Script Format
§ 17.6 Checklist for Formal Memo Written Using an Integrated Format
Chapter 18: Drafting Memos Requiring Other Types of Analysis
§ 18.1 Factor Analysis
§ 18.1.1 Outline for Issues Involving a Factor Analysis
§ 18.1.2 Draft the Introductory or General Rule Section
§ 18.1.3 Draft the Discussion of the Undisputed Factors
§ 18.1.4 Draft the Discussion of the Disputed Factors
§ 18.1.5 Draft the Paragraph or Block of Paragraphsin Which You Weigh the
Factors
§ 18.2 Balancing of Competing Interests
§ 18.2.1 Outlines for Issues Requiring the Balancingof Competing Interests
§ 18.2.2 Draft the Introductory or General Rule Section
§ 18.2.3 Draft the Discussion of the Competing Interests
§ 18.3 Issue of First Impression
§ 18.3.1 Circuit Split
§ 18.3.2 The Statute Is Ambiguous, and There Are No Regulations or Cases
That Have Interpreted That Statute
§ 18.3.3 Arguments Based on Agency Decisions
§ 18.3.4 Policy Arguments
Chapter 19: E-Memos
§ 19.1 Audience
§ 19.2 Purpose
§ 19.3 Conventional Formats for E-Memos
§ 19.4 Getting the Assignment
§ 19.5 Researching the Issue
§ 19.6 Drafting the Subject Line
§ 19.7 Drafting the Introductory Sentence or Paragraph
§ 19.8 Drafting the Summary of Facts
xviii
§ 19.9 Summary of the Applicable Law
§ 19.9.1 The Rules
§ 19.9.2 The Analogous Cases
§ 19.10 Application of the Law to the Facts
§ 19.11 Concluding Paragraph
§ 19.12 Writing Style
§ 19.13 Client Confidentiality
§ 19.14 Checklist for Critiquing E-Memos
Chapter 20: Drafting Opinion Letters
§ 20.1 The Assignment
§ 20.2 Know Your Audience and Your Purpose
§ 20.2.1 The Audience for an Opinion Letter
§ 20.2.2 The Purpose of an Opinion Letter
§ 20.3 Prepare the First Draft of the Letter
§ 20.3.1 The Introductory Paragraph
§ 20.3.2 Statement of the Issue
§ 20.3.3 Opinion
§ 20.3.4 Summary of the Facts
§ 20.3.5 Explanation
§ 20.3.6 Advice
§ 20.3.7 Concluding Paragraph
§ 20.3.8 Warnings
§ 20.4 Revising, Editing, and Proofreading the Opinion Letter
§ 20.4.1 Drafting a Well-Written Letter
§ 20.4.2 Using an Appropriate Tone
§ 20.4.3 Checklist for Critiquing the Opinion Letter
§ 20.5 Sample Client Letters
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a. Create a Favorable Context
b. Tell the Story from the Client’s Point of View
c. Emphasize the Facts That Support Your Theory of the Case, and De-
emphasize Those That Do Not
1. Airtime
2. Detail
3. Positions of Emphasis
4. Sentence Length
5. Active and Passive Voice
6. Dependent and Main Clauses
d. Select Words Both for Their Denotation and Their Connotation
§ 21.6.4 Checklist for Critiquing the Statement of Facts
§ 21.7 Drafting the Issue Statement
§ 21.7.1 Select the Lens
§ 21.7.2 Select a Format
§ 21.7.3 Make Your Issue Statement Subtly Persuasive
§ 21.7.4 Checklist for Critiquing the Issue Statement
§ 21.8 Ordering the Issues and Arguments
§ 21.8.1 Present the Issues and Arguments in a Logical Order
§ 21.8.2 Decide Which Issues and Arguments Should Be Presented First
§ 21.9 Drafting the Argumentative Headings
§ 21.9.1 Use Your Argumentative Headings to Define the Structure of the
Argument
§ 21.9.2 Use Your Argumentative Headings to Persuade
§ 21.9.3 Make Your Headings Readable
§ 21.9.4 Follow the Conventions: Number, Placement, and Typefaces
§ 21.9.5 Checklist for Critiquing the Argumentative Headings
§ 21.10 Drafting the Arguments
§ 21.10.1 Identify Your Assertions and Your Support for Those Assertions
a. Setting Out Your Assertion
b. Supporting Your Assertion
§ 21.10.2 Select an Organizational Scheme
§ 21.10.3 Present the Rules in the Light Most Favorable to Your Client
§ 21.10.4 Present the Cases in the Light Most Favorable to Your Client
§ 21.10.5 Present the Arguments in the Light Most Favorable to Your Client
a. Present Your Own Arguments First
b. Give the Most Airtime to Your Own Arguments
