114-10th Science - Ganga Guide - Full Notes - English Medium PDF Download

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eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Health eteipand eteiptip eteiptip eteipti497 - 518eteiptip eteiptip e
21
ss ss Unit Testsp-s21 519 - 521 sps
eteiptip eteiptip e teiptsips eteipti eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip e teiptsips eteipti
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Environmental Management 522 - 541
teiptsips teiptsips 22 tiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es es e es es e s es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
Unit
sb
c c Test - 22c c b sb b
cc sb b
cc s
b b s
542 -c543
c b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
ss ss ss ptsips ss ss sps - 547teiptsips ss

esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Visual esteiCommunicationesteiptip esteiptip esteipti544 e esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c
23
bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb cbcsbs
Unit Test - 23 548 - 549
ss ss s s ss ss ss s s ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eet i pt i p eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip ee p

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

(vii)
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
c bcsb
ss
esteiptip
c bcsb
ss
esteiptip
c bcsb
ss
esteiptip
c bcsb
ss
esteiptip
c bcsbPHYSICSss
esteiptip
c bcsb
ss
esteiptip
c bcsb
ss
esteiptip
c bcsb
ss
esteiptip
c bcsb
ss
esteiptip e
cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs


b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Unit-1: Laws of Motion GANGA  Science (Physics) 1
esteiptsips UNIT esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips LAWS

esteiptsips OF esteiptsips
MOTION esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1
ss ss ss ss teiptsips teiptsips ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip bcsbes e esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cImportant cbcsbs
Points c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 Mechanics is divided into statics and dynamics.
ss teiptsipsof a body ss ss iptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip  bcsbeAbility eteiptip eteiptip besteor motion eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c s cbcsbs to maintain
cbcsbsits state of
cbcsrest cbcsbiss called Inertia.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Moment of the couple is measured by the product of any one of the forces and the perpendicular
distance between two forces. ps
e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips sbestei t
ips psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t e
cbcsb  c bcsb c bcsb c bc c
SI unit of force is newton (N). C.G.S unit is dyne. bc c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
 When a force Facts on a body for a period of time t, then the product of force and time is known as
esteiptsips steiptsips
‘impulse’.
e esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 The unit of weight is newton or kg f.
ss Thesweights of a p body
s s is moreteip
ats the
s poles than s sat the equatorial
s s region. ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip estei tip es tip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb bcsb
 c Mass of acbody is defined bcsb
c as the quantity
c bcsb of matter bcsb bcsb
c contained inc the object. Its bcsb bcsb
c SI unit is kilogram
c cbcsbs
(kg).
ss sps weight psips psips ptsips s actiontipof
ptsipthe sips sps external psips
eteiptip  bcsbeApparent
steipti sbestei tis the cweight
sbestei tof the cbody
sbestei acquired due
sbestei to sbeset gravity and
esteiptiother sbestei t e
cbcsbs c forces c bc
on the body. bc bc c bc c bc c bcsb c bc cbcsbs
ss ss ss TEXT
ss BOOK sEVALUATION
s ss ss ss ss
I. Book Exercise – Choose the best answer
esteiptsip1.s Inertia
s
sipsa body depends
eteiptof s
s s on teiptsips
eteiptip e e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbweight
a. cbcsbobject
of the cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b sb s b
b.c caccelerationcdue
s
b s b s
b s
c to gravityc cof the planetc cb s
b s cbcsbs
c. mass of the object d. Both a & b
ss teiptsips teiptsips ss ss ss s sAns : (c)teipmass
s s of the object ss
esteiptip2. es es esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es tip esteiptip e
c bcsb c csb
Impulse
b is equal
bcs
c tob c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a. rate of change of momentum b. rate of force and time
ss c. change of momentum d. rate ofs change of mass
eteiptip psips psips psips iptsips iptips ss
eteiptip iptsips ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs sestei t
cbcb sestei t
cbcb sestei t cbcb s
cbcb
este s
cbcb
este
cbcbs Ans : (c)
s beste of momentum
cbcschange cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
3. Newton’s III law is applicable
a. for a body is at rest b. for a body in motion
ss ss psips psips ss sipsbodies with ss ss tiptsips
eteiptip esteiptipa and b
c. sb
both sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip d. bconly
eteiptfor eteiptipequal bmasses
eteiptip bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbc cbc cbc cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs c csbs c
Ans : (c) both (a) & (b)
cbcsbs
4. Plotting a graph for momentum on the X-axis and time on Y-axis. slope of momentum-time graph
teiptsips giveste ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
es esiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
b
cc s
b cbcsbImpulsive force
a. cbcsb sb cbcb
b.cbcAcceleration
s s b
c.cbc1/Force cbcsb s
bcb of forcecbcb
d. cRate
s cbcsbs
Ans : (c) 1/F)
s5.s In which s sof the following s s sportteithe s sturning tof seffect
s of force s sused ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip b. bcstennis
es ptip eseiptip c. bccycling
esteiptip esteiptip d. hockey
c bcsb a.
c bcsswimming
b c bcsb c b c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (c) cycling
6. The unit of -2
ss s s ‘g’ is mtipstsip.sIt can betipalso
t–1sips
expressed sas
s ss ss tsips ss
eteiptip a.bcsb
cm t
esesi pt i
–1p
b. N kg eteiptip c. bcN eteip2tip –1 eteiptip d. cm e2 teip–2 eteiptip
c sbsm kg cbcsbs cbcsbss
e e e e e
cbcsbs c cbcbs s s
cbcb s cbcsbs cbcsbs –1 cbcsbs
Ans : (b) N Kg
7. One kilogram force equals to
ss sips ss ss ss ps4 dyne eteiptsips d. 980etdyne
eiptsi10 iptsips tiptsips
eteiptip eteiptdyne
a. s9.8 eteiptip b. bcs9.8 eteip×tip104 N bcsbesteiptip c. bc98 et× bcsbse bcsbes4e e
cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs c bs c c sbs cbcsbs cAns c
: (c) 98 × 10 dyne cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

2 GANGA  Science (Physics) Xth Std  Unit-1
8. The mass sipsof a body is measuredpon
e teiptsips e teiptthe e teiptsipsits valuee tsips planet
teiwill e
Earth as M kg. When it is taken
teiptsips kgsbesteiptsips e teiptsips
to a planet
e teiptsips
of radiusphalf
e tei tsips e
b
cc s
b s that
ccb s
b of
s Earth
b
cc s
b then
s b
cc s
b s be __________
b
cc s
b s b
cc b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s ccb s
b s cbcsbs
a. 4 M b. 2M c. M/4 d. M
ss tsips sps ptsips sips ss s
eiptsip the s s Ans : (c) M/4
ss
esteiptip9. esteipEarth esteiptito esteiits esteiptits esteiptip estsame, esteiptip of abcbody
esteiptipon e
c bcsb If
c bcs
the
b c bcs
shrinks
b 50%
c bcs
of
b real c bcs
radius
b mass
c bcsremaining
b c bcs
theb c bcsweight
b c s
b cbcsbs
the Earth will
a. decrease
s by 50% b. increase
s by 50% c. decrease
s by 25% d. increase sby 300%
ss s ss s ss s iptsips sip tsips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e te esteiptdecrease esteip25% e
cbcb s cbcs:b(c)
Ans cbcsbby cbcsbs
10. To project the rockets whice of the following principle(s) is /are required?
a. Newton’s
ss sips third law sipofs motion teiptsips sips b. Newton’s sips law of tgravitation
psips ss ss
eteiptip c. ti
e pt
es of conservation
e tei pt e e ti
e pt tei p
sbes a and ccbcsbesei t
t eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsblaw cbcsbs of linear cbcsbsmomentum cbcsbs d.cbcboth cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (d) both (a) and (c)
s Book Exercise
teiptsipII. teiptsips – Fill s blankstiptsips
ptsipthe
teiin teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es es ee e e e e e e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
1. To produce a displacement __________ is required. Ans : Force
2. Passengers lean forward when sudden brake iss applied in asmoving vehicle. This can sbe
t i ptsips t i ptsips t i ptsips t iptsips t i ptips t i ptips ti ptsips t i pt ps explained
iInertia t i
by
ptsips
e s e __________
e s e e s e e s e e s e es e e s e Ans
es e : of emotion
s e e
cbcsb cbcsb bcsb
c bcsb
c bcsb
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c cbcsbs
3. By convention, the clockwise moments are taken as __________ and the anticlockwise moments are taken
as __________. Ans : Negative, Positive
ss iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips ss ss
eteiptip ete t
bcsbeseto change este speed ofbcscar.
ete ete ete eteiptip Ans eteiptip
cbcsbs 4. __________ iscused cbcsbthe cbcsb:sGears
e
cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
5. A man of mass 100 kg has a weight of __________ at the surface of the Earth. Ans : 980 N
ss teiptsips ss teiptsips thesbstatement
s s if it is sips ss ss ss
eteiptipIII. Book eExercise eteiptipor False
– True e(correct eteiptip eteiptfalse) eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1. The linear momentum of a system of particles is always conserved.
Ans : False. The linears smomentum sofs a system of particles is always conserved only if nosexternal force is
teiptsips iptsips
t
applied. iptip
ete iptip ete iptsips iptsips
ete iptsips ete iptips eteiptsips ete ete
b
cc s
bes bsbese
cc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
2. Apparent weight of a person is always equal to his actual weight.
Ans : False. Apparent weight and actual weight is not equal during upward or downward motion.
ss ptsips ptsips ptsips ptsips ptsips ptsips ptsips ss
esteiptip3. estei estei e stei estei estei estei estei esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcs
Weight
b of a body
c bcsb is greater
c bcs
atb the equator
c bcsband less at
c bcs
the
b polar c bcs
region.
b c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1
Ans : False. Weight of a body is lesser at the equator and more at the polar region as g α __ .
R2
ss psipasnut with s
pasipspanner psips a short sips is soteieasy
psips than one ps a long
psiwith sips psips
eteiptip4. Turning
sbestei t sbestei t
having
sbestei t
handle
p
sbestei t sbes t sbestei t
phandle.
sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
Ans : False. Moment of force in longer handle is easy than one with a short handle. c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
5. There is no gravity in the orbiting space station around the Earth. So the astronauts feel weightlessness.
ss s
eiptsip Apparent psips sps psips ptsips psips psips psips
eteiptip Ansse:stFalse. sestei t weight issezero.
steipti They are
sestinei tthe statesof
esteiweightlessness.
sestei t sestei t sestei t e
cbcsbs cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcsbs
IV. Book Exercise – Match the following
teiptsips Column
iptsips I
te teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips Column
teiptsips II sbesteiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es es es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
1. s
b
c c Newton's b s
b
c cI law b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
(a)c c propulsion b
c of
c a rocket c cb s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
2. Newton's II law (b) stable equilibrium of a body
ss 3. Newton's III p law s s (c) law sofsforce teiptsips
esteiptip iptsips
este
ss
estei tip
ss
esteiptip momentumesteiptip (d) bcsbflying
esteiptip nature eof
s
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb 4.
c bcsb Law of conservation
c bcsb of
c bcslinear
b c bcsb c c bcsb bird c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans :
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip pColumn
sips I ipts
ete ip
s ss
eteiptip
s s Column
esteiptip
sIIs
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs sbestei t
c1bcsbsNewton'scIbclaw cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb
b stable equilibrium of a body c bcsb cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
2 Newton's II law c law of force
ss teiptsips IIIsbelaw
teiptsips ss ss sps teiptsips ss ss
eteiptip 3 eNewton's eteiptip eteiptip d bcflying
eteiptinature of ebird eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4 Law of conservation of linear momentum a propulsion of a rocket

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

s Book Exercise
teiptsipV. teiptsips – Assertion
teiptsips andsbeReason
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es es s es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Mark the correct choice as
a) If both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of
s s teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
t
ese i pt i p eassertion.
s esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b csb
c If both the
b)
b csb
c assertion and bcsb
c the reason bcsb
c are true, but bcsb bcsb
c the reason cis not the correct
c bcsb bcsb
c of the
explanation cbcsbs
assertion.
s s c) Assertion
teiptsips is true, spsbut the reason
teiptsips is false. teiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip d)bcsbeAssertion steipti butcthe
csbefalse, bcsbesreason csbes eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c s cbis iscbtrue. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1. Assertion: The sum of the clockwise moments is equal to the sum of the anticlockwise momen.
ss Reason:
tiptsips The principle
s s of conservation
ss of momentum
ss is validpsipsif the external psipsforce onestthe
psipsystem
s is zero.
psips
eteiptip ee eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sb ei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbsAns : (b)cb c bc bc
both the assertion and the reason are true, but the
c c c bc cbcsbs
reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion
esteiptsip2.s esteiptsips
Assertion: esteiptsipsof 'g' decreases
The value esteiptsips as height
es
ps depthetincreases
teiptsiand s eiptsip
s fromes tsipssurface
teipthe eof
s
sips Earth. teiptsips
teiptthe e e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
Reason: b sb
c cdepends oncthe
'g' b s
b
c mass of the b s
b
c cobject and cthe b s
b
c Earth. c c b s
b ccb s
b cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Assertion is true, but the reason is false
ss eiptsip
s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptipVI. Book estExercise – Answer
esteiptip briefly esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
1. Define inertia. Give its classification.
ss The inherent propertysof a body tosresist any change in its statesips of rest t(or) the state ofsuniform motion,
eteiptip unless
e teipittsipissinfluenced
e te ps
iptiupon by an
e te ptips
iexternal t iptsips force
unbalanced
e e e t
iseiptknown as iptsips
Inertia.
e e e teiptips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s cbcbs
s cbcsbs
Types of Inertia :
 Inertia of rest.
ss teiptsips of motion. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip bsbeInertia eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Inertia of direction.
2. Classify the types of force based on their application.
teiptsips The
psips
etei t ti t psips ti t psips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
cbcsb2s types ofcforces
bcsbese are, cbcsbese
es es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 Like parallel forces.
 Unlike parallel forces.
ss iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips
esteiptip3. If ete esteN forcesbcsbare
ete csbes
te te
csbes another. beste the resultant
ete forcebcsand
ete e
c bcsb cbcasbs5 N andcabcsb
15 c s actingcbopposite tocb
one cbcsFind cbcsbs c bs the cbcsbs
direction of action of the resultant force.
Resultant Force = F2 – F1
ss ss ss tsips – 5Nsesteiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip =te
e ip15N eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 10N.
4. Differentiate mass and weight.
S.No. Mass Weight
1 ips Fundamental quantity ips Derived quantity
esteiptsips estetips esteiptsips estetips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c2 b
It is the s
b
c c amount ofcmatter bcsb b
containeds
b b s
b b s
b
c c in a bodyc c It is the gravitational
cc b
pull s
b
c cacting on the b s
b
c cbody cbcsbs
3 It's unit is kilogram It is measured in newton
ss s
iptsipRemains
4este teiptsip s ss ss teiptsips from splace ss ss ss
esteiptip ethe
s same esteiptip esteiptip esVaries esteiptipto place esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bc
c 5sb c bcsb c bcsb
It is measured using physical balance
c bcsb c bcsb c bc b c
It is measured using spring balance
bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
5. Define moment of a couple.
ss sps sps sps sps sps sps sps sps
eteiptip The teipti of actionsbeof
eline ti two forces
teipthe eteiptidoes not teipti
ecoincide. Itbdoes i produce
eteiptnot ti translatory
eteipany eteiptimotionbcsince
eteiptithe e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs
resultant is zero. But a couple results in causes the rotation of the body. Rotating effect of a couple is known
as moment of a couple.
ss s s Moment ss ptsipsF × S esteiptsips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptipof couple
sbestei = sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcM c bcsb
= F × S. (S I Unit is Nm) c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

6. State the
psipsprinciple pofsipmoments.
esteiptsips estei t estei t s
es psips
tei t esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
When
c c a number
b b s
b b s
c cof like or unlike
b b s
c c parallel forces
b b s
c c act on ac rigid
c body and
b b s
b b s
c cthe body isc inc equilibrium,
b b s
c cthen the
b cbcsbs
algeberic sum of the moments in the clockwise direction is equal to the algebraic sum of the moments in the
anticlockwise direction. s
ss ptsips s ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip7. estei esteiptip law.bcsbesteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb State
c bcsb Newton’s c bcsecond
sb c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
The force acting on a body is directly proportional to the rate of change of linear momentum of the body and
the changes in momentum s takes placesin the direction s of the force.s
ss tiptsip tiptsip tiptsip tiptsip tiptsip s tiptsip s tiptsip s s
eteiptip ee bese a longcbhandle
e ee
csbes is preferred ee ese vehicles?
ee eteiptip e
cbcsbs 8. cbcsbsa spanner
Why cbcswith cbcsbs to tighten
cbcsbs screwscin
bcsbheavy cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
The turning effect of a force is called moment of force.
ss Moment sofsForce = Force × Perpendicular distance
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptip e
= teipFtsip×s d e teiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
For the spanner with a long handle, 'd' is large. Therefore the moment of force is also large and hence
it is easier to rotate the object (nut).
teiptsip9.s ete iptsips este iptsips iptsips
beste fielderclowerst ete iptsips ete iptsips iptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b es While
cbcsbs catching
cbcasbcricket ball
cbcsthe bcsbese his hands
cbcsbs backwards.
cbcsbsWhy? b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
In cricket, a fielder pulls back his hands while catching the ball. He experiences a smaller force for a longer
interval of time to catch the ball, resulting in a lesser impulse on his hands.
ss s
eiptsip an astronaut ss sps ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip10. How estdoes esteiptip float esteiaptispace
in esteiptip
shuttle? esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
On the astronaut there is no external force on him due to planet or space ship. By the first law of motion the
acceleration on him is zero. So he floats.
eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip the given
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs VII. Book
cbcsbs Exercise
cbc–sbSolve cbcsbs problems
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1. Two bodies have a mass ratio of 3:4 The force applied on the bigger mass produces an acceleration
of 12 ms -2
ss sps.What could
spsbe the acceleration
sps of the
sps other body,
spsif the samespforce
s acts on
spsit. sps
eteiptip eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti e
Let mass of the body A = 3 m
Mass ofsthe body B =s 4 m
esteiptsips esteiptsips es ptips
teiForce appliedesteip=tips
F esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb ccb sb b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
For body A
ss F =s mass × acceleration
esteiptip e tei ptsips e tei ptsips e tei ptips esms
sips
teipt–1 ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb F
s = 3m ×c 12
bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
F = 36 N.
For body Bs
ss s ss ss sps ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip steipti eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbFs = masscb× csbeacceleration e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Force
Acceleration = Mass
ss psips psips psips psips psips ss ss ss
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t 36 Ncbcsbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c b
=c c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4m
= 9 ms2.
teiptsip2.s Acbball
iptsips
te iptsips
estemoving bwith
ete iptsips
te ms-1 rebounds iptsips
ete afterbcasbeperfect
te iptsips
ete iptsips
sbeste the iptsips iptsips
b
cc s
b es csbes of masscb1csbkg c csbs a speed
cbcof
sbes10 cbcsbs c s elastic
cbcsbs collision
cbcwith
e
cbcsbs
floor. Calculate the change in linear momentum of the ball.
ss ss ss tsip1s kg sesteiptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptipof thebcball
Mass esteip= esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c sb cb
cb–1 c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Initial speed = 10 ms
Final speed = –10ms–1 (rebounds)
ss s s s s iptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip p eteiptip
eteiptiin momentum
Change
beste bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsDP c
= mV – mu
c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
DP = 1 × (–10) – 1 × 10
ss ss ss s – 10 tiptsips
tsip–10 tiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip ip=
beste bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsDP c
= –20 kg m/s. c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

3. A mechanic sips unscrew pasnut by eapplyingsips a force of
ps 140 N ewith psa spanner of slength 40pcm. What should
esteiptsips be e
thesteiptlength of e
the
steiptsispanner ifstaeiptforce of e
40steiNptsiis applieds eiptsiunscrew
tto e teiptsipsame
the
s e
nut?stei tsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccbsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
ss Equatings the torque insboth the cases.

esteiptip tei ptips tei ptips tsipFs l sesteiptsips
els1teip=
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
c bcsb c bcsbes c bcse
b s c F
bcs
1b 2 2cbcb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb e
cbcsbs
140N × 40cm = l2 × 40N
140 N × 40 cm
ss iptsips iptsips l2te tsips 40sNesteiptsips
ip= ss ss ss ss
eteiptip e te e te e eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
l2 = 140 cm.
ss ss ss l2 p=s
ip1.4
s m. ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip estei t esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs 4. cbcsbratio of masses
The cbcsb cbcsplanets
of two b bcsb and the cratio
is c2:3 bcsb of theircbradii
csb is 4:7cFind
bcsb the ratio
cbcsof
b their cbcsbs
accelerations due to gravity.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsipsGM sbesteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
c cg = 1 cbc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1 R12
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip tsipsGM2 2 sesteiptsips
ip=
ges2te
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb R 2 cbcb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
M1 : M2 = 2 : 3
ss ss s s R1 : R2teip=s 4s : 7 psips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e tip sbest2ei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsgb1s GM1 c bc R cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= × 2
g2 R12
GM2
ss psips psips psips psips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t M1 ×cRbc2sbestei t
2
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c bc
= 2 c bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
R1 M2
teiptsips t i ptsips t i ptsips t i ptsips 2 × (7)t2eiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips

es = e e e e e e es e e e e e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs (4)2 cbcsb3 b
cc s
b s b
ccsb s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
2 49
ss = s s s s s s16 × 3 tiptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip eet i pt i p eet i pt i p ee t i pt i p
bcsbese esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs 98 c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
=
48
ss s s s s s s ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eet i pt i p eet i pt i p ge1 e 49
t i pt i p eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsgbs = 24 . cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
2
s VIII.
s BooktipExercise
ss – Answer
tiptsips in detail ss ss psips ss ss ss
eteiptip e etip bcsbeseof inertia? eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 1. What cbcsbs are the ctypes cbcsbsGive an example
cbcsbs c bc
for each type. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
There are 3 types of Inertia. They are;
teiptsips teiptsips at rest
 Inertia teip:tsips The teipresistance
tsips ofteipatsipbody
s to change teiptsipsits state tof
eiptsiprest is b
s calledteiptinertia
sips of rest. teiptsips
es es es es es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c Examplec: bcsb b s b
c cWhen you vigorously b
cc s
b b sb
c c the branches
shake b sb
c c of a tree,csome csb bcsb
of the cleaves and cbcsbs
fruits are detached and they fall down (Inertia of rest).
ss  Inertia s s of motion s :
s The resistance
ss of s a sbody to change s s its state s ofs motiontiis scalled
s inertia s of
s
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eseptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsmotion.
b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Example : An athlete runs some distance before jumping because this will help him jump
ss longer sipand
s higher.
eteiptip teiptsips of direction
teiptsips : sThe teiptresistance ss
esteipatipbody to
ss
esteiptip its direction
ss
eteiptip of motion eteiptip
ss psips
sbestei t of
cbcsbof cbcsbchange cbcsbs is called cbcinertia
eInertia e e e
cbcsbs 
cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcb s cbcsbs cbcsbs
direction.
Example : When a bus turn towards right, the passangers are thrown towards left.
eteiptip ete beste of motion?ete ete ete ete ete ete
cbcsbs 2. State
cbcsbs Newton’s
cbcslaws
e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Newton's First Law : This law states that everybody continues to be in its state of rest (or) the state of

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

uniform imotion along iapts
straight line iunless it is acted upon by some external force.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteptsips este ips esteptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
Newton's
b b s
c c Law : According
Secondb ccb s
b b s
to thisclaw,
b bcs
c the forcec acting
b on a body
b s
b bcs
c c is directlyc proportional
b b s
ctoc the rate
b cbcsbs
of change of linear momentum of the body and the change in momentum takes
place in the sdirection of the force.
ss ptsips ptsips ptsip ptsips ptsips tsips is an s
eiptsip andbsoppositess
esteiptip Newton's
estei Third Law
estei : Newton's estei third law tei
states
es that foresteievery action,esteipthere estequal esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c c b cbcsbs
reaction. They always act on two different bodies.
3. Deduce the s equation of a force using Newton’s second law ofs motion.
ss iptsiphelps tsips ptsips iptsipsSo it issalso
teiptsip sps ss ptsips
eteiptip This te
law us toteipmeasure the teiamount of te
force. steipti of force". eteiptip sbesteimass
cbcbs calledcas bcsbe"law cbcsbsLet 'm' be cbcthe
e e e e e e
cbcsbs cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcsbs
of a moving body, moving along a straight line with an initial speed 'u' after a time interval of 't', the velocity
of the body changes to 'v' due to the impact of an unbalanced external force 'F'.
ss sips ps body ePteip=
iptsithe s
tsipmu tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip Initial
csbes
teiptmomentum tof
bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbFinal c
momentum of the body Pf = mv c bcsbsi c c c c c cbcsbs
Change in momentum P = Pf – Pi
esteiptsips este s
i ptsi p esteiptsips e s
s – mu tiptsips
tsipmv
teip= es e esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b sb
c cNewton's second
By
b sb
c c law of motion, ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
Force, F a rate of change of momentum.
ss F a change ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip in momentum esteiptip / time. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb
c mv – mu c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Fa
t m(v–u)
F = Ks
ss s s s s s t este psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip pi
sbestei t
p pi
sbestei t
p pi
sbestei t
p
sb i t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs c bc c bc c bc c bc
Here K is the proportionality constant. K=1 in all systems of units. Hence, c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
m(v–u)
ss s s F =s s
eteiptip etei tp si p p
etei t
si p etei tp i p t seste iptsips ss
eteiptip eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcb in velocity
change cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
since acceleration =
time
(v–u)
esteiptsip s
easte tsip
ip= s
esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb b
tc c
sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
Hence we have
F = m×a
ss s s s s Forcetip= ss teiptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip t
ese i pt i p t
ese i pt i p esetipmass b× eacceleration
s esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb
No external
bcsb
c force is required c bcsb
to maintainc csb
the motion
bcsb
c of a body movingc bcsb c bc
with uniform
sb bcsb
velocity.c When the cbcsbs
net force acting on a body is not equal to zero, then definitely the velocity of the body will change.
ss tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip ee ese law of bconservation
ee e
sbeslinear ee eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 4. cbcsbs and prove
State cbcsbthe c csbs cbcof cbcsbs
momentum. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
There is no change in the linear momentum of a system of bodies as long as no net external force acts on
them.
ss ss iptsips ss ss psips ss ss ss
eteiptip Let eteiptip eteiptip
besteof conservation esteiptip eteiptip
sbestei tthe following eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbuss prove the
cbcslaw cbcsbs of linear
cbcsbmomentum cbcwith cbcsbs illustration.
e
u1 u2 FA FB V1 V2

