Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Kurnool Geography
Kurnool Geography
Prepared by
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
DMG, GoAP 1
District Survey Report - 2018
VICE CHAIRMAN
APSAC
DMG, GoAP 2
District Survey Report - 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents Page
1. Salient Features of Kurnool District 1
1.2 Drainage 2
1.3 Climate and Rainfall 3
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References 81
LIST OF FIGURES
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Figure Page
Fig.8 Land Use / Land Cover Map of Kurnool District during 2015-16 20
Fig. 13 (a) Ground truth data overlaid on multi-temporal RGB image, (b)
Rice cropped area and (c) Transplantation date-wise rice cropped 38
area over Kurnool District.
Fig: 14 Cotton Cropped area estimation in Kharif 2016-17
39
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
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40
Table: 4 Cotton Crop acreage estimation in Kharif 2016-17
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The principal rivers flowing in the district are Tungabhadra (its tributary, the
Hundri) Krishna and Kunderu. Tungabhadra rises in the Western Ghats and after
forming part of Northern boundary for some distance, separates Kurnool with
both these rivers fall into the river Krishna at Kundli sangam about 29 Km from
Kallur Mandals. This is a turbid stream with sudden rise and fall. The Kunderu also
called Kumudavathi rises on the Western side of Erramalas, winds its way into
Kunderu valley and flows in Southern direction collecting drainage all along its
course from both sides. It flows through Orvakal, Midthur, Gadivemula, Nandyal,
Gospadu, Koilkuntla, Dornipadu and Chagalamarri Mandals and then enters YSR
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At hinterland, temperature variations throughout the year can be very high and the
diurnal range of temperature varies from place to place. Inland areas warm up
greatly during the afternoon while the sun is shining down, but they also cool
down quickly at night after sunset. The Climate of the district is normally good and
healthy. January, February and March months are usually pleasant with moderate
winds from South-East. April and May are the hottest months of the year, during
these months the wind shifts to Southwest with increased force and brings
welcome showers by the end of May. During the succeeding four months, the
wind blows from Western side in Major parts of the district and brings fair
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quantum of rainfall. By the end of September, the wind is light and pleasant
weather is fine, Rainfall is rare and wind is light with occurrence of heavy dew.
District normal rainfall of the year is 670.3 mm. During 2014-15 the rainfall received
is 473.9 mm. The rainy season commences with the onset of the South-west
The rainfall in the district in general increases from the East towards the West. The
normal rainfall of the district is 670 mm. The highest amount of rainfall of 902 mm
is received during the year 2000 - 2001, while the least amount of rainfall of 505
mm is recorded during the year 2002–2003. The total rainfall received during the
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decade is 6,981.2 mm as against the normal rainfall of 6,700 mm; with a rainfall
deviation of 3.12 %. During the South-West monsoon season for the decade, the
with a rainfall deviation of 5.35 %, while North-East monsoon was very weak.
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31 MADDIKERA EAST 2.01 2.00 6.50 17.81 38.56 63.83 63.58 75.83 108.06 95.96 27.04 2.96 504.14
32 MAHANANDI 0.56 4.33 4.16 14.48 33.53 96.96 171.60 197.25 194.02 132.77 26.18 2.43 878.25
33 MANTRALAYAM 2.27 2.84 11.35 18.67 33.51 87.83 93.44 124.26 125.48 108.23 18.88 1.52 628.30
34 MIDTHUR 2.50 2.93 10.37 23.36 32.43 96.21 129.33 148.64 157.57 111.14 25.64 3.58 743.71
35 NANDAVARAM 1.71 3.97 12.68 17.64 29.76 67.97 85.56 115.72 135.50 109.30 19.60 2.60 602.00
36 NANDI KOTKUR 0.73 3.30 10.03 16.99 39.37 89.53 124.56 140.38 120.66 102.10 25.81 2.91 676.38
37 NANDYAL 3.01 3.23 7.32 14.95 49.79 89.49 153.90 174.51 157.38 111.34 31.00 4.25 800.17
38 ORVAKAL 1.34 4.36 8.59 22.57 35.50 84.63 107.78 121.10 119.28 105.04 24.40 2.68 637.27
39 OWK 1.41 2.00 7.54 15.95 41.73 63.76 82.89 91.16 121.48 101.12 35.46 4.53 569.02
40 PAGIDYALA 3.17 2.80 10.42 16.30 35.17 117.40 141.61 152.23 136.75 94.78 12.64 2.67 725.95
41 PAMULAPADU 2.97 4.59 10.60 25.79 35.53 95.56 126.32 183.29 168.32 110.95 15.13 2.25 781.29
42 PANYAM 3.34 3.67 8.43 14.00 40.43 65.61 102.90 111.03 115.34 111.28 18.17 2.97 597.18
43 PATTIKANDA 1.48 1.48 8.70 19.42 44.37 80.98 78.07 95.77 141.15 106.15 20.65 3.81 602.05
44 PEAPALLY 1.52 1.74 6.06 18.41 48.14 80.06 95.66 105.00 139.40 115.22 25.51 3.42 640.13
45 PEDDA KADALUR 4.20 2.30 8.76 17.66 41.99 75.00 85.03 118.70 121.51 105.01 16.15 5.46 601.75
46 SANJAMALA 1.02 2.23 6.07 19.69 32.24 67.02 94.02 127.76 128.62 114.66 26.76 6.51 626.60
47 SIRVEL 0.66 2.77 10.54 13.28 46.83 102.87 152.58 168.55 152.54 110.96 32.28 4.92 798.77
48 SRISAILAM 2.02 9.94 23.31 35.84 46.40 96.59 123.04 150.12 201.77 134.64 52.77 5.99 882.43
49 TUGGALI 1.91 0.89 5.46 16.44 40.94 94.09 75.33 95.81 125.15 98.64 20.61 2.37 577.65
50 UYYALAWADA 1.38 1.90 5.99 13.01 36.88 72.06 105.33 151.21 155.54 125.11 31.48 4.50 704.41
51 VELDURTHI 1.13 2.32 9.60 13.03 45.83 73.26 87.55 111.94 123.87 101.83 24.90 3.74 599.01
52 VELGODE 1.70 0.74 8.74 18.16 35.24 111.91 156.80 195.40 151.73 114.21 19.54 4.33 818.49
53 YEMMIGANUR 2.22 2.45 10.10 11.55 35.43 71.91 93.39 112.57 134.49 114.99 23.41 4.54 617.04
54 HALAHARVI 0.93 3.74 10.44 14.81 41.10 60.05 53.27 76.75 126.76 110.36 17.10 2.96 518.27
Total 2.08 2.74 9.13 19.99 41.41 85.04 108.21 133.75 144.56 111.24 25.45 3.75 687.35
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Kurnool district has a good road length of 6000km and rail track of 300 km
connecting with rest of the country. The National highway No. 7 that passes
through the district is connecting it with the state of Maharashtra. The district is
located in the west-central part of the state with Kurnool town as its district
headquarters. The Kurnool District which covers an area of 17,267 Sq. Km consists
having connectivity with BT & CC roads. The total number of PR roads are 2,051
having a spatial length is 6,656 km, of which 1,593 km BT, 167 km CC, 666 km
WBM, 1,658 km Gravel and 2,571 km under Earthen surface. The NH40 are
passing through the district with a length of about 352 km. Figure-5 shows the
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Census 2011. Out of which 2,039,227 are males while 2,014,236 are females. In
2011, there were total 887,652 families residing in Kurnool district. As per Census
2011 out of total population, 28.4% people lives in urban areas while 71.6% lives in
the rural areas. The average literacy rate in urban areas is 72.5% while that in the
rural areas is 54.9%. Also the Sex Ratio of Urban areas in Kurnool district is 1,000
while that of rural areas is 983. The population of Children of age 0-6 years in
Kurnool district is 506239 making for/ standing for 12% of the total population.
