CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY

MODEL - 01

Afunction f(r) is continuous at apoint x = a iff limf() = limf(x) = f(a), where lim f(x)
is Left hand limit off(x) at x =a and limf(x) is Right hand limit of f(*) at x = a.
Afunction f(x) is continuous at a point x = a (say) if, f(a) = limf(*)
ie., a function is continuous at apoint in its domain ofthelimit value of the function at that point
equals the value of the function at the same point.

(sin²Ax
1. Find the value(s) of' 2 ', if the function f(*)= : if x #O is continuous at x =0.
1, ifx = 0

(sin²ax ifx* 0
Sol: The given function is f(x) =
1., ifx = 0
lim f() = f0).
For f(x) to be continuous at x = 0, we must have x+0
sin'Ax
’ lim y2
=1 lim
X0
=1’ 2=1’l= t1
1-cos x
ifx *0is
2. Find the value of kfor which the function f given as f(x)= 2r
k ifx = 0
continuous at
X=0.

Sol: As f(«)is continuous at x = 0.So, limf(x) =f(0).

1- cos x=
im 2x? k

2sin²

sin
’ lim=k
X2

( =k

3. Find the value(s) of kso that the following function is continuous at x = 0:

1 cos kx
if x#0
Xsin x
f) = 1
if x= 0
2
Sol:
1-cos kx
lim rsin 1 lim
2sin² ()
I-0 xsin x

2sin² ()
= lim
X+0
xsin x

lim+( 2sin (
sin x
X+0

1
* f(x) is continuous at x = 0
1
limf(*) = f(0) ’=;»k'=1 »k= t1.
(ax + b ;0<xs1
4. Iff(x) =2-x ; is a differentiable function in (0, 2), then find the values of a
1<x<2
and b.
Sol: Note that, if a function is differentiable at a point, it is continuous at that point as well.
We shall take x = 1 for continuity and differentiability.
For continuity, lim (2*² -*)=f(1)
’ 2(1)² -1= a(1) +b
’a+b=1.. (i)
For differentiability, Lf"(1) = Rf'(1)
lim
(ax + b) - (a+ b) (2x²-*)- (a + b)
X-1 im x-1
a(-1) (2x*-x)-(1)
’ lim"= lim X-1 (By (i)
(2x +1)(x- 1)
lim a = lim x-1
’a= lim (2x +1)
’a= (2x1+1) =3
:b=1-a=-2

5. Iff() = x' ifx 1

ifx < 1 then show that f is not differentiable at x = 1.
Sol: Note that, f(1) = 12=1.
Now, Rf' (1) = lim 1 X1 = |lim
1 P =|lim («+1) =1+1 = 2,
X-1 X+1
 f(*)-f(1) X-1
lim (1) =1# Rf" (1).
Lf' (1) = X+1
lim x-1 lim
X1 1 X1

Hence, fis not differentiable at x = 1.

6. Find the relationship between a and b so that the function f defined by
fx) = (ax + 1 if
XS3iscontinuous at x= 3.
bx+3 if x> 3
(2x + 2, if x<2
if X=2. Find the value of kfor which the function
7. Function fis defined as f(*) = k, if x> 2
3x,
fiscontinuous at x = 2.
4+*
8. Find the points at which the function f(x) = i s discontinuous.
3ax + b, if x>1
The function f(x) = 11, if x= 1 is continuous at x= 1. Find the values of aand b.
(5ax- 2b, if x<1

MODEL - 02

9. If (r + y²)² = ry, then find

Sol: (*+y²)² = xy
dy
»2(* +y') x2x+ty x-x*yx1
»|(? +y) x4x +(*² +y') x4y x x y
dy
» [(²+ y²) x4y - x] x=y- 4xx (*² +y')
dy y-4xx(*²+y²)
7r2+y2)x4y-x
10. If xy = e-y, then show that= y(*-1)

Sol: xy=eX-y

+yx1= erv x(1 dx)

By (i), x x y=y x(1-)
dy dy
’XX+y=xy - xy x dx

’ (x+ xy) x dy Xy-y

dy Y(*-1)
dr x(y+1)

