Chapter I

The Problem and its Background

Introduction

In the Philippines, student employment is a highly widespread practice. It is not

unusual to see working students in a classroom, especially in colleges and universities, as

a sizeable fraction of the student population works part-time. In addition to the

typical positions like student assistants, they find employment in several businesses,

primarily in the food service, sales, and entertainment sectors.

Due to a variety of factors, students today choose to work while they are studying.

Students may work part time, ideally for 20 hours per week, on many university and

college programs throughout the world. But under no circumstances will it be permitted

to work more than 30 or 35 hours per week. Although the income from such work

wouldn't be enough to cover tuition costs, it wouldn't go far in helping you support your

studies, such as by covering your meal expenses or potential travel expenses. While

enrolled in a program of study, you can work part-time and earn some spending money

(Part Time Jobs for Students in Philippines, n.d.).

Most of the working students are from university and colleges. There are many

factors why students choose to work while studying including the necessity to support

their families, financial stability, the desire to obtain job experience, and the need to

cover necessities like food, shelter, clothes, and education (Zhang et al., 2019; Berin

2016).

As a result, working while studying has a contributing factor that affects the

academic performances of the students. And the reasons the students choose to work
while studying are the contributing factors that affect the students’ academic

performances. One of the minor factors is the schedule of work and class, wherein

working students typically experience scheduling issues because their work and school

schedules do not align (Amor et al., 2020). While the major factor is the financial

problem that the students are experiencing, wherein student needs to work just to have

extra money to support his/her needs and family (Berin, 2016). As a result, these factors

have negative impact in their academic performances, the most common effect was poor

participation in class activities (Acaso et al., 2019). However, the findings of other

studies regarding the working students’ academic performances do not include the

full integration of well-being of the students when they already know what the result of

their academic performances is.

The following conducted research studies will used to support this study

that will be conducted by the researcher, the significance of this study is to observe the

result of the study that will conduct, as well as to interpret the result to discover a

valuable data that can possibly help the researcher and the working students. Moreover,

this study is significant to the working students who are main participants of this

research conducted by the researcher. This study also will be beneficial to the teachers

on discovering new things from their students and might also get knowledge from

the situations and experiences of their students. Lastly, this study will also be

beneficial to the parents of the students. One of the major factors why students choose

to work while studying is to help their family, especially their parents.

Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to identify and interpret the different

Factors Affecting Social Studies Working Students’ Academic Performances. The

following data that will be collected by the researcher will be the primary material in

observing this quantitative study. This material and the data coming from the subject of

the study will be the basis of the research result.

Statement of the Problem

The focus of the study is to determine the Factors Affecting Working Students’

Academic Performances. Specifically, the study sought answers to the following

questions:

1. What are the reasons why they choose to work while studying?

a. Financially Unstable

b. Extra Income

c. Hobbies

d. For Experiences

e. Others:

2. What are the factors affecting working students’ academic performance?

a. Distraction (can’t focus)

b. Exhaustion (too tired)

c. Have no time to spend on schoolwork.

d. Stress

e. Lack of sleep

f. Others:
Scope and Limitations

The study aims to determine the Factors Affecting Working Students’

Academic Performances in Tarlac National High School. This study is only for

students who are enrolled to in Academic Year 2023 to 2024. Only those working

students are allowed to participate in the research.

Significance of the Study

Students: This study holds significant importance for working students as it aims to shed

light on the factors influencing their academic performance. By understanding these

factors, students can better navigate their academic and work responsibilities, potentially

leading to improved academic outcomes. Additionally, the findings of this study may help

students make informed decisions about their employment and academic pursuits,

ultimately enhancing their overall well-being and success.

Parents: Parents of working students play a crucial role in supporting their children's

educational endeavors. This study's findings can provide parents with valuable insights

into the challenges their children face as working students, allowing them to offer

appropriate guidance and support. Understanding the factors affecting their children's

academic performances can also help parents foster a conducive environment for learning

at home, contributing to their children's academic success.

Teachers: Teachers are key stakeholders in students' academic journeys, and they can

benefit from the findings of this study in several ways. By understanding the factors

influencing working students' academic performances, teachers can tailor their teaching

methods and support strategies to better meet the needs of these students. Additionally,
teachers can use this knowledge to advocate for policies and initiatives that support

working students' academic success within educational institutions.

Future Researchers: For future researchers, this study provides a foundation for further

exploration into the complex dynamics of working students' academic performances. The

findings of this study can serve as a basis for future research endeavors, allowing

researchers to delve deeper into specific factors or explore additional variables that may

influence working students' academic outcomes. By building upon the insights gained

from this study, future researchers can contribute to the ongoing discourse on student

employment and academic success.

Definition of Terms

To ensure clarity and consistency in understanding the study, the following key terms are

defined:

Academic Performances: The level of achievement or success attained by students in

their academic endeavors, typically measured through grades, test scores, and class

participation.

Factors: Various elements or influences that contribute to or affect a particular outcome

or phenomenon, in this case, working students' academic performances.

Working Students: Students who are employed in part-time or full-time jobs while

pursuing their studies.