There are 261217 male children and 245022 female children between the ages 0-6
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years. Thus as per the Census 2011, the Child Sex Ratio of Kurnool is 938 which is
less than Average Sex Ratio (988) of Kurnool district. As per the Census 2011, out of
the total population of Kurnool, 28.35% people lived in urban regions while 71.65%
in rural areas. The total figure of population of urban population was 1,149,286 out
of which 574,658 were males while remaining 574,628 were females. In rural areas
of Kurnool, male population was 1,464,569 while female population was 1,439,608.
The total literacy rate of Kurnool district was 59.97% in 2011 which is less than
2,127,161 literates, males were 1,246,369 while females were 880,792. Also the
male literacy rate was 70.1% and the female literacy rate was 49.78% in Kurnool
district. Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 18.2% while Schedule Tribe (ST) was 2%
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It is a place that treads the fine line between the contemporary and the old world.
A town of much Historical and religious value, Kurnool appeals as the sole witness
of an era long gone by. Enter a time warp as you take a step into ancient temple
compounds and ruins of the fort that were home to the royals of the medieval
culturally and historically rich city. There are many interesting places to visit in
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Velgode Reservoir. Situated along the southern banks of the River Tungabhadra,
the town used to serve as a greasing place for carts. Historically known as
Kandenavolu, the town came into prominence under King Achyuta Raya when he
built the Kurnool Fort in 16 CE. Under the British rule, Kurnool was part of the
including Buddhism, Islam and Jainism. Geographically, the town is blessed with
nature’s bounty! From mammoth mountain ranges, to a river, forests and reservoir,
the place offers a lot to explore. Kurnool holds a place of high reverence for
Hindus, for it houses some of the most sacred of temples in its precincts. Apart
from the religious connotations, these temples are some of the finest examples of
architectural excellence. It is a quaint, little town, a happy world in itself by the mud
banks of Tungabhadra. It is well known and much visited for the ancient Persian
and Arabic inscriptions that enrich its interiors. Kurnool is a complete tourist spot in
Sanctuary.
Belum Caves: Situated 110 km from Kurnool, it is the longest cave system in the
plains of India. These underground caves are located under a flat agricultural field
and have three well-like cavities with the central one being the main entrance. The
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illumination are the main attractions of the Belum Caves, which were adjudged as
extends over an area of 614 sq km. The sanctuary is covered by dry thorny forests
scattered with dry cereal crops, cotton, groundnut and castor. Rollapadu Bird
Sanctuary is home to Black Buck, Bonnet Macaque, Indian Bustard, Indian Roller,
Sparrows and Mynas. Russell's viper, Indian Cobra, Jackal, Wolf and Indian Fox
also can be spotted in the sanctuary. The Bird Sanctuary is about 60 km from
Kurnool and is near Nandikotkur. Best time to visit is October to February. Tourists
can stay at the forest rest house in Kurnool and the inspection bungalow at
Pradesh. The terrain is rugged and winding gorges slice through the Nallamalai
hills. Adjoining the reserve is the large reservoir of the Nagarjunasagar Dam on the
River Krishna. This dry deciduous forest with scrub and bamboo thickets provide
shelter to a range of animals from the tiger and leopard at the top of the food
chain, to deer, sloth bear, hyena, jungle cat, palm civet, bonnet macaque and
Pangolin. In this unspoiled jungle, the tiger is truly nocturnal and is rarely seen
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temple that dates back to the 7th Century. Another attraction is the Pushkarni
temple tank, where the crystal clear waters show up even a tiny pin at the bottom.
Mantralayam near Kurnool some 300 years ago. A large number of followers and
devotees of all religious sects throng this little town located on the banks of river
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Hyderabad, at a distance of 351 km. The nearest rail head is 'Mantralayam Road',
Narasimha, the man-lion form of Lord Vishnu, which he took on in order to kill the
demon Hiranyakashyapa. Only at Ahobilam are all the nine forms of Lord
As soon as the foot of the hills is reached, there is the temple of Prahaladavarada
Narasimha, the form of Lord Narasimha blessing Prahalada. This temple lies in the
centre of three Prakaras, which are built in Vijayanagara style. About a furlong from
this temple is the Alwar Koneru, a drinking water lake. From the foot of the hills one
has to ascend the hill to reach what is called upper Ahobilam. The hill path is
about 9 km and is cut across virgin hills and forests and is served by several
Every year, Shivarathri is celebrated here and a large number of devotees from all
over Andhra Pradesh visit Sri Yagantiswamy Temple. An amazing feature at this
temple is its Pushkarini. No one knows how the water flows out from the bottom of
hill to the Pushkarini in all the seasons. Devotees consider that a bath in the holy
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Yaganti will come out and shout when Kaliyuga ends. People believe that the
this place and took a bath in Agasthya Pushkarini and worshipped Lord Shiva. The
water in this Pushkarini is fresh and sweet, as it comes from the hills.
with water bodies and sandwiched between exotic rock formations. Experience
pure bliss, lazing around and gazing at nature's architecture, untouched by man. A
true adventure site, Oravakallu has everything that makes for a perfect picnic spot
of river Krishna. The 512 metre long Srisailam dam located here is an amazing
structure. On the south bank of the Krishna River, in the Nallamalai forest, on a 457
Jyotirlingas, and one among the 18 Mahashakthis in India. It is said that Vrishabha,
the sacred bull of Lord Shiva performed penance here. Lord Shiva appeared
before him, with his consort Goddess Parvati in the form of Mallikarjuna and
Bhramaramba. A massive fort, with 6 metre high walls encloses the temple. A
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cluster of minor shrines within the temple enclosure include the Sahasra Linga,
Panchapandava temples and Vata Vriksha. The most appealing feature of this
temple is that anyone of any caste and creed can touch the deity and worship
temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, and also a beautiful Sri Ganapathi temple. The
approximately 1000 acres are located on the NH-18 highway road from
Hyderabad to Chittoor, about 20 km from Kurnool city towards Tirupati. At this site,
tourists.