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b m b
1 c c
sb
m
b s
b
cc m 1
b s
b
c cm b s
cmc1b b
mc2 c
sb b
cc s
b cbcsbs
2 2
A A B A
B B
c bcsb bcs
Proof
c b : Let twobcsb
c bodies A and bcsb
c B having masses
c bcsb bcsb bcsb
m1 and cm2 move withc initial velocitybcsb bcsb
c u1 and u2 inc a straight cbcsbs
line. Let the velocity of the first body be higher than that of the second body. i.e., u1 > u2. During an interval
ss of timep't' s ssecond, they s tend
s to have a colliusion.ps After
s the impact, s s both them smove alongpthes s same straight
eteiptip estei tipa velocityeteiptip teiptsips etei tip eteiptip eteiptip
s
etei tip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs line
cbcsbwith csbes
cbcsbsV1 and V2cbrespectively. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
Force on body B due to A
m2(v2–u2)
ss ss ss F B = ps ips psips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip i
ses t t
te sestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcb cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Force on body A dueiptto B
esteiptsips esteiptsips este sips m es(v
ips
teipts–u ) e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
FA=c c 1 1 1 c c b s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
t
By Newton's III law of motion,
ss ss tsips Force s
tsipReaction teiptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteipAction esteip= esForce esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
FA = – FB
m (v –u ) _ m (v –u )
ss = s s s s 1 1 1 tiptsips 2 2 t2iptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eet i pt i p eet i pt i p t ee t ese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbsm V + m cbcsbVs = m ucbc+sbm cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 u2
ss The sabove equation s confirms in

sipsthe absence of an externals force, the algebraic sum ofsmomentum after
eteiptip e teiptsiis
collision
p teiptsipequal
numerically
e to the
e teiptalgebraic sum
e teiptsipofs the momentum
e teiptips before
e tsips
teipcollision. e teiptips e teiptsips e
cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs
Hence the law of conservation of linear momentum is proved.
5. Describe
ipsipsrocket propulsion.
esteiptsips estet ipsips
estet esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
ccs
b Propulsioncof
b s bcs
c rockets is cbased
b b b s
on theclaw
c of conservation
b b
cc s
b of linear
b s
c cmomentumc as
b b s
c well as Newton's
b b
cc s
b III cbcsbs
law of motion.
ss  Rockets are filled swith a fuel in s the propellantsptank.
esteiptip e tei ptsips e tei ptips e teiptips teipti as hot gas
esand estis ps
eiptsiejected ss
esteipatiphigh speed tsips
esteipfrom
ss
esteiptipof e
c bcsb 
c bcsb W
s hen the rocket
c bcsb s is fired,
c this
bcsb s fuel is burnt
c bcsb c bcsb c bwith
csb c bcsb the
c bnozzle
csb cbcsbs
the rocket, producing a huge momentum.
 To balance this momentum, an equal and opposite reaction force is produced in the combustion chamber,
ss iptsipsmakessthe sips ps
iptsiforward. iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips ss
eteiptip ewhich
te e teiptrocket project
e te e te e te e te e te eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcbs s cbcb s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcsbs cbcsbs
While in motion, the mass of the rocket gradually decreases, until the fuel is completely burnt out.
 Since, there is no net external force acting on it, the linear momentum of the system is conserved.
ss s
eiptsipmass of sips decreases ss ss teiptsips in thesbesgradual
teiptsips increase spsvelocity tof sps
eteiptip  eTsthe
eteiptrocket
the eteiptip withbcsaltitude,
eteiptip which eresults eteiptiin e eiptithe e
cbcsbs cbcsbrocket. cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 At one stage, it reaches a velocity, which is sufficient to just escape from the gravitational pull of the
e teiptsips teiptsipsThis velocity
Earth. teiptsipsis called escape
teiptsips velocity.teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b s c bcsbes c bcsbes bcsbes bcsbes bcsbes bcsbes bcsbes e
cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
6. State the universal law of cgravitation and
c derive itscmathematical
c expression.c
This law states that every particle of matter in this universe attracts every other particle with a force. This
ss force tis sps ss sps ss s s sips square tof sps
esteiptip eseiptidirectly proportional
esteiptip to the
esteiptiproduct of ttheir
eseiptip masses estand
eiptsip inverselyestproportional
eiptsip esto
teiptthe eseiptithe e
c bcsb b sb
distance
c c between b sb
c the centers
c b sb
c of these masses.
c c bcsb c b sb
The direction
c b sb
of thec force acts along
c c bcsb b sb
the line cjoining the
c cbcsbs
masses.
ss Force
s s between the
s s masses tis salways
s attractives s and it does s not
s depend sons the medium s swhere they sare
s
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e eiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
placed. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
F1 F2
m1 m2
r
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e

b
cc s
b b s
b
c c Let, m and b s
b b
c c m be thecmasses
csb b sb
c cbodies A and
of two
b sb b
c cB placed r metre s
b b
c c apart in cspace
csb b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1 2
Force F a m1 × m2
ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip ese F a 1bcsbesteiptip
t i pt ip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb cr2 c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
On combining the above two expressions
ss s s m ×m s s ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptipF a b1csb2esteip2tip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c r cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
G m1m2
ss ss F =
teiprtsips psips psips psips psips ss psips
2
eteiptip eteiptip e sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t esteiptip sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb s c bc c bc c bc c bc
Where G is the universal gravitational constant. Its value in SI unit is 6.674 × 10 N m kg . c bcsb–11 2 c b
–2c cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

7. Give the
ipsipapplications
ipsipof
s universal
ipsiplaw
s gravitation.
esteiptsips estet s
estet estet e stetipsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
c c Dimensions
b b s
b b s
c cof the heavenly
c c bodies can
b b s
c cbe measured
b b sb b
cc s
c cusing the gravitation
b b s
law. cMass
c of the Earth,
b b s
c c radius
b cbcsbs
of the Earth, acceleration due to gravity, etc. can be calculated with a higher accuracy.
ss  It helps in discovering new stars and planets.s s
esteiptip e tei ptsips e tei ptsips e tei ptsips estars teiptsips leadsbeto
teiptipis calledsbe'Wobble' tsips
teipthe ss
esteiptipin the bmotion
ss
esteiptipof e
c bcsb 
c bcsb One
s of the
c birregularities
csb s cin
b csthe
b s motionc of
bcsb s c bc s c bc s disturbance
c bcsb c csb cbcsbs
a planet nearby. In this condition the mass of the star can be calculated using the law of gravitation.
 Helps to explain germination of roots is due to the property of geotropism which is the property of a root
ss teiptsips s
eiptsipgravity.bsbesteiptsip
s ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eresponding toetthe eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Helps to predict the path of the astronomical bodies.
s IX.
s Book tExercise
ss – HOT
teiptsipquestion
s tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip e eiptip csbes bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs 1. Two cbcsbsblocks ofcbmasses c c c c c
8 kg and 2 kg respectively lie on a smooth horizontal surface in contact with c cbcsbs
one other. They are pushed by a horizontally applied force of 15 N. Calculate the force exerted on the
2 kg mass.
b
cc s
b s
b
Solution
b
cc bcsb
: If 2cblocks s
b
are ofcmass
bc 8 kg and sb
c c2 kg
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
15 N
8 kg 2 kg
ss ss ss tsips× a sesteiptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip Dataesteiptip esteiptip F =
esteipm esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb T cbcb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
m1 = 8 kg
m2 =p2s kg 15 = (8 + 2) × a
ss i tips ss teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip t eteiptip 15bcsbe eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
c =s 10 × a cbcsbs
e e e
cbcsbs cbm
cbT = Total mass
s s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 8+2 15 N 3
= 10kg a = = ms-1
10 kg 2
Force exerted by block 2 (2 kg)
So F = m × a
esteiptsips estei ptsips
estei ptsips
esteiptsips 3 sbesteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b s
b
c c = 2 × cbc
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
2
Exerted Force = 3 N.
esteiptip2. te
csbes truckcand
Acbheavy te are moving
bcsbesbike ete te
bcsbessame ete sbestemass ofcbthe te
csbestruck is cfour
te
bcsbestimes e
c bcsb cbcsbs withcthe kinetic
cbcsbsenergy. cIfbcthe cbcsbs
that of the bike, then calculate the ratio of their momenta. (Ratio of momenta = 1:2)
Solution : According to kinetic energy,
Since K.E are equal
ss ss 1 1 Data
eteiptip eteiptip e ipt1sipv1s2 = semste2ipvtsi2p2 s
tm
e ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e teiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs s
cbc2
b s cb2cb cbcsbs cbcsbs s
b s
cbc m1 = Truck cbcsbmass cbcsbs cbcsbs
m1 v2 m2 = Bike mass
= 22
v1
teiptsips teiptsips tei ptsim
ps2 teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
v = psTruck velocity
tveip1tsi= teiptsips teiptsips
es es es es es es es Bike e
velocity
s es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
c c 4m1 = cvc2
b b s
2b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
cc 2 ccb s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
v12 Given K.E are equal
m 2 m1 = 4m2
ss ss ss ss ss ss s
eiptsip of momentum psips psips
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptivp2 =2 bcsbesteiptip esteiptip esteiptip sesratio
t sestei t = ? sestei t e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb
v
c c bcsb c bcsb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcsbs
1
m1v1
Ratio of momentum =
ss ss ss s s m v2 teiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip 4m2bcsb e eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c 2v1s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
=
m2v2
ss ss ss ss 1 tipts 2s ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip= 4 X bcsbes=e ip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c2 1 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ratio
of momentum = 2:1

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

3. “Wearing pshelmeteand fasteningpthe
e teiptsips e teiptsiusing teiptsips lawssbof
e tsips seat sbelt
teimotion. e
is highly recommended
teiptsips e teiptsips e
for safe journey”
teiptsips e teiptsips
Justify your
e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b s answer
b
cc s
b s Newton’s
b
cc s
b s b
cc s b
cc b s b
ccsb s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc sb s cbcsbs
Explanation :
ss 1. W
earing a helmets is strongly recommended for
sips safe journy, because when sipsa personteifall from bike hes s
esteiptip est
exerts
ei ptsipas force equal
estei ptiptos producte steiof
s
ptsipmass of est
theei ptpersion ande sti
e ptsips
acceleration e t
of
s ei ptthe bike ptsips II law).
(Newton's
e s eteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs
According to Newton's III law, inturn the ground offers and equal and opposite force on the persion,
which will porduce large damage. In order to mimnse damages the persion must wear helmet.
ss tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip ese bese belt will ese allow a bpersion
e e to meve ee bcsbesethe vechicle ee bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcF
2. sbastening cofbcsseat cbcsbnot c csbs cbcsbsfrom seatcwhy cbcsbscomes to crest cbcsbs
suddengly by applying brake or by having some accidents.
This is deu to inertia of motion. (Newton's I law). When the speeding vechicle stops suddently the lower part
ss tiptsips sps tiptsips spsthe body ttends
iptsips to maintaintiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip in contact
bcsbese with cthe steipti stopscwhile
bcsbeseat bcsbesethe upperr esteiptiof
bcsbpatr bcsbese bcsbese its uniform
bcsbesemotion. cHence
bcsbesethe e
cbcsbs c c c c
persion will trun forward and obtain injuries. Inorder to avoid this, fastening of seat belt is important. c cbcsbs
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips

Additional
esteiptsips the best
– Choose
es
ps
teiptsianswer esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Rest and motion are __________.
a) Interrelated b) Independent c) either dependent or independent d) neither dependent nor independent
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteipti:p(a) Interrelated
Ans esteiptip e
2. Force is called as __________.
a) pull b) push c) pull or push d) none of these
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s ss tsips
eteiptip eet i pt i p eet i pt i p eet i pt i p eet i pt i p eet i pt ip eet i pt i p eteipti:p (c) pull
Ans eteippush
or e
3. Who formulated the theory of laws of motion?
a) Newton b) Galileo c) Aristotle d) Thales
ss sips sips sips sips sips sips sips ss
eteiptip e tei pt e tei pt e tei pt e tei pt e tei pt e tei pt eteiptAns : (a) eteiptip
Newton e
4. __________ is the branch of physics that deals with the effort of force on bodies.
a) Mechanics b) Statics c) Dynamics d) kinematice
estei ptsips
estei ptsips
estei ptsips
estei ptsips
estei ptsips
esteiptsip:s (a) Mechanics
Ans esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
5. __________ deals with the bodies, which are at rest under the action of forces.
a). Mechanics b) Statics c) Dynamics d) Kinetics
ss ptsips ptsips ptsips ptsips ptsips ptsips ss teiptsips
esteiptip estei estei estei estei estei estei esteiptipAns : (b) esStatics e
6. __________ is the study of moving bodies under the action of forces.
ss a) Mechanics b) Statics c) Dynamics d) Kineticss s
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips eteiptip teiptsips
cbcsbs cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s csbes
cbcsbs Ans : (c)cbDynamics
e
cbcsbs
7. __________ deals with the motion of bodies without considering the cause of motion.
ss a) Dynamics ss ss ss ss ss ss ss tiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip b) bcsKinematics
eteiptip eteiptip c) bcKinetics
eteiptip eteiptip d) statics esteiptip bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbAns c
: (b) Kinematics cbcsbs
8. __________ deals with the motion of bodies considering the cause of motion.
este s a) sbDynamics
i ptsi p e steiptsips esteiptsips b) sKinematics
e steiptsips esteiptsips c) Kinetics
esteiptsips esteiptsips d) statics
esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc ccb s
b b
cc b b
cc s
b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Kinetics
9. Force independent is called __________ motion.
ti
e ptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip b) bcsViolent
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip c) bradial
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip d) circular
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
c bcsbes a)
c bcsNatural
b c bcsb c b c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb e
cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Natural
10. Force dependent is called __________ motion.
esteiptsips a) sNatural ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip b) bcsViolent
eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip c) bradial
eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip d) circular eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip e
cbcbs cbcbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Viokent
11. The product of mass and velocity is known as __________.
eteiptip a)bcsbImpulse
eteiptip eteiptip b).bcsLinear
eteiptip eteiptip c) bcResultant
eteiptip force eteiptip d) None eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c s cbcsbs c bs momentum cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Linear momentum

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

12. __________ helps p to measure the magnitutde of a force. ps
esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a) s
b
c c Impulse c c
b b s
b sb
b)c cLinear momentum
b b
cc s
b sb
c)c cResultant force
b b
cc s
b sb
d) cNone
bc b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Linear momentum
s13.
s Unit of momentum
ss iss SI
s systemtipis s __________.
s ss ss ss sips ss
esteiptip esteiptip–2 bcsbesteiptip esetip–1 esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteipt–2 esteiptip e
c bcsb b
a) csb
c Kg ms c bcsb
b)c Kg ms c bcsb bcsb
c)c Kg ms c bcsb bcsb
2
d) cKg ms c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Kg ms–1
ss sips s system
pinsipCGS psipiss __________.
psips psips ss psips ss
eteiptip14. Unit ofpmomentum
sbestei t –2 cbcsbestei t sbestei t –1 cbcsbestei t sb2estei t –2 eteiptip sbestei2 t –1 eteiptip e
cbcsbs c bc
a) g cms c bc
b) g cms c bc
c) g cms cbcsbs c bc
d) g cm s cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) g cms–1
ss s
ptsip__________ s
tiptsipquantity. tiptsips ss tiptsips ss tiptsips ss
eteiptip15. Force tiis
bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip bcsbese eteiptip bcsbese eteiptip e
cbcsbs c
a) Vector
c c
b) Scalar
cbcsbs c
c) both
cbcsbs c
d) Tensor
cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Vector
s
teiptsip16. ptsips__________.
teihas teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es Forcees es es es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) magnitude b. direction c) both d) none
Ans : (c) both
ss tsipsthe direction, ss s
teiptsipbe ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip17. Based esteipon esteiptip Force ecan
s esteiptipinto __________
classified esteiptip esteiptip
types. esteiptip esteiptip e
a) 3 b) 4 c) 2 d) none
ss ss Ans : (c) 2
eteiptip eteiptip psips psips sips
steiptthe
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip iptsips
cbcsbs 18. __________
cbcsbs sbestei t to the
cisbcequal sbestei t sumcb
cbcvector csbeall
of cbcsbs
forces. cbcsbs cbcsbs
ete
cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
a) Resultant force b) Imulse c) Torque d) moment of force
ss Ans : p (a) Resultant force
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e tei tsips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 19. cbc sb s
Parallel forces sb s
cbacting
c in the sb s
cbcsame direction, sb s
cbc the resultant sb s sb
cbc force iscb__________.
c s cbc sb s cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Fnet = F1 – F2 b) Fnet = F1 + F2 c) Fnet = F2 – F1 d) Fnet = F2 + F1
teiptsips teiptsip s teiptsip s teiptsip s teiptsip s teiptsip s teiptsip s Ansti:pt(b) s F = F + Fs
es es es es es es es es e sip net bsbest1eiptsip 2 e
b
cc s
b 20. b sb
c cexample ofc unlike
An b csb b sb b s
c c force is __________.
parallel cc b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cc cbcsbs
a) Tug of war b) Action of lever c) pulling a cart d) both a and c
ss s s s s s s teiptsip:s(a) Tug sips
esAns esof
teiptwar
s s s s s s
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb
21.
b csb b csb b c
c example ofc unbalancedcforce is __________.
An
sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) Tug of war b) Action of lever c) pulling a cart d) both a and c
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s tsipsActionsof tsips
eteiptip tipti
bcsbese
p tipti
bcsbese
p tipti
bcsbese
p tipti
bcsbese
p tipti
bcsbese
p tipti
bcsbese
p Ansest:e ip(b)
bcbese
tiplever e
cbcsbs 22. c c c c c
The axisof the fixed edge about which the door is rotated is called as the __________.
c c bcsb c cbcsbs
a) axis of rotation b) point of rotation c) moment of force d) both a and c
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss iptsips ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip beste : (d) both eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsAns cbcsbasand c cbcsbs
23. The rod will be turned about the fixed point is called as __________.
esteiptsips a) axis
sestei t
psrotationeteiptsips b) point
psiof
ss sestei t
ofs rotation te
psip psips c) moment
sesi t
psipsof forceesteiptsips d) bothestbeiptand
sestei t
sips c
esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb s s
cbcb cbcb b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (d) both b and c
24. __________ is measured by the product of the s force and thes perpendicular distance. s
e ti
e ptsips e tei ptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e ti
e ptsip e tei ptsip e ti
e ptsips s
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb s a)
c bcsCouple
b s c bcsb s b)
c bcTorque
sb s c bcsb s c)
c force
bcsb s c bcsb s d) none
c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Torque
25. Torque sis a __________ quantity.sps
tiptsips t iptips t iptsips ipti ss
eteiptip c) btensor
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip d) either
ss
eteiptip psips
sbestei t
s
cbcb
es e a) ses e
cbcbvector s
cbcb
es e b)cbcsbeste
scalar cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs scalar or
cbcvector
e
cbcsbs
Ans : (a) vector
26. SI unit of Torque is __________.
ete iptsips iptsips
eset iptsips
ete iptsips t ss
eteiptip c) bcgs teiptsips ss
eteiptip d) Nm
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs a)
cbcsbNm cbcsbs bese–1
b)cbcs
Kgs cbcsbs c sbs
e–1
cbcsbs cbcsbs
-1
cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Nm

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

27. Turning a tap is an pexample of __________.
esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a) s
b
c c Moment ofccouple
b bcsb s
b
b)c cCouple
b b
cc s
b sb
c)c cTorque
b b
cc s
b s
b
d) cboth
bc a and c c c b s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (d) both a and c
s28.
s __________ s s is theteipmeasured
ss by the s s productteiof sthe
s force and s perpendicular
s s s distance between
ss the line
ss
esteiptip esteiptip es tip esteiptip es ptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb of csb
c action of forces.
b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) Couple b) Moment of couple c) torque d) both a and b
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip Ansp:s ip(d)
s both a tand
psipsc
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs sestei t
cbcb sesei t
cbcb
e
cbcsbs
29. The unit of moment of couple is __________.
a) Newton b) Newton metre c) Metre d) Newton / metre
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss tiptsips teiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bsbes:e(b) Newton
Ans bsbesmetre e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cc cc cbcsbs
30. The unit of moment couple in CGS system is __________.
a) dyne cm 2 b) dyne cm c) dyne cm 3 d) dyne /cms2
esteiptsips iptsips
este esteiptsips iptsips
este esteiptsips s s
eteiptip e teiptsips e tsip : (b) sdyne
teipAns e ps
teiptsicm e
b
cc s
b ccb sb b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s ccb sb s ccb b s cbcsbs
31. In seasaw, when the heavier person comes closer to the pivot point the distance of the line of action
of the force __________.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss sips ss
esteiptip a) esteiptip
Increases esteiptip b) bcsDecreases
esteiptip esteiptip c) bcNone esteiptip esteiptip d) both estaeiptand b esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Decreases
32. __________ the algebraic sum ofs moments in the clockwise direction is equal to the algebraic sum
estiptsips
e ofbcthe
este tsips
ipmoments in
este ptsipsanticlockwise
ithe esteiptips direction.esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips eteiptip
ss
e
s
cbcb c b s cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Moment b) Principle of moment c) action of points d) center of mass
ss Ans : (b) Principle of moment
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips eteiptip
ss
e
cbcsbs 33. Forceb s
cbc = masscxbc__________.
s sb s cbc sb s cbc sb s cbc sb s cbc sb s cbc sb s cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) distance b) accelertion c) velocity d) displacement
Ans : (b) acceleration
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips e steiptsips e
b
cc s
b 34. The sb
c c acceleration
b sb
c c is produced
b sb
c c along thecradius
b bcsb calledcas
b sb
c __________. ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
a) centripetal acceleration b) acceleration c) radial acceleration d) both a and c
esteipt:ip(d) both easte

and
iptsipsc
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s Ans ss
c bcsb 35. bcsb
c unit of Force
SI bcsb
c is __________. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) Newton b) dyne c) kg ms –2 d) kg ms
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s sips : (a) Newton tiptsips
eteiptip tipti
bcsbese
p tipti
bcsbese
p tipti
bcsbese
p tipti
bcsbese
p tipti
bcsbese
p tipti
bcsbese
p
bcsbese
tiptAns
bcsbese e
cbcsbs 36. c c
CGS unit of Force is __________.
c c c c c c cbcsbs
a) Newton b) dyne c) gms–2 d) gms
ss s s s s s s s s sips sips ss tsips
eteiptip e tei pt i p e tei pt i p e tei pt i p e tei pt i p e tei pt e tei pt eteiptip Ans :bcs(b) eteip dyne e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs
37. One Newton is equal to __________.
a) 1 kg ms –1 b) 1 kg mss–2 c) 1 gms–2 s d) 1 gms s
esteiptsips estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p estei ptsi p s
estei ptsip
estei ptsips
e s eiptsip : (b) b1sbkg
tAns e steipms s
tsip–2 e
b
cc s
b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cc cbcsbs
38. One dyne is equal to __________.
a) 1 g cm –2 –1 –1 –2
ss
esteiptip estei ptsips estei ptsips b) 1esgteipms tsips
estei ptsips c) 1ekg stei ptms
sips
estei ptsips d) 1 kg e stei
ms
ptsips s
tsip–2
esgteipcm e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb Ans : (a)
c bcs
1b cbcsbs
39. 1 Newton = __________ dyne.
ss a) 10t3ipts ips
5
iptsips b) s10esteiptsips iptsips c) 10
6
iptsips
4
iptsips d) 10sesteiptsips ss
eteiptip e e e te e te e te e te esteiptip 5 e
cbcsbs cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcb cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcb c b sb
Ans : (b) 10
c cbcsbs
40. A large force acting for a verys hort interval of time is called as __________.
ss a) Impulsive s s force teiptsips b) Resultant ss ss ss ss tiptsips ss
eteiptip eteiptip e eteiptip Force eteiptip c) bforce eteiptip eteiptip d) none bcsbes: e(a) Impulsive eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cAns cbcsbs force cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

41. Unit ofpImpulsive Force is __________.
esteiptsips es
s
tei tsip–2 esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a) s
b
c c Kg ms
b b
cc s
b s
b
b)c cNS
b b
cc s
b sb
c)c cboth (a andcb)
b bcsb s
d) cnone
bc b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (c) both a and b
s42.
s G is the s__________.
c bcsb b
a) csb
c Gas constant c bcsb bcsb bcsb
b)c Universal gravitational
c bcsb
constant
c c) forcebcsb
c constant bcsb bcs
cd) spring constant
c b cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Universal gravitational constant
ss ptsipGs is __________.
tiptsips tiptsips ss psips ss ss ss
eteiptip43. Value
eteiof bcsbese 2 –2cbcsbese eteiptip sbestei t esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c–10
a) 6.674 × 10 N m kg cbcsbs c bc c bcsb
b) 6.674 × 10–9 N m2 kg–2 c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs
c) 6.674 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2 d) 6.674 × 10–11 N m2 kg2
ss tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsip:s (c) 6.674 tipt×sip10 s –11 N mt2iptkg s
sip–2
eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese
Ans
bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs 44. c c
Radius of the Earth R value is __________.
c c c c c c cbcsbs
a) 6388 km b) 6478 km c) 6378 km d) 6578 km
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
e stei ptsi p s
es tsips : (c) 6378
teipAns es
ps
teiptsikm e
b
cc s
b 45. b
gc =
sb
c GM/R2 is cthe b sb
c __________. ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
a) Acceleration due to radius of the Earth b) Acceleration due to Gravity
ss c) Accelerations s due s s s s s s ss s planettiptsips
ptsipany ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteipto
tipMoon sesteiptip esteiptip d) bcAcceleration
esteiptip due esteito ese esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c sb bcsb
c Ans : (b) Acceleration c bcsb bcsb
duec to Gravity cbcsbs
46. Mass of the Earth is
ss a) M =ps ps × 10
i5.729 24 s ps
eiptikg psips psips b) Mes= sips × 1022teipkg
p5.729 sips psips psips
eteiptip sbestei t sbest24 sbestei t sbestei t sb tei t sbes23 t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs c bc
c) M = 5.972 × 10 kg c bc c bc c bc c bc
d) M = 5.972 × 10 kg c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
Ans : (c) 5.972 × 1024 kg
ss psipgs depends sips psips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip47. Valuete
sbesi t
of pon.
sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs c bc
a) volume of earth c bc c bc
b) mass of earth c bc c bc c bc
c) geometric centre of earth d) none c bc c bc cbcsbs
Ans : (c) geometric centre of earth
s
teiptsip48. Value teiof
ptsi pgs is __________
tei ptsi p s at thetei ptsi p
centres of the
tei pts p s
Earth.
i tei ptsi p s teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es es es es es e s es es e
b
cc s
b
a)
b
c c1sb ccb sb bcsb
b)c zero ccb sb bcsb
c)c (a) and (b) c
bcsb bcs
d) cnone
b ccb sb cbcsbs
Ans : (b) zero
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss
esteiptip49. Thesbevalue
st i pt i p
e of acceleration t
ese i pt i p due eto
st i pt i p
e gravity bon i
esthe
t pt i p
e surface eof
st i pt i p
ethe Moon i p i p
eisse__________.
t t t
ese i pt i p esteiptip e
c bcsb c bc c bcsb c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) 1.256 × 102 ms–2 b) 1.625 ms–2 c) 1.276 ms–2 d) 1276
Ans : (b) 1.625 ms–2
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s ss ss
eteiptip p
steipti whose eteipti p i p
steiptstands teipti p ti p
esteipEarth, p
esteipti would eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 50. Ifbcasbe
c person cbcsbs mass isc60 bcsbekg cbon
csbesthe surface cbcsbof his
cbcsbweight cbcsbsbe __________.
e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) 688 N b) 588 N c) 690 N d) 780 N
Ans : (b) 588 s N
ss iptsips tsips teiptsiisps iptsips s
teiptsipsurface sips iptsips teiptsipbe
eteiptip e tsame
e e teipwhose e e tstands
e e e teiptMoon, e teweight e e
cbcsbs 51. If
cbc a
sb s person
cbc sb s mass
cbc sb s 60 kg
cbc sb s on
cbc sbthe
s cbc sb ofs his
cbc sb s would
cbc sb s cbcsbs
__________ N.
a) 98.5 Ns
teiptsips tei ptsip tei ptsips b) 97.5 tei pt
Ns
sip tei ptsips c)985 tNeiptsips tei ptsips d) 975 Nteiptsips teiptsipsN
b
cc s
b es ccb sbes ccb sbes ccb sbes ccb sbes ccb sbes ccb sbe s ccb sbes Ans :cc(b)
b sbes97.5 e
cbcsbs
52. Lift is moving upward with an acceleration, apparent weight is __________.
ss a) greater b) lessers s c) zero s s d) none s s
esteiptip estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptip estei ptsips estei ptip e stei ptsips p
esteiptiAns teiptsips
egreater
s e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb : c(a)
bcsb cbcsbs
53. Lift is moving downward with an acceleration apparent weight is __________ than the actual
ss weight.s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip b) bcslesser eteiptip eteiptip c) bczero eteiptip eteiptip d) none eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs a)
cbcsbgreater cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) lesser
54. Lift is at rest, apparents weight is __________.
ss teiptsips s ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip a) e
greater eteiptip b) bcslesser eteiptip eteiptip c) bcequal eteiptip eteiptip d) either eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc sb s cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs a or b cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (c) equal