11. Ify = x+, then find da at x = 1.

Sol: y=x*
log y =log x+

> log y=-log x

dy 1 1
* log xx(
dx 1-log x]
ddyrx*
[ l - log x]

Atx =1,=1-log 1] =1|1 - 0] =1

12. Ifx = Vatan,y= Vacot, then show thatx+y= 0.
Sol: Consider x x y= VatanxVacot= Vatan tcot=Var/z
’Xxy = a*

dy
XX dy tyxl= 0
.x+y=0
dx

13. Ify =(r+ Vr-1)', then show that (a² -1)()=4y'.

Sol: y= (x+ V-1)
dy
"a-2(r+V-1)x(1+
--2(*+V-)*()
On squaring both sides, (x?- 1)() = 4y?
14. IfyVi-+x/1-y² =1, then prove that
Sol: yv1--+x/1-y² = 1
Let sin1 x=A and sin- y = B. Then x= sin Aandy = sin B
y1-x²+x1-y² =1 » sin Bcos A +sin Acos B=1
’ sin (A + B) = 1 A+ B= sin-1 1=7
 sin x+ sin y=;

Differentiating w.r.to x, we obtain dx

15. Ify =: eersin +(sin x)", find

Sol: Let u = esin * and v = (sin x)* so that, y = u +v
dy du + dy
dx dx dx
Now s = exsin² x
Differentiating both sides w. r. t. x, we get
du
’=
dx e *sin* x[x(sin 2x) + sin² x]
Also, v = (sin x)*
» log v = xlog (sin x)
Differentiating both sides w. r. t. x, we get
1dv
vdx xcot x + log (sin x)
dv
’=sin x)"[xcot x + log (sin x)]
By (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
dy
dx
=eXsin* x[xsin 2x + sin² x] + (sin x)*[xcot x + log (sin x)].
y(1+log )
16. Ife= y', prove that= xlog y

17. If V1-t/1-y²= a(r- y), then provethat=

Sol: Putx = sin a,y= sinßa= sinx,ß= siny...(i)
V1-xZ +J1-y² = a(r - y)
»V1- sin² a+ 1-sin' ß= a(sin a - sin F)
cos a +cos ß = 2a (cos sin)
’2 cos cos 2 =2a cos sin

’ = cot- a
’a-B = 2cot-a
’ sin'x- sin'y = 2cot-' a (By (i)

*2=0
 Therefore,=
18. If siny = xsin(a + y), then prove that y sn(a+y)
sin a

19. Ify =ete,then show that= Jy' - 4.

Sol: y =ex +e-X
On squaring both sides, y² = e2r +e-2x + 2e*e-*
That is, y² = e2x +e-2x + 2
’y²-4= e2r +e-2r-2
’y² -4 = (e* -e-ry²
Now y = e* + e- implies, dydr ee

By (i), we get:=y-4
20. If y= Vatvatx, then find
21. Ify = sinx + sinV, then find
22. Ify = (cos x)*, find
23. If (a² + y')² = xy, then find
24. If f(x) = tan V,thenfind f ().
Sol: Here f(*) = /tan
So, f'(*) = 2Jtan (V+) x(tan (V)
dx

sec²Vx
’f'() =
an(v)
2

47Jtan
25. Ify = ercosx + (cos x)*, then find dx
Sol: Let u = (cos x)

du
:=cos*
dx (2x -cos x- x*sin x) +ay
Now u = (cos x*
’ log u = log (cos x)*
’ log u=x log(cos x)
 Differentiate w.r.t. x both sides,
1 du log(cos x) - xtan x
-X=
dx
du
d= (cos x)*(log(cos x) - x tan x}
Therefore by (i), we have
=ercos x(2x cos x- x sin x) + (cos x)*{log(cos x) - xtan x}.
26. Iff(x) =secx-1
Nsecx+1 find fH.
sec x-1
Sol: f(*) = Vsecx+1

cOS X
f(r) =
1+ cos X

2sin
» f(r) =
2 cos² 5

» f() = tan;

Therefore. f' (9)-}sec*-;