The Land Use / Land Cover (LULC) pattern of any region is an outcome of various
physical and cultural factors, and their utilization by man in time and space. Land
use refers to the type of utilization to which man has put the land. It also refers to
the evaluation of the land with respect to various natural characteristics. But, land
cover describes the vegetal attributes of land. Land use/land cover data is
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essential for planners, decision makers and those concerned with land resources
management. For the proper understanding of the influence of the various human-
induced land use practices with regard to the environmental change, it is essential
to help simulate the land use changes. Remote sensing technology is considered
the most effective as it provides timely and authentic information about the spatial
analyzing the spatial data. Remote sensing as a vital tool helps for rapid
makes it possible to map land use/cover phenomena in detail for further planning,
The Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) pattern of any district is a result of different
physical, social variables and their utilization by man in time and space. Land
utilization alludes to the sort of usage to which man has put the land. It additionally
alludes to the assessment of the land as for different normal attributes. Be that as it
may, portrays the vegetal properties of land. Land use/land cover information is
basic for organizers, leaders and those concerned with land resources
help recreate the land utilization changes. Remote detecting innovation is viewed
as best as it gives convenient and valid data about the spatial circulation of land
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apparatus helps for fast evaluation and observing of a characteristic asset. At the
point when joined with GIS, it makes it conceivable to delineate Land Use / Land
making, which are essential for meeting the increasing demands and welfare of
Various land use/land cover categories have been delineated by using under
techniques (size, shape, colour, tone, texture, association and pattern) have been
used for classifying the land use/land cover map (NRSA, 2006). This information is
used for general planning purposes at district/mandal level. The broad categories
are built-up, agricultural, forest, wastelands, wetlands and water bodies. The
spatial distribution of land use/land cover of the Kurnool district is shown in Fig. 8
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Fig. 8 Land Use / Land Cover Map of Kurnool District during 2015-16
Year 2015-16
S.No Land Use Categories Area in %
sq.km
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Built-Up
These are the regions of human habitation that have structures, transport and
and Mining/Quarry. It involves an area of 505.53 sq. km, which is around 2.86% of
the total geographical area of the region. Of which, rural area contributes 1.62%
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Most of the land is covered by buildings, roads, and artificially surfaced area and
cover almost all the ground. The built-up - compact class is assigned when the
urban structures and transport network (i.e. impermeable surfaces) occupies more
than 35% of the surface area. This category occupied 51.72 sq. km, which are
Most of the land is covered by the structures like buildings, roads and artificially
surfaced areas associated with vegetated areas and bare soil, which occupy
villages are delineated under this category. It contributes an area of 18.95 sq. km,
contact with urban areas). Vegetation cover of trees, shrubs, and herbs covers at
least 0.11% of the total surface area, it has been delineated. Parks, sport and
leisure facilities, camping grounds, sports grounds, leisure parks, golf courses,
race courses, including formal parks etc are considered in this category. This
Built-Up – Rural
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These are the lands used for the human settlement of size comparatively less than
the urban settlements of which more than 50% of the people are involved in the
primary activity of agriculture and associated with non-commercial and with allied
classes are identified as built up (rural) category. The rural area contributed is
Industrial
Non-linear impervious surfaces are included in this class which is related to trade,
manufacturing, distribution, and commerce. These are areas where the human
establishments for maintenance. The industrial area occupies 8.91 sq. km, which is
Mining – Active
impacts of these activities on the landscape are unmistakable giant pit mines
covering vast areas. The active mining areas are presently large-scale surface
operations of removal of economically important ores and presently going on. The
Quarry
quarries, etc. are taking place. They are mostly characterized by the nearness to
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Agricultural Land
The land use category primarily used for the production of food, fibre, and other
commercial and horticultural crops. It includes land under crops namely cropland,
found as the major category covering 11478.52 sq. km (65%) during 2015-16. It is
also found that double-cropped area is about 15% of the district total.
Kharif Crop
crops under dryland farming with limited or no irrigation and areas of rain-fed
paddy and other dry crops. Kharif is found to be the second major agricultural
Rabi Crop
irrigation. However, rabi cropped areas also occur in rain-fed regions, under
residual soil moisture conditions especially in black soil areas with high rainfall
during Kharif season. The extent of rabi cropped area is about 4626.30 sq. km
(26.20 %).
Zaid Crop
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These are the areas that are cropped during summer (April to May) which are
mostly associated with irrigated areas with fertile soils, confined to plains/delta
These are the areas that are cropped during two cropping seasons that are often
seen associated with irrigated areas. Three combinations are possible in this
category viz., Kharif + Rabi, Kharif + Zaid and Rabi + Zaid. It is found that this is the
These are the areas which are cropped in more than two cropping seasons. It
includes triple cropped areas (Kharif, Rabi and Zaid), areas under multiple
cropping. Long duration crops like sugarcane, cotton, banana, pineapple etc., are
Fallow land
The agricultural land which is being used for cultivation but is temporarily allowed
to rest or un-cropped for one or more seasons, but not less than a year and for not
more than five years is referred to as fallow land. The fallow land occupies an area
Agricultural Plantation
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These are the areas under agricultural tree crops planted adopting agricultural
management techniques. These also include the areas of land use systems and
ecological and economic reasons. These areas are separable from cropland,
especially with the data acquired during rabi/zaid season. Plantations appear in
dark-red to red tone of different sizes with regular and sharp edges indicating the
presence of a fence around it. It is found that 17.58% of the land under plantation
Aquaculture
These are the areas where fish and shrimps are bred and reared for commercial
purposes. Aquaculture ponds are located mostly along the coast or in lakes, river
and estuaries. This category is mostly found along the coast with an area of 2.10
sq. km (0.1%).