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

55. Lift is falling down p freely, apparent weight ispequal to __________.
esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a) s
b
c c greater c c
b b s
b sb
b)c clesser
b b
cc s
b sb
c)c czero
b b
cc s
b s
b
d) ceither
bc a or b c c b s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (c) zero
s56.
s Whentipatsip=sg, this motion s s is called sass __________. ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip ese esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b csb
c free fall
a) c bcsb bcsb
c b) resiessive bcsb
c fall bcsb
c)c both a and bc bcsb bcsb
d) cneither a nor cbbcsb cbcsbs
ns : (a) free fall
ss sips condition ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip57. Inbcsfree
eteiptfall eteiptipR = __________.
cbcsbs c bsa) m (g + a) cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
b) R < W cbcsbs
c) R = W cbcsbs cbcsbs
d) R = O cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (d) R = O
ss ss s
tsippredict ps of the
teiptsipath tsips sips ss ss ss
eteiptip58. __________
eteiptip eteipto
helps ethe eteipastronomical
eteiptbodies. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
a) Newton's law of gravitation b) Acceleration c) velocity d) orbital speed
Ans : (a) Newton's law of gravitation
tei ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips teiptsipsof geotropism.
teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b es 59. __________
b
cc s
b es helps
b
cc s
b es to explain
b
cc s
b egermination
s b
cc s
b eof
s roots is
ccdue
b sbes to the property
ccb sbes ccb sbes ccb sbes e
cbcsbs
a) Newton's law of gravitation b) Acceleration c) velocity d) rotational speed
ss Ans : s(a) s Newton's slaw
s of gravitation
esteiptip60. The teiptsips
emass
s
ss
esteiptipcan bebccalculated
ss
esteiptip tsips
esteipthe teiptsips
e__________.
s esteiptip esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb of the
c bcsstar
b c s
b c bcs
usingb law c of
bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a). Gravitation b) Inertia c) motion d) non
ee tiptsips ee tiptsips ee tiptsips ee tiptsips eetiptsips ee tiptsips ee tiptsips ee tiptsip:s(a) Gravitation

Ans
ee tiptsips e
Additional – Fill in the blanks
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss tsips Rest,seMotion
teiptsips
eteiptip1. Some ptip are at
eteibodies ptip
etei__________ teiptipsome are
eand p eteiptip
eipti__________.
etin eteiptip eteipAns: e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs
2. __________ and __________ are interrelated terms. Ans: Rest, Motion
3. __________
sps or __________
sps is calledspas
s Force. Ans: pull, push
esteiptsips esteipti esteipti esteipti esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 4. b s
b
__________
cc b s
b
proposed
cc b
the lawss
b b s
b
c c of three motion.
cc b
cc s
b b
ccsb b sb
c cAns: Sir Isaac b s
b
c c Newton cbcsbs
5. Direction of motion is due to __________. Ans: Force
ss ss teiptsips of physics ss ptsips the effect sipsforce on bodies. ss ss ss
esteiptip6. esteiptip is the
__________ esbranch esteiptipthat deals esteiwith esteiptof esteiptip esteiptipAns: Mechanics
esteiptip e
7. Mechanics is divided into __________ branches. Ans: 2
8. Mechanics is divided pinto __________ and __________. Ans: Statics, dynamics
esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
sps
eteipti
sps pi
sestei t e
s
cbcb 9. c b sb c b sb c bcsb c bcsb c b
__________ deals with the bodies, which are at rest under the action of forces.
c c csb c bcsb cbcsbs cbcbStatics
Ans: cbcsbs
10. __________ is the study of moving bodies under the action of forces. Ans: Dynamics
ss ss ptsips ptsips s
eiptsip __________. ss ss teiptsips ss
eteiptip11. Dynamics
eteiptip is further
eteiclassified etei__________
into etand eteiptip eteiptip Ans:eKinematics, eteiptip
Kinetics e
12. __________ deals with the motion of bodies without considering the cause of motion.
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips t i pt s kinematics

sipAns: teiptsips
es es es es es es es es e es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
13. __________
b b s
deals
c c with the motion
b b
cc s
b of bodies
b s
c c consideringc the
b b s
b bcs
c cause ofcmotion.
b b
cc s
b b s
c c Kinetics
Ans: b cbcsbs
14. __________ is a Greek philosopher and scientist who stated that the natural state of earthly bodies is rest.
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans:bcsAristotle
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b cbcsbs
15. A moving body naturally comes to rest without any external influence of the force. Such motions are termed
as __________. Ans: Natural motion
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 16. Natural
cbcsbs motioncbiscsbasforce __________. cbcsbs Ans: Independent
e
17. A force is needed to make the bodies to move from their natural state and behave contrary to their own
natural state called ass__________. Ans: Violent motion
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb cbcs
18. Violent
b motioncis sb cbcs
bca force __________.
b cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs
Ans: Dependent cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

19. When itwo different bodies are dropped from height, in earth's atmosphere, the heavier body falls __________
esteiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b than
b
cc s
b the lighter
ccb s
one.
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b Ans:
b
cc s
b Faster cbcsbs
20. __________ proposed the concepts of force , motion and inertia of bodies. Ans: Galileo
ss spsmotion will ss ps in the e__________
teiptsibe teiptsips teiptsipsof motion tsipslong as s
teiptsipexternal ss
esteiptip21. A bcbody
esteiptiin esteiptipcontinue esto s estate
s esteipas esno force
esteiptipis e
c bcsb c sb
applied. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc
Ans:
sb Same cbcsbs
22. When a force is applied on bodies, they resist any change in their state. This property of bodies is called
ss ss
__________. ss ss ss ss ss ss teiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans: einertia e
23. The coin falls into tumbler due to gravity. This happen due to __________. Ans: Inertia
sip24.
s The resistance
sips of a bodys to change itss state of rest sis called __________.
teiptsip s iptsip ss ss Ans:s Inertia of rest
psip sps
e teipt esti
e pt
bcsbaesbody eteiptip beste is calledeteiptip eteiptip sbesei t Inertiacbof
t steipti
csbemotion e
cbcsbs 25. The cbcsbresistance cof cbcsbsits state of
change cbcsmotion cbcsbs__________.
cbcsbs cbcAns: cbcsbs
26. The resistance of a body change its direction of motion is called __________. Ans: Inertia of direction
s An athlete
teiptsip27. teiptsipsruns some ps
teiptsidistance teiptsipsjumping. iptsips s teiptsipslongersband ps s
es es es before
es esteBecause eiptsiphelp him
thisestwill ejump
s esteiptsihigher. This
esteipistsipan e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
example b
cc s
b
of __________. b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b bc
c Ans: b s
b
Inertia cofc motion. cbcsbs
28. When you make a sharp turn while driving a car, you tend to lean sideways. It is an example of
ss psips psips psips psips psips psips Ans: ptsips of direction
psips
esteiptip __________.
sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sesteiInertia sestei t e
c bcsb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcsbs
29. When you vigorously shake the branches of a tree, some of the leaves and fruits are detached and they fall
down. It is an example of __________. Ans: Inertia of rest.
ss ss ss sps ptsipsmass ofestthe s
eiptsipbody is ss ss tiptsips
eteiptip esteiptip of abcforce
eteiptip esteiptivelocity sbestei the esteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 30. The
cbcsbimpact c sbs is more cbcifsbthe cbcand cbcsb__________. bcsbeseMore
cAns:
e
cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs
31. The __________ measures the impact of a force on a body. Ans: linear momentum.
s32.
s The product
s s of massteiptand
s s velocityteiofsasmoving body s sgives theteimagnitude
ss ofti__________.
ss teiptsips ss
eteiptip eteiptip e ip e ptip eteiptip e ptip e eptip eteiptip
csbes Linear momentum e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbAns: cbcsbs cbcsbs
33. __________ acts in the direction of the velocity of the object. Ans: Linear momentum
s
teiptsip34. teiptsips is a svector
teiptsipsquantity. teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips sips
teiptlinear teiptsips
b
cc s
bes __________
b
cc s
b es b
cc bes b
cc sbes b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes b
ccsbes Ans:
b
cc s
b es momentum
b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
35. Linear momentum = __________. Ans: Mass × velocity
s36.
s __________ s s helps to measure
ss thetipmagnitude
ss of asforce.
s ss ss Linear
Ans:tiptsips momentum
tiptsips
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esetip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip ee ee e
c bcsb bcsb
c of momentum
37. Unit c bcsb bcsb
c is __________.
in SI system c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs sbs –1
cbcKg
Ans: mS cbcsbs
38. Unit of momentum in CGS system is __________. Ans: g cm s–1
ss ss ss tiptsips ss sps s
eiptsipstate of ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip lawbcsstates
eteiptip bcsbese continues eteiptip steipti of rest bestthe esteiptip motion
eteiptip
cbcsbs 39. __________ c bs that ceverybody cbcsbs to be incbits
csbestate cbcsor cbcsbuniform cbcsbsalong
e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
a straight line unless it is acted upon by some external force. Ans: Newton’s first
40. __________ gives thesdefinition of force as well as inertia. Ans: Newton’s first law
teiptsips teiptsips teiptips teiptsips teiptsips tiptsips ss
eteiptip teiptsips teiptsips
cbcsbes sbes
41. __________
cbc iscans
b es
bc external efforts
b es
cbc in the form s
b es
cbc of push or cpull.bcsbese cbcsbs cbcsbes bcbesForce
s
cAns:
e
cbcsbs
42. __________ produces or tries to produce the motion of a static body. Ans: Force
s __________
teiptsip43. teiptsips stops s s teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips s
es es es eiptsip
tor tries to stop
esteiptasipmoving body.
es es es es eiptsip
sestForce
Ans: e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcb cbcsbs
44. __________ changes or tries to change the direction of motion of a moving body. Ans: Force
45. Force has both __________ and __________. Ans: Magnitude, direction
e sti
e ptsips estei ptsips esteiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip esti
e ptsips esti
e ptsips ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcs
46. Forceb is a __________
c bcsb c bcs
quantity.b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb bcsb
c vector
Ans: cbcsbs
47. Parallel forces can be classified into __________ and __________forces.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ptsips like parallelss teiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiAns: eteiptip , unlike eparallel e
48. Two or more forces of equal or unequal magnitude acting along the same direction, parallel to each other are
called__________. Ans: like parallel forces.
ss ptsips psips sips psips tiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip sbestei or sbestei t of equal esteiptunequal sbestei t bcsbesealong the esteiptip direction,
eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 49. IfcbcTwo more
cbcforces cbcsbor cbcmagnitude cacting cbcsbopposite cbcsbs parallel
cbcsbtos each cbcsbs
other, then they are called __________. Ans: Unlike parallel forces.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

50. __________ is adding the magnitude of the forces with their idirection. Ans: Resultant force.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
51. __________ bcsb
iscequal to the c b s
b b sb
c sum of callc the forces.c c
vector bsb b
cc s
b b s
b
c c Ans: Resultant b s
b
c c force cbcsbs
52. Line of action of forces which are acting in the same direction is __________ . Ans: like parallel forces
ss tsips forces, sps ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip53. Inbclike
esteipparallel esteiptiresultant esteiptipFnet =b__________.
force esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans: Fes1teip+tipF2 e
c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
54. Line of action of forces which are acting in the opposite direction __________. Ans: unlike parallel forces
s55.
s __________s s are acting psipin
s opposite pdirections
sips in the
psipssame line pofsipaction.
s psips Ans:esparallel
psips equalesforces
psips
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sb tei t sb tei t e
cbcsbs 56. __________
cbcsbs c bc c bc c
is an example of Unlike parallel forces. bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
Ans: Tug of war. cbcsbs
57. __________ is an example of Unbalanced forces. Ans: Action of lever
ss teiptsipofs the fixed tsips about teiptsips the door s
tsiprotated eiptsip
s
eiptsip
s ss ss
eteiptip58. The eaxis eteipedge ewhich eteipis isetcalled as theet__________. eteiptip eteiptip e
Ans: Axis of rotation.
esteiptsip59.
s The rod
esteiptsiwill
ps be turned
esteiptsipabout
s the fixed
esteiptsipspoint ise
called
steiptsips as __________.
esteiptsips esteiptsips Ans:
esteiptsipoint
ps of rotation.
esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b b sb
c c rotating orc turning
60. The c b s
b
c a force about
effectc of b sb
c c a fixed point b s
b
c c or fixed axis b s
b b s
b
c cis called __________.
cc b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans: Moment of the force or torque
ss ss ss teiptsips of the teiptsips(F) and s
teiptsipperpendicular ss sips tsips
esteiptip61. __________
esteiptip is measured
esteiptip by the eproduct
s esforce esthe esteiptipdistance esteiptbetween
(d) esteipfixed
the e
point or the fixed axis and the line of action of the force. Ans: Torque
62. Torque =s __________. Ans: Force
s × Distances
estiptsips
e eteiptip
s ss
eteiptip quantity.
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
s
eteiptip
s
eteiptip e
s
cbcb cbcsbs is a __________
63. Torque cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbsVector
Ans: cbcsbs
64. SI unit of torque is __________. Ans: Nm
ss teiptsipsand unlike sips ss ss tsips distinct s
eiptsip constitute ss ss
eteiptip65. Two eequal eteiptparallel eteiptipappliedbcsimultaneously
forces eteiptip eatteiptwo etpoints eteiptipa __________.
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans: Couple
tei ptsip66.
s Rotatingtei ptsipeffect
s of a couple
tei ptsips is known tei ptsipass __________.
teiptsips teiptsips
Ans:sMoment
tei pt i ps
of a scouple
tei pt i ps
or torque
teiptsips
b
cc s
b b
cc s
67. Turning
b a tap is b s b s
c can example cofc__________.
b b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
c c Ans: Moment
b b s
c c of a couplec or
b b s
c torque
b cbcsbs
68. Spinning of top is an example of __________. Ans: Moment of a couple
ss ss =ts s ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip69. Momentesteiptipof a couple esteip ip__________.
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
Ans: Force × perpendicular distance between the line of action of forces
70. M = __________. Ans: F × S
teiptsips tsips
esteipunit tiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip t iptsips t iptsips
s
cbcb
es cbcsbSI
71. The bcsbese of a couple
of cmoment cbcsbs is __________.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs s es e
cbcbAns: Newton s es e
cbcbmetre.
e
cbcsbs
72. The CGS unit of moment of a couple is __________. Ans: dyne cm
ss psips iptsipsenablesseyou
iptsiptos monoeuore psips psips psips psips ptsips
eteiptip73. A bsmall
sbestei t steering swheel
beste bste sbestei t a car easily
sbestei t by transferring
sbestei t a torque
sbesteitot the wheels
sbestei with e
cbcsbs c c
__________ effort. c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
Ans: less cbcsbs
74. A __________ is a circular wheel with teeth around its rim. Ans: Gear
s
teiptsip75. teiptsips helps ps
teiptsichange ptsips teiptsipsof a wheelteiptsipbys changing sips s teiptsips
es __________
es eto
s theesteispeed of rotation
es es esteiptthe torque es eiptsip helpsbto
tand etransit
s e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cc s
b cbcsbs
power. Ans: Gear
76. Principlesofs moments s__________. Ans : Momentsinsclockwise direction = Moment in anticlockwise direction.
e sti
e ptsips estei ptip esteiptips esteiptsips esti
e ptip estei ptsips esti
e ptsips esti
e ptsips ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb
77. According c bcsb
to principle c bcs
of momentsb __________.
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb bcsb bcsb
c Ans: F1 × d1c = F2 × d2 cbcsbs
78. __________ law helps us to measure the amount of force. Ans: Newton’s second
ss ss tsips as __________.
ss ss ss ss tsips Lawsof ptsips
eteiptip79. Newton’s
eteiptiplaw isbalso
eteipcalled eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteipAns: eteiforce e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs
80. Change in momentum ∆P = __________. Ans: mv-mu
81. Force is s__________ proportional tospthe rate of change of momentum. Ans: directly
esteiptsips esteiptips esteiptsips esteipti s esteiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb sb
82. Change
cbc cbcsb
in momentum sb
takescplace sb
bc in the __________.
cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs sb s
cbcAns: direction cbcsbofs force cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

83. The change may takes place eitheriptin __________ or in __________ or in __________.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips este sips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b sb b
c c Ans: Magnitude,
cc s
b b s
b
c c both
direction, cbcsbs
84. __________ is required to produce the acceleration of the body. Ans: Force
ss teiptsips ss s
eiptsipspeedbremains ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip85. Inbcasbe__________
s esteiptip motion
circular estthe esteiptip constant.esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans:bcsUniform
esteiptip e
c bcsb c c bcsb c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b cbcsbs
86. The acceleration is produced along the radius called as __________ acceleration. Ans: centripetal or radial
s87.
s The force,psipswhich producespsips radialestacceleration
psips is called
psips as __________
psips force.iptsips s Centripetal
sAns: psips
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sb ei t sbestei t sbestei t sbeste eteiptip sbestei t e
cbcsbs 88. SI cbcunit c bc
of force is __________. c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs c bc
Ans: Newton cbcsbs
89. In CGS system, the unit of force is __________. Ans: Dyne
ss ss ss ss eiptsip
s ptsips of mass tsips produces sips ss
eteiptip90. __________
esteiptip is defined
eteiptipas thebcamount
eteiptip of force
etrequired ibody
for eate eteip1Kg eteiptan eteiptipof
acceleration e
cbcsbs cbcsb–2 cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1m s . Ans: 1 newton
91.
s 1 Newton sis __________. s s s s s Ans:
s 1 kg ms–2
es i
te pts
i p es i
te pts
i p es i
te ptsi p es i
te pts
i p es i
te ptsi p es i
te ptsi p es i
te ptsi p es i
te pts
i p esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b ccb s
92. __________
b bcs
iscdefined
b as theb s
c camount of force
b b s
c c requiredcfor
b b s
c a body ofcmass
b b s
c 1gram cproduces
b bcsb b
cc s
an acceleration
b cbcsbs
of 1cm s–2. Ans: 1 dyne
–2
s93.
s 1 dynetiptissip__________.
s ss ss ss ss ss ptsipsAns: 1gecm ptsisps
esteiptip ese esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip estei stei e
c bcsb bcsb b
94. 1c newton = __________
c csb c b
dyne.csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsb sb
cbcAns: 105 cbcsbs
95. The amount of force required to produce an acceleration of 1ms–2 in a body of mass 1kg is called
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ptsips
eteiptip eteiptip
__________. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptipAns: Unit
eteiforce e
96. In the SI system of units, gravitational unit of force is __________. Ans: Kg f
97. In the CGS system gravitational unitsiss __________. Ans: g f
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e teiptip ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips –2 sbesteiptsips e
cbcsb 98. 1kgs
cbc f = __________.
b cbcsb cbc s
s
b cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb s s s
Ans: c1bckg × 9.8 mscbc= 9.8 N
b cbcsbs
99. 1 gf = __________ Ans: 1g × 980cm–2 = 980 dyne
s A large
teiptsip100. sips actingteifor
ptsipas very short ps
teiptsiinterval s ps teiptsips s ptsips
es esteiptforce es es ofes eiptsip is called
ttime esteiptsi__________.
as es esteiptsipImpulsive
Ans: esteiforce e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc sb ccb s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b ccb s
b cbcsbs
101. Impulse is __________. Ans: J = F × t
102. Impulse sissequal to thes __________. Ans: Magnitude of change in momentum
estei ptsips esteiptip esteiptips e steiptsips ss
esteiptip estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips esteiptsips e
c bcsb 103. The
bcs
c unit of Impulse
b c bcsb c bcs
is __________.
b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb Ans: kgms c bcs–1
b or Ns cbcsbs
104. A __________ acting for a __________is impulse. Ans: large force, short time
ss ss sips a __________is
s s impulse. ss ss sips smallerteipforce,
ss tsips
eteiptip105. A b__________
eteiptip acting
eteiptfor eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptAns: e tip longer eteiptime e
cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
106. Automobiles are fitted with __________ and __________ to reduce jerks while moving on uneven roads.
Ans: springs, Shock absorbers
ss psips ss ss tiptsips ptsips ss ss sps
eteiptip eteiptip
sbestei t a fielder eteiptip bcsbesecatching sbesteiball. eteiptip Ans:eteiptip steipti
cbcsbs 107. In
cbccricket, cbcsbs__________
cbcsbshis handscwhile cbcthe cbcsbspulls backcbor
csbelowers e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
108. __________ law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. They always act on two
s s differentsbodies.
s ss ss ss ss ss s sNewton’s third
Ans: ss
eteiptip eteiptip iptip
bestemass ofcbthe teiptip eteiptip
csbesrocket gradually eteiptip iptip eteiptip
besteis completely eteiptip e
cbcsbs 109. While
cbcsbs in motion,
cbcsthe cbcsbs __________
cbcsbs until the
cbcsfuel cbcsbs burn out.
cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans: decreases
s110.
s __________ s s is based sons the law of sconservation
s of
s slinear momentum s s as well sass Newton’steipIII
s slaw of motion. ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es tip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c Propulsioncof rockets cbcsbs
Ans:
bcsb bcsb
111. The symbol for the Universal gravitational constant is __________. Ans: G
ss s is __________.
tsipG ss ss ss ss ss ss tsip–2s
eteiptip112. SIbcunit
eteipof eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans:bcNm
etei2pkg e
cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs
113. The value of G is __________. Ans: 6.674 × 10–11
114. Acceleration due to gravity of the earth is denotedspas __________. Ans: g
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteipti s ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e teiptsip–2s e
cbcsb 115. Thes
b sb
cbc SI unit of cgbcis __________. cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs s
b
bc ms
cAns: s cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

116. Mean value of the acceleration due to gravity is itaken as __________ ms–2. Ans: 9.8
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b b s
b
c c value of gciscnot the __________
117. The b
cc s
b b s
b
c cpoints on the
at all bsb
c csurface of the b s
b
c cearth. b
cc s
b b s
b
c c Same
Ans: cbcsbs
118. The radius of the Earth R is __________. Ans: 6378km
ss ss sips ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip119. According
esteiptip to Newtonesteiptuniversal esteiptFip= __________.
law esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans:bcsGMm/R
esteiptip 2 e
120. According to Newton universal law g = __________. Ans: GM / R2
2
s121.
s Mass tof sthe
s Earth Mtip=tsip__________.
s sps ss ss ss iptsipsAns: sgesR
tiptsi/pGs
eteiptip e eiptip steipti
beseEarth Mcb=csbe__________. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip beste 5.972c× bcb10e24 Kg e
cbcsbs 122. Value
cbcsbsof Mass cofbcsthe cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsAns: cbcsbs
123. __________ of a body is defined as the quantity of matter contained in a body. Ans: mass
ss s
tsipmass teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip124. SIbcunit
eteipof is e
__________. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans:bcKilogram
eteiptip e
cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs
125. __________ of a body is defined as the gravitational force exerted on it due to the Earth’s gravity alone.
s s s s s s s
s s s s s s Ans: Weights
s s s teiptsip
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip quantity.
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e e
cbcsbs 126. Weight
cbcsbs is a __________
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbsVector
Ans: cbcsbs
127. Direction of weight is always towards the __________ of the earth. Ans: Centre
ss s
tsipweight eiptsip
s ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip128. SIbcunit
esteipof isest__________. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans: Newton
esteiptip e
c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb
–2 cbcsbs
129. The value of acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the moon is __________. Ans: 1.625 ms
130. Value ofsgsis __________ at the centre of the Earth. Ans: Zero
estiptsips
e esteiptip estiptsips
e esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
eteiptip e
s
cbcb s
131. __________
cbcb s
iscthe
bcb weight ofcbthe s
cb body acquired s
cbcb due to the s s
cbcbaction of gravity
cbcb and other s cbcsbsacting
cbcbexternal forces cbcsbs
on the body. Ans: Apparent weight
s132.
s When the tsipspersonseis
teipatsiplift
s movestidowns s with anteiptacceleration
ss ors equal
s to the s acceleration
s sdue
s to gravity spie
s
eteiptip a b=csbeg.steipThis e eptip e ip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans: esteiptifall e
cbcsbs c cbcbsis called __________.
motion cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbfree cbcsbs
133. The force which keeps the satellite in orbit is __________. Ans: Centripetal force
s Both the
teiptsip134. s
teiptsipastronauts ptsipsthe space sips are in sips state of t__________.
s teiptsips teiptsipsweightlessness
teiptsips
es es esteiand esteiptstation esteiptthe es eiptsip es Ans:
es e s e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc sb cbcsbs
135. __________ helps in discovering new stars and planets. Ans: Newton’s law of gravitation
136. One of the irregularities in the motion of stars is called __________. Ans: Wobble
estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips e stei ptsips estei ptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei ptsips esteiptsips e
c bcsb c bcs
137. __________
b lead
bcs
c to the disturbance
b c bcsb bcs
in thec motion of a planet
b c bcsb nearby.c bcsb c bcsb Ans:
bcs
c wobble
b cbcsbs
138. __________ helps to explain germination of roots is due to the property of geotropism which is the property
s s of a root sresponding
s ptosipthe
s gravity. psips psips ptsips Newton’s
tiAns:
psips tiptlaw
sips of gravitation
tiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t ee ee ee e
cbcsbs 139. __________
cbcsbs c bc c bc c bc
helps to predict the path of the astronomical bodies. c bc cbcsbsAns: Newton’s
cbcsbs law of Gravitation.
cbcsbs cbcsbs
ss ss ss sps sps tsips ss ss ss

eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptiAdditional
etei–ptiSay true eteipfalse
or eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
1. Rest and motion are not related terms.
Ans: False.
b
cc s
b s
b
Correct
b
cc s
c c : Rest and
b
Statement
b b s bcs
c c motion arecinterrelated
b b b
cc s
terms.
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
2. Natural motion is a force dependent
ss Ans: False. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
c bcsb c bcsb
Correct c bc
Statement
sb : Natural bcsb
c motion is a force
c bcsb bcs
independent.
c b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
3. Violent motion is a force dependent.
ss teiptsips psips psips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip sesTrue.
Ans: sestei t sestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4. If the resultant force of all the forces acting on a body is equal to zero, then the body will be in
equilibrium. Such forces are called Unbalanced forces.
ss teiptsips psips ptsips sips resultantteipforce
sips of all thepsips psips iptsips
eteiptip sesFalse.
Ans: sestei t Correct se:stIf
sesteiStatement eiptthe ses t sestei t forces acting
sestei ton a bodysis
esteequal e
cbcsbs b
cbczero,
to cbcb
then the cbcinbequilibrium.
body will be
b
cbcSuch bcb called balanced
forcesc are cbcb forces.cbcb cbcb cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