27. Find f(x), if f(x) = (tan x)tam ,
Sol: f(«) = (tan x) tan z
’ log f(x) = log(tan x) tan x
log f(x) = tan x log (tan x)
1
tan x x
tan x Xsec'x + log (tan x) x secx
’f(*) = (tan x)an *(1 +log tan x) x sec² x
28. If tan) =log /r' +y² prove that dx
Sol: Here tan-! )= log +y?
’ tan-1
)-slog (a+y)
1+()
 dy

’x-y =x+ y
ds ( - y)=x+y
dy
dx X-y

29. If y²cos() =a', then find

Sol: y²cos () =a
ayf-sin ()x(}+cos ()x=0
cos
)*--)an ()
-an ()
30. If y= t a n Ix|<a,
. then find
Sol: Put x = asin 0
Also |x| <ai.e., -a<x<a
That is, -a <asin 0<a
’-1< sin 0< 1

Now y= tan
asin 0
y= tan -1
LVa'- a' sin' 6
’y tan-14sin
la<cos |J

’y=tan-1 (sin 01 = tan-(tan 0)

lcos
’y= 0
y= sin-1

dx

dy 1
 31. Ify = r'(cos x)" + sin- Va, find
Sol: Let u = (cos x)*
s= elog (cos x) =pxlog cos x
du -sin x
d
= e log cos x(xx cOS X
+ log cos xx1)
=(cos x)* (logcos x - xtan x).. (i)
Now we have y = x (cos x)* + sin- r
dy d 1
dx
(cos x)* +(cos xda) ) +
1
dy
dr x*{(cos x) (log cos x -x tan x)} + (cos x)* x 3x? + 2/rV1-x
[By (i)
1
dy
=x'(cos x)*(logcos x - x tan x) + 3x*(cos x)* + 2Vr-x2
dy 1
dx =*(cos )"[x(log cos x - * tan x) + 3] +
32. Ify = sin- ( ) .,then show that
Sol: Put x = cos 20 »=cosx... (i)
V1+cos 20 + V1- cos 20
*y= sin 2

’y= sin-1

1
»y= sin Gx cos @+ sin 9)
y= sin(sin÷x cos 0+cosx sin 8)
’y= sin 'sin ( +0)
y=(+0) By (i), we get:y =+}cos'x

1
dx 2V1- x²
33. Ify = (log x) + o ,then find dx
Sol: Here y= (log x)* +xlog x
 y=elog (log x)* + plog og x

’y=exog (log x) + elog xlog x = exlog (log x) + e(log x)*

1
dyog log *}x xlog x
= (og )*t log (log »)}+ xos« l
34 If y= (cos x)*+ tan- Vx, find.
dx

Sol: y = (cos x)* + tan- Vx

’y=elog (cos x) + tan-1
’y=exog (cos x) +tan-1

ddy eog(cosx)x VSin

x. x
+log cos
cOS X

dy
dx = (cos x)*(log cos x-xtan x} +x
cos (a+y)
35. If cosy = x cos(a + y), and cos a # t1, prove that dy sin a

MODEL - 03

36. Ifx = asint- bcos t,y = acos t + bsint, then prove that=-()
Sol: x = asin t -b cost and y= acos t + b sin t

= acos t + b sin t = y and de

-a sin t +b cos t= -X
dt

dy
dyt
dx y
dt

d'y_y(-1) - (-) -y+x(-) -(y² +*)

dxz y3 y3

37. Ifx =a cos t and y = bsint, then find

Sol: x= a cos t and y = b sin t
d dy
=-asin t, dt
bcos t
dt

dy_ dy/dt
-cot t
i*dydx/dt
Now d'y b dt b
2cosec t x=-cosec?

d'y z COsec² t.
38. If x= a sin 2t, y= a(cos 2t + log tan t), then find
Sol: x=asin2t,y = a(cos 2t + log tan t)
dx sec² t]
dt =2a cos 2t=a-2sin2t + tan t