Forest
The term forest is used to refer to land with a tree canopy cover of more than 30
percent and area of more than 0.5 ha. Forest is determined both by the presence
of trees and the absence of other predominant land uses within the notified forest
boundaries. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 m within the
notified forest boundaries. The forest cover occupied about 2997.73 sq. km
(16.98%).
Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Dense
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once a year, especially during summer. These are mostly broad-leaved tropical
forests with a tendency to shed their leaves annually. This category includes all the
areas where the canopy cover/density is more than 7.86 % and contributed
Deciduous (Dry/Moist/Thorn)-Open
once a year, especially during summer. These are mostly broad-leaved tropical
forests with a tendency to shed their leaves annually. This category includes all the
forest areas where the canopy cover/density ranges between 10 and 50 percent.
Forest Plantation
These are the areas of tree species of forestry importance, raised and managed
especially in notified forest areas. Most of these are located in uplands, coastal
areas within notified areas. Many of these can be identified based on the sharp
boundary exhibited by them. The distribution of forest plantation is 11.74 sq. km.
Scrub Forest
These are the forest areas which are generally seen at the fringes of dense forest
cover and settlements, where there is biotic and abiotic interference. Most times,
they are located closer to habitations. Forest blanks which are the openings
amidst forest areas, devoid of tree cover, observed as openings of assorted size
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and shapes as manifested on the imagery are also included in this category. It is
Areas with tree cover lying outside the notified forest area with a woody perennial
being at least 3 m tall. Plants essentially herbaceous but with a woody appearance
(e.g. bamboos and ferns) are also classified as trees if the height is more than 5 m
and as shrubs, if the height is less than 5 m. This category includes all the areas
where the canopy cover/density is more than 30%. It occupied an area of 0.75 sq.
km.
Areas with tree cover lying outside the notified forest area with a woody perennial
being at least 3 m tall. Plants essentially herbaceous but with a woody appearance
(e.g. bamboos and ferns) are also classified as trees if the height is more than 5 m
and as shrubs, if the height is less than 5 m. This category includes all the forest
Wastelands
cover with reasonable effort and which is currently underutilized and land which is
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(10.98%).
Salt-affected land
of canal irrigation water resulting in the rise of the water table and consequent
accumulation of salts in the root zone in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid (dry)
conditions and ingress of sea water in coastal regions and/or use of high-salt
containing ground water. They also become saline when soils have developed on
salt containing parent materials or have saline ground water. Coastal saline soils
may be with or without ingress or inundation by sea water. These lands are
This category has a similar description as mentioned in the dense scrub except
that they possess sparse vegetation or devoid of scrub and have a thin soil covers.
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The barren rock exposures are especially confined to hilly terrain with downslope
with rock outcrops, stony waste and fragments. The area under this category is
Water Bodies
This category comprises areas with surface water, either impounded in the form of
ponds, lakes and reservoirs or flowing as streams, rivers, canals etc. These are
seen clearly on the satellite image in blue to dark blue or cyan color depending on
the depth of water. Waterbody category occupies an area about 737.50 sq. km
River/Stream-Perennial
Rivers/streams are the natural course of water flowing on the land surface along a
River/Stream-Non Perennial
When the water covers the surface for less than nine months in each year, it is
considered non perennial. This also includes the dry part of river generally
the streams under non perennial category and contributes an area of 204.46 sq.
Km (1.16%).
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Canal/Drain
Canals and drains are artificial watercourse constructed for irrigation, navigation or
to drain out excess water from agricultural lands. It is found mostly in coastal
Reservoir/Tanks-Permanent
The reservoir is an artificial lake created by the construction of a dam across the
river specifically for hydel power generation, irrigation, and water supply for
domestic/ industrial needs, flood control, either singly or in combination. Tanks are
They are associated with croplands, low lands and reservoirs surrounded by hills
without vegetation. This includes all reservoirs/tanks with water spread seen at
least during one season in a year is considered under the permanent category.
Reservoir/Tanks-Seasonal
Dry reservoirs/tanks are those which do not have water spread throughout the
year are considered seasonal. It is found that many of the tanks fall under
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Slope data generated from DEM using GIS techniques produces triangular nature
slope polygons by using manual procedures. However, the slope generated from
GIS analysis can be used directly for any decision-making planning purpose. The
accuracy of the slope is dependent on accuracy of the DEM used for slope
generation. The DEM should not have spikes or dips which are common in
automatic DEM generation. Therefore, to use Carto DEM, conversion to bare earth
DEM has to be carried out before slope layer generation shown in fig: 9
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The total forest area in the district is 1802.42 Sq. km. accounting for 10 percent of
total geographical area of the district. The Kurnool forest division extends over the
entire Revenue limits in the district. The major parts of the forest are mainly
confined to the Nallamala including its extensions and Erramalas in the Kurnool
Division. Bamboo, along with timber species, occurs fairly over extensive areas in
the district. The important minor forest produce of the district are Beedi leaves,
the district can be divided into (1) the sub mountain forests, (2) forests on the
slopes, (3) plateau forests and (4) hill forests. The forest department has envisaged
certain schemes for development. The schemes, their potentiality of the area and
the quantum of amount required for implementation are being used effectively.
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Remote sensing technology has been successfully used by APSAC during the last
two decades in the areas of agriculture both in spatial and temporal domain under
various projects. APSAC carried out in-season forecasting of acreage for major
crops i.e. Kharif rice, Rabi rice, cotton, groundnut etc, at state/ district level for the
last two decades in Andhra Pradesh to enable the administrators and planners to
Rice and Cotton are the most dominant crops in Andhra Pradesh. In this
are generating data on conventional methods for estimation of crop area and
production. In this regard, satellite remote sensing plays a pivotal role with limited
field visits for timely for estimation and monitoring the crops.