 Chapter II

Review of Literature Review

Introduction

Factors why students choose to work while studying. There are many

factors why students choose to work while studying including the necessity to support

their families and financial stability, the desire to obtain job experience, and the need to

cover necessities like food, shelter, clothes, and education (Zhang et al., 2019; Berin

2016). Students may work part time, ideally for 20 hours per week, on many university

and college programs throughout the world. But under no circumstances will b e

permitted to work more than 30 or 35 hours per week. Although the income from such

work wouldn't be enough to cover tuition costs, it wouldn't go far in helping you support

your studies, such as by covering your meal expenses or potential travel expenses. While

enrolled in a program of study, you can work part-time and earn some spending money

(Part Time Jobs for Students in Philippines, n.d.)

Effects of Working while Studying. Most respondents acknowledged that

working while they were studying had an impact on their academic performance. Poor

engagement in classroom activities was the most prevalent consequence. They might,

however, connect some academic tasks to professional skills. Students also learn to

balance their time between work and school. Finally, the family and how that provides

inspiration to work and study hard was the factor that influences them the most

frequently. Additionally, achieving academic success may help one receive good grades

as compensation for their efforts. The findings have listed a few strategies to deal with

the problem and prevent the drawbacks of working while learning. Students who are
working struggle with their schedule. As a result, in addition to time, other factors like

distance, cost, the physical environment, and the psychological environment also have

an impact on how well students do. (Acaso et al., 2019; Amor et al., 2020)

Priorities. A working student should know how to spend his or her time equally between

study and work, plan everything, and do plan strategies. In terms of priorities, there

will be a moment that working students have to choose between work and school;

working students should know what is more important to prioritize; even if you are

tired, you must push yourself and be determined regarding the things that you need to

do. One should prioritize their goal to achieve their dreams. In terms of the financial

aspect, working students should save more for future expenses, use their money on

things that they need and not on things that they want, know how to budget their money,

practice effective strategies to save money. (Coral et. al., 2020)

Local Literature

Many people are familiar with the concept of “work-life balance”- the ongoing

struggle to keep a healthy split between times spent on your professional time. For grad

students who work full-time, it’s more accurate to talk about “work-study-life balance.”

And that’s a mouthful; it’s even more of a handful. While it is technically possible to

work full-time while studying full-time, it can be a bit like fighting a two-front war- both

areas important and require constant attention, and ignoring either is something you do at

your own peril- and meanwhile, you can ever forget your obligations on the “home front”

either.

Parents work hard to give the best for their children. The government offers

programs and solutions for the benefit and development of the people. And as an
individual, students have responsibility to help themselves and be beneficial to others.

Working students are those individuals who find ways to make things possible for them

and to others.

Student’s jobs have become a sort of trend among students around the world, who

want to work while studying. In short, the term that suits this trend is “Earn and Learn”

policy. Other reasons why student jobs are popular among students is they help to cope

up with the constant increase in tuition fees, and a way to afford further educations.

The problem has been developed with the question as to have the corresponding

workloads and required working hours of working students affect their academic

performance. Working in full time while attending school creates time shortages and the

students requires highly developed time management skill in order to handle school and

work.

The research aims to provide encouragement and motivation to all students especially

those financially distressed to pursue and finish a college degree in order to become

competitive in the future and be able to realize their goals and aspirations. It may also

provide learning’s, experiences and information to other students who are not working.

Foreign Literature

Students’ employment and its relationship to educational outcomes were

extensively researched worldwide. In general, research on this topic has undergone rapid

growth in the past two decades.The spread of COVID-19 led the world to shift mostly to

online learning. Several schools and institutions were forced to close due to the

pandemic. Numerous schools, universities, and colleges have discontinued face-to-face

instruction. Cathy and Farah (2020) mentioned that even before COVID-19, online

learning was seeing rapid expansion and adoption, with worldwide tech investments

extending to US$18.66 billion in 2019 and online education expected to attain $350

billion by 2025. Since online learning has become one of the most efficient educational

options during the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, other phenomena have started to

rise and have been observed in Egypt, including the increase in “working while studying

students” not only in the fourth year of college but at the beginning of the first and

second years as well. A recent study addressed this critical phenomenon of the effect of

working while studying on university students’ academic performance and their work-life

balance in Ghana, Africa (Tetteh & Attiogbe, 2019). Though student employment is a

common pattern for many students in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and

Development (OECD) countries, both in secondary and tertiary education (Beerkens,

Mägi, & Lill, 2011; Marsh & Kleitman, 2005), student employment is reaching around

49% in the United States (US) and 47% in Europe (Beerkens et al., 2011).