2 [cos²2t]
-a-2sin 2t +sin 2t 2a
sin 2t

2a
cos2:]
dy dyldt sin 2t
dx dx/dt 2a cos 2t

dy cos 2t
= cot 2t
sin 2t

39. If x= asec 0,y= btan 0 then, findat 0 =,

Sol: y= btan =bsec? 0
dx
X= asec 0 = asec Otan 0

dy bsec² e
So,= = asec Øtan @ Pcosec
a 8
Differentiating both sides w. r. t. X, we get
-b de
d»y cosec Bcot 6 X dx
dy? a

-b
=cosec Ocot x asec 0tan
[using (ii))
-b
a"a
-cot

Jato=
40. If x= acos 0+ bsin 0, y= asin 0- bcos 0, then show that =--and hence show that

y²-y=
dx² 0
41. Ifx = a(cos 20 + 20 sin 2 0) andy = a(sin 20 - 20 cos 20), find at 6 =
Sol: Here x = a(cos 20 + 20 sin 20) and y=a(sin 20-20cos 20)
:de
= a(-2 sin 2 0 + 40 cos 20 + 2sin 2 0) = 4a0 cos 2 0 and=
de
a(2 cos 20 +
40 sin 20-2 cos 2 0) = 4a0 sin 20
4a0 sin 20
dy
So, df dx
tan 2 0
4a0 cos 20
 )==2 sec?20x0
1
dy2 =2sec?20 x 4a0 cos 20
sec 20
2a6

sec*
drote- d x 2V2
8V2
an

42. If x=ef sin t,y = ef cos t, then the value of at t =is

Sol: Here x = e'sin t,y = e' cos t
dx dy-=e'(-sint) + e' cos t
=e'cost + e sin t, dt
xye'(-sin t) +e cost
dx dt ^dx dx e cost + el sint
n dy - sin+ cos
At t =. =0
4' dx cos+ sin
43. Ifx = acos 0 and y = bsin 8, then provethat=
44. Ifx = at',y = 2at, then find
Sol: Given that x= at',y = 2at,
d dy
d 2 a t , =2a
dy
dy 2a
So, dx 2at t
d

Now=--a
45. Ifx = asec'0, y= a tan'0, then findat =
Sol: We have x = a sec³0, y = a tan0,
dy 3a tan²0 sec²0
So,= d asec 0tan @ sin 8
cos 0
Now= cos xdx 3asec30 tan 0

d²y 1
dy~ 3a sec+0 tan

dx<Jato 2a
46. If x= a(0- sin 0),y = (1- cos 6), a> 0, then findat
dr =
Sol: x = a(0- sin 0), y = (1- cos 0), a > 0,
So. = a sin 0,= a(1- cos )

dy_6
dx dx

dy a sin
dx a(1 cos )
dy_2 sin cos
dx
2sin
dy
dx

Nowcosee
cosec ()
dyz 2a(1- cos 0)
Therefore,2 . *
47. Ifx = asec 0,y = b tan 0, then findat =;
dx
Sol: Here x = asec 0,y = b tan 0 dA
a sec 0 tan , dy = b sec?0
dy dy de
dx dey bsec 0 x - asec Otan

dy b
dx a sin
y 1 2b
At 0 = ay3

48. Find the value of dx at =ifx = cos - cos 20,y = sin - sin 20.
Sol: x= cos - cos 20,y = sin- sin 20

+ 2 sin 20, dy
d
-sin Cos - 2 cos 20
de
dy_ dy dx cose 2 cos 20
dx de de 2sin 20 - sin
At = = dy
: cos-2cos_2
2sinsin
49. If x= aco s 0,y = bsin 0, then find d²y
Sol: Here x = acos 0, y= bsin 9

dx dy
-asin 6, bcos
1
So d y x = bcos
de d
x-asin e =-cot e
1
Now cosec² ex=cosec? 0x -asin 9

dxz =-cosec? 8.
cos X
50. Ify = tan x + sec x, then prove that dx (1-sin r)2

v=n x+1
Sol: y= tan x + sec x = COs 2

cos x(cos x)-(sin x+1)(-sin x)

dy
da cos² x
cos²x+sin²x+sinx 1+sin x 1

cos² x 1-sin²x 1-sin x

1
da
sin X(- cos x)
(1-sin x)²

d²y
Hence, dx²
cos x

(1-sinx)²

51. Ir (a +bx)er =xthen prove that =):

Sol: We have, (a + bx)e = x

E= loge (
a+ =
bX log, *-log, (a+ bx)
On differentiating with respect to x, we get
d
bx) =-.
x atbx dy(a + a+ bx
b ax

d'y -y=*; a+ bxB a+ bx

On differentiating again with respect to x, we get
d'y, dy dy (a+ bx)a- ax(b)
dy? dx dx (a+ bx)2
d'y