Kurnool District is rich in regur and red ferruginous soils which constitute about 60
and 40 per cent, respectively. They are further classified as clay, loamy and sandy
soils. The black cotton soils are predominant in the Mandals of Pattikonda,
Nandyal, Allagadda, Koilkuntla, Nandikotkur and Adoni. In the Eastern part of the
district, red soil of a poor quality largely predominates. These soils, although
generally poor in fertility, yield a very good crop with a minimum rainfall. The crops
mainly raised are Jowar, cotton and pulses. Regur soil of superior quality is
available in the central section together with Kurnool and Pattikonda Mandals. It
responds well for paddy and Bengal gram. The availability of alluvial soil is quite
small and is confined to a few villages near the confluence of the Bhavanasi and
Krishna Rivers. It generally suits for raising mustard, wheat and black gram which
are valuable products shown in fig: 11 and 12
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District Survey Report - 2018
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Andhra Pradesh Space Applications Centre (APSAC) has carried out Kharif rice
crop acreage estimation over Kurnool district using Microwave Remote Sensing
(SAR) VV polarization data (Spatial Resolution 20m) is used for the analysis. The
rice acreage using sentinel-1 microwave remote sensing data for Kurnool district
3.3 Kharif and Rabi crop acreage Estimation using Optical Remote sensing data:
Remote sensing technology has been successfully used by APSAC during the last
two decades in the areas of agriculture both in spatial and temporal domain under
various projects. APSAC carried out in-season forecasting of acreage for major
crops i.e. Kharif rice, Rabi rice, cotton, groundnut etc, at state/ district level for the
last two decades in Andhra Pradesh to enable the administrators and planners to
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District Survey Report - 2018
Rice is the most dominant crop in Andhra Pradesh in both Kharif (July- October
rain-fed areas and other major crops are Groundnut, Cotton, Maize, Pulses,
methods for estimation of crop area and production. In this regard, satellite
remote sensing plays a pivotal role with limited field visits for timely for estimation
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District Survey Report - 2018
1 Kurnool 154238
1 Kurnool 195706
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Fruits and vegetables account for nearly 90% of total horticulture production in the
country. India is now the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the
world and is the leader in several horticultural crops, namely mango, banana,
papaya, cashew-nuts, areca nut, potato and okra. However the nature of
horticulture crops being such it’s not easy to make assessment of their production.
These crops, especially vegetables are grown in small plots, fields or in the
backyards of the houses and do not have single harvesting in most of the cases
which makes their assessment difficult. Many horticulture crops have multiple
pickings in a single season. Similarly many fruit trees are scattered, which do not
count for assessment. High quality of products in some of the horticulture crops
like ber, date palm, pomegranate, chillies, cumin, isabgol, curcubits and superior
quality products can be obtained in arid region. There is tremendous scope for
developing high value products from the indigenous produce such as capparis,
cucumis and from the other commercial arid horticulture crops. As a result of
research for the last two decades, considerable knowledge in arid horticulture has
been accumulated. Some of the horticulture crops (e.g. ber, aonla and bael) have
been identified which can be grown easily on a wide area of arid climatic
conditions. These crops will form an important component along with the
component crops of new and efficient cropping system in the arid regions.
In the arid zone, the population is scarce and scattered. The communication and
transportation system was poor in past time. But modern information technologies
and transportation means and methods offer good scope for the development of
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District Survey Report - 2018
farmers and collecting the technical information from different parts of the country
as well as arid zone horticulture of the world. Thus, modern communication and
transportation facilities encourage and widen the future scope of arid horticulture.
The arid horticulture is a new area of the horticulture development and it has a
great potential for the future development. In last two decades, considerable
knowledge has been accumulated in the field of arid horticulture and it has
already assumed a great importance for the development of the vast drought
prone and arid zone agriculture of India. Arid horticulture has a great and wide
scope in future in developing unproductive soil into productive soil of the arid
generation to the poor people of arid regions and reducing soil erosion and aridity.
horticultural species/ categories are collected for Kurnool District from the
Department of Horticulture, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh for 2017-2018. They are fresh
fruits, vegetables, plantations, spices, flowers, and medicinal & aromatic plants
and the information is presented in Tables 6-10. In each Table, the breakup of
each horticultural variety is given in terms of aerial extent (ha) and production
(MT).
1 Amla Area 0
Production 0
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District Survey Report - 2018
Production 50448
5 Custered Apple Area 0
Production 0
6 Grapes Area 0
Production 0
7 Guava Area 414
Production 15732
8 Jack Fruit Area 0
Production 0
9 Mango Area 8269
Production 115762
10 Papaya Area 421
Production 41468.5
11 Pineapple Area 0
Production 0
12 Pomegranate Area 352
Production 5632
13 Sapota Area 308
Production 4192
14 Muskmelon Area 72
Production 2421.36
15 Watermelon Area 129
Production 3880.32
16 Other Fruits Area 0
Production 0
Total Fresh Fruits Area 15849.705
Production 434026.43
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District Survey Report - 2018
From the Table-6, it is observed that there are twelve types of fresh fruits available
in Kurnool District. The total aerial extent of fresh fruits cultivated in Kurnool District
is 15849.705 ha with a production of 434026.43 metric tonnes. Among all the fresh
fruit varieties, Mango has the maximum aerial extent of 8269 ha with a production
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District Survey Report - 2018
Production 0
13 Bhendi Area 3720
Production 63240
14 Onion Area 32502
Production 795002
15 Parwal / Ponted Gourd Area 0
Production 0
16 Peas Area 0
Production 0
17 Potato Area 58
Production 986
18 Radish Area 63
Production 1134
19 Pumpkin Area 0
Production 0
20 Sweet Potato Area 0
Production 0
21 Tapioca Area 0
Production 0
22 Tomato Area 5012
Production 895588
23 Other Vegetables Area 3140
Production 75360
Total Vegetables Area 57735
Production 2119025
From the Table-7, it is observed that 26 varieties of plantations are grown in
Kurnool District. The total aerial extent of plantations cultivated in Kurnool District is
57735 ha with a production of 2119025 metric tonnes. Among all the plantation
varieties, Onion has the maximum aerial extent of 32502 ha with a production of
83272 MT.
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District Survey Report - 2018
From the Table-8, it is observed that 5 varieties of spices are grown in Kurnool
District. The total aerial extent of spices cultivated in Kurnool District is 34814 ha
with a production of 184114.9 metric tonnes. Among all the varieties of spices,
Chillies (Dried) has the maximum aerial extent of 25153 ha with a production of
6137 MT.
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District Survey Report - 2018
From the Table-9, it is observed that 07 varieties of flowers grown are in Kurnool
District. The total aerial extent of flowers cultivated in Kurnool District is 2094 ha
with a production of 18273 metric tonnes. Among all the flower varieties,
Crossandra has the maximum aerial extent of 658 ha with a production of 2171 MT
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District Survey Report - 2018
From the Table-10, it is observed that one variety of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant is
in Kurnool District. The total aerial extent of Medicinal & Aromatic Plant cultivated
The important rivers of the district are in Tungabhadra, its tributary the
Tungabhadra: It rises in the Western ghats and forms the boundary between
Kurnool district and the Doab. The river forms part of northern boundary of this
district and separates Kurnool from the Telangana area. It falls into the
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District Survey Report - 2018
Handri : The Handri is a tributary of the Tungabhadra. It flows through the taluk of
Pattikonda. During its onward course, it receives a stream from the Erramallas and
District. The Krishna enters Kurnool District at Kudali Sangam from where it forms
Kunderu: This river rises on the Western side of the Erramalais taking a northerly
course for a short distance passes into the Kunieru valley and flows in the
Southern direction, collecting drainage all along its course from either side flows
through Nandikotkur, Nandyala, Allagadda and Koilkuntla taluks and finally falls
Gundlakamma: The River takes its origin from the Nallamalai hills near
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District Survey Report - 2018
new technology, where high yielding varieties and multiple cropping is being
practiced. The main reasons for low yields are inadequate rainfall, uneven and
uncertain rains during the period of crop growth. It is generally found that the
shift from traditional cropping pattern to the most advantageous cropping pattern
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District Survey Report - 2018
irrigation projects are classified as major, medium and minor irrigation projects.