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§ 22.11.1 Select a Format
§ 22.11.2 Make the Issue Statement Subtly Persuasive
a. State the Question So That It Suggests the Conclusion You Want the
Court to Reach
b. Emphasize the Facts That Support Your Theory of the Case
c. Emphasize or De-Emphasize the Burden of Proof and Standard of
Review
§ 22.11.3 Make Sure the Issue Statement Is Readable
§ 22.12 Drafting the Statement of the Case
§ 22.12.1 Check the Rules
§ 22.12.2 Draft the Statement of the Case
§ 22.12.3 Select the Facts
a. Legally Significant Facts
b. Emotionally Significant Facts
c. Background Facts
§ 22.12.4 Select an Organizational Scheme
§ 22.12.5 Present the Facts in the Light Most Favorable to the Client
a. Create a Favorable Context
b. Tell the Story from the Client’s Point of View
c. Emphasize Those Facts That Support Your Theory of the Case and
De-emphasize Those That Do Not
1. Airtime
2. Detail
3. Positions of Emphasis
4. Sentence and Paragraph Length
5. Sentence Construction
6. Active and Passive Voice
d. Choose Words Carefully
e. Be Subtly Persuasive
§ 22.13 Drafting the Summary of the Argument
§ 22.14 Drafting the Argumentative Headings
§ 22.14.1 Use the Argumentative Headings to Outline the Argument for the Court
§ 22.14.2 Use the Argumentative Headings to Persuade
a. Make a Positive Assertion
b. Provide Support for Your Assertions
c. Make Sure That Your Headings Are Neither Too Specific nor Too
General
d. Make Your Headings Readable
e. Use the Same Persuasive Techniques You Used in Drafting the Issue
Statements and Statement of Facts
§ 22.14.3 Use Conventional Formats for Headings
§ 22.15 Drafting the Arguments
§ 22.15.1 Knowing What You Need, and Want, to Argue
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§ 22.15.2 Selecting an Organizational Scheme
§ 22.15.3 Presenting the Rules, Descriptions of Analogous Cases, and Arguments
in the Light Most Favorable to Your Client
a. Presenting the Rules
b. Presenting the Cases
c. Constructing and Presenting the Arguments
d. Using Quotations
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Peut-être je m’attendris trop à ce chevet dans cette chambre,
tiède atmosphère de larmes. Pour en sortir, je vais me jeter dans
mes écritures, mes lectures religieuses qui fortifient. Sœur de
charité, il ne me faudrait pas tomber malade.
FIN DU JOURNAL.
FRAGMENTS
I
SOUVENIR [36] .
[37] Tout ce qui suit a été extrait d’un cahier rédigé par
Mlle de Guérin vers 1841, qu’elle avait apporté du Cayla
lors de son dernier voyage à Paris, avec l’intention vague
de l’insérer peut-être dans le recueil des œuvres
posthumes de Maurice ou de le laisser imprimer
séparément, mais toujours en souvenir de lui et pour
l’honneur de sa mémoire. Sauf les premières et les
dernières pages, qui paraissent empruntées à des lettres
écrites par la sœur à son frère pendant le séjour de celui-
ci en Bretagne, ce n’était qu’une reproduction souvent
littérale, par endroits un peu châtiée, du IIe cahier, que
nous avons préféré mettre à son rang dans la suite du
Journal et sous sa forme primitive. Nous avons
seulement tenu à reproduire ici les passages qui ne se
trouvent point ailleurs, et, à la date du 27 mai et du 21
août 1835, deux variantes qui nous ont semblé offrir un
véritable intérêt littéraire.
L’Imitation de Jésus-Christ.
L’Introduction à la vie dévote, de saint François de Sales.
Le Combat spirituel.
Les Méditations de Bossuet.
Méditations de Médaille.
Lettres spirituelles de Bossuet.
Heures de Fénelon.
Journée du chrétien.
Les Sages entretiens.
L’Ame élevée à Dieu.
L’Ame embrasée de l’amour divin.
Le Mois de Marie.
La Vie des Saints.
Entretiens d’un missionnaire et d’un berger.
Le Dogme générateur de la piété chrétienne, par M. Gerbet.
Le Froment des élus.
Élévations sur les mystères de Bossuet.
Le Guide du jeune âge, de M. Lamennais ; livre que je relis
souvent.