5. If a person whose mass is 60kg pstands on the surface of p the Earth, hisps weight would be 500 N. ps
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips estei tsips estei tips esteiptsips estei tips e
b
cc s
b Ans:
b s
c c False. c c
b b s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Correct Statement : If a person whose mass is 60kg stands on the surface of the Earth, his weight would
be 588 Nsp(s W = mg =sp60
ss
esteiptip pi pi s × 9.8 e=steip588
sipsN). ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
c bcsb sestei t
cbcb sestei t
cbcb s t cbcb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb e
cbcsbs
Additional – Correct the mistakes:
ss ss teiptsipsthe motion ss eiptsip
s s
teiptsipcause teiptsips ss ss
eteiptip1. eteiptip deals
Kinematics ewith eteiptipof bodiesetconsidering ethe ofemotion. eteiptip eteiptip e
Ans: Kinetics deals with the motion of bodies considering the cause of motion.
ss 2. Inertia s of rest is the sresistance of a body to change its state of motion. s s

eteiptip e teiptips of motion
Inertia e teiptipiss the resistance
e teiptsips of a sbody
e ps
teiptsito change eits
ps
teiptsistate of
p ip
sbestei t
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs Ans:
cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbc b s cbcsb s cbcmotion. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3. Linear momentum is a scalar quantity.
Ans: Linear
psips momentum
psipsis a Vectorpquantity.
e teiptsips tei t etei t
sips
etei t teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b s
4. csbe=s 103 dyne.
1cbN cbcsbs cbcsbs b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
Ans: 1 N = 105 dyne.
ss ss ps EartheisteipMinimum
teiptsithe tsips tsipspolarsregion, ss sofs g is maximum. ss ss
esteiptip5. Geometric
esteiptip radius esof s ein
steipthe esteiptip thebvalue
c bcsb bcsb
c Geometric
Ans:
bcsb bcsb
c radius of thec Earth is Maximum c bcsb bc b
c region, the
in the polar
csb bcsb
c value of g isc minimum. c bcsb cbcsbs
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs Additional
cbcsb–s Match the
cbcsbfollowing
e
1. Terms SI Unit CGS Unit
ss i) psips Momentum
Linear psips Kgms–1 psips psips dyne pcm tsips ss ss ss
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei2t –2 cbcsbestei –1 eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c
ii)
bc c bc c
Moment of couple 6.674 × 10
bc c
–11bc
Nm kg g cms cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
iii) Force Nm –––––
teiptsips iv) iptsips
te
G teiptsips Newton teiptsips teiptsips dyne tiptisps teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
bes b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es bsbese
cc b
ccsbes b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
Ans :
ss S.No.ps
ips Terms ss ss SI Unit ss ss CGS Unit ss ss ss
esteiptip estei t esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb ci)
bcsb bcsb
LinearcMomentum c bcsb Kg ms–1
c bcsb c bcsb g cms–1
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
ii) Moment of couple NM dyne cm
ss ps
iptsiForce
iii) ete ss sips ss sips psips ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptN eteiptip pdyne
sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
iv) G cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs–11
6.674 × 10 c b
Nm2kg–2
c
––––– c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
ss 2. 1. Ans athlete runss some distance before jumping (a)s s Inertia s s

eteiptip 2.
iptips turnsewhile
te
Sharp teiptipsdriving teiptsips
car teiptsips eiptip
t(b) eteiptip
Inertia
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs of motion
e e e e e
cbcsbs cbcsb s cbc b s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3. Some of the leaves and fruits are detached (c) Inertia of direction
4. Force is applied on bodies they resist any change
ip sips s
iptsiptheir teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips eiptsip
s ss
pip teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b este t
b
cc sbestin
e state
b
cc sbes b
cc sbes b
cc sbes b
cc s
be st(d) sbesteioft rest
Inertia
cbc b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es e
cbcsbs
Ans :
ss 1 An athlete runs some distance before jumping b Inertia of motion s s

esteiptip estei ptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip esti
e ptsips e sti
e ptsips eteiptip e
c bcsb c 2
bcsb bcsb
Sharpcturn while driving
c bcsb car c bcsb c bcsb cbcsb c csb
cbInertia cbcsbs
of direction cbcsbs
3 Some of the leaves and fruits are detached d Inertia of rest
ss s
iptsipForce ss sips s
teiptsipchange s
eiptsip statebsbesteiptsiap
s sps ss
eteiptip 4ete eteiptip on bodies
is applied eteiptthey resisteany inettheir eteiptiInertia eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3. 1. Like parallel forces (a) Fnet = O
ss 2. Unlike
s s parallel s forces
s (b)
ti t ps
s Fnettip=s Fs + F ss psips ss ss
eteiptip p
etei t i p p
ti t i p p i
bcsbese forcescbcsbese (c) esetip 1 b2csbesteiptip sestei t eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbsParallelcequal
3. cbcFsbnet F1 (if F2 > F1)cbcb
= F2 – c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4. Unbalanced forces (d) Action of a lever

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Ans : ips
esteiptsips estetip
s
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcs1b b
cc s
b
Like parallel b
forces c c
sb b s
b b
b c Fcnet = F1 + Fc2 c
sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
2 Unlike parallel forces c
net F = F – F1 (if F2 > F1)
2
ss ptsips ptsips ptsips ptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip e stei estei e stei estei esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcs3b Parallel
cbcequal
sb forcescbcsb a cbFcsnet
b =O c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
4 Unbalanced forces d Action of a lever
ss iptsips iptsips ss psips psips ss ss ss
eteiptip ete ete eteiptip sbestei tdyne cbcsbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 4. 1.
cbcsbs1 Newton cbcsbs (a) cbc980
e
2. 1 dyne (b) 9.8 N
3. 1 kg f (c) 1 g cm s–2
ss ipsf
iptsg ss s
si(d) sps ss ss ss ss
eteiptip 4. sbeste
1 eteiptip sbesti
e pt p 1 steiptims–2
sbekg eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc cbcsbs cbc cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans :
1 1 Newton –2
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips ti
e ptsips d 1 kg tei p
ms
tsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b s
b
c c2
b 1 dyneb
cc s
b b
cc s
b sb
c c c1 g cm s c c
b –2 b s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
3 1 kg f b 9.8 N
ss iptsip1sg f sesteiptsips ss tsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip 4beste esteiptip a bc980
esteipdyne esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcs cbcb c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
ss ss ss s ss tsips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip etAdditional
eiptsip – Assertion
eteiptip and
eteipreason eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
1. Assertion: The resistance of a body to change its state of rest is called inertia of rest.
Reason: When you vigorously shake the branches of a tree, some of the leaves and fruits are detached
ss sips and they s down. tiptsips
tiptsipfall tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip bcsbes
tei pt
bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs c c
a) A is true R is wrong
c c c
b) A is wrong R is true
c c c cbcsbs
c) R explain A d) R does not explain A
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsip:s(c) R explain
Ans esteiptsipsA e
b
cc s
b
2.
ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb
Assertion: Parallel equal forces are acting in opposite directions in the same line of action.
ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
Reason: Fnet = F1 – F2 (given: F1 = F2).
ss sips R is wrong ss ss ss tsips R issetrue teiptsips ss ss
esteiptip a) sAestis
iepttrue esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip b) bcAsbesisteipwrong s esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bc b
c R explain A
c) c b csb c bcsb c bcsb
d)c R does not cexplain A
bc b c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (c) R explain A
ss s s Torquetipis s s s sthe product s s the force s s the perpendicular
s s psips between psips
eteiptip3. Assertion:
eet i pt i p
sbese t i pmeasured t
sbese i p
by
t i p t
sbese i pt i p
of t
sbese i pt i
andp t
sbese i pt ip distance
sbestei t sbestei t the e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c b c c bc c bc
fixed point or the fixed axis and the line of action of the force. c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
Reason: Automobiles are fitted with springs and shock absorbers to reduce jerks while moving on uneven
ss s s roads.te psips psips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip p
sbestei t
i p
sbesi t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs bc
a) A and R are wrong
c c b c c bc c bc c bc
b) A and R are correct c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
c) R explain A d) R does not explain A
esteiptsip s
esteiptsip s
esteiptsip s
esteiptsips esteiptsipsAns : (b) es ips R are ecorrect
tAeiptsand steiptsips e
b
cc s
b 4. ccb sb
Assertion: b csb
Ac rocket workscon b sb
c the principle b sb
c c of conservation b sb
c c of linear cmomentum. bcsb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
Reason: Higher the velocity, smaller in the pressure and vice versa.
ss a) A tisipttrue
s s R is wrong ss ss s s b) A isteipwrong s s R is right ss ss ss
esteiptip ese ip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es tip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c)b sb
c A and R arec wrong
c b csb c bcsb c bcsb b sb
d)c A and R areccorrect.
Ans : (a) A is true R is wrong
ss s lift is falling s down freely. s s s pi s psips psips
eteiptip5. Assertion: pis p pis p pis p pis p pi s p s p
cbcsbs bcsbestei t b csbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbestei t e
cbcsbs
Reason:
c R = m( g — g) = 0.
c c c c c c c
a) A is true R is wrong b) A is wrong R is right
ss c) A tand s sR are wrong ss ss s s d) A and s Rs are correct ss psips psips
eteiptip e eiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bc c bc
Ans : (d) A and R are correct cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs


Additional esteiptsipsanswer
– Short esteiptsips
questions esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b
1.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
Write the different types of motion.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
The different types of motion are:
ss teiptsips motion.
 eLinear ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip s esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b csb
c Circular motion.
 c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 Ozcillatory motion.
ss s meantipby
psipyou sipsForce? teiptsips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip2. What do
sbestei t sbeset sbes sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c b
A body needs a push or pull to move or bring at rest or change its velocity. Hence this 'push' or 'pull' is calledc c bc cbcsbs
as Force. It is an exteranal agency to change the states of rest or motion.
ss s meantipby ss sps its types? ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip3. Whatte
esidoptsipyou esetip Mechanics esteiptiwrite esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs bcsb bcsb bcsb bcsb bcsb bcsb
Mechanics is the branch of physics that deals with the effect of force on bodies. It is divided into 2 branches
c c c c c c c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
as Statics and Dynamics.
esteiptsip4.s Define
s
sips
teiptStatics.
b
cc s
b b s
b b sb
c c branch of cPhysics
The c b sb
c the bodies
deals cwith b s
b b s
b
c cwhich are atc rest
c under the b s
b b
c caction of forces.
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
5. Define Dynamics.
ss teiptsips of Physics
The ebranch ss s teiptsips bodies
eiptsipstudy bofsbemoving
s
eiptsip thebaction ss ss ss
esteiptip s esteiptipdeals with estthe s estunder esteiptipof forces. esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c c c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
6. Write the types of Dynamics.
Dynamics have 2 types. They are;
ss tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss
eteiptip  sbeKinematics.
bc se bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip e
cbcsbs c
 Kinetics.
c c c c c c cbcsbs cbcsbs
7. Define Kinematics.
ss sps sps sps sps sps sps ss ss
eteiptip Itbdealsteipti ipti
beste of bodies
csbes with thebcsmotion
tipti tipti
bcsbesewithout considering
bcsbese
ipti
beste of motion.
thebcscause tipti
bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c c c c c c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
8. Define Kinetics.
It deals swith
e teiptsips e tei pt i ps the motion
e tei ptsipsof bodiesteipconsidering
e tsips
e
thescause
tei pt i ps of motion.
e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b s 9. ccb s
Define
b s natural bcsb s
c motion. b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
ccsb s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
Moving body naturally comes to rest without any external influence of the force. Such motions are formed as
ss natural motion.
sps sps sps sps sps sps sps sps
esteiptip eteipti csbes
teipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti e
c bcsb cbcsbs violentcbmotion.
10. Define cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
A Force is needed to make the bodies to move from their natural state and behave contrary to their own
s s natural state
s s called tas sviolent
s motion. ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eseiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs 11. Describe
cbcsbs b sb b sb
the activity about inertia of rest.
c c c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Take a glass tumbler and place a small card board on it. Now keep a coin at the centre of the card board.
s s Then tflick s sthe card board
teiptsips quickly. tThe
eiptsip
sinertia oftithe spscoin keepsteiptitsipins the state of
s sthe rest when tsipsthe card boardss
eteiptip moves, e eiptip bcsbescoin bcsbesthe eseptito e esteiptip esteiprest. eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs and socthe falls cinto cbcsbdue
tumbler cbcsbsThis happen
gravity. cbcsbdue cbcsbof
to inertia cbcsbs cbcsbs
12. Define linear momentum.
esteiptsips Thesbeproduct
steiptsips of mass esteiptand
sips velocityteiof
es ptsipasmovingesbodyteiptsipsgives sthe
e steipmagnitude
tsips e
oftiplinear
s etsip momentum.
s
esteiptsips It acts estin
eiptsithe
ps e
b
cc sb direction
ccb bcsb
of thec velocity of the sb
c cobject.
b ccb sb ccb b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b cbcsbs
Linear momentum = Mass × Velocity.
ipsips ipsips ipsips P = ipMs ip×s V. SI unitipsiispskgms-1 ipsips ipsips ipsips ipsips
etet etet etet t
beste form of sbestet estet etet etet etet e
cbcsbs 13. Force
cbcsbs is an external
cbcsbs effortcisbcsthe cbcpush cbcsbexplain.
(or) pull cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Since force can
ss  Produce s s or try tto sproduce
s the motion
ss of a tstatic
s s body. teiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip eseiptip esteiptip eseiptip es esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs b sb b sb b sb
 Stops (or) tries to stop a moving body and also
c c c c c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 Changes (or) tries to change the direction of motion of a moving body. So it is an external effort in
ss form
iptsipsof push oripatsippull
s iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips
eteiptip ete ete ete ete ete ete ete ete e

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

14. Explain the types ofps forces.
esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
Force
c c can be classified
b b
cc s
b b cs
into 2c types.
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 Like Paralle Forces : Two or more forces of equal or unequal magnitutde action along the same
ss direction, parallel siptos each other are
s called tLike sParallel Forces.
esteiptip teiptsips
eUnlike
s esteiptForces eiptsip
esttwo eiptsip
esequal teiptsips
esor
ss
esteiptipact along ptsips
esteiopposite
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb 
c bcsb c bcs
Parallel
b c :
bcs
If
b or more
c bcsb forces
c bcsb unequal
c bcs
forces
b c bcsb c bcs
directions
b cbcsbs
parallel to each other, then they are called Unlike Parallel Forces.
s15.
s Define Resultant
ss Force.ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs c b sb c b sb c b sb c b sb c b sb c bcsb c b sb
When several forces act simultaneously on the same body, then the combined effect of the multiple forces
c c c c c c c bcsb cbcsbs
can be represented by a single force which is termed as Resultant Force.
ss sips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip16. Define tiptBalanced
bcsbese
Force.
cbcsbs c c c c c c c
If the resultant of all the forces acting on a body is equal to zero, then the body will be in equilibrium. Such
c cbcsbs
forces are called Balanced Forces.
s
teiptsip17. sips
teiptUnbalanced tsips
teipForces. teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es Define
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
If the resultant force is not equal to zero, then it causes the motion of the body due to unbalanced forces.
Eg.: Drawing water froms a well, force sapplied with as crowbar, forces on a weighing balance. s
estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsip esteiptsip estei ptsip estei ptsips e stei ptsips s
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb 18. c bcs
Define
b Equilibrant.
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
A system can be brought to equilibrium by applying another force which is equal to the resultant force in
s s magnitude s s but in opposite s s direction. sSuch
s forcetiis scalled
s as Equilibrant.
ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e eptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 19. Have cbcsbsyou observed cbcsbs the position cbcsbs of the handle
cbcsbs in door? cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
The door can be easily opened or closed when you apply the force at a point far away from the fixed edges
p
tei t si p s deu tote iplarge
tsips moment teiptof
sipsforce. teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
e es es es es es es es es e
cbcsbs sb
cbcis
20. It
bcsb bcsb csb near the
cbforce
easier tocopen a door cby applying a cbcsbhandle rather
cbcsb than near
cbcshinges.
b cbcsb
Why? cbcsbs
While applying force near handle, the moment of force is larger than applying a force near the hinges. So it
esteiptsips steiptsiptos open sthe
is easier
e es tsips
teipdoor. esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
21. What do you mean by axis of rotation?
The axis of the fixed edge about which the door is rotated is called as the axis of rotation.
ss ptsips tsips eiptsip
s ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip22. What esteido esteipby estrotation? esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb you mean
c bcsb point
c bcs
ofb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Fix one end of a rod and apply a force at the other end tangentially. The rod will be turned about the fixed
point and it is called ass "Point of rotation".
t iptsips t iptsips iptips iptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
s
cbcb
es e s e
23. Defines e
cbcb Moment s
cbcof
est
b force. cbcsbeste
e
e
cbcsbs
The rotating or turning effect of a force about fixed point or fixed axis is called moment of the force.
teiptsip24.
s Define teiptTorque.
sips ss
eteiptip tiptsips sps
steipti
ss
eteiptip
ss
esteiptip thebcsfixed
ss
eteiptip iptsips
bestefixed
cbcsbes s e
Torque
cbc b s is the product bcsbese(F) and cthe
cbcsbs of the cForce bcsbeperpendicular
cbcsbsdistance (d)
cbcsbbetween c bs point or cbcsthe
e
cbcsbs
axis and the line of the action of the force.
T = F × sd (T – Torque,spFs – Force and d – distance) SI unit Nm. sps
esteiptsips esteiptips esteipti esteiptsips esteiptsips e steipti esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
25. Define
b couple. b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Two equal and unlike parallel forces applied simultaneously at the two distinct points constitute a couple.
s26.
s Define 1s Newton.
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip–2 e
c bcsb b
The
c csb b sb
amount cof force required
c c bcsb b sb
for ac body of mass
c c bcsb c b sb
1 kg produces
c bcsb b sb
an cacceleration cof 1ms ,
c cbcsbs
1N = 1kgms–2.
s27.
s Define 1s dyne.
s ss ss tiptsips ss ss tiptsips ss
eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip bcsbeseof mass eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese esteiptip–2 e
cbcsbs cbcsbsamount cofbcsbforce
The cbcsbs for a cbody
required cbcsb1s gram produces
cbcsbs an cacceleration cbcsb1cms
of , cbcsbs
1 dyne = 1 gcms–2, also 1N = 105 dyne.
s28.
s Define Unit
s s force. teiptsips teiptsips iptsips sps teiptsips ss teiptsips
eteiptip esteiptip csbes requried sbesproduce beste steipti –2 in acbbody
csbe1ms esteiptip
csbes of masscb1csbkg csbes force e
cbcsbs cbcsbamount
The ofcb
force cbcto cbcsacceleration
an cbof is calledcbunit cbcsbs
or 1N of force.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

29. DefinepGravitational unit of force.
esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b Inb s
c cthe SI system
b b s
b ccb s
c cof units, gravitational
b unitcof
b s
b b s
c force is kilogram
b b
cc s
c c force, represented
b bycKg
b s
c F. In the CGS
b b s
c c system
b cbcsbs
its unit is gram force, represented by gf.
1skg f = 1 kg –2
ss s s s× 9.8 mstiptsi=ps98 N. tiptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip t i pt i p
e e 1 gf bc= eet i pt i p e–2
csbes = 980cbdyne.
csbes
e esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs c sbs1 g × 980cbcms c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
30. Explain acceleration due to gravity of the earth.
ss The velocity of the object keeps changing as it falls down. Thisspchange in velocity must bespdue to the force
eteiptip t iptsips t iptsips t iptsips t iptsips t ipti s tiptsips t ipti s eiptsip
s
cbcsbs acting
s
cbcb
es e on the s
cbcb
e
object.
s e The s
cbcb
es e
acceleration of the
s
cbcb
es e
body is dues
cbcb
e
to
s e the Earth's
s
cbcb
es e
gravitational
s
cbcb
e e
force.
s So bestcalled
citbcsis
e
cbcsbs
as acceleration due to the gravitational force of the earth (or) acceleration due to gravity of the earth. It is
represented by as 'g'.The average value of g = 9.8 ms–2.
ss ss psips iptsips psips psips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t beste of the sbestei t (M)?cbcsbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 31. How
cbcsbscould you
cbccalculate the
cbcsmass cbcearth cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Mass of the Earth (M) = gR2/G. Substituting the known value of g, R and G. We calculate the mass of the
earth as Ms = 5.972 × 10s24 kg.
esteiptsips s
eteiptip
s
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs Mass. cbcsbs
32. Define b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
Mass is the basic property of a body. Mass of a body is defined as the quantity of matter contained in the
body. SIsunit is Kilogram (kg).
estei ptsips estei ptips estei ptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
c bcsb c csb
33. Define
b Weight.
Weight of a body is defined as the gravitational force exested on it due to the Earth's gravity alone.
ss ss sWeight
s = Gravitational
ss Force.
ss ss ss ss ss
cbcsbs cbcsbs
cbcsbs cbcsb=s mass (m) cbcsb×sacceleration
cbcsbsdue to gravity
cbcsbs(g). cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= m × g.
ss sips psips psips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip34. Define pApparent
sbestei t
weight.
sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c
Apparent weight is the weight of the body acquired due to the action of gravity and other external forcesbc c bc cbcsbs
acting on the body.
s StatetiWeightlessness.
teiptsip35. s teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es eptsip es es es es es es e s e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
Whenever
b s
b
c c or a person
a body
b s
b b s
b
c cfalls freely cunder
c the action b s
b b sb
c c of Earth's cgravitational
c b s
b b sb
c c alone, it cappears
force c to cbcsbs
have zero weight. This state is referrred to as Weightlessness.
Additional – Solved problems
s1.s Calculateiptsipsthe velocityiptsipsof a moving iptsipbody
s of mass
iptsips5 kg whose iptsiplinear
s momentum
iptsips is 2.5 kg
iptsip s m s–1. tiptsips
eteiptip e te e te e te e te e te e te e te ee e
cbcsbs s
cbcb s
Solution : s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s cbcsbs cbcsbs
Linear momentum = mass × velocity.
ss ss sVelocity
s = linear
s s momentum s s / mass.teiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs 2.5 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
V = .
5
= –1
esteiptsips eipsip
stet s
es ipsip
tet s
estet ipsipsm s . ipsips
0.5
estet e stet ipsips
b
cc s
b 2. b sb
Ac door
c b s
b
is pushed,
c c at a pointb s
b b s
b
c cwhose distance b sb
c c from thec hinges
c b s
b
is 90c cm,
c with a force b s
b b sb
c c of 40 N.cCalculate
c cbcsbs
the moment of the force about the hinges.
ss Solution s :s
esteiptip esteiptip: The teiptsips
emoment
s teiptsips
eforce
s e×
steiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcs
Formula
b c bcsb of
c ba
csb M =c bF
csb d c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Given : F = 40 N and d = 90 cm = 0.9 m.
ss Hence, moment of the force = 40 × s0.9 = 36 N m.sps
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptips eteipti due to
ss
esteiptip willbcbe
ss
eteiptip psips
sbestei t as e
cbcsbs 3. At sb
cbcwhats height s s
b the centre
cbcfrom s s
cbcb of the Earth s s cbcsbs
cbcb the acceleration cbcsbgravity c sbs¼th of itscbcvalue cbcsbs
at the Earth.
ss Solutions :s s s s ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip teiptsipcentre eiptsipEarth,bsbesteiptsip
bestthe eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs Data bcsbesthe
c₎bcsbs: Height cfrom cbcsof cc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
R =R+h

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

₎
The acceleration due to gravity at that iheight, g = ipg/4.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteptsips estetsips 2 sbesteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s bs
c c Formula: cg c = GM /R cbc
b b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
2 2 2
g  R1  R + h  h
= s s  =   = 1 + 
ss ss ss ss s s s s ss ss
esteiptip g bcsbesteiptipR₎  bcsbeRsteiptip  bcRsbesteiptip
1
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c R c c c bcsb cbcsbs
₎ 2
g  h
ss ss ss ss ss 4 = s1 s + 
ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteipti R 
p eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
h
2 = 1+
R