The major irrigation projects covering Kurnool district are Kurnool - Kadapa Canal
(K.C.Canal), Tunghabhadra Low Level Canal (TBP LLC), Aluru Branch Canal
Tunghabhadra Low Level Canal (TBP LLC) an extant of 1,51,134 acres, Aluru
Branch Canal (Tunghabhadra Project High Level Canal) an extant of 14,754 acres
and in Rajolibanda Diversion Scheme (Part) an extant of 9,204 acres are covered
and they fall under sixteen assembly constituents. The mandals covered are
Srisailam, Adoni, Alur, Mantralayam and Yemmiganur. The overall coverage under
major irrigation project is 3, 48,719 acres. The major ongoing irrigation projects are
NTR Telugu Ganga Project (TGP), Srisailam Right Bank Canal (SRBC), Ananta
Venkata Reddy Hundri Niva Sujala Sravanthi (HNSS) and Guru Raghavendra
Project (GRP) New ayacut (Stabilisation of ayacut), Under this ongoing projects
about 3,45,722 acres are covered that fall under eighteen assembly
Yemmiganur.
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District Survey Report - 2018
Project), Varadaraja Swamy Gudi Project (VRSP) and Zurreru Project. These
medium irrigation projects fall under seven assembly segments with an ayacut of
42,851 acres. The assembly segments covered are Alur, Kodumur, Pattikonda,
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District Survey Report - 2018
Andhra Pradesh Space Application centre developed a Web Portal GIS for Tank
Information System (TIS) in Andhra Pradesh. In the said web portal, minor
irrigation tanks are classified as more than 40 ha, 10 to 40 ha and less than 10 ha
command. Information related to nearly 15,000 tanks in Andhra Pradesh has been
published in APSAC website and information pertaining to 133 tanks of Kurnool
district has been published so far in the website (http://apsac.ap.gov.in:8090/tis). In
that information, all are > 40 ha categories. The tank-wise information is presented
with location details, hydrological details and other standard information related to
the tank.
4.4 Ground Water Scenario and Quality of the District
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District Survey Report - 2018
Ground water occurs in all the geological formations in Kurnool district and the
climate, drainage conditions and pollution. The groundwater in the western part
generally neutral to alkaline with its value of pH ranging from 7.00 to 8.5. The
chloride content here ranges from 28 to 525 ppm. The quality of groundwater in
Cuddapah and Kurnool Formations is generally inferior in the central and eastern
part of the district. The total dissolved solids in many places exceed 1000 ppm.
Water is generally alkaline in nature with pH from 7.3 to 8.4. The chloride content
ranges from 40 to 230 ppm. Saline zones exist in parts of Nandyal and Allagadda
taluks where chloride content is more than 500 ppm. The district has been
Velugodu , Nandyal and Allagadda areas are also good locations of moderate
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District Survey Report - 2018
and voids. The depth of weathered zone ranges from few centimetres to 18 m bgl.
joints and fissures extends down to depth ranging from 20 to 100 m bgl. The
shallow aquifers are developed through large diameter irrigation wells and
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District Survey Report - 2018
domestic wells. The depth of irrigation wells ranges from 4 to 26m bgl. Irrigation
zones, joint planes and bedding contacts. The depth of dug wells varies from 7-13
m bgl., with extension bores down to a maximum depth of 15 m. The yield of wells
under unconfined conditions in the top weathered zones and karstified horizons.
limited depth of 30 m bgl. The thickness alluvial aquifers varies from less <1 to
8.0m and depth to water ranges between 1.0 and 5.3 m bgl
vast distance across burrowed wells (6m). The water levels were brought down
and the yields from burrowed wells diminished and once in a while went away in
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District Survey Report - 2018
The depth to water levels range from 2.20 to 12.67 m bgl during May, 2012.
Deeper water levels of more than 10 m bgl are observed as scattered patches in
the district. However, water levels between 0-5 are observed in the central and
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District Survey Report - 2018
southern parts of the district. The depth to water level during pre-monsoon (May
The depth to water levels ranges from 0.47 to 22.0 m bgl during post-monsoon
(Nov.2011). The shallow water levels of less than 2 m are observed in north east
and south east part of the district during post monsoon period. The area with
the western part of the district and in isolated patches. The depth water level
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District Survey Report - 2018
ground water assessment was done for the year 2008- 2009. Ground water
resource available in the district is 37024 Ham in command area and 33849 Ham
water resource for future use is 37024 Ham in command area and 33849 Ham in
non-command area. Thus, the total resource available in the district for future
use is 70873 Ham. Over all, the district falls under safe category with a stage of
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District Survey Report - 2018
falling in safe category. Based on the stage of development, all the 54 mandals
The ground water in the district is in general suitable for both domestic and
irrigation purposes. The electrical conductivity ranges from 565 to 4343 micro
observed that EC values are more than 3000 micro Siemens/cm at 25 C in the
western part of the district. Out of the 918 villages of the district, 72 villages are
The District consists of two distinct physiographic provinces viz., the undulating
gneissic terrain with low denudational hills in the west and a sedimentary terrain
with structural plateaus and homoclinical ridges and valleys in the east. . The
Recent age. Nearly 40% of the District is underlain by hard rocks belonging to the
meta sediments of Kurnool group and 20% of meta sediments of Cuddapah super
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District Survey Report - 2018
Kurnool are categorized as hard rocks from ground water point of view. The soils
are mainly mixed red and black soils, red sandy soils and deep black soils.
Ground water samples were collected from 564 habitations out of 1573
habitations representing for two seasons i.e., post monsoon and pre monsoon in
December 2012 and June 2014 for the entire District. The water samples were
collected from Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Department (RWS & S) and
analyzed for physico-chemical parameters like TDS, TH, Cl, NO3, pH, F, Fe, TA and
SO4 using standard techniques in the laboratory and compared with the BIS
yellow and red colours indicate pre monsoon quality and +, - , Symbols indicate
respectively.