To the best of our knowledge, no studies have investigated this rising trend in Egypt. The

aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between “working while studying” and

its effect on academic performance and work- life balance. Thus, this paper bridges this

empirical gap by studying the case of Nile University working students in Egypt and the

effect on their academic performance. Investigating the relationship and its effect on

CGPA and work life balance is critical not only to shed light on academic performance

but also to explore possible practical movements that need to be considered in the

pedagogical approach, mode of delivery, shifts in lecture time, assessment criteria, and

roles of different stakeholders within the educational ecosystem. This study is a trigger
for more research to explore the different dimensions related not only to working students

but also to support building a more comprehensive environment to accommodate this

rising trend. Hypotheses were inferred from literature and previous research studying the

effect of working while studying on CGPA. The study has one major hypothesis (H1) and

4 minor hypotheses as described below:

H1: Working while studying is negatively affecting CGPA.

H2: Working above 5 hours per day is negatively affecting CGPA.

H3: Working while studying reduces the time students need to spend on assignments.

H4: Working while studying increases the level of stress.

H5: Working while studying reduces students’ social activities.

 Chapter III
Methodology

Introduction
This section of the paper presents the research design, research site, selection

criteria and participants, data gathering procedure, data analysis and potential ethical

issues.

Research Design
The research approach of this specific study is quantitative approach because this

study has something to with variables and measuring the data result. Numbers may also

use in this study to support the relevance of this research study. Collecting and

evaluating numerical data is the process of quantitative research. Patterns and

averages can be found, forecasts can be made, causality can be tested, and results can

be extrapolated to larger groups. (Bhandari, 2020)

Meanwhile, the philosophical worldview that is used in this study is post-

positivist, which pertains to find a result on specific research conducted, this

philosophical worldview is only applicable to quantitative study like this research. The

deterministic ideology of post-positivists holds that causes almost certainly determine

effects or outcomes. Post-positivist research thus reflects the need to recognize and

evaluate the factors that shape outcomes. (Creswell, n.d.)

Moreover, the design of this study is survey, for this one the researcher used

survey non-experimental in collecting data, this will help the researcher to observe what

will be the result of the study. Surveys are a relatively common method of gathering data
for study. They are especially helpful for descriptive non-experimental approaches that

aim to describe reality. (Mathers et. al., 2009)

Source of Data
The data for this study will be collected from various sources, including academic
journals, research articles, and relevant literature on student employment and its impact
on academic performance. Additionally, primary data will be gathered through surveys
and interviews conducted with working students enrolled in social studies programs at
selected universities and colleges.

Population and Sampling Technique

The population for this study will consist of working students enrolled in
Tarlac National High School. A purposive sampling technique will be employed to select
participants who meet the criteria of being working students. Sampling will be conducted
across different sections or grade levels to ensure diversity and representativeness in the
sample. The sample size will be determined based on the principle of saturation, where
data collection continues until no new information or themes emerge, ensuring
comprehensive coverage of the study's objectives.

Local of the Study

This study will be conducted among the students of Tarlac National High
School in the Province of Tarlac.

Data Gathering Procedure

The data collection method that will be in line with the study's objectives is
shown in the figure below. To achieve the study's objectives, there will be three phases.

The first phase of data collection method is the planning phase, wherein this

phase is the actual preparation or planning in writing research study. To make a research

study, the researcher must identify what will be the study that it will conduct. Second is
to make a SOP (Statement of the Problem) or SOO (Statement of Objectives) that will

guide the making of this study. Third is to find a related literature about the study that

the research is conducting, this related literature must support the study that the

researcher is conducting. Lastly, consulting with the research adviser, consulting with the

researcher adviser is important in writing research study because the adviser will give

some advice and guidance regarding in writing the study.

The second phase of data collection method is the data collection procedure

phase. After preparing the writing concepts, the researcher must identify the

participants of this study. The participant of this study is the lead character in creating

this study. After knowing the participants, the researcher will provide a survey

questionnaire and will collect the data that the participant provided. Lastly, the last

phase of data collection methos is analyzing the data phase. After collecting the data, the

researcher must analyze and summarize the gathered data based on the research

objectives and finalize it.

Research Instrument
The instrument of this study in collecting and gathering data information is

survey, this kind of instrument is mostly conducted as a quantitative study. The research

instruments used in this study were formulated in accordance with the research topic of

the study. The researcher will form a survey questionnaire to be used to gather data

from the participants to learn more and acquire insights into a range of this study.

Ethical Issues
 In conducting research, a set of rules that direct your research designs and

procedures are known as ethical considerations in research. The researcher must obtain

the potential ethical issues that will arise in conducting this study. (Bhandari, 2021)

a. Voluntary participation. The participants must be willing to be a part

of the research. Participants in this study cannot be subjected to any

enforcement during its conduct.

b. Informed consent. Prior to accepting or rejecting a request to

participate, participants are informed about the study's objectives,

advantages, risks, and funding.

c. Confidentiality. The researcher must keep the identities of the

participants from the other participants despite knowing who they are. To

prevent others from connecting it to other data, you anonymize

personally identifiable information.

d. Potential for harm. To obtain informed consent, make sure to

fully communicate any potential risks of harm to participants before the

study. Prepare to offer participants support, counseling, or medical

assistance if necessary if there is a danger of harm.

e. Results communication. There may be ethical concerns in how

the researcher presents the research findings. Honest, dependable, and

credible communication in research is important. It's better to be as

transparent as possible with the result.