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
From the centre of the Earth, the object is placed ats twice the radius of the earth.
ss ptsips ptsips ptsips ptsip ptsips tiptsips ss ss
esteiptip e stei e stei estei estei estei
bsbese esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb ccbsb bsbcc bsb cc bsb cc bsb cc cc c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Additional – Long answer questions
eteiptip eteiptip the Action
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 1. Tabulate
cbcsbs of forces.
e
Action of forces Diagram Resultant force (Fnet)
Parallel
teiptsipforces are acting
teiptsips in thesbesteiptsips 1 sbesteiptsips Fnet
teipts=
ipsF1 + F2 esteiptsips
ss s F ss ss
eteiptip e e eteiptip e eteiptip e
cbcsbs csame
b s
bc direction
s cbcsb s cbc F2 cbc cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs
Parallel unequal forces are acting F1 F2 Fnet = F1 – F2 (if F1 > F2)
esteiptsips in oppositess
esteiptip directions
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip esteiptsips esteiptsips Fes ips
teipts= F – F (if
es
s
teipFtsip> F ) esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
c c net b
2 c c
1sb 2 b
1c c s
b cbcsbs
Fnet is directed along the greater
ss ss ss ss ss ss forcesps ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteipFtip esteipti esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb bcsb
cParallel equalcforces are acting
bcs
c inb F
bc
c 1sb c bcsb 2 bcsb bcsb
c Fnet = F1 –cF2 (F1 = F2) c bcsb cbcsbs
opposite directions in the same
Fnet = 0
ss line of action
s s (F1 = F2) ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 2. cbcsbs bcsb b
Write the application of Torque.
c c csb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
i) Gears :
ss A gears s is a circular spwheel
s with teipteeth
tsips around its
s rim.
s It helps stos change the sspeed
s of rotation
s s of a wheelby
ss
eteiptip esteiptip steipti
bcsbetorqueand csbes to transmit eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbchanging cthe cbhelps cbcsbspower. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
ii) Seasaw :
InpSeasaw, there iss a difference in the weight of the persons ptsips sittingeston it, the heavier ptsipsperson lifts the
esteiptsips e tei tsips person.
lighter
s es eiptsip thebheavier
tWhen esteiptsipspersonsbcomes
esteiptsipsclosersbto
esteithe pivot point
tsips
eipthe distance esteiof the line ofes eiptsip
taction s
e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb cc sb b
cc b
cc ccb s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
of the force decreases. It causes less amount of torque to act on it. This enables the lighter person to
lift the heavier person.
ss teiptsips Wheel ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip iii) sbeSteering
s esteipti:p esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
A small steering wheel enables you to manoeuore a car easilyby tsransferring a torque to the wheels
with less effort.
eteiptip3. pip
sbestei t the principle
Explain pip
sbestei t of moments
pip
sbestei t : eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc cbc cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
At equilibrium, the algebraic sum of the moments of all individual forces about any point is equal to zero.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips des1teiptsips esteiptsips esteipd

tsip2s esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
c cb b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Anticlockwise P Clockwise
direction direction
cFb2csbs
e
F1
ss In s illustration,
psipthe psipsthe force pFsip,sproduces sipsanticlockwise
pan psipsrotationesat s
pasipdistance sips the point
d,pfrom s
psipof
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t 1 sbestei t sbestei t sb tei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
pivot (P) called fulcnum and force F2 produces a clockwise rotation at a distance d2 from the point of pivot P.
c c bc c bc cbcsbs
The principle of moments can be written as follows;
teiptsips teiptsips Moment
teiptsips in sbesteiptsips Moment teiptinsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
Clockwise
cc b
direction b
c c = Anticlockwise
cc s
b b
direction
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
F1 × d1 = F2 × d2
ss sps ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip4. Explain
esteiptiImpulse.esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b csb bcs
Ac large force acting
c b bcsb
c short interval
for a very
bcsb bcs
c of time is calledb
c as Impulsive bcsb
c force. c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
When a force 'F' acts on a body for a period of time 't' then the product of force and time is known as
ss 'impulse' ss sps'J'. ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip e eiptiprepresented
t eteiptiby eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs ImpulsecbJcsb=s F × t cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
cbcsb..............(1) cbcsbs
By Newton's second law
ss ss ss tsips (D refers sipschange) teiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip F se=tipDP/t
bcbse
tiptto
bcsbese bcsbes bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c
DP = F × t
c c c c c
..............(2)
cbcsbs
From 1 & 2, J = DP
esteiptsips esteiptsips is salso
Impulse es
sips
teiptequal tobthees tsips
teipmagnitude of
es tsips in smomentum.
teipchange esteiptsips It's
es ptsipsis Kgmse–1
teiunit s tsips Ns. sesteiptsips
teip(or) e
b
cc s
b b
cc sb ccb b cc s
b ccb sb ccb b ccb sb ccb sb cbcb cbcsbs
Change in momentum can be achieved in 2 ways. They are;
 A large force acting for a short period time and
ss tsips force ptsips for aeslonger
teiptsips period sips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip bcsbeAsteipsmaller esteiacting teipttime.
esof esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Examples :
 Automobiles are fitted with springs and shock absorbes to reduce jerks while moving onsuneven roads.s
ss iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips tiptsip teiptsip
eteiptip e t
Ine cricket, a e te
fielder pull back e te
his hands whilee te catching thee teball. He e te
experiences a bcsbese force for aeslonger e
cbcsbs  s
cbcb s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s csmaller cbcsb cbcsbs
interval of time to catch the ball, resulting in a lesser impulse on his hands.
5. Explain sNewton's Third Law with san example.s s
e teiptsips iptips
ee t iptsips t iptips
e iptip t
sbeseevery action, ee t tiptsips
ese and opposite tiptsips
ee tiptsips
ee tiptsips
ee
cbcsb s cbcsbs thirdclaw
Newton's bcsbesstates that
cbc"for cbcsbs there is can bcsbequal cbcsbs reaction". cbcsbs They always cbcsbsact on
e
cbcsbs
two different bodies.
If sa s
teiptsips t i pt i pbody 'A' eapplies
t i ptsips a force tFeiAptsionps a bodye'B', t ip tsithen
ps the body t i ptsip'B's reacts with
t i ptsipforce
s FB ontipthe tsipsbody 'A', twhich
iptsips
es is bequal
es e to F inmagnitude
s e but opposite
es in direction.
s e F = –F es.e es e e s e es e e
b
cc s
b cc s
b b
A c c sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b s
B c c Ab ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
Examples :
ss  When birds fly, they push thes air downwards with their swings (Action) and the airspushes the bird
esteiptip e t i ptsips (Reaction).
upward
s e estei ptsips esteiptips estei ptsips estei ptips esti
e ptsips e stei ptips ss
esteiptip e
 When a person swims, he pushes the water using the hands backwards (Action) and the water pushes
the swimmer in the forward direction (Reaction).
ss sps teiptsips ptsipsrecoils ebackward.
tiptsips teiptsips tiptsips sps sips
eteiptip steipti youcbfire
bsbeWhen
csbes a bulletc,bcthe sbesteigun bcsbse bThe
csbes bullet iscmoving bcsbese forward steipti
bcsbe(Action) and esteiptgun
bcsbthe e
cbcsbs c c equalises c
this forward action by moving backward (Reaction).
c c c cbcsbs
6. Write the relationship between 'g' and 'G'.
ss ss ss s
eiptsip on the teiptsips of the teiptsips it is acted sips tsips ptsips
eteiptip eteiptip : When
Explanation eteiptaipbody isbcsat
etrests esurface eEarth, eteiptupon bybcs eteipgravitational
the eteiforce e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs cbcsbs
of the Earth. Let us compute the magnitude of this force in two ways. Let 'M' be the mass of the Earth and

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

'm' be ip the mass of the body. The ientire mass ofiptthe Earth is iassumed to be concentrated at its centre.iptThe
esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips esteptsips este sips esteptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips este sips e
b
cc s
b radius
b
cc s
b of the Earth
b
cc sb is 6378 km
ccb s
b(=6400 km b
ccapproximately).
s
b b
cc s
b By Newton's
b
cc sblaw of gravitation,
b
cc s
b the force
c c acting
b s
b cbcsbs
on the body is given by
GMm
F = 2 .............(1)
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teipti spRsteiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c the radius
Here, b s
b b sb
c cof the bodycconsidered
c bcsb
iscnegligible b s
b b
c c compared cwith
when
s
b
c the Earth's b sb b s
b
c cradius. Now,c cthe same cbcsbs
force can be obtained from Newton's second law of motion. According to this law, the force action on the body
ss is given sbysthe product tsipof
s its masstipand s acceleration s s(called asteiweight).
ss Here ip acceleration
ss of s the s body is tunderss
esteiptip esteiptip of gravity,esteiphence eg.
s etsip esteiptip es ptip estetip esteiptip eseiptip e
c bcsb the
c bcsaction
b c bcsb a
c =
bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
F = Ma = mg.
ss F = weight = mg sps ...........(2)
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teipti e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsip
s ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcbs s
comparing (1)cands s
bcb (2) we get, cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcsbs cbcsbs
GMm
mg = 2
ss sips sips sipRs ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip tei
Acceleration
pt due tei pt tei pt eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsto
besgravity, cbcsbes
e e
GM
g =
R 2s
esteiptsips s
eteiptip
s s
eteiptip
s s
eteiptip
s
eteiptip
s s
eteiptip
s s
eteiptip
s s
eteiptip
s s
eteiptip
s
e
b
cc s
b 7. cbcsbs
Tabulate the c bcsbs
apparent cbcsbsof a person
weight s a moving
cbcsbin cbcsb s
lift. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans :
ss Casete 1 s: Lift
s Case
s s 2 : Liftteiptsips Case t3eipt:sipLifts is at rest ss Case s4 s: Lift is fallings sdown freely ss
esteiptip esiptip esteiptip es es esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb csb
cis moving c
b b csb is movingc bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
upward with an downward with an
ss acceleration 'a' acceleration 'a's s
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips eteiptip
ss
eteiptip eteiptip
ss psips ss
eteiptip is equal
sbestei t the acceleration eteiptip
ss
e
cbcsbs cR–Ws s
bcb = Fnet =cma s s
bcb W – R = cbcFsbnets = ma Here
cbcsbsthe acceleration
cbcsbs is zerocbcHere cbcsbs cbcsbsto g cbcsbs
R = W + ma R = W – ma a=0 a=g
R = mg +s ma R =s mg – ma s R = W s
ss sip ipRtsip= m (g s–esa) tiptsip sp tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip Rbs= teipt(g
besm + a) bsbeste bb e steipti
Rb=sbemg bsbese bRsbes=em (g – g) bsbese bsbese e
cbcsbs cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cbcsbs
R>W R<W R=W R=0
Apparent sipsweight teipApparent weight Apparent sipweight is equal sips to Apparent sips weightte is sequal
teiptsips tei pt tsips tsips
teipthe teipt s tei pt tei pt i pt i ps to zeroteiptsips
es isbcsgreater
es thanbcsbs is lesser bthan
e es the actual
es weight es es es es e
b
cc s
b c b c cc sb ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
the actual weight actual weight

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips

UNIT TEST-1
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
ss teiptsips Hrs.sbesteiptsips ss ss ss ss ss sips

esteiptipTimebc:sbe1.15
s esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Marks est:eipt50 e
c bcsb c cbc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
I. Choose the best answer (5 × 1 = 5)
ss teiptsips sps ss sips__________. ss ss ss ss
eteiptip1. The emomentum of
eteiaptiheavy object
eteiptipat restbcswill
eteiptbe eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) large cbcsbs cbcsbs b) smallc bs cbcsbs c) infinity cbcsbs cbcsbs
d) zero cbcsbs cbcsbs
2. The SI unit of force is __________.
ss ss psips b) joule psips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip
a) sb
energy sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip c) bcnewton
eteiptip eteiptip d) dyne
eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc cbc cbc cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3. Rocket works on the principle of __________.
a) conservation of mass
teiptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips ti
e ptsips tei ptsips b) conservation
tei ptsips of energy
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b es c)
ccb s
bconservation
es b
cc of
s
b esmomentum b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es d)
ccconservation
b s
b es of
b
cc sbvelocity
es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
4. Momentum is a __________ quantity.
ss a. vector psips psips b) scalar psips psips c) tensor psips psips d) none psips ss
esteiptip etei t etei t etei t etei t etei t etei t etei t esteiptip e
c bcsb 5. cbcsbs is a __________
Torque cbcsbs cbcsbs
quantity. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb cbcsbs
a) vector b) scalar c) tensor d) either a ro b
ss s
teiptsipblanks ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptipII. Fillbcinethe eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip (5bc×sbe1steip=tip5) e
cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs
6. Direction of motion is due to __________.
7. __________ proposed the concepts of force , motion and inertia of bodies. ips
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips sbestet
ips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb 8. bcsb bcsb bcsb
Unit of momentum in CGS system is __________.
c c c c bcsb c bcsb c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
9. Torque = __________ × __________.
s
teiptsip10. s
tsipG
teipof teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es SI unit
es is __________.
es es es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
III. State whether the statements are true or false. Correct the false statement (4 × 1 = 4)
ss s
teiptsipmotion ptsipsrelated eterms.
teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip11. Rest eand
s areesteinot s esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
12. Violent motion is a force dependent.
s13.
s The unit of impulse and
teiptsips
force is same.
tiptsips iptsips psips teiptsips psips ss ss
eteiptip bcsbeseof all the
csbesresultantcforce beste acting sbestaei tbody iscbequal
csbes to zero, sbestei tthe body esteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs 14. Ifcbthe cbcsforces cbcon cbcthen cbcsbwill bcsb
be in equilibrium.
c cbcsbs
Such forces are called Unbalanced forces.
ss ptsipsfollowing ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptipIV. Matcheteithe eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc×sb1s = 4)
(4 cbcsbs
15. Force (a) cause of motion
16. Moment of force
esteiptsip s
esteiptsip s
esteiptsip (b) sbe
s momentum
steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
17. Newton
cc b
cc s
b b
(c)c c push or pull b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
18. m × v (d) Torque
esteiptipV. Assertion
esteiptipand Reasoning
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb (3bcsb
c × 1 = 3) cbcsbs
Direction: In each of the following questions, a statement of Assertion is given and a corresponding statement of
sReason
s is given
teiptsips just below
teiptsiit.
psOf the estatements
teiptsips given sbelow,
s markipthe
sps correct answer
s s as ss ss
eteiptip csbes A and Rcbare csbestrue andcR esteiptip steti
csbeA. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs a. Ifcbboth bcsbissthe cbcsb
correct explanation cbof cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
b.If both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c.If A is trues but R is false.s
sips s iptsip ss ss ss ss ss ss
tei
bsbes d.
pt eteiptAipand Rbare
Ifbboth etefalse. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cc c csbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
19. Assertion: The sum of the clockwise moments is equal to the sum of the anticlockwise moments.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Reason: The principle of conservation of momentum is valid ifiptthe externalip force on the system is zeroipts
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips este sips estetsips esteiptsips este ips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
20. Assertion: Thebcsb
c resistance b s
b
ofc ac body to change b s
b bsb
c c its state cofcrest is called b sb b
c cinertia of rest.
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Reason: When you vigorously shake the branches of a tree, some of the leaves and fruits are detached and
ss they fall sdown
c bcsb c bcsb
21. Assertion c bc
: Torque
sb
is measured
bcsb
c by the product c bcsb
of the force
bcsb bcs
c and the perpendicular
c b c bcsb
distance
bcsb
c the fixed
between cbcsbs
point or the fixed axis and the line of action of the force.
s ss ss teiptsipsspringssbeand s ss ss ptsips on euneven sps
esteiptipAutomobiles esteiptipare fitted eswith
spshock absorbers
Reason:
esteiptip to reduce
esteiptipjerks while esteimoving
s p
eteipti steipti steipti e
cbcsbs b
road.
c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
VI. Write the answer for the following questions in word or sentence (3 × 1 p = 3)
sips ss ss ss ss ss ss teiptsips tei tsips
e teipt eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e e e
cbcsbs 22. What cbcsbsdo you mean
cbcsbsby force?cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs
23. Who proposed the law of motion?
psip24.
s One oftipthe
sips irregularities
psipsin the motionpsipsof starsesisteipcalled?
sips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
sestei t
cbcb seset
cbcb sestei t
cbcb sestei t
cbcb s t cbcb b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
VII. Find the odd one out (3 × 1 = 3)
esteiptip25. Newton,
esteiptipGalileo,bcsAristotle,
esteiptip Einstein.
c bcsb c bcsb c b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
26. F = F1 + F2, F = F1 – F2, F = F1 = F2, R=0.
5 dyne.
estiptsip27.
e
s 980 dynes,
esteiptsips 9.8 N,se10
stiptsip
e
s ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
s
cbcb s
cbcb cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
VIII. Correct the mistakes (3 × 1 = 3)
ss ss sps s
iptsipbodies ss teiptsipsof motion. ss ss ss
eteiptip28. Kinematics
eteiptip dealsbcswith
eteiptithe motion
eteof eteiptip
considering the ecause eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
29. Inertia of rest is the resistance of a body to change its state of motion
30. Geometricsradius of the sEarth is Minimum in the polar region, thesvalue of g is maximum.
ete iptsips iptsip
ete iptsip
ete iptsips ete iptsips iptsip
ete iptsips
ete iptsips ete ete e teiptsips e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
IX. Write the short answer for ANY 5 of the following questions. (5 × 2 = 10)
s31.
s Definetiplinear
s s momentum. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esetip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bc
32. What
c sb is Torque?
33. Define 1 Newton.
ss ps
eiptsicouple? ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip34. Whatetis esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 35. What cbcsbsis Impulsivecbcsbforce? cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
36. What is called apparent weight?
ss ps
eiptsimeant teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip37. Whatetis by eweightlessness?eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
X. Write long answer for the following questions (2 × 5 = 10)
b
cc s
b b
cc s
38. Describe
b rocket bcs
c propulsion.
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
[OR]
s39s Explain the
s s types ofteiInertia
s s with examples. ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip es ptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb
40. Differentiate
c bcs
between
c b bc
Mass and
sb
c Weight. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
[OR]
s s ti srelation
s teiptsips g and tsips ss ss ss ss ss
eteipti 41 Derive
p eteipthep ebetween eteipG. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptsips UNIT esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips OPTICS

esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
2
 Light is a form of energy which travels along a straight line.
ss teiptsips tsips teiptsipsray is called ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip  bcsbeThe esteipthe sbeslight eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c s deviation cbcsbin path
cbcof cbcsbs refraction..
 The ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in a medium is defined as refractive index
'μ' pofs that medium.
e steiptsips estei tips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb1s 1 1 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Lens formula = –
f v u
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips h1 vsbesteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
 c c Magnification s
b
c c (m) = c=bc
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
h u
ptsips  Power ptsipsof lens.esPteip=sip1s ss ss ss ss ss ss

e stei e stei t f esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 The ability of the eye to focus nearby as well as the distant objects is called power of accommodation
of the eye.
ss ptsips ss ss iptsips teiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip  bcsbeAsteimicroscope eteiptip eteiptip beste helpscbus
csbesto see the esteiptip which esteiptipvery small
eteiptip e
cbcsbs c cbcsbsis an optical
cbcsbsinstrument
cbcswhich cbcsbobjects cbcsbare cbcsbs in cbcsbs
dimension.
 Telescope is an optical instrument used to see the distant pobjects clearly.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
TEXT BOOK EVALUATION
esteiptsipI.s BooksbExercise
esteiptsips – Choose
esteiptsipsthe bestes ptsips
teianswer esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b
1. The
b b sb
c c refractivec index
c bcsb
c substances
of four
b s
b b
cA,c B, C and Dcare s
b
c 1.31, 1.43, b s
b b s
b
c c 1.33, 2.4 respectively.
cc b s
b
c speed
cThe cbcsbs
of light is maximum in
ss a. A te psips s s b. B teiptsips s s c. C teiptsips s s d. D teiptsips ss
esteiptip sbesi t esteiptip e esteiptip e esteiptip e esteiptip e
c bcsb cbc c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb cbcsbs bcsb
cAns : (a) A cbcsbs
2. Where should an object be placed so that a real and inverted image of same size is obtained by a
ss convex slens s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip b. bcs2fbesteiptip eteiptip c. bcinfinity
eteiptip eteiptip d. between
eteiptip f and b2f eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbf s
a. cbcsbs c cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) 2f
3. A small bulb is placed at the principal focus of a convex lens. When the bulb is switched on, the lens
ss sps psips psips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip steipti
willsbeproduce sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbc cbc
a. a convergent beam of light
cbc cbc cbc cbc
b. a divergent beam of light
cbc cbc cbcsbs
c. a parallel beam of light d. a coloured beam of light
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips es i
teptsi p s
esteiptsips es ptsips: (c) a eparallel
teiAns steiptsips beamsbeof
s tsips
teiplight e
b
cc s
b
4.
b
cc s
b
Magnification
b s
b b
c a convex clens
cof s
b
c is b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc cbcsbs
a. positive b. negative
ss c. eitherpsips tsips psips ss ss ss ss ss
c bcsesteiptip
b sestei t positiveseor
cbcb steipnegative
cbcb sestei t
cbcb c bcsbesteiptip d. bczero
c sbesteiptip bcsbesteiptip bc
c Ans : (c) eithersbesteiptip bcsbesteiptip
c positive orc negativee
e
cbcsbs
5. A convex lens forms a real, diminished point sized image at focus. Then the position of the object is
ss at
eteiptip teiptsips
e teiptsips
e teiptsips teiptsips
e teiptsips e teiptsips teiptsips
e teiptsips e e e e
cbcsbs s
cbcsbfocus
a. cbcsbs b.cbcsbs
infinity cbcsbs sbs2f
c.cbcat cbcsbs bcsbs
d. cbetween f and sbs
cbc2f cbcsbs
Ans : (b) infinity
6. Power of a lens is –4D, then its focal length iss s
e teiptsips a. e
4m teiptsips e teiptsips b. s–40
e tsips
teipm eteiptip c. bc–0.25
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip d. –2.5
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbc bs cbcsbs c sbs m cbcsbs cbcsbs m cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (c) –0.25 m

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Unit-2: Optics GANGA  Science (Physics) 29
7. In a myopic eye, the image of the object is formed
esteiptsips es teiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a.
ccb s
bbehind the b
cc s
retina
b b.
ccb s
on
b the retinab
cc sb c.
ccbs
in
b front of the
ccb s
bretina d. ccon
b sb the blind spot
ccb sb cbcsbs
Ans : (c) in front of the retina
s8.s The eye sdefect
s ‘presbyopia’
ss can pbe s scorrected by ss ss ss teiptsips teiptsips
esteiptip a.bcsbconvex
esteiptip lens bcsbesteiptip b. bcsconcave estei tip lensbcsbesteiptip c. bcconvex esteiptip mirrorbcsbesteiptip d. bi es es e
c bcsb c c c b c c sb c bcsb
c focal lenses c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (d) bi focal lenses
s9.s Whichteiptsof s the following s s lens twould s s you tprefer s s to use swhile
s reading s s small letters s s foundteipin s sa
eteiptip dictionary?e ip eteiptip e eiptip e eiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e tip e
a. A convex lens of focal length 5 cm b. A concave lens of focal length 5 cm
c. A convex lens of focal length 10 scm d. A concave s lens oftipfocal length 10scm
e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptips e teiptsips e teiptsipAns e e tsips ps
teiptifocal eteiptip
ss
cbc sb s cbc s
b s cbc s
b s cbc s
b s cbcsb s cbcsb s : (a)
cbcsb A
s convex bcsbesof
clens length
cbcsbs 5 cm
e
cbcsbs
10. If VB, VG, VR be the velocity of blue, green and red light respectively in a glass prism, then which of
the following statement gives the correct relation?
i ptsips ptsipVs = V esteiptsips b. Vest>
i= s s
eiptsiVpG > VRbsbesteiptsip c. bVsbeBst<
s s s
eiptsiVpG < VRbsbesteiptsip d. VbBsbe<steipVtsiGp> VR bsbesteiptsip
s
este a. VesBte e
ccb sb ccb s
b G
ccR
b s
b ccb s
b B
cc cc cc cc cc cbcsbs
Ans : (b) VB > VG > VR
s II.
s Book Exercise s s – Fillteiinsthe
s blankstiptsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip es ptip ee esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb
1. c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
The path of the light is called as __________. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb
Ans : ray
cbcsbs
2. The refractive index of a transparent medium is always greater than __________ Ans : one
ss teiptsips iptsips beamseand
tiptsips tiptsips ptsips thenesthe
tiptsips s
teiptsiplight teiptsips
eteiptip3. Ifbthe beste
csbes energy cofbcsincident bcbse the scattered sbesteisame,
bcsbese beamcbcare bcsb e scattering
bcsbesof isbcalled
csbes as e
cbcsbs c
__________ scattering. c c c c c
Ans : Elastic
cbcsbs
4. According to Rayleigh’s scattering law, the amount of scattering of light is inversely proportional to the fourth
ss power s __________.
tsipits ss ss ss ss ss tsips : waveeslength
teiptsips
eteiptip esteipof esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteipAns e
cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs
5. Amount of light entering into the eye is controlled by __________. Ans : iris
III. Book Exercise – True or False (If false correct it)
e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips
es teiptsips
e teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b s 1. cbcsbs of light
Velocity cbcsbiss greatercin
bcsbdenser medium csbes medium.
cbcsbs than incbrarer
e
cbcsbs b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
Ans : False. Velocity of light is greater in rare medium than in denser medium.
s2.s The power
eiptsip
s of lenstdepends
ss on thespfocal
s lengthspof s the lens. ss ss ss ss
esteiptip Ans e:stTrue. eseiptip esteipti esteipti esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
3. Increase in the converging power of eye lens cause ‘hypermetropia’.
ss Ans : True.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip es teiptip es teiptip
es e teiptip e teiptip teiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 4. cbcsbconvex
The cbcsbalways
lens cbcsbsmall
gives cbcsbsimage. cbcsbs
virtual cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : False. Only concave lens always gives small virtual image.
ss teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptipIV. Book eExercise eteiptip the following
– Match eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
Column I Column II
1. Retina (a) Path way of light
esteiptsips 2. seste iptsips
Pupil esteiptsips e steiptsipsFar point
(b) es tsips closer
comes
teip esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
3.
b b
c c Ciliary muscles
cc s
b b s
b
c c (c) Nearc point b csb bcsb
c away
moves
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
4. Myopia (d) Screen of the eye
ss 5. s
Hypermetropia s teiptsipsPowersbof ptsips ss ss ss ss
e(e) esteiaccomodation
s s
esteiptip iptip
este esteiptip s esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b
Ans
c :csb c bcsb c bcsb c bc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Column I Column II
ss teiptsips ss iptsips of the ptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip 1 eRetina eteiptip d eteScreen eteieye eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
2 Pupil b Path way of light
3 Ciliary
s muscles f Power
ss s ss sips of accomodation
teiptsips teiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip etei pt
csbes closercbcsbes eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c4bcsbsMyopia cbcsbs cbcbsbsFar pointcbcomes cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
5 Hypermetropia c Near point moves away

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

s Book Exercise
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) If both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of
s p s teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
t
ese i pt i eassertion.
c bcsb b csb
c If both the
b)
b csb
c assertion and b csb
c the reason b csb
c are true, but bcsb bcsb
c the reason cis not the correct c bcsb bcsb
c of the
explanation cbcsbs
assertion.
s p s psips
c) eAssertion is e psipsbut theereason
true, psips is false. psips psips psips psips psips
eteipti sbstei t sbstei t sbstei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
d) Assertion is false, but the reason is true. c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
1. Assertion: If the refractive index of the medium is high (denser medium) the velocity of the light in that
ss ss sps be small. ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip medium
eteiptiwill eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
Reason: Refractive index of the medium is inversely proportional to the velocity of the light.
Ans s: (a) both the sassertion and sthe reason arestrue and the reason is the correct explanation
teiptsips tei ptsip tei ptsip ti
e ptsip tei ptsip tei ptsips tei ptsips ti
e ptsips of assertion.
teiptsips
b
cc s
b 2. s
b
Assertion:
b
cc b s
Myopia
c c is due to
b b s
c cthe increasec in
b b s
c the converging
b b s
c c power ofc eye
b b s
c lens. c c
b b s
b ccb s
b cbcsbs
Reason: Myopia can be corrected with the help of concave lens.
ss ps the assertion ss tsips arestrue, ss ss s ss ss
esteiptip Ansbcs:be(b)
steiptsiboth esteiptip andbcsthe
esteipreason esteiptipbut thebcreason
esteiptipis not bthe eiptsip explanation
estcorrect esteiptip of thebcsassertion
esteiptip e
c bcsb c c bcsb c b c bc b c sb c csb c bcsb c b cbcsbs
VI. Book Exercise – Answer briefly
ss s
ptsiprefractive iptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip1. What
esteiis index?
este bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c c c c c
Refractive index as the ratio of sine of the angle incidence to the sine of angle of refraction. It can be alsobe c cbcsbs
defined as ratio of speed of light in air to the speed of light in medium. It has no unit.
ss s
ptsip spsip tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip2. State
sesteiSnell’s law.
sestei t bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs c bcb c bcb c c c c c
The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence and sine of the angle of refraction is equal to the ratio of
c cbcsbs
refractive indices of the two media. This law is also known as Snell's law.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips es
ps i µ2 eteiptsips
teiptsiSin s esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b = b
Sin r cµ1c
sb b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
3. Draw a sray diagram stos show the s image formed by a convex lens when the object is splaced between
e stei ptsips F bandestei ptips
2F. estei ptip e stei ptips estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptips ss
esteiptip e
cbcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
4. Define dispersion of light.
ss When sps of white ss teiptsips sps teiptsips any sbtransparent
ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiaptibeam esteiptip light b
or ecomposite
s lightis
esteiptirefracted ethrough
s esteiptip media
esteiptipsuch asbcsbglass
esteiptipor e
c bcsb bcsb
water,
c b csb
it is splitc into its componentc csb bcsb
colours.c This phenomenon c bcsb b c bcsb
is calledc as dispersioncof light. c cbcsbs
5. State Rayleigh’s law of scattering.
ss tiptsips tiptsips sps tiptsips tiptsips sps proportional
tiptsips to the teiptsips
eteiptip Rayleigh's
bcsbese scattering
bcsbeselaw states steipti "the amount
bcsbethat bcsbese of scattering
bcsbese of lightcbiscsbesteipti
inversaly
bcsbese bcsbesfourth e
cbcsbs c c
power of its wavelength. c c c c c cbcsbs
Let amount of scattering be 'A'
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip1 eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
'A' cbcsbs cbcsbs α 4 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
λ