From the analysis, it has been observed that the ground water is polluted in pre
monsoon and post monsoon. About 25% of the area is under non potable
category due to high concentration of Nitrate, Fluoride and Iron. About 45% of the
area is in potable category and the remaining 30% of the area is covered in hills
and water bodies of the entire District. The occurrence and movement of ground
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District Survey Report - 2018
Half of the total irrigated area and most of the domestic needs of the district
depend on ground water. There are about 53,375 ground water structures, which
support the irrigation in the district. To meet the domestic water needs of the 918
villages, 12486 hand pumps and 580 seasonal bore wells and 1096 piped water
supply schemes through bore wells schemes are constructed. The wells have 1-2
m of water column and sustain pumping by 5 HP motors for 2 to 5 hrs. The yield of
wells varies from 40-150 cu.m/day during post-monsoon period. The fractured
aquifers are tapped by bore wells of 100 to 159 m deep. In general, the discharge
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District Survey Report - 2018
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District Survey Report - 2018
The important feature of the geology of the area is the large ENE-WSW trending,
the Tadpatri Shale form an in lier, exposed mainly in the core of the anticline and
along parts of the northern limb. The Tadpatri shale hosts sporadic copper
Quartzite are exposed along both the limbs and in the fold closure to the east. The
Kalava fault, which is a long ENE-WSW trending fault, runs along the northern limb
of the fold. To the south of this fault but having the same trend there is another
fault called the Chenakapalle fault. The northern limb of the anticline is steep, with
dips ranging from 30°/N to nearly vertical, while the southern limb has gentler dips
(20°/S). The dip at the fold closure is 15°/E. The area of the Kalava fault is
underlain by the Kundair Formation. However due to thick soil cover, it is not
exposed immediately north of the fault. The only exposures of this Formation are
seen in a few well sections and stream cuttings near the village Gani.
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District Survey Report - 2018
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District Survey Report - 2018
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District Survey Report - 2018
Kurnool district is well known for its mineral resources especially for limestone
deposits. Lime stones of this district are of flagstones, cement grade limestone
used by M/s Panyam Cements and Mineral Industries near Bugganipalli and high
calcium limestone used and other industries near Dhone. Narji limestone is found
The Narji lime stones contain both the massive and flaggy limestone. The massive
deposits are used in cement manufacture while the flags are quarried as building
calcareous flags and fine grained limestones are recognisable are somewhat
Bukkapuram: Lime stones are seen along a ridge near Jukkapuram. The limestone
in this area are of three types consisting of light grey brown or pink colure,
splintery limestone at the bottom, massive thick bedded light to dark bluish or ash
grey lime stones in the middle and dark grey calcareous flags at the top.
cement grade have been recognised based on their colour and other physical
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District Survey Report - 2018
limestones for their cement plant at Cement Nagar. Some of the bands are
Koilakuntla: Koilakuntla limestones are mostly light grey calcareous flags, and
massive grey. These are seen at the out crop along the course of Kunderu River.
Nandikotkur and southern parts of Sirvel. The Koilkuntla are quarried extensively at
places like Vijayawada & Joladursi etc., for use as building stones (slabs).
Varakur Area: Koilakuntla limestones overlying the pinnacle quartzite are seen to
the north and east of Varakur. The limestones are nearly horizontal and are flaggy.
Nagaluti Area: The limestones of this area are a continuation of those at Varakur
and are grey and flaggy. The limestones at base are thick bedded slaby and
both flux grade and cement grade limestones in this area. The total reserves of flux
grade limestone in this area are of the order 47 million tonnes of measured
category and 25 million tonnes of indicated category over an area of 4.68 sq.Km
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District Survey Report - 2018
There are smaller deposits of iron ore, barites, slate, steatite saline, efflorescence
and quartz. The magnetite, manganese, gold and asbestos occurrences in the
district are only of academic interest at present. There are several occurrences of
minerals which are copper, lead and zinc in the district, which await detailed
various places in Kurnool District. Calctufa is best developed in Vempalli and Narji
horizons close to perennial water courses. The tuffaceous limestones are white to
dirty white in colour. It is hard and porous. Large deposits of calctufa are found
area. The deposits of dhone sector are the richest in terms of quality.
Buff to light coloured high grade limestones occur near Malkapuram railway
station. These are hard massive very rich in calcium content and believed to have
been formed as a result of contact effect of dolomites with dolerite sills in Vempalli
formation. These limestones are being supplied to calcium carbide plant area
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District Survey Report - 2018
Hagari and to other paper and chemical industries in the state and outside the
state. There are 56 mining leases of which 52 are working. The G.S.I investigated
these areas for similar occurrences, as this type of limestone is in great demand.
They could indicate two or three probable horizons in Vempalli dolomite in Dhone
IRON ORE: Iron Ore occurs as fault fillings in association with cherts and
estimation of reserves of Iron Ore is around 4.5 million tonnes. There are 28 mining
leases in the District. Presently the ore is being supplied to Cement Plants and
CLAYS: These are the products of alteration of shales and occur also as beds in
Kommemarri, Jaladurgam R.F, Peapully of Dhone and Nandyal areas. The total
reserves are around 11 million tonnes. There are 18 mining leases (White Shale &
White Clay).
serpentinised dolomitic zones within the Vempalli formation. High Grade Steatite
occurs at Venkatagiri, Pendekal, L.Banda R.F & Rangapuram and inferior grade
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District Survey Report - 2018
Dhone areas. The GSI, NMDC and DMG have carried out exploration near
Munimadugu and Allahbad. Even now diamonds are picked up manually after
rains at the localities close to the conglomerate out crops. The M/s De Beers
GOLD: There are old workings for gold in hornblende schist and amphibolite at
Limited has filed mining lease application for gold and other precious minerals
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District Survey Report - 2018
over an extent of 600 Hectares and recommending the same for grant submitted
Somayajulapalli Villages. The GSI, NGRI and the DMG have conducted
investigation near Gani. Drilling was also conducted on the suggestion made by
NGRI. A reserve of 1.29 million of copper ore with 1.37 % Cu over a strike length of
1,100 meters and up to a depth of 300 meters was proved in Gani area.
seen with certified algal structure. The thickness of barytes veins has been noticed
to vary from 3 to 3.5 meters. The Barytes mineralization occurring as vein along the
fissures or joint planes within the trap rock is mostly of pure white to off – white
Kurnool, Kalva, Nandyal and Sirvel as veins, lenses and stringers associated with
quartzite and vempalli dolomite limestones. Off colour, white and snow white
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District Survey Report - 2018
barites occur in this district. The reserves are estimated at 1.9 Lakh tonnes. The
mineral is used in paint, textile and oil well drilling. There are three mining leases in
force at present.
