School of Electrical Engineering

and Computing
Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering
Broadcasting Eng'g. &
Acoustics

By

3/21/20241

Broadcasting Eng'g. & Acoustics

 Chapter 2: Sound Recording & Reproduction
( Images from R G Gupta)

2.1.Introduction
2.2. optical Recording techniques and its transmission
I Variable Density Method
ii Variable Area Method
2.3. Basics of sampling and resolution of quantized signal
2.4. Sound recording systems and production
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Nonlinear Chiral Fiber

 Optical Recording & Reproduction of Sound
1. Optical Recording :
Optical Recording means recording done using light or laser beam and
can be classified as two categories 1 photographic film 2. on CD
Optical Recording on CD
 Methods of Optical Recording

There are two methods of optical recording

1.Variable density method 2.Variable area method

Variable density method

Film to
Record sound
Variable Area Method
Optical recording method using variable Area method
• A moving spring is placed between magnets, which further connoted
with audio signal and mirror is attached
Reproduction of Sound from Film
Reproduction of Sound from Photographic Film
 Optical Recording on Compact Disc (CD)

Basics of Compact Disc

 Digitization of Audio signal
• Mic to electrical Signal , then Amplify the signal many folds
• Remove the noise, Derived by drive amplifier
• Then connected to power amp , Recording depends on technology i.e
optical
• Turn table where disk is kept

Combination
of Pre &
Power Amp..
 Sound Reproduction/Play Back Process
• Reading of Disc by Stylus
• Stylus may be laser beam or pointed needle
• Preamplifier
• Some unwanted signal components removed
• Pass for power Amp
Recording/ Reproduction of Sound from Disc
Reproduction of Sound from Disc….
Advantages of Compact Disc
 Basics of Blue Ray Technology
• In 1997 DVDs revolutionized the movie industry, Audio and Video
quality was far
• superior to the previous VHS ( Video Home System)

• Now, the Blu ray technology is having the same effect on DVDs as
they did on VHS

• Next generation Disc developed to enable recording, rewriting and

playback of high definition video
Data on Blu Ray Technology
LASER, Lens, Layers & Track Pitch of Blu Ray
Technology
Comparison of DVD and Blu Ray
Blu Ray Disc
Benefits of Blu Ray Technology
Basics of sampling and resolution of
quantized signal
 Digitization of Sound
▪ Sound is a wave phenomenon like light, but is macroscopic and
involves molecules of air being compressed and expanded under the
action of some physical device. For example, a speaker in an audio
system vibrates back and forth and produces a longitudinal pressure
wave that we perceive as sound. Without air there is no sound.

▪ Since sound is a pressure wave, it takes on continuous values, as

opposed to digitized ones. If we want to use a digital version of sound
wave, we must form digitized representations of audio information

▪ Even though such pressure waves are longitudinal, they still have
ordinary wave properties and behaviors, such as reflection
(bouncing), refraction (change of angle when entering a medium with
a different density) and diffraction (bending around an obstacle).
 Digitization of Sound Cont..
• Since sound consists of measurable pressures at any 3D point, we can
detect it by measuring the pressure level at location, using transducer
to convert pressure to voltage levels. Below figure shows An alalog
Signal
• signal must be sampled in each dimension: in time, and in amplitude.
Sampling means measuring the quantity we are interested in, usually
at evenly-spaced intervals.
• For audio, typical sampling rates are from 8 kHz (8,000 samples per
second) to 48 kHz. This range is determined by the Nyquist theorem.
Sampling in the amplitude or voltage dimension is called
quantization.
• Typical uniform quantization rates are 8-bit and 16-bit; 8-bit
quantization divides the vertical axis into 256 levels, and 16-bit
divides it into 65,536 levels.
Sampling and Quantization
 Signal to Quantization Noise Ratio (SQNR)
• For digital audio signals; where only quantized values are stored;
the precision of each sample is determined by the number of bits
per sample

• Any noise that may have been present in the original analog
signal, there is also an additional error that results from
quantization. If voltages are actually in 0 to 1 but we have only 8
bits in which to store values, then effectively we force all
continuous values of voltage into only 256 different values.

• This introduces a round off error. It is not really “noise”.

Nevertheless it is called quantization noise (or quantization error).
Quantization noise: the difference between the actual value of the
analog signal, for the particular sampling time, and the nearest
quantization interval value. At most, this error can be as much as
half of the interval.
• Improves SNR
using Companding
• Optimization of
Quantization by
reducing
quantization error
 Audio Filtering
• Audio Filtering Prior to sampling and AD conversion, the audio
signal is also usually filtered to remove unwanted frequencies.
The frequencies kept depend on the application:
• For speech, typically from 50Hz to 10kHz is retained, and
other frequencies are blocked by the use of a band-pass filter
that screens out lower and higher frequencies.
• An audio music signal will typically contain from about 20Hz
up to 20kHz.
• At the DA converter end, high frequencies may reappear in
the output — because of sampling and then quantization,
smooth input signal is replaced by a series of step functions
containing all possible frequencies.
• So at the decoder side, a lowpass filter is used after the DA
circuit.
 Audio Quality vs. Data Rate
The uncompressed data rate increases as more bits are used for
quantization. Stereo: double the bandwidth. to transmit a digital
audio signal.

Table - Data rate and bandwidth in sample audio applications

 Quantization and Transmission of Audio

• Coding of Audio: Quantization and transformation of data are

collectively known as coding of the data.

• For audio, the μ-law technique for companding audio signals

is usually combined with an algorithm that exploits the
temporal redundancy present in audio signals.

• In general, producing quantized sampled output for audio is

called PCM (Pulse Code Modulation). The differences version
is called DPCM (and a crude but efficient variant is called DM).
The adaptive version is called ADPCM.
Encoding and Decoding or Telephony Signal