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

6. Differentiate convex lens and concave lens. ps
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b bcsb
cS.No. b
cc s
b b s
b
c c lens c c
Convex b s
b b
ccsb b s
b
c c Concavec lensbcsb b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1 A convex lens is thicker in the middle than at A concave lens is thinner in the middle than at
ss sedges
s ss ss ss edges ss ss ss ss
c bcsb c2bcsb c bcs
It is having
b bcsb
c lens
converging c bcsb b csb bcsb
c It is having diverging
c lens c
bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
3 It produces mostly real images It produces virtual images
ss iptsip s sips ss ss ptsips to treatestmyopia
eiptsip
s ss ss
eteiptip 4 ete It is used teipttreat
eto eteiptip
hypermeteropia eteiptip eteiused
It is eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
7. What is power of accommodation of eye?
ss The ability s of the eye lens to focusspnearby as well as the distant objects onspthe refina of sp the eye is called
eteiptip powere teipof e teiptsips of thesbeseye.
tsipaccommodation teipti s e teiptsips e teiptsips e teipti s e teipti s ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsb s cbc cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs
8. What are the causes of ‘Myopia’?
esteiptsips Myopia ss
eteiptisipcaused due
sps
eteiptito, e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs
i)
cbcsbs
Lengthening of eye ball.
b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
ii) Decrease in the focal length of the eyelens i.e., excessive curvature of the eye lens. The eyelens becomes
ss teiptsipsconvergent. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip emore
9. Why does the sky appear in blue colour?
When isunlight
s s passes
ss
eteiptip eteptip teiptsithrough
ps theip
atmosphere,
ss
etetip
thes sblue colour
eteiptip
(shorter
ss
eteiptip
wavelength)
teiptsips is scattered
s s to a greater
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs extent csbes colour (longer
cbcsbs than thecbred cbcsbs wavelength).
cbcsbs This scattering
cbcsbs causescbthe csbessky to appear
cbcsbs in bue colour.
cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
10. Why are traffic signals red in colour?
ss iptsipshas longest psips ptsipsscattered ptsipsa least amount psips psips psips psips
eteiptip Redse colour
bste sbestei t wavelength
sbestei and sbestei by sbestei t andcbtravels
sbestei t longercbdistance
sbestei t in atmosphere.
sbestei t e
cbcsbs c bc c bc
So it used in traffic signals. c bc c bc c bc c c c bc cbcsbs
tei ptsipVII.
s BooktiExercise
p
e tsips – Give
tei ptsipthe
s answer tei ptsiin
ps
detail
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b b s
b b s
b
c c any five properties
1. List cc bcsb
of clight. b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
i) Light is a form of energy.
ss sps sps sps sps sps sps sps ss
esteiptip teipti alwayssbtravels
ii)bsbeLight eteipti along eipti
aetstraight line.eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti esteiptip e
c bcsb cc s cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb cbcsbs
iii) Light does not need any medium for its propagation. It can even travel through vacuum.
iv) The 8
ss
eteiptip e teiptsipspeed
s of light
e teiptsipsin vacuum
e teiptsipors air isseCsteip=tsip3s × 10sesm/s. Since, light
teiptsips spiss in the form
steipti teiptsips
of waves,pits is
tei tips
cbcsbs cbcbcharacterized
s s cbcb by a wavelength
s s s
cbcb s (l) andcbcba frequency cbc(b ), which carebcsberelated csbes followingcbequation.
bycbthe csbes e
cbcsbs
C = l (C – velocity of light).
ss v) Different colouredsplight has different wavelength and frequency.
eteiptip e teiptsips e teipti s e teiptsips e teiptsips ss
eteiptip teiptsips teiptsips ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs vi) s
b s
cbc Among the sb s s
b
cbcvisible light,cViolets
bc light has s
b s cbcsbs
cbcthe lowest wavelength csbes light hascb
andcbRed csbeshighest wavelength.
the cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
vii) When light is incident on the interface between two media, it is partly reflected and partly refracted.
teiptsip2.s tipti
Explain
sps sps
teiptiobtaining teipti sps
tipti tipti sps sps
teipti help ofsbray
tipti sps
tipti sps sps
b
cc s
b es bsbese the rules
cc bsbesfor
cc bsbesimages
cc
formed
bsbese by a convex
bsbese lens with
cc bsbesthecc b ese diagram.
ccbsbese cc cc
e
cbcsbs
Rule 1 : When a ray of light strikes the convex lens obliquely at its optical centre, it continues to follow its
path without any deviation.
Rays passing through the optical centre
ss psips ptsips ps
iptsiprincipal sps iptsips lens, sthe tsips ps converged
iptsiare psips
eteiptip sb i t: Whencbrays
Ruleest2e
sbestei parallel tosthe
beste sbaxis
esteiptistrikes asconvex
beste
iprefracted
beste srays
beste sbestei t to e
cbcsbs c bc c
(convex lens) the principal focus. c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs


b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb
Rays passing parallel to the optic axis
Rule 3 : When a ray passing through (convex lens) the principal focus strikes a convex lens, the refracted ray
ss tsips tosthe iptsips iptsips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip esteipparallel
willsbbe beste principal saxis.
beste sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc cbcsbs
teiptsips tei ptsips tei ptsipsRays passing

ti
e ptsipsthrough or tei ptsdirected
i ps
towardss the principalsaxis
teiptsip teiptsip teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b 3. b sb
Differentiate
cc b
cthes
b
c eye defects: b s
b
c c Myopia and b s
b
c c Hypermetropia. b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans :
ss S.No. ss ss Myopia ss ss ss eiptsip
s ss ss
esteiptip eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip estHypermetropia esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcs1bs bcsb bcsb
c known as cshort sightedness
It is also
bcsb
c occurs due bcsb b
c It is also known
c csb bcsb bc
as long csightedness, occurs
c sb cbcsbs
to the lengthening of eye ball due to the shortening of eye ball
ss s this defect,
iptsipWith teiptsips nearyby tsips can ps
teiptsiseen ss ptsips objects psips psips
eteiptip 2ete
csbesdistant objects eteipobjects sbe
bcsbeseen esteiptipthis defect,
With sbestei distant sbestei t can becbseen
sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs clearlycbbut cbcsbs cannotcbe cbcsbclearly, c bc c bc
but nearby objects cannot be seen c cbcsbs
clearly clearly
ss 3ete s focal length
iptsipThe ss sps s sps lengthteipof ss tsips s
eteiptip esteiptip of eye elens
steipti is reduced or
esteiptsipthe The
esteiptifocal es tipeye lens eissteipincreased orestthe
eiptsip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs distance cbcsbbetween c b sb c b sb c b sb c b sb
eye lens and retina increases distance between eye lens and retina decreases
c c c c c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
4 The far point will not be infinity for such eyes The near point will not be at 25 cm for such
esteiptsips esteiptsipand
s the fartip
es epoint
tsips has come
esteiptsipcloser
s
esteiptsips eyes
esteiptsipand
s the near
esteiptsippoint
s has moved
esteiptsips fartheresteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c5 b s
b
c cthis the image
Due to b sb
c cof distant objects
ccb s
b are b s
b
c c Due to this, b s
b b
c cthe image ofc nearbycsb b s
b
c care
objects cbcsbs
formed before the retina formed behind the retina
ss 6ete s defecttican
iptsipThis ss ss sips ss s ps a convex ss
esteiptip s eseptip be corrected
esteiptip by using estaeiptconcave This
esteiptipdefect bcan estbe
eiptsipcorrected esby
teiptsiusing esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb less c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb b sb
c lens
c c csb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
7 A suitable focal length of the concave lens to be A suitable focal length of the convex lens to be
ss sused
s to correct s sthis defect ss ss used psipto
s correct tthis
psipsdefect esteiptsips psips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip sestei t sesei t sestei t e
cbcsbs cbcs8bs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcb cbcb s cbcb cbcb cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
9 The focal length of the required concave lens is The focal length of the required convex lens is f
ss ptsips xy esteipwhere
tsips ss ss sips ss ss ss
esteiptip estei esteiptip esteiptip esteiptdD esteiptip
where esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb f= c bcsb b
x - distancecsb bcsb
c upto which a cperson can see c =
bcsb bcsb bcsb
cD - distance of disticnt
c vision c bcsb cbcsbs
x–y y - distance upto which a person want to see d–D d - distance which can be seen beyond D
ss psip s s
psip and working s
psip of a e'Compound
psip s s psip s s ss ss
eteiptip4. Explain
sestei t the construction
sestei t sestei t s stei t esteiptip
sMicroscope'.sestei t eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Compound microscope is used to see the tiny objects. It has higher magnification power than simple
microscope.
eteiptip eteiptip
Construction eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
c: bcsbs
e
i) A compound microscope consists of two convex lenses.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

ii) The lens with the shorter focal length isipplaced near ithe object and is called asipobjective lens or
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips esteptsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b objective piece
b
cc s
b . b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
iii) The lens with the larger focal length and larger aperture placed near the observer's eye is called
eye lens or eye piece . Both the slenses are fixed in a narrowstube with adjustable provision.
ss ptsips ptsips ptsip ptsips ptsip ptsips teiptsips ss
esteiptip Workingestei : estei estei estei estei estei e s esteiptip e
i) The object (AB) is placed at a distance slightly greater than the focal length of objective lens (u > fo). A
real, inverted and magnified image (A'B') is formed at the other side of the object lens.
ss sps iptsips as the teiptsips for the tiptsips ptsips s
teiptsipeye tiptsips teiptsipsa
eteiptip steipti image
ii)bsbeThis bcsbehaves
beste bcsbesobject bcsbeseeye lens.cbcThe sbestei position bof the
csbes
lens
bcsbeisseadjustedcbin such
csbes e
cbcsbs c c way, c c c c
that the image (A'B') falls within the principal focus of the eye piece. This eye piece forms a virtual, c cbcsbs
enlarged and errect image (A"B") on the same side of the object.
ss teiptsips
iii) eCompound microscope s s has 50 sips200 timesteipmoress ss ptsips simpleemicroscope.
teiptsips ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptto e tip magnification eteiptip power eteithan eteiptip e

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b s
b
c Exercise
VIII. cBook b s
b
c c– Numerical b sb
c cproblems c c b s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
s1.s An object s s is placed sat

ps a distance s s20cm from sas convex teilens
s s of focalteiplength
s s 10cm. sFind
s the image ss
esteiptip esteiptipand nature esteiptiof esteiptip esteiptip es ptip es tip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb distance
c bcsb c bcsb thecimage.
Solution : u = –20 cm, f = 10 cm
ss ss ss 1 s 1s 1 ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteipti=p – bcsbesteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
1 1 1
= +
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip etei1ptip 1 1 eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs = 10 – c20bcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1 2s 1
teiptsips Nature tsipsimage sesteiptsips
teipof ti
e pts=ip = 1 teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es e 20 e e e e e e
cbcsbs cbcsbs s s s s cbcsbs
s
b s
b 20 s s s s
b
cc b
cc cbcb b
cc b b
cc b b
cc b b
cc b
V=20cm
Image
s distance = 20
s cm
ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss
20
m= = = –1
20
ss s s the size s s the image s sof the same ss ss s
eiptsip sidebof
s
eiptsipobject.bsbesteiptsip
s
eteiptip This indicates
eet i pt i p eet i pt i p
of eet i pt is
i p eteiptipsize but eteiptip on bthe
inverted etother etthe e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs c csbs cc cbcsbs
2. An object of height 3cm is placed at 10cm from a concave lens of focal length 15cm. Find the size of
the image.
ss tiptsip:s tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip Solution
bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs c c c c c
Position of the image : f = 15 cm, u = -10 cm, height of object = h1 height of image = h2 , v = ? c c c cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

1 1 1
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteip=tsips– esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1 1 1
= +
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip est1eip=tip1 + b1csbesteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb 15 c 10 c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1 1 1
15 10
– = +
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip 1 bc1sbesteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs – c= cm
6
– = 6
ss ss ss ss s
eiptsip distance spscm ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip etImage eteip=ti-6 eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
6
m=s s = – 2
= 0.6
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei pt i p 1
este ips
10 ipts
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b b s
b
c c h = m x hc c= 0.6 x 3
2 1
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
h = 1.8 cm
2
ss eiptsip
s ss teiptsips (HOT) sips ss ss ss ss
esteiptipIX. Book estExercise esteiptip Order
–csb
Higher eThinking
s esteiptquestions esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
1. While doing an experiment for the determination of focal length of a convex lens, Raja Suddenly
ss dropped ss ps broken
eiptsigot tsips two shalves ss sps If he te iptsips tsips tsips
eteiptip esteiptipthe lens. estIt esteipinto esteiptip along the
esteiptiaxis. escontinues his
esteipexperiment with
esteip e
cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc b c b sb
the same lens, (a) can he get the image? (b) Is there any change in the focal length?
c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) Yes, he can get the image.
ss s length
tiptsipfocal
b) eYes, ps get changed.
tiptsiwill tiptsips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip bsbse bsbese bsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc cc cc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
2. The eyes of the nocturnal birds like owl are having a large cornea and a large pupil. How does it help
them?
esteiptsips sps
ti
eteipfeatures
These increases
sps
eteipti thebcfield
eteiptof
sps
i vision and i increase
eteiptan
sps
pti
eteiretinal eteiptiand help
surface
sps
eteipti to collect
them
sps
pti
eteimore
sps sps
e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
ambient light during night.
ss ss ss ss ss sps ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip
Additional –sbesteiptip thebcbest
Choose esteiptianswer esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc c s
b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1. The path of light is called __________.
ss a) ray of
spslight sps b) beamspofs light c) wave of light d) none sps
eteiptip eteipti eteipti eteipti e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips eteipti tsips
steiplight
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s bcsbeof
cbcsbsAns : (a) cray
e
cbcsbs
2. Group of these rays are called __________.
ss a) rayipof light b) beam of light c) waveipof light b) both aipand b
eteiptip t tsips
ee tiptsips
ee tiptsips ee tiptsips t tsips
ee ee e teiptsips e tetsips tsips
esteiplight e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb s s s
cbcAns : (b) beam
b cbcsbof cbcsbs
3. Some of the sources emit their own light and they are called as __________.
teiptsips a) Luminous
teiptsips objectsteiptsips b) sNon–luminous
teiptsips objects
teiptsips c) bright
teiptsiobject
ps teiptsips d) both taeiptand
sips b teiptsips
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b Ans b sb
c c: (a) Luminous b s
b
c c objects cbcsbs
4. The speed of light in vacuum or air is __________.
ss a) Cet= s 8 tiptsips b) C =tip3tsip×s 108 m/st2iptsips c) C =tip2tsip×s 108 m/stiptsips d) C = t2ipt×
eipts3ip× 10 bm/s s s 10 2 s s
esteiptip s ese ese ese ese ese ese ip 10 m/s estei8ptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb b
Anscsb bcsb
c : (a) C = 3c× 10 m/s cbcsbs
5. Velocity of light C = __________.
ss ss ss ss ss 4 s s ss 2 s s
tiptsips
eteiptip esteiptip
a) g/l esteiptip b) g elsteiptip eteiptip c) bcgsbelsteiptip eteiptip d) gbcslbesteiptip bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs c cbcsbs c c
Ans : (b) g l cbcsbs
6. Violet has the __________ wave length, red light has the __________ wave length.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss tiptsips highest tiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip lowest
a) sb
highest, eteiptip b) bcslowest,
eteiptip highesteteiptip c) bmoderate,
eteiptip lowesteteiptip d) moderate,
bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cAns c
: (b) lowest, highest
cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

7. The velocity
psips of lightpsiis
ps__________in
psips a rarerpmedium andp__________
psiin
psa lesser medium.
teiptsips estei t more bcsbestei t
sips
it sips it
beste less cbcsbeste
psips tei t etei t ti t teiptsips
b
cc s
b es cbcsbless,
a) c b)cbcs
more, c)cbcsbes
both cbcsbs bcsbese
d) cnone b
cc s
b es e
cbcsbs
Ans : (b) more, less
ss ss ptsips __________
s s law. teiptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip8. Refraction
eteiptip of light
s eteiobeys eteiptip e esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsblenzs
a) cbcsbs sbs
b)cbcsnells cbcsbs bcsb
c)c faraday c bcsb bcsb
d) chenry c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (b) snells
ss ss s
teiptsipbe ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip9. eteiptip index
Refractive ecan eteiptip by b
represented eteiptip
__________. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) g b) l c) µ d) none
Ans : (c) µ
ss ss ss tsips ss ss tiptsips ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip of lighteteiptip esteip__________eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip
bcsbeseof the medium eteiptip e
cbcsbs 10. The
cbcsbspeed cbcsbsin a medium
cbcsbis cbcsbs and if the refractive
cbcsb cindex cbcsbs is __________.
cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) high, less b) less, high c) both a and b d) none
Ans : (b) less, high
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
11. When
c c light travels b s
b b
c c from a cdensercsb b
medium s
b
c c into a rarer b s
b
c cmedium, the b s
b b
c c refracted cray s
b
c is __________.b
cc sb cbcsbs
a) Bent away from normal b) Bent towards normal c) no bending d) none
ss ss ss ss ss ss Ans s s: (a) Bentteipaway
s s from normal ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es tip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcs
12. When light travels
b bcsb
from a crarer medium
bcsb
c into a denser bcsb
c medium, the bcsb bcsb
c refractedcray is __________ c bcsb
the cbcsbs
normal drawn to the interface.
ss a) Bent s fromtinormal
psipaway psips b)etBent s
eiptsip towards
s s ss sps psips
eteiptip sbestei t sbeset etnormal
eiptsip c)eno bending
teiptsip eteiptip d) none steipti
bcsbeBent sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbc cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : c(b) c bc
towards normal cbcsbs
13. __________ is the fundamental and natural source of light.
eteiptip esteiptip
a) sb
Sun eteiptip b) bcsMoon
eteiptip eteiptip c) basteroids
eteiptip eteiptip d) comets
eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Sun
tei ptsip14.
s A source tei ptsipof
s light produces
tei ptsips a light tei pt
ofs single colour,
sip tei ptsips it is known
tei ptsips as a __________
tei ptsips source.
teiptsips teiptsips
es a). e
Monochromatic
s es b) e
Dichromatic
s es c) e
polychromatic
s es d) none es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b ccbsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Monochromatic
s15.
s __________ s s produces s sa white tlights s which containss s lightteiof sdifferent
s colours.
ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eseiptip esteiptip es ptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b
a).
s
b
c Monochromatic
c c bcsb b sb
b)c Dichromaticc
c bcsb b sb
c)c composite source
c c bcsb b s
light d) cnone
c b c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Composite source of light
ss s s lightteiptsiapscomposite sps of different ss sipswavelengths.ss ss ss
eteiptip16. __________
eteiptip e is eteiptilight eteiptip colours
eteiptor eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
a) Sun b) Moon c) sodium lamp d) none
Ans : (a) Sun
ss ss ptsips teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip sbesteiexample csbesa composite eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 17. __________
cbcsbs cisbcan cbfor cbcsbssource. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Kerosene b) Mercury vapour lamp c) sodium lamp d) none
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips s : (b) Mercury

sAns s s vapourteip
lamp
ss
es es es es es es eteiptip eteiptip e tip e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c band colours
18. The b s
b
c c is termed b sb
c cas __________. b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Band width b) Spectrum c) wavelength d) frequency
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss iptsips: (b) Spectrum
Ans ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip este esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs
19. Angle of refraction is the __________ for red and the __________ for violet.
a) smallest, highest b) highest, smallest c) either a or b
ss ss ss ss ss ss s s d) nonetiptsips ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eet i pt i p ee esteiptip
cbcs:bs(a) smallest,
Ans cbcsbhighest
e
20. Refractive index of a medium is __________on the wavelength of the light.
ss a) Dependent
iptsips s s b) Independent
ss s s c) either sa sor b s s d) noneteiptsips
eteiptip ete eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip tiptsips
es
cbcsbAns bcsbese
: (a) cDependent
e
cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

21. If the energy of thepincident beam of light and the scattered beam of light are same. Then it is called
b
cc s
b as
ccb __________.
s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb sb cbcsbs
a) Elastic scattering b) Inelastic scattering c) Rayleigh scattering d) Mie scattering
ss ss ss ss ss ss s s Ans : (a) sElastic
s scattering ss
c bcsb 22. Ifbcsb b csb
c the energycof the incident b csb
c beam of light c bcsb bcsb
and the cscattered beam bcsb
c of light are bcsb
c not same.cThen it is bcsb cbcsbs
called as __________ scattering.
s s a) Elastic ss s s b) Inelastic ss s s c) Rayleigh ss s s d) Mie teiptsips ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e eteiptip e
Ans : (b) Inelastic
s23.s The scattering ss of sunlight s s by the atoms
s s or molecules ss of the sgases
s in the earth's
ss atmospheress is known ss
eteiptip asbcs__________
eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c bs cbcsbscattering. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Elastic b) Inelastic c) Rayleigh d) Mie
esteiptsip s
esteiptsip s
esteiptsip s
es teiptsip s
esteiptsip s
esteiptsip s
esteiptsip s
es tsips : (c) sRayleigh
teipAns e steiptsips e
ccb sb b sb
c c amount of
24. The b sb
c cscattering is b sb b
c cinversely proportional
cc sb b sb
c c__________
to b sb
c cwavelength. ccb sb ccb b cbcsbs
a) l b) l2 c) l3 d) l4
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s ss s
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans eiptsipl4
e:st(d) e
25. Mie scattering is otherwise called as __________ scattering.
a) Elastic b) Inelastic c) dependent d) Tyndall
s p s s p s s p s s p s s p s s p s s p s ss teiptsips
eet i pt i eet i pt i eet i pt i ee t i pt i eet i pt i eet ipt i eet i pt i eteiptip (a)
csbesElastic
cbcsbs Ans :cb
e
26. __________ is a microscopically small substance that is equally dispersed throughout another
sips material. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e tei pt
a) esteiptip eteiptip b) bcsSuspension
eteiptip eteiptip c) bpure eteiptip eteiptip d) solid eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbColloid cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c csbs liquid cbcsbs cbcsbsparticle cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Colloid
27. When p a parallel beam of monochromatic light passes through a gas orps liquid or solid, a part of light
esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips es teiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips e steiptsips e
ccb sb rays
ccb sb are __________.
ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
a) scattered b) not scattered c) reflected d) refracted
ss ss teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips ss teiptsips s s: (a) scattered
Ans ss
esteiptip28. A b__________
esteiptip esan estransparent emedium
s esteiptip by two esspherical esteiptip surfaces esteiptipor e
c bcsb c csb c bis
csb optically
c bcsb c bcsb bounded
c bcsb c bcsb c refracting
bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
one plane andone spherical surface.
a) Convex b) Concave c) Lens s s d) mirror s s
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips es teiptsips esteiptsips e steiptip esteiptsips eteiptip Ans b:cs(c) eteiptip
ss
e
cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcsbs c bs Lens cbcsbs
29. Convex lens is also called as __________ lens.
ss teiptsips
a) Converging ss ss ss sps ss tsips psips
eteiptip e eteiptip b) bcsDiverging
eteiptip eteiptip c) bpartly
eteipticonverging
eteiptip d) partly
esteipdiverging sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbAns c bc
: (a) Converging cbcsbs
30. Concave lens is also called as __________ lens.
esteiptsips s
eteiptip
a) sConverging
s s
eteiptip
s b) Diverging
e teiptsips e teiptsips c) partly
e ps
teiptsiconverginge teiptsips d) partly
e tsips
teipdiverging e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcbs cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s ccb s
b s b
cc sb s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Diverging
31. If one of the faces of a bi–convex lens is plane, it is known as a __________.
ss ss teiptsips b) sPlano–concavess teiptsips c) converging ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip
a) sPlano–convex lens
es esteiptip elens
s esteiptip esteiptip d) divergingesteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcs
Ans : (a) Plano–convex lens
b cbcsbs
32. If one of the faces of a bi–concave lens in plane, it is known as a __________.
s p s ss teiptsips b) sPlano–concavess teiptsips c) converging ss ss ss ss
eeti p t i a)bsbeteiptip
Plano–convex lens
e eteiptip elens eteiptip eteiptip d) diverging eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc s cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Plano–concave lens
33. If object at Infinity, the size of the image is much __________ than that
tei ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips teiptsips tei ptsipsof the object.
tiptsips tiptsips
e
cbcsbs a) es
cbcsbsmaller cbcsbs
e b)cbcsbes
larger cbcsbs
e c)cb csbes a or bcbcsbes
either bcsbese a nor cbbcsbese
d) cnethier e
cbcsbs
Ans : (a) smaller

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

34. If object is placed pbetween F and C, the size of the image is much p__________ than thatofpthe
esteiptsips object.esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips estei tsips e
b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) smaller b) larger c) either a or b d) none
ss ss teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips ss ss s : (b) tlarger
s Ans ss
esteiptip35. __________
esteiptip es es es esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eseiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb bcsb
clenses are used bcsb bcs
c as camerac lenses.b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) Concave b) Convex c) bi convex d) bi concave
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip tiptsips ss
esteiptip psips psips psips ps : (b) eConvex
psiAns psips
cbcsbs 36. __________
cbcsbs bcsbese are used
clenses cbcsbas bcsbestei t bcsbestei t cbcb sestei t sestei t
cbcb s stei t
cbcb
e
cbcsbs
magnifying lenses.
c c
a) Concave b) Convex c) bi convex d) bi concave
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ps : (b) eConvex
tiptsiAns tiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bsbese bsbse e
37. Concave lenses are used as eye lens of __________ telescope. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cc cc cbcsbs
a. Hubble b. Galilean c) terrestrial d) astronomical
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips psips ss
esteiptip
sbestei tAns : (b)sbGalilean e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbc cbc cbcsbs
38. Lens formula is __________.
1 1 s1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ss a) t=iptsip+ s s b) =teiptsip–s s s c) =ipts
ip+s s s d) noneteiptsips ss
esteiptip bcsbefse v u esteiptip fbes v u esteiptip fbesteu v esteiptip e esteiptip e
c bcsb c c bcsb c bcs c bcsb c bcs c bcsb cbcsbs bcsb
c1 1 1 cbcsbs
Ans : (b) = –
f v u
ss psips psips against sips direction psincident sips are taken s __________. psips psips
eteiptip39. The distances
sbestei t
measured
sbestei t
pthe
sbestei t
psiof
sbestei t
plight
sbestei t
psipas
sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs c bc
a) positive c bc c bc
b) negative c bc c bc c
c) nagative or positive bc c bc
d) none c bc cbcsbs
Ans : (b) negative
ss teiptsips ss sips perpendicular
s s to the sips ss tsips ss
eteiptip40. The edistances eteiptip upward
measured eteiptand eteiptip eteiptprincipal eteiptipis taken
axis eteiptip
easteip__________. e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) positive
b) negative
c) either positive or nagative d) none
cbcsbs
Ans : (a) positive
s
teiptsip41. t i ptsips t i ptsips t i ptsips t i ptsips t i ptsips t i ptsips t i ptsips teiptsips
es The edistances
s e measured
es e downward
es e and perpendicular
es e to
es e the pricipal es axis
e is taken es eas __________. es e
b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
a) positive b) negative c) either positive or nagative d) none
Ans : (b) negative
esteiptip42. If theesteimagnification estei is greater estei
than 1, then este
we
i get an e tei
__________
s e tei
image.
s estei esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) diminished b) enlarged c) enlarged or diminished d) same size
ss Ans : (b) enlarged
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 43. If s
cbcthe s
b magnification s s
cbcb is lesscbthan s s
cb 1, thencbwe s s
cb get an __________
cbcbs s s
image.
cbcb s cbcbs s cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) diminished b) enlarged c) enlarged or diminished d) same size
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss Anss :s(a) diminished ss
cbcsbs 44. bcsb bcsb bcsb b csb b
All lens are made up of transparent materials. Any optically transparent material will have a
c c c c c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
__________.
a) velocity
esteiptsips esteiptsips indexsbesteiptsips b) sRefractive esteiptsips index esteiptsips c) medium es teiptsipsindex sbesteiptsips d) none esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b ccb sb ccb ccb b ccb sb ccb sb b
cc Ansb sb
c c : (b) Refractive b sb
c c index cbcsbs
45. The lens maker formula is __________.
ss
esteiptip
1 ipts
a)bsbest=e (µips– 1)  1 e–steip1tsip s b)
1ss  1 s1s 1 ts
esteipt=ip(µ – 1)bcsbestei–ptip  c)bcsbes=teip(µ ip+s  1 t1iptsips 1 tiptsips 1 1 tiptsips
– 1)  bsb –ese  d) b= e(µe– 1)  + –bsbese e
bcsb c  bcsb  bcsb cf csbs cbcsbs
c c f cR 2 R1  c f c  R1 R 2  c f cR 2c R1  c
 R1c R 2 
1  1 1 
ss ss ss ss ss ss Ans : (b) =s(µs – 1)  – s s
eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e teiptsips e fe
t iptip  iptRip2 
Rs1este e
cbcsbs 46. Power
cbcsbs of lensc= cbcsbs
bcsb__________. cbcsbs cbcsbs s
cbcb s s
cbcb s cbcb cbcsbs
1 1 1 1
a) b) c) d)
sfps d D
d
µ ps
iptsip1s

ss s ss ss ss ss teiptsips Anssbe:st(b)
eteiptip etei tip eteiptip eteipti eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e e e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb s cbc f cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

47. Len's formula and len's maker formula are only applicableps for only __________ lenses.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a)
b s
c c thick
b b
cc s
b b s
b)c cthin
b b
cc s
b bcs
c)c either
b thick orb s
c cthin
b bcs
d) cnoneb b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (b) thin
s48.
s SI unit of
s spower ofteiplens
s s is __________.
ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip a)bcsbAmpere
esteiptip es tip b) bcsDioptre
esteiptip esteiptip c) bNewton
esteiptip esteiptip d) Gaussesteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c c bcsb c b c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Dioptre
s49.
s 1 Diaptore
eiptsip
s = __________.
ss teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip a)bcsb1estcm eteiptip b. bcs2besm eteiptip c) b1meteiptip eteiptip d) 2m eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c cbcsbs c cbcsbs c csbs-1 cbcsbs cbcsb-1s cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (c) 1m-1
50. The eye ball is approximately spherical in shape with a diameter of about __________ cm.
e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb a) s
cbc 2.6 cm cbc
b sb s
b)cbc2.3 cm
b cbcsb s
c)cbc2.1 cm
b cbcsb d) c2.3s
bc mlm
b cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) 2.3 cm
psip51.
s __________psip s is the coloured
psip s part psipof
s the eye. psip s psip s psip s psips psips
etei t etei t etei t etei t etei t etei t etei t etei t etei t e
cbcsbs s
cbcsbCornea
a) cbcsbs b)cbcsbs
Iris cbcsbs c)cbcsbs
retina cbcsbs bcsbs
d) ceyeball cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Iris
s52.
s __________ s s is theteipcentre
s s part tof sthe
s Iris. tiptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip a)bcsbCornea
esteiptip es tip b) bcsIris
eseiptip ese esteiptip esteiptip d) retinaesteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c c bcsb c b c bcsb c)
c bcs
Pupil
Ans : (c) Pupil
s53.
s __________ s s is theteipback
s s surface of
s sthe eye. teiptsips psips ss ss ss
eteiptip a)bcsbPupil
eteiptip e tip b) bcsRetina
eteiptip e sbestei t eteiptip d) cornea
eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c s cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c)cbcIris cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Retina
s54.
s __________
s s is the important
ss part
s of
s human eye.
ss iptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip a) esteiptip eteiptip beste
iptip eteiptip sbestelens eteiptip d) cornea
eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbPupil cbcsbs b)cbcs
Retina cbcsbs c)cbcEye cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Eye lens
55. __________ is convex in nature. s s
ete iptsips iptsips
este iptsipsete iptip teiptsips c) Eye tsips
teiplens teiptsips d) cornea teiptsips teiptsips
cbcsbs a)
cbcsbPupil cbcsbs beste
b)cbcs
Retina b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes b
ccsbes b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Eye lens
56. __________ senses it as erect image.
ss sps ss ss ss tsips ss ss ss
esteiptip esteipti
a)bsb
Eye esteiptip b) bcsBrain
esteiptip esteiptip c) boptic
esteipnerve esteiptip d) cornea
c bcsb cc c bcsb c b c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Brain
57. The ciliary muscle releases and makes the eye lens __________.
ss psips ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip a)bcsbestei t
thinner eteiptip b) bcsthicker
eteiptip eteiptip c) bthicker
eteiptip eteiptip d) noneeteiptip eteiptip
c csbs or thinner
e
cbcsbs c cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (a) thinner
58. Time travel between two consecutive light pulses is less than __________ second.
eteiptip estei t
a)bcsb
0.4 eteiptip b) bcs0.1
eteiptip eteiptip c) bc0.2
eteiptip eteiptip d) 0.3eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) 0.1
59. Near point of eye is __________ cm for normal human eye.
esteiptsips psips
estei tcm
a)bcsb
2.5 esteiptsips b) s25
es iptsips
te
cm esteiptsips c) 25.1
es
sips
teiptcm esteiptsips d) 0.25es ptsips
teicm esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b c b
cc s
b b
cc b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (b) 25 cm
60. __________ is infinity for normal eye.
ss psips psips b) Far tsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip estei t point bcsbestei t
a)bcsb esteip esteiptip c) bmidpoint
esteiptip esteiptip d) none esteiptip esteiptip
c Near point e
c bcsb c c bcsb c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Far point
s61.
s A normal
s shuman eyescan
s clearly see
s s all the objects
s s placed between
ss __________
ss cm sand
s infinity. s s
eteiptip ee tiptip eteiptip tiptip
bese eteiptip tiptip
sbese eteiptip d) 15 eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb25s
a) cbcsbs b)cbcs
45 cbcsbs c)cbc20 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) 25
62. Myopia sissalso known as __________.
ee tiptsips tiptip tiptsips
ese sightedness
ee tiptsips bese sightedness
ee tiptsips c) prespyopia
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip d) either
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs a)
cbcsbShort cbcsbs b)cbcs
Long cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs a or c cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Short sightedness

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

63. Due topMyopia, the pimage of distant objects are formed before the __________.
esteiptsips estei tsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a) s
b
c c Retina
b b
cc sb sb
b)c cIris
b b
cc s
b sb
c)c cornea
b c b
cc s
b sb
d) cpupil
bc b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Retina
s64.
s Myopia sdefect
s cantibe s corrected
s using
s s a __________ ss lens. ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip eseptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b csb
c Concave c
a) bcsb bcsb
b)c Convex c bcsb bcsb
c)c plano concavec bcsb bcsb
d) cbifocal c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Concave
ss teiptsipslengthsbeof tsipsrequired tsips sipsf = __________.
ss ss ss ss
eteiptip65. The efocal teipthe eteipconcave lens
eteiptis eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) –x b) +x c) x2 d)

Ans : (a) –x
ss teiptsipslengthsbeof tsipsrequired tsips sips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip66. The efocal teipthe eteipconcave eteiptis
lens eteiptip
f = __________. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
xy xy
a) b) c) both 'a' and 'b' d) none
x–y s x+y s
esteiptsips ete iptsip e teiptsips eteiptsip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
s
teiptsipAns e teipxtsiyps e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s : (a)
b s
b
cc x–ys cbcsbs
67. Hypermeteropia also known as __________.
ss a) Short s sightedness
s s s b) Long ssightedness
s s s c) myophiass s s d) eitherteipatsipors c ss
esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip es esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb Ans sb
c : (b) Long sightedness
bc c bcsb cbcsbs
68. Due to hypermeteropia, the image of nearby objects are formed behind the __________.
ss a) Retina
tiptsips s s b) Iristeiptsips s s c) cornea ss s s d) pupilteiptsips teiptsips
eteiptip ee eteiptip e eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e csbesRetina e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans :cb(a) cbcsbs
69. Hypermeteropia defect can be corrected using a __________ lens.
ss a) convex ss ss ss ss sips ss ss tiptsips
eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip b) bcsconcave
eteiptip eteiptip c) bplano
eteiptconvex eteiptip d) bifocal
eteiptip bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : c(a) convex cbcsbs
70. The focal length of the required convex lens is f = __________.
dD dD
esteiptsips esteiptsips
dD esteiptsips dD
esteiptsips esteiptsips de s ipDtsips
–te estei ptsips
d + D
b
cc s
b a)
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b)c c
b sb b
cc s
b c)c c
b sb b
ccsb d) c c
b sb b
cc s
b cbcsbs
d–D d+D dD dD
dD
d–D d+D Ans : (a)
ss tsips is called sips d
ipt–sipDs
esteiptip71. Which esteipone esteiptas old age teiptsips
eshypermetropia?
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip ete e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Presbyopia b) Myopia c) hypermetropia d) hypermyopia
Ans : (a) Presbyopia
ss ss ss tsips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip canbcsbe
eteiptip eteiptip
esteip__________. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 72. Presbyopia c bs corrected cbcsbby
e
a) Concave b) Convex c) Bi focal lenses d) none
Ans : (c)sBi focal lenses
ss teiptsipsuppersbepart s
teiptsipconsists ps
teiptsi__________ s
teiptsipused teiptsips visionand teiptsipsthe lower s ss
eteiptip e e e e e eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 73. In
cbc which,
s
b s cbc s cbc s
b of
s cbc s
b s for
cbc sb distant
s cbc sb s cbcsbs part consists cbcsbs of cbcsbs
__________ used for reading purposes.
a) concave, convex lenss b) convex, concave lens c) convex, biconvex s d) concave, sbiconcave
estei ptsip
estei ptsips
esteip tsips
estei ptsips
esteiptsiAns
p
: (a) teiptsip convex
concave,
es es
sips
teiptlens e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
74. Astigmatism can be corrected by using __________ lenses.
ss a) cylindrical b) square c) spherical d) rectangular
esteiptip estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips estAns
s
eiptsip : (a) bcylindrical ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c csb cbcsbs
75. __________ has a convex lens of short forcal length.
a) Simple
ss
eteiptip t iptsipsmicroscope t iptsips b) sCompound
t iptsips microscope
t iptsips c) sbotht iptsiapsand b sesteiptsips d) none iptsips eteiptip
ss
cbcsbs cbcbs es e
cbcbs es e
cbcb
es e
cbcbs es e
cbcb
e s e
cbcb Anscb besteSimple microscope
:cs(a) cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
76. For normal human eye D = __________ cm.
ss a) 45ipts s s s b) 2.5teiptsips s s c) 25 teiptsips s s d) 35 teiptsips
eteiptip ete ip eteiptip e eteiptip e eteiptip e teiptsips
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans c: b(c) csbes25 cm e
cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

77. __________ are used by watch prepairers andps jewellers. ps
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips e stei tips estei tips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a) s
b s
b
c c Simple microscope
b b
cc s
b sb
b)c cCompound cmicroscope
b bc sb
c)c biconvex
bc lensc c
b sb sb
d) cconcave
bc lens c c
b sb cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Simple microscope
s78.
s __________ s s to observe s s parts of flower,
ss insects, s setc. ss ss ss ss
esteiptip a)bcsbSimple
esteiptip microscope
esteiptip b) bcsCompound
esteiptip esteiptip c) bbiconvex
esteiptip lens bcsbesteiptip d) none esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c c bcsb c b c bcs
microscope
b c csb c c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Simple microscope
79. __________ is also used to see tiny objects. s s
ee tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
ese microscope
ee tiptsips tiptip bese tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
cbcsbs a)
cbcsbSimple cbcsbs b)cbcs
Compound bcsbese
cmicroscope c)cb csbes
biconvexe lens bsbese
cc bcsbese lens cbcsbese
d) cconcave e
cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Compound microscope
80. __________ works based on the principle of vernier, its least count is 0.01 mm. ps
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips ti tips ss
eteiptip
cbcse
b s a) s es
cbc Simple
b cbc sbes s es
b)cbcCompound cbc
b sbes s es
c)cbcTravelling microscope
b cbc sbes bcsbese
d) cnone cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Travelling microscope
81. The firstsptelescope was invented by __________ in 1608.
esteiptsips esteipti s
esteiptsip s
esteiptsip s
esteiptsip s
esteiptsip s
b
cc s
b a)b s
c c Johann Lippershey
b ccb sb b s
b)c cGalileo
b ccb sb bcs
c)c Newton
b ccb sb bcs
d) cAristotile
b ccb sb cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Johann Lippershey
s82.
s __________ s s madeteipatsiptelescope s tosobserve
s distants s stars. teiptsips ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip es esteiptip esteiptip es esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb a)bcsb
c Galileo c bcsb bcsb
b)c Kepler c bcsb bcsb
c)c Newton c bcsb sb
d) cAristotile
bc c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Galileo
s83.
s Astronomical
psips telescope psips is similar psitops this __________ psips telescope.
psips psips psips psips
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs bc
a) Kepler
c c bc bc
b) Galileo
c c bc bc
c) Newton
c c bc c bc
d) Aristotile c bc cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Kepler
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s s psips
eteiptip84. __________ p
sbestei t
i p telescope p
sbestei t
i p is used top
sbestei t
i view
p heavenly p
sbestei t
i p bodies like
sbestei t
p i pstars and planets.
p
sbestei t
i p p
sbestei t
ip
sbestei t e
cbcsbs c bc
a) Astronomical c bc c bc
b) Terrestial c bc c bc
c) both a and b c bc c bc
d) none c bc cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Astronomical
s
teiptsip85. __________
tei ptsi p s provides i ptsi p
te an erects tei pts
image.i p s tei ptsi p s te i ptsi p s tei ptsi p s teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b
a)
b sb
c c Astronomical ccb sb bcsb
b)c Terrestial telescope ccb sb bcsb
c)c both a and bc
bcsb bcs
d) cnone
b ccb sb cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Astronomical
esteiptip86. i
Thesbespeed
ste pt i p of light t i pt i p
esein vacuum or
est i pt i p
eair is __________. t
ese i pt i p t
ese i pt i p t
ese i pt i p esteiptip esteiptip e
a) 6 x 108 ms1 b) 4 x 108 ms1 c) 3 x 108 ms1 d) 5 x 108 ms1
Ans : (c) 3 x 108 ms1
eteiptip eet i pt i p t i pt i p
ese its focal t
ese i pt i p t
bcsbese
i pt i p eet i pt i p eet i pt ip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 87. Power
cbcsbs of lenscis bcsb–40. cbcsblength is c__________. e
a) 4 m b) –40 m c) –0.25 m d) –25m
ss Ans : (c) –0.25spm
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips eteipti
s
e
cbcsbs 88. The s s
cbc optical phenomena,
b cbc sb s s s
twinkling
cbc b of stars s s
cbc is due to c__________.
b bcsb s cbc sb s cbc sb s cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Atmospheric reflection b) Total reflection
teiptsips c) Atmospheric
teiptsip s refraction
teiptsip s teiptsip s teiptsip d) Total
s teiptsirefraction
ps teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb b sb
c c Ans : (c) b sb b s
c cAtmosphericc refraction
c b cbcsbs
89. Convex lens focus a real, point sized image at focus, the object is placed __________.
ss a) At ptsips ss ss teiptsips c) At s ss teiptsips ss
esteiptip esteifocus esteiptip b) bcsBetween esteiptip F and e2F
s estinfinity
eiptsip esteiptip d) At e2F
s esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb bcsb
Ans : (c)c At infinity cbcsbs
90. The unit of power of lens is __________.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss -1 tipts s ss
eteiptip eteiptip
a) smetre eteiptip b) bcscentimeter
eteiptip eteiptip c) bcDiopter eteiptip eteiptip d) M e e ip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Diopter
91. The line perpendicular to the reflective surface is the __________.
ss ss ss s
tsiprefraction ss s
tsipreflection ss ps
eiptsiincidence ss
eteiptip a)bcsbeteiptip
normal eteiptip b) bcsline eteipof eteiptip c) bcline eteipof eteiptip d) line etof eteiptip e
cbcsbs c s cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (a) normal

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

92. Light travels fastest through which of the following material.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a) s
b
c c Water
b b
cc s
b s
b
b)c cair
b ccb s
b sb
c)c cdiamond
b b
cc s
b sb
d) cglass
bc b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (b) air
s93.
s Dark tmuscular
ss diaphragms s thattecontrols
ss the __________.
ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip eseiptip esteiptip esiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb a)
b csb
c Pupil c bcsb bcsb
b)c eye lens c bcsb bcsb
c)c Retina c bcsb sb
d) cIris
bc c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (d) Iris
s94.
s The screen s s where tthe s simage is tformed
iptsips by theipts__________.
ips psips ss tiptsips ss
eteiptip esteiptip e eiptip beselens cbcsbeste sbestei t eteiptip bcsbese eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbRetina
a) cbcsbs b)cbcs
eye c)cbcsclera cbcsbs d) cCornea cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Retina
psip95.
etei t
s The diameter
psips of thepsieyeball
etei t ps is
etei t
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip ptsips ss
eteiptip teiptsips ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs s cm
cbcsb3.5
a) cbcsbs bs cm
b)cbcs
2.2 cbcsbs sbesteicm
c)cbc3.2 cbcsbs bcsbescm
d) c2.3 cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
Ans : (d) 2.3 cm
96.
s If the time s interval between
s two consecutive
s light
s pulses is less
s than __________.
s
ete iptsip iptsip
ete iptsip
ete iptsip eteiptsip iptsip
ete iptsip
ete iptsips eteiptsips ete ete e
cbcsbs s sec
cbcsb0.2
a) cbcsbs bs sec
b)cbcs
0.1 cbcsbs sbs sec
c)cbc0.3 cbcsbs bcsbscm
d) c0.4 cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) 0.1 sec
s97.
s Focaltilength
s s of theteiprequired
ss concave s s lens is __________.
ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip eseptipxy es tip esteipxtip+ y bcsbesteiptip esteipxtip– y bcsbesteiptip estxeipt–ipy esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c c bcsb c c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) f = b) f = c) f = d) f =
x–y x–y x+y xy
xy
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss iptsips: (a) f s=este
Ans ipt–sipys
eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip e te x e
cbcsbs 98. Corrected
cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c b
vision using a convex lens __________.csb c bcsb cbcsbs s
cbcb s cbcb cbcsbs
a) Myopia b) Presbyopia c) Hypermeteropia d) Astigmatism
ss ss ss ss iptsips tiptsips ss s ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip beste focalclength.
bcsbese eteiptip Ans e: t(c)
eiptsipHypermeteropia
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 99. Simple
cbcsbs microscope
cbcsbs has a __________
cbcsbs cbcsshort
of cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Cylindrical lens b) bifocal lens c) concave lens d) convex lens
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
eteipti:p(d) convex
Ans sips
eteiptlens e
b
cc s
b b s
b
100. Which b sb
c c of the cfollowing
c b s
b
diseases
c c affect the b s
b b
c c old age person.
cc s
b b
ccsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Hypermeteropia b) Myopia c) Presbyopia d) Astigmatism
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss teiptsip:s(c) Presbyopia ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esAns esteiptip e
c bcsb b sb
101. __________
c c b sb b
cis used to measure
c c csb b
very small
c csb b
length withsb
c high degree
c b sb
c of accuracy.
c c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) Travelling microscope b) Simple microscope
ss teiptsips
c) Compound teiptsips
microscope ss ss ss ss ss tiptsips
eteiptip e e eteiptip eteiptip d) bcTelescope
eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs Ans : (a)
cbcsbTravelling cmicroscope cbcsbs
102. The first telescope was invented by __________.
ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip
a) sOersted eteiptip b) bcsJohann
eteiptip Lippershey
eteiptip c) bcGalelio
eteiptip Galili bcsbesteiptip d) Jeffreys
eteiptipMoseley eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcb cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Johann Lippershey
103. A ray from air medium is refracted to medium two in which light travels with speed of 2 x 108 m s-1
s p s Find the ss tsips of the ptsips medium ss ss ss ss ss
i
estept i esteiptiprefractive
esteipindex esteisecond esteiptip with respect
esteiptip to air mediu.
cbcsb cbcsb
a) 0.707
cbcsb cbcsb
b) 0.303
cbcsb cbcsb
c) 1.5
cbcsb cbcsb
d) 0.613
cbcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (c) 1.5
ss sps tsips ss s
eiptsip face.bsbesteiptsip
s ss ss ss
esteiptip104. Convexesteiptimirror esteipproduce
will esteiptip
__________ ofestyour esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) image of the same size b) magnified image
c) diminished image s d) blurredsimage
e tiptsips
e iptsips
e te iptsip
e te e teiptsips e teiptsips s
eteiptip
ss teiptsips
eteiptip Ansbcs:be(c)
ss
eteiptip e
s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s cbcbs s s
cbcb s cbcsbs cbcsbs c s diminished cbcsbsimage cbcsbs
105.Light which is incident on a flat surface makes an angle of 15º with the surface. What is the angle of
incidence?
sips ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
tei pt a) esteiptip eteiptip b) bcs15º
eteiptip eteiptip c) bc180º
eteiptip eteiptip d) 75º eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsb85º
e e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (d) 75º

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips es

ps
teiptsiAdditionales
sips in the blanks
t–eiptFill esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b ccbsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. __________ is a form of energy which travels in the form waves. Ans: light
s2.s The pathspof

s light is called
sps __________.
sps ss ss ss s ray oftiplight
sAns: ss
esteiptip esteipti esteipti esteipti esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esetip e
c bcsb 3. bcs
Group
c b bcsb bcsb
of light crays are calledc as __________.
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb Ans: Beam bcsb
c of light cbcsbs
4. Any object which gives out light are termed as __________. Ans: Source of light
ss s
ptsipthe tsips theirsown ss s
teiptsipare s
eiptsip__________. ss sips ss
eteiptip5. Someeteiof eteipemit
sources eteiptiplight and ethey etas
called eteiptip eteiptLuminous
Ans: eteiptip
objects e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
6. All the stars, including the sun, are examples for __________. Ans: luminous objects
s7.s We need
tiptsip__________
s tiptsiptos see objects.
tiptsips tiptsips ss ss s s Ans:teiLight
ss
eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e ptip e
cbcsbs 8. c c c
Light always travels along a __________. c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans: Straight
cbcsbs line cbcsbs
ti
e ptsip9.s Light tdoes
i
e ptsipsnot needteipany
tsipsmedium tfor i
e ptsipits
s __________.
e ptsips propagation
Ans:
teiptsips
b
cc s
b 10. __________
ccb s
b can
b
cc even
s
b travel through
b
cc s
b vaccum.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b c c Light
Ans:
b s
b cbcsbs
11. The speed of light in vaccum or air is c = __________. Ans: 3 × 108 ms–1
ss sipsthe form te s
iptsipwaves, tsips tsipsa wavelength ss tsips sips are related ss
esteiptip12. Light estiseiptin esof it eis
steipcharacterizedesteipby esteiptip (λ) and esateipfrequency (v),
esteiptwhich esteiptip e
c bcsb bybcsb
c the following bcsb bcs
c equation __________.
c b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb bcsb
c c=gλ
Ans: cbcsbs
13. __________ light has the lowest wavelength. Ans: Violet
ss ss ps highest
teiptsithe ptsips ss ss ss ss sips
eteiptip14. __________
eteiptip light ehas eteiwavelength.eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptRed
Ans: e
15. When a ray of light travels from one transparent medium into another obliquely, the path of the light undergoes
deviation. This deviation of ray of light is called __________. Ans: Refraction
ss ss ss sps ss ss teiptsips media. ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip takeseteiptip steiptidifference
csbethe eteiptip eteiptip csbes eteiptip Ans: brefraction
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 16. __________
cbcsbs cbcsbsplace duecbto cbcsbsin the velocity
cbcsbsof light incbdifferent cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs
17. The velocity of light is more in a __________ medium and less in a __________ medium. Ans: rarer, denser
esteiptsip18.
s Refraction
esteiptsipsof lightsbeobeys
steiptsips__________
esteiptsipslaw of srefraction.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips Ans:e
snell's
steiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c incident ray
19. The
b
c c, the refracted b s
b
c c ray of lightc andb b
c the normal b s
b b s
b
c c to the refracting
c c surfacecall b s
b b
c lie in the same s
b
c c plane cbcsbs
is called __________. Ans: first law of refraction
ss teiptsipsof the ssine spsthe angle sipsincidenceteipand
ss s
eiptsipanglebof teiptsips teiptsipsto thesberatio s
teiptsipof
esteiptip20. The eratio
s esteiptiof esteiptof es tip sinebcsof
estthe esrefraction is eequal
s s e
c bcsb c bcsb
refractive bc b bcsb
c of the two cmedia. This law
indices bcsb
c is also known b
c as __________. c csb c bcsb bc
Ans: cSnell’s law cbcsbs
21. The speed of light in a medium is __________ if the refractive index of the medium is __________ and
ss tiptsips
viceversa. tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips s
tiptsipAns: tsips
Low,tiphigh
eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
22. When a light travels from a denser medium into a rarer medium, the refracted ray is __________ from the
c cbcsbs
normal. Ans: Bent away
ss tiptsips tiptsips psips sps teiptsips teiptsips s
iptsip__________ tiptsips
eteiptip23. When
bcsbesea light ctravels sbestei t medium
bcsbese from acbcrarer steipti a denser
bcsbeinto bcsbesmedium, the
bcsbesrefracted bray
csbes
teis
bcsbese the e
cbcsbs c
normal. c c c c c
Ans: bent towards
cbcsbs
24. __________ is the fundamental and natural source of light. Ans: Sun
s
teiptsip25. teiptsips of light teiptsips a slight ps
teiptsiof teiptsipsit is known ps
teiptsias teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es If a e
source
s eproduces
s es single e
colour,
s es a e
__________.
s es es e
b
cc s
b cc b s
b ccb s
b b
cc b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans: Monochromatic source
s26.
s A __________ ss of light sproduces
s a white
s s light which s scontains tlight s sof different scolours.
s s Composite
sAns: ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eseiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b sb
27. __________
c c b sb
isca composite c
c b sb
light which consists
c c bcsb b sb
of light cof various colours
c b sb
c or wavelengths.
c c bcsb b sb
c Sun light
Ans: c cbcsbs
28. Example for a composite source is a __________. Ans: Mercury vapour lamp, sun
ss ptsips of white sps or composite ss sips ss ss sps as water ss
eteiptip29. Wheneteibeam eteiptilight eteiptip lighteisteiptrefracted eteiptip anybctransparent
through eteiptip eteiptisuch
media eteiptipor e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs
glass, it is split into its component colours. This phenomenon is called as __________. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans: dispersion of light
ss teiptsipscolourssbis ptsips as __________.
ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip30. The eband eteitermed eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans: bSpectrum
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs
31. The spectrum colours are represented by the acronym is __________. Ans: VIBGYOR

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

32. Angle iof refraction isiptthe smallest ifor __________ and the highest for __________. Ans: red, Violet
esteiptsips esteptsips este sips esteptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
33. Refractive b sb
c cof a mediumc is
index b sb
c __________ b s
b bs
c c on the wavelength
cc b b csb
of thec light. b
cc s
b bcsb
Ans: cdependent cbcsbs
34. The beam of light is redirected in all directions when it interacts with a particle of medium. The interacting
ss sipsthe medium ss tsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip particle esteiptof esteiptipis called eas
steip__________.esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans:bcscatterer
esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb bcsb bcs
c the energy cof the incidentc beam of light
35. If
b bcsb bc
c and the scattered
c sb bcsb bc
beam cof light are same,
c sb sb
c called as
then it is cbcsbs
__________. Ans: elastic scattering
ss ptsips of the ptsips sipslight and tthess iptsips of light ptsipsnot same, tsips it is called ss
eteiptip36. Ifbthe
eteienergy eteiincident eteiptof
beam e eiptipscattered
etebeam eteiare eteipthen eteiptipas e
cbcsbs c csbs
__________. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans: in elastic scattering cbcsbs
37. The scattering of sunlight by the atoms or molecules of the gases in the earth’s atmosphere is known as
ss ss ss ss ss ss s s Ans:teRayleigh
ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip
__________. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e iptip eteiptip
scattering e
38. __________ law states that, the amount of scattering of light is inversely proportional to the fourth power of
its wavelength. Ans: Rayleigh’s scattering
s
teiptsip39. ptsips passes ps
teiptsithrough tsips tsips__________ s
teiptsipcolour teiptsips s tsips
es When esteisunlight es the
esteipatmosphere,esteip
the es isbesscattered to eiptsip
aestgreater extent
esteipthan e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
the red colour. Ans: Blue
40. __________ colour is the shortest wavelength. Ans: Violet
estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips teiptsips
eswavelength.
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
sips
esteiptRed e
c bcsb 41. __________
c bcsb colour
c bcsb is the longer
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bAns:
csb cbcsbs
42. The spectral lines having frequency equal to the incident ray frequency is called __________.
ss ss psips psips psips psips psips sips Rayleigh
pAns: psline
ips
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs 43. __________
cbcsbs bc bc bc
is responsible for the white appearance of the clouds.
c c c c bc c bc c bc c bc
Ans: Mie Scattering cbcsbs
44. The scattering of light rays by the colloidal particles in the colloidal solution is called __________.
ss ss ss ss ss ss teiptsips scattering ss teiptsips
eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans:estyndall esteiptipor tyndalleseffect. e
45. The scattered light contains some additional frequencies other than that of incident frequency. This is known
as __________. Ans: Raman Scattering or Raman effect
s
teiptsip46. teiptsips s
teiptsipray ps
teiptsiparticles iptsips liquidsseor tsips s teiptsipsto a change s
es The interaction
es of light
es with the
es ofestepure steiptransparentes eiptsip which
tsolids, eleads
s esteiptsipin e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb b b
ccsb b
cc s
b ccb s
b cbcsbs
__________ or __________. Ans: Wavelength, frequency
47. The spectral lines which are having frequencies other thans the incidents ray frequency
ptsips __________. ptsips ptsips ptsips ptsips ptsip ptsip sips are tcalled
ptAns: tsips
estei estei estei e stei estei estei estei estei Raman eseiplines e
48. The lines having frequencies lower than the incident frequency is called __________. Ans: Strokes lines
s49.
s The lines s having
s frequencies
ss higherps than
s the incident
s s frequency siss called __________.
ss iptsips ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip etei tip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
beste Anti strokes e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsAns: cbcsbs lines cbcsbs
50. Lens is basically classified into two types. They are __________ and __________. Ans: Convex, Concave
ss sips is also tcalled s tiptsips
eiptsip as __________. tiptsips ss ss ss tsips
eteiptip51. Convex
eteiptlens csbes bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptipconverging
Ans: eteiplens e
cbcsbs 52. Concave
cbcsbs lens iscbalso c
called as __________.
c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbsAns: Diverging
cbcsbs lens cbcsbs
53. If one of the faces of a lens is plane, it is known as a __________. Ans: plano-convex lens
teiptsips ptsips
teiof s
teiptasiplens teiptsipits is knows tsips
teipas teiptsips teiptsips tiptsips
e tiptsips
e 54. If one e the faces eof is e
plane, e a e
__________. e ee
bcsbesplano-concave e
b
cc s
b s cc b s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cAns: cbcsbs lens cbcsbs
55. When an object is placed at infinity, a real image is formed at the __________. Ans: Principal axis
s56.
s Whentipan s sobject is teiplaced
s s behindteiptthe
s s centre of scurvature,
s __________
ss is formed
ss between s s the center s of
s
esteiptip esetip es ptip es ip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb
curvature bcsb
and cthe principal zxis.
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb bcsb
Ans: acreal and inverted bcsb
c image cbcsbs
57. When an Object is placed __________ a real and inverted image is formed at the other center of curvature.
ss
eteiptip teiptsips
es teiptsips esteiptsips teiptsips
es teiptsips es tsips at the tcenter
teipAns: eiptsip of curvature.
es
s teiptsips
es es es e
cbcsbs cbcsb an object
58. When cbcsisb placed __________
cbcsb sb
cbcprincipal
and cbcsb a real andcbinverted
focus,
csb cbcsbis formed cbehind
image
bcsb
the cbcsbs
center of curvature. Ans: In between the centre of curvature.
ss s
ptsipobject teiptsips at thesbefocus
teiptsipsa real simage ss s
ptsip__________. ss ss teiptsips
eteiptip59. Wheneteian iseplaced eteiptipis formedeteiat eteiptip eteiptip Ans: einfinity e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc s cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
60. When an object is placed in between principal focus and optical centre, a __________ is formed.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Ans: Virtual image
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
61. __________ b s
b b s
b
c cused as magnifying
are cc b
cc
lenses.
s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b s
b
c c Ans: convex b s
b
c c lenses cbcsbs
62. __________ are used as camera lenses. Ans: convex lenses
ss ss spsmaking microscope,
ss s s and slide ss ss teiptsipsConvex teiptsips
esteiptip63. __________
esteiptip arebcsused
esteiptiin esteiptip esteiptip
telescope esteiptipprojectors.
esteiptip esAns: eslenses e
64. Convex lenses are used to correct the defect of vision called __________. Ans: Hypermetropia
65. When anspobject is placed at infinity saps__________spiss formed at sthe focus. Ans: virtual image
esteiptsips esteipti s esteiptsips esteipti esteipti esteiptips estiptsips
e esteiptsips ss
eteiptip e
s
cbcb s
cbcb an object
66. When s s
cbcisb placed atcabcfinite
b s
cbcbfrom the lens
distance s
cbcba virtual image s
cbcb is formed sb
cbcbetween cbcsbscenter
optical cbcsbs
and focus of the __________. Ans: concave lens
s67.
s Size oftipthe
s simage formeds s increases sassthe distance s sbetween tthe s object
s andtip
the
s slens is __________.
ss tiptsips
eteiptip e etip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e eiptip e etip eteiptip bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans: cDecreased cbcsbs
68. Concave lenses are used as eye lens of __________. Ans: Galilean Telescope
s __________
teiptsip69. teiptsips are sused pswide angle
teiptsiin s hole intidoors.
teiptsipspy s teiptsips teiptsips s teiptsips
es es es es eseptsip es es esteiptsipConcave
Ans: elenses
s e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
70. Concave lenses are used to correct the defect of vision called __________. Ans: Myopia
71. The __________ relatessthe focal length of a lens with the distance of object and image.
ss ptsips ptsip ptsips ptsips ptsips ptsips tiptsips ss
esteiptip estei estei e stei estei estei e sti
e bsbeseAns: Lens esteiptip
bsbformula e
c bcsb bsb
cc bsb cc bsb cc bsb cc bsb cc bsb cc cc cc cbcsbs
72. __________ is applicable to both convex and concave lens. Ans: Lens formula
73. __________ sign conventions are p used for measuring the various distancespin the ray diagrams of spherical
e tiptsips
e e teiptsips e tiptsips
e e tei tsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e tei tsips e teiptsips teiptsips
s
cbcb s lens.
s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s csbes
Ans:cbCartesian e
cbcsbs
74. The __________ can be defined as the degree of convergence or divergence of light rays.
Ans:s Power of a lens
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb 75. If s
b
cbthe
c magnification s
b
cbc is greater sb s
b
cbcthan 1, thencbwe s
c get an __________
cbc b s
image.
cbc b s
b cbcsbsimage
cbc Ans: enlarged cbcsbs
76. If the magnification is less than 1, then we get an __________ image. Ans: Diminished image
s All lenses
teiptsip77. s madetiup
teiptsipare s teiptsips materials.
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips sips Transparent
teiptsips
es es es eptsipof __________
es es es es esteiptAns: es e
b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
78. Any optically transparent material will have a __________. Ans: Refractive index
79. The lens formula relatessthe focal length of a lens with the __________ of the object and image.
estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsip e stei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips ss
esteiptip Ans:bcDistance
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c sb cbcsbs
80. __________ is the symbol of refractive index of the material of the lens. Ans: µ
s81.
s The power s s of lens can sbe
s definedtiass the
s degreetipof
s convergence
s sors divergence s of
s __________.ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e eptip e etip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans: blight
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs rays cbcsbs
82. The power of a lens is numerically defined as the __________ of its focal length. Ans: reciprocal
eteiptip83. Bybcsconvention, the tpower

e eiptip of bacsbconvex
eteiptip lenses etaken
teiptsips as __________
eteiptip where
eteipas
tsipsthe power teipof
tsipsconcave lens
psipsis
ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip csbes Positive, sbestei t e
cbcsbs c bs as __________.
taken cbcsbs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbAns: cbcNegative cbcsbs
84. The lens formula and lens maker’s formula are applicable to only for __________ lenses. Ans: Thin
s The SItipunit
teiptsip85. s sipsa lens is __________.
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips Ans:sbDioptre
teiptsips
es es etsip of poweresteiptof es es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc –1
cbcsbs
86. 1D = __________. Ans: 1 m
87. For the case of __________ lens, lens maker’s formula can be used with littlesmodification.
ti ptsips t i ptsips t iptsips t iptsips ti ptsips t i ptsips esteiptip
s ss
esteiptip psips
tei t
c bcse
b s e
c bcsbes e
c bcsbes e
c bcsbes e
c bcsbes e
c bcsbes e
c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbesThick
Ans: e
cbcsbs
88. Convex lenses produce mostly __________ images. Ans: Real
s89.
s Concave slenses
s produce
iptsipsmostlyse__________
teiptsips
images.ss ss ss s s Ans: Virtual
ss
eteiptip eteiptip beste eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 90. Convex
cbcsbs lens iscabcs__________lens.
cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans: converging
cbcsbs cbcsbs
91. Concave lens is a __________lens. Ans: diverging
ss ss ss eiptsip
s sips ss ss tsips Human tsips
eteiptip92. __________
eteiptip arebcssensitive
eteiptip organsetresponsible teiptvision.
efor eteiptip eteiptip eteipAns: eteipeyes e
93. __________ are the gateway to the wonderful world. Ans: Human eyes

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

94. The eye ball is approximately spherical in shapeipwith a diameter of about __________. Ans: 2.3 cm
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 95. It bcsb
c consists bcsb
of actough b s
b b
c c called __________.
membrane cc s
b ccbsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
c c Sclera
Ans: cbcsbs
96. __________ is the thin and transparent layer on the front surface of the eyeball. Ans: Cornea
ss ss teiptsipsrefracting tsips ss ss ss ss teiptsips
esteiptip97. __________
esteiptip is the esmain esteipsurface. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans: eCornea
s e
98. When light enters through the __________, it refracts or bends the light on to the lens. Ans: Cornea
99. __________ is the coloured part of sthe eye. Iris
Ans: s
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptips ss
esteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip ps
pi
sbestei tIris e
s
cbcb s
cbcb
100. __________ s
cbcbbe blue, brown
may s
cbcb or greencin bcsbcolour. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcAns: cbcsbs
101. Every person has a __________ colour, pattern and texture. Ans: Unique
ss ss sips teiptsipsentering s pupil like
teiptsipthe ss ss ss sips
eteiptip102. __________
eteiptip controls
eteiptamount ofelight einto eteiptipcamerabcsaperture.
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptIris
Ans: e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
103. __________ is the centre part of the iris. Ans: Pupil
ti
e ptsip104.
s __________
tei ptsips controls tei pt
amount
sips of light
ti
e ptsipsentering into
tei ptsippupil
s like camera
tei ptsips aperture.
teiptsips teiptsips
Ans: Iris
s
tiptsip
b
cc s
b es s es
105. __________
b
cc b s
iscthe
b es
c centre part
b s es
c cof the iris. It
b b s es
c cis the pathway
b b s es
c c for the light
b b s es
c cto retina. c c
b b b s
b es bcsbesePupil
cAns:
e
cbcsbs
106. __________ is the most sensitive part of the human eye, on which real and inverted image of the objects is
s s formed. ss ss ss ss
ipsips ipsips ipsips Ans: Retina
ipsips
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip etet etet etet sestet e
c bcsb bcsb
107. __________
c bcsb
iscfixed between bcsb bcsb
c the ciliary muscles.
c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs b lens
cbcEye
Ans: cbcsbs
108. __________ helps to change the foal length of the eye lens according to the position of the object.
ss teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsipsciliary muscles
Ans: teiptsips
eteiptip es es es es e e e bcsbes e
cbcsbs cbcsb
109. __________
bcsb bcsb cbcseye.
iscthe importantc part of human
b cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c Eye lens
Ans: cbcsbs
110. Eye lens is __________ in nature. Ans: convex
eteiptip esteiptipis made eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 111. Eye
cbcsblens cbcsbofs a __________,
cbcsbs __________
cbcsbs like material. cbcsbs Ans: flexible,
cbcsbs jelly
e
112. The ciliary muscle relaxes and make the eye lens __________ then the focal length of the lens increases.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s s Ans: thinner
ss
eteiptip eteiptip pip teiptip
sbestaei t closercbobject, tiptip
bcsbeselength of
csbes the cfocal
iptip
beste eye lens esteiptip teiptip eteiptip
csbesthe __________ e
cbcsbs 113. When
cbcsbs we lookcbcat cbcsthe cbcsbdecreased cbby cbcsbs of cbcsbs
__________. Ans: contraction, ciliary muscles
s114.
s The ability s sof the eye lens
s s to focus near
s s by as well s as
s the distant s sobjects isteicalled
sps __________ ptsips of the eeye.
teiptsips
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es ptiAns: esteiof s e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcs
powerb c bcs
accommodation
b cbcsbs
115. If the time interval between two consecutive light pulses is less than __________. Ans: 0.1 second
s116.
s The minimum s s distance tsiprequired
s to see
s s the objects s distinctly
s without
s s strainteiisptsicalled
s leasttidistance
ss of distinct
tiptsips
eteiptip vision.eteiptip esteip__________ eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e p e eptip bcsbesepoint e
cbcsbs cbcsbs It is called
cbcsbas cbcsbs of eye. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans: cNear cbcsbs
117. The maximum distance up to which the eye can see objects clearly is called as __________ of the eye. Ans:
Far point
teiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbes 118. Myopia bcsbese as __________.
cbcsbs is also cknown cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs csbes short sightedness
cbAns: cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
119. Myopia can be corrected using a __________ lens. Ans: concave
s The focal
teiptsip120. s
teiptsiplength s teiptsips lenssbeissteifpts=
ips__________.
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips i–psx
es es eiptsiprequired
ofestthe concave
es es es es Ans es :ts
teip e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
121. Hypermetropia also known as __________. Ans: Long sightedness
122. Hypermetropia defect can be corrected using a __________ lens. Ans: convex
e sti
e ptsips estei ptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esti
e ptsips estei ptsips esti
e ptsips esti
e ptsips teiptsips
eBifocal
s e
c bcsb 123. Myopia
c bcsb and hypermetropia
c bcsb both
c bcsb the defects
c bcan
csb be corrected
c bcsb by using
c a
bcs__________
b c bclens.
sb Ans:
c bcsb cbcsbs
124. In Astigmatism defect eye cannot see parallel and horizontal lines clearly. It may be __________ or
__________. Ans: Inherited, acquired
estiptsips
e e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
esteiptip e
s
cbcb b sb b sb b sb
125. Astigmatism can be corrected by using __________.
c c c c c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b sb
Ans: Torrid lenses
c cbcsbs
126. For normal human eye distance of distinct vision D is __________ cm. Ans: 25
ss ss sps watch repairers
s s and Jewellers.
ss ss ss ptsips microscopess
eteiptip127. __________
eteiptip arebcsused
eteiptiby eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiSimple
Ans: eteiptip e
128. __________ to read small letters clearly. Ans: simple microscope

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

129. __________ to observe parts of flower, insects etc. Ans: iSimple microscope
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c ca microscope
130. In b s
b
c cthe lens with b s
b
c cthe shorter cfocalb s
b b sb
c length iscplaced
c b s
b b
c c object is called
near the
s
b b s
b
c c as __________.
cc cbcsbs
Ans: Objective lens
ss s s with tithe ss ss ptsips nearesteithe
ptsipsobserver’s sps is called ss
esteiptip131. Inbcsabestmicroscope
eiptsip ethe
steiptsiplens eseptip largerbcsbfocal
esteiptiplengthbcsbisesteiplaced esteiptieye esteiptipas e
c bcsb __________.
c c bcsb c bcsb c c c bcsb b
Ans:csb b sb
c Eye lens orc eye piece
c cbcsbs
132. Compound microscope has __________ to __________ times more magnification power than simple
ss microscope.
tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsipsAns: 50sbeto
tipt200
sips
eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bc se e
cbcsbs c c c c
133. __________ made a telescope to observe distant stars. c c c c
Ans: Galileo cbcsbs
134. __________ observed the satellites of __________ and the rings of __________ through his telescope.
ss psips psips psips psips psips psips psips sps
eteiptip sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t Ans: Galileo,
sestei t Jupiter,seSaturn
steipti e
135. __________ are used in reflecting microscope. Ans : parabolic mirrors
ti
e ptsip136.
s __________
tei ptsips is not suitable
tei ptsips for viewing
ti
e ptsips objects ton
ei ptsipthe
s surfacetipof
e tsipthe
s earth.tiptsips Ans:Terrestial
e ti
e ptsips telescopesteiptsips
es es es es es es es es e s e
b
cc s
b 137. An
b
cc s
__________
b b
cc s
telescope
b is b
cc s
used
b to view b
cc s
heavenly
b bodies
b
cc s
blike stars, ccb s
planets,
b galaxies
b
cc s
and
b satellites.
b
cc sb cbcsbs
Ans: Astronamical
s138.
s __________ s s telescope s iss erectingteithe
s sfinal image swith
s respecttipto
s sthe object. ss s Ans:
s Terrestrial ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es ptip esteiptip esetip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb
139. __________
c canbcsb
c be used even bcsb
c with the low bcsb bc
c intensity of clight.sb c bcsb c bcsb bcsb
cTelescope
Ans: cbcsbs
140. __________ can be attached for taking photograph for the celestial objects. Ans: camera
Additional – Match the following
1. i) Violet light ips (a) Angle of icidenceips
esteiptsips esteiptsips etetip
s
e teiptsips e teiptsips etetip
s ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb ii) s
b
cbc Red light cbcsbs cbcsb s (b) cbcsb s cbcsbs
Angle of refraction cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
iii) Sin i (c) Lowest wave length
esteiptsips iv) te
es iptsipsr
Sin
esteiptsips es
ps
teiptsi(d) esteiptsips wavesblength
Highest
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
Ans :
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
i) Violet light c Lowest wave length
ss ptsips ss ptsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip ii) estei
Red light esteiptip edstei
Highest esteiptiplengthbcsbesteiptip
wave esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
iii) Sin i a Angle of incidence
ss iv) ipts Sin
s r ss b sAngles of refraction
ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip ete ip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
2. i) Beam of light same (a) Rayleigh scattering
ss ii) Beam
psips of light pare
sips not same psips (b) s sMie scatteringpsips psips ss ss
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t esteiptip sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c bc c bc
iii) Blue lights are scattering c bc cbcsb(c) c bc
Inelastic scatteringc bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
iv) White appearance of the clouds (d) Elastic scattering
esteiptsips iptsips
Ans e:ste ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
i) Beam of light same d Elastic scattering
ss ii) ps Beam
s of light sare
s not same ss c sInelastic
s scattering
ss ss ss ss
esteiptip estei tip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb
c iii) Blue lights
c bcsb c bc
are scattering
sb bcsb
c a Rayleigh bcsb
c scatteringc bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
iv) White appearance of the clouds b Mie scattering
ss psips psips ss psips psips ss ss ss
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 3. c
i) bc c bc
Colloidal solution cbcsbs (a) cbcRaman c b
effectc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
ii) Incident frequency (b) Tyndall
ss iptsips frequency ss s
s(c) ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip iii)seste
Lower eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
Antistokes eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
iv) Higher frequency (d) Stokes

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Ans : ips
esteiptsips estetip
s
esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsi)b b sb
c c solution c c
Colloidal b s
b bcsb
b c Tyndall b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
ii) Incident frequency a Raman effect
esteiptip esteiptipLower bfrequency
iii) esteiptip esteiptip d bStokes
c bcsb c bcsb c csb c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
iv) Higher frequency c Antistokes
ss ss ss ss psips teiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip sbestei t csbes eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 4. cbcsb Convex clens
i) bcsb cbcsbs (a) cbcbi–concave cblens cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
ii) Concave lens (b) bi–convex lens
ss iii) Plano convex sps (c) Converging
eteiptip e teiptsips eteipti e teiptsips psips
sbestei t
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs iv)
cbcsb s Plano cbcsbs
concave cbcsb s (d) cbcDiverging cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans :
i) ips Convex lensips c Converging
esteiptsips estetips estetips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b sb
c cii) Concave b sb
c c lens b
cc s
b b sb
d c cDiverging c c b s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
iii) Plano convex a bi–concave lens
esteiptip esteiptipPlano concave
esteiptip esteiptip b bcbi–convex
esteiptip lens esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c biv)
csb c bcsb c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
ss sps tsips sps sps ss ss ss ss

eteiptip5. ipti
i)bsbeste eteip(a) Plano tipti
bsbeseconvex lens
tipti
bsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc cbcsbs cc cc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
ss ii) ss (b) Positive sminiscus

eteiptip eteiptip e teiptsips eteiptip
s ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
iii) (c) Bi–convex lens
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
iv) (d) Convex lens
esteiptip iptip
Ansse:ste esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
i) d Convex lens
ss iptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip beste eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsii) cbcsbs c Bi–convex
cbcsbs lens cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
eteiptip sbestei t eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbciii) cbcsbs a Plano
cbcsbconvex cbcsbs
lens cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
esteiptsips iv)esteiptsips esteiptbsips Positive

es ptsips
teiminiscus esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
5. i) (a) Negative miniscus
eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb
ii) cbcsbs (b) cbcsb concave
Plano sb
cbclens cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
ss iptsips tsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip iii) este eteip(c) esteiptiplens
Concave eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs ccbsb cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptsips iv) ee tiptsips e tsips

teip(d) ee tiptsips
Bi–concave lens ee tiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s cbcsbs cbcsbs b
ccsb s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
Ans :
esteiptip i)esteiptip esteiptcip Concave esteiplens esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
eteiptip ii)ete eteiptdip Bi–concave
eteiptiplens bcsbesteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
iii) te
eteiptbip Plano econcave
teiptsips lenssbesteiptsips
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip e iptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
iv) sps a Negative miniscus

esteiptsips eteipti e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b c csbs
b b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
ss iptsips lens ss sps ss ss ss ss ss

esteiptip6. i) Convex
este esteiptip esteipti(a) Agtimatism
c bcsb c b
ii)
csb c bcsb
Concave lens
c bcsb
(b)
bcsb
c Presbyopiac bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
iii) Bi–focal lens (c) Short sightedness
ss ss ss ss psips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip iv) eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
sbestei t sightedness eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbsTorrid lenses cbcsbs (d) cbcLong
e
Ans :
ss s
iptsipConvex
i)ete lens ss ss sps ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip c bcShort
eteiptisightedness
ii) Concave lens d Long sightedness
iii) ps Bi–focal lensps b Presbyopia
esteiptsips estei tips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b sb
c civ) Torridclensesbcsb b
cc s
b b sb
a c cAgtimatism c cb s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
ss iptsips teiptsips sps ss ss ss ss ss

esteiptip7. i) Refracting
este etelescope
s esteipti(a) esteiptip
Cassegrain esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
ii) Reflecting telescope (b) Keplerian
iii) Astronomical (c) Erect image
ss s s s s s s psips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip iv) eet i pti p t
ese i pt i p eet i pt i p
sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbsTerrestrial cbcsbtelescope cbcsbs (d) cbcPlanets, galaxies
Ans :
ss s
iptsipRefracting eiptsip
s ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip i)ete ettelescope eteiptip b bcKeplerian
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
ii) Reflecting telescope a Cassegrain
iii) ipts
esteiptsips este ipAstronomical
s
esteiptsips esteiptsips d Planets,
esteiptsipsgalaxies
b
cc s
b b sb
c civ) Terrestrial b s
b
c c telescopec c b s
b b sb
c c cErect imagec c b s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
esteiptip8. iptip
i) seste
Refracting tiptip
telescope
bcsbese
p
tipti(a)
bcsbese esteiptip
Astronomical esteiptip
telescope esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c
ii)
bcb c
New to nian
c (b)
c bcsb c bcsb
Not easily portable one
iii) Planets galaxies (c) Galilean telescope
ss iv) este s s
Terrestrial s s s s s s telescope ss ss ss ss
eteiptip ipti p etelescope
steipti
p esteipti(d)
p Reflecting
esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans :
ss i) ps Refracting telescope c Galilean telescopeps

eteiptip e tei tips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips sbestei t
ips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs sb s
cbcii) New to sb s
cbcnian cbcsb s c bcsb s
d Reflecting telescopec bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptsips s
iptsipPlanets
iii)este steiptsips
galaxies
e esteiptsips a Astronomical
esteiptsips esteiptsips
telescope esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
iv) Terrestrial telescope b Not easily portable one
s9.s i) Convex
s s lens teiptsips s(a)
s Travellings s microscope ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip es esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb ii)
c bcsb Compound b sb
c microscope
c c bcsb (b) b sb
c Myopia c
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
iii) Measuring small length (c) Better magnification
ss iv) Concave psips lens ps ips psi(d