GRANITES: The western part of the district falling in the erstwhile Taluks of Adoni,
gneisses. Pink granites of Adoni area are intrusive gneisses. These pink granites of
Adoni, Ballekallu, Rangapuram etc., and the intermixing of pink granites and
granitic gneisses has resulted in multicoloured granites which are quarried around
Kotakallu, Kuppagallu, etc. The Granite available in Adoni area is sold in the trade
name of Adoni Red and Mahagani. Apart from these, dolerite dykes are also being
barytes, steatite, clay iron ore and mineral pigments like red and yellow ochre.
Besides, building stones and limestone useful as flooring slabs are also available
in plenty.
Panyam Mandals. The resources of limestone are estimated to contain 3.7 million
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District Survey Report - 2018
tonnes. A calcium carbide plant and Rayalaseema Paper mills were established
the above two industries are not functioning. Besides these, large resources of
limestone useful in cement industries are found in the district. There are 3 major
cement plants in the district by name M/s Ultra Tech Cemco Limited (Formerly
L&T Limited) Cements, M/s Priyadarishini Cements & M/s Panyam Cement and
Mineral Industries. There is one Major unit held by M/s Rain Industries Limited
possibility to establish more Cement Industries in the District with the available of
SILICA SAND: A large deposit of Silica Sand is found associated with Panyam
Silica with less iron which is suitable in glass industry. Hence, it is suggested to set
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District Survey Report - 2018
Holagundha Mandal. The quartz available here is suitable for the manufacture of
Silicon carbide, ferrosilicon glass and sodium silicate. Hence basing on the quartz
reserves available, the above industries are suggested in this district. At present
IRONORE: Nearly 3.7 million tonnes of Iron Ore with 55 %to 58 % Fe is available in
available here is free from phosphorous and it is useful in sponge iron & Cement
OCHRES: Superior quality yellow ochre for the manufacture of paints and other
ceramic tiles industry. Hence, Bethamcherla village is a suitable location for setting
up a ceramic industry.
useful in paint industry as filler and in the manufacture of barium chemicals and in
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District Survey Report - 2018
NAPA SLABS: There are about 650 polishing units at Bethamcherla , Dhone ,
polished slabs of black, white, pink, light green types are being supplied to every
nook and corner within the state and also outside. The unpolished limestone slabs
are being consumed locally and are being supplied to other parts of the state and
country. It is a good building stone used for flooring and roofing. Few more
polishing units at Bethamcherla, based on the napa slabs available in and around
GRANTIES:- In recent period granite export has taken a prominent place in earning
Granite are being exported from the villages like Bellekallu , Rangapuram. Hence,
MOSAIC CHIP STONE: Lemon yellow and light green serpentine, along with white
dolomite and various shades of limestones are being used as Chipstone in Mosaic
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District Survey Report - 2018
based on the Mosaic Chipstone available in the above area. The Mosaic
Chipstone after crushing into various sizes is being transported to other states
the office of the Assistant Director of Mines & Geology with Head Quarters at
jurisdiction.
11. Kothapalli 12. Jupadubunglow 13. Mahanandi 14. Nandyal 15. Owk
16. Pamulapadu 17. Panyam 18. Rudravaram 19. Sanjamala 20. Sirvel
Physiography:
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District Survey Report - 2018
undulatory gneissic terrain with low denudational hills in the west and a
sedimentary terrain with structural plateaus and homo clinical ridges and valleys
in the East. The climate of the District may be described as semi arid with annual
rain fall ranging from 40-60 cm and the daily temperature varying from 18 to 43 C. 0
The Krishna River and its tributary Thungabhadra flow through the area in the
North.
Mineral Resources:
Kurnool District is well known for its mineral resources especially for
limestone deposits, like flagstones, Cement grade Lime stones. In the jurisdiction
of this office, there are a number of Mining Leases granted for Lime Stone Cement
Mandal
2) M/s. Ultra Tech Ltd.,( formerly L&T Ltd.,) near Bogasamudram Village,
Kurnool District
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District Survey Report - 2018
in the district. The Narji Limestones contain both massive and flaggy limestones.
The massive deposits are used in cement manufacture while the flags are
quarried as building material. The famous Napa Slabs of Black and Colour Slabs
are available in Narjy and Flaggy Limestones. Major Napa Slab Black quarries are
Mandal areas.
Limestone deposits are estimated and these deposits exist in revenue lands,
LIMESTONE: There are five Major units held by M/s Jaya Jothi Cements, M/s
Panyam Cements Mineral Industries, M/s Penna Cements Ltd, M/s Ultra Tech
Cements Ltd & M/s JSW Cements Ltd, at present in the jurisdiction of this office.
There is possibility to establish more Cement Industries in the District in the areas
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District Survey Report - 2018
NAPA SLABS: There are about 380 polishing units at Banaganapalle, Owk,
The polished slabs are being supplied to every nook and corner of the state and
also outside. The unpolished Limestones slabs (Black) are being consumed locally
and are being supplied to other parts of the state and country. It is a good building
stone used for flooring and roofing. Few more polishing units at Bethamcherla,
based on the napa slabs available in and around Bethamcherla can be started.
Road Metal: There are about 35 stone crushing units at Bhanumukkala Vg, of
References
▪ APSAC (2017a) Project Report on A.P. Road Information System, 26p.
▪ APSAC (2017b) Identification of potential sites for aquaculture development
in coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh using high resolution satellite data,
Project Report, 191p.
▪ APSAC (2017c) Ground Water Quality Mapping of Andhra Pradesh,
Technical Report, 40p.
▪ Buseck P.R., Tsipursky S.J. and Hettich R. 1992. Fullerenes from the
geological environment. Science 257, pp. 215-217.
▪ Buseck, P. R. (2002). Geological fullerenes: Review and analysis. Earth and
Planetary Science Letters, 203(3-4), pp781-792.
▪ CGWB (2013) Ground Water Brochure, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh,
Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India pp.25
▪ DES (2015) Hand Book of Statistics, Kurnool District, Chief Planning Officer,
Krishna, Machilipatnam, 284p.
▪ District Census Handbook (2011), Kurnool District, Directorate of Census
Operations Andhra Pradesh, serious 29.
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