52. Ify =*, prove that - - =0.

53. Ify = Vax +b, prove that y(+) =0.
Sol: y=Vax +b ’ y² = ax +b
» 2y=a
dx
 d'y,+ dy dy =0
dyz d da

*y

54. If y= ae?r + be-, then show that--2y = 0.

Sol: We've y = ae2x + be-x ...(i)
= 2a2x be-* ...(ü)
= 4ae2x + be-x ...(ii)
dy:

LHS:--2y
dx" = (4ae2* + be-*) - (2ae2r- be *) - 2(ae2* + be)
[By (i), (i) and (ii)
dy
dy? dx 2y = (4aez* +2be*)-(4ae2x +2be-*) =0= RHS.

S. If y= tan -<*<then find and

56. Ify = (tan-' x)2, then show that (r² + 1)²+2x(r²+ 1)= 2.
57. Ify = 3 cos(log x) +4 sin(log x), then show that x?++y = 0.dr

Sol: We have y =3 cos(log x) + 4sin(log x).. (i)

On differentiating w.r.t. x both the sides, we get
dy
d =3sin(log x) x=+4cos(log x) *
x=
dz -3 sin(log x) + 4cos(logx)
Again differentiating w.r.t. x both the sides, we get
d²ytx1=-3
dy cos (log x) x-4sin(log x) x
dx?
dy
dyzt xdy3 cos(log x) + 4sin(logx)]

By(i),x2+x=
dx2 -y That is, x²+x+y=0
dx dx

58. If y= e cosl, -1<r<1, then show that (1 - xd)

r -dx
- a'y = 0.
Sol: y=e2 cosx

dy = ea cos

’ 1d--,
dx
a e 4 cos
 >1-dy, dy V1-
-X
-a4cos4

(1 -x*)-=dy a'ecos'x
dx2

) -dx- a'y =0
CASE STUDY QUESTIONS (Cs)
1. Let f() be a real valued function. Then its
(a-h)-fa)
Left Hand Derivative (L.H.D): Lf (a) = lim -h

f(a+h)-fa)
Right Hand Derivative (R.H.D.): Rf' (a) = lim
Also, a function f(x) is said to be differentiable at x = a if its L.H.D. and R.H.D. at x=a exist
and both are equal.
(lx- 3|,x 1
For the function f() answer the following questions:
=-4x<1
(i) What is R.H.D. of f(x) at x = 1?
(ü) What is L.H.D. of f(x) at x = 1?
(iü) Check if the function f() is differentiable at x = 1.
(OR)
(ii) Find f' (2) and f'-1).
-+x<1
Sol. (i) Here f(*) = )3-x,1sx<3
k-3,x 3
Note that f(1)= 3 -1 =2.
Now Rf'(1) = im ((1+h)-f(1)
(3-1- h) 2= |lim(-1) = -1
= h+0
|lim h h+0

(ii) f(1 h) = 4
-(1-)4
2
134
1- 2h+ h'-6+ 6h +13 h² + 4h +8
4 4

Now Lf(1) = Jlim -h)-f)

h+0 -h

h+4h+B_2 h++h
= h+0
lim -h = |im -h = lim (-)=-1.
h+0

(ii) Since Rf'(1) = Lf (1) = -1 so, the function f(x) is differentiable at x = 1.

(OR)

E-.x<1
(ii) Since f (*) =13-x1 sx<3 implics, f'(«) =-1,isx<3
-3,x 23 L.x23
Hence, f'(2) =-1 and f"(-1) =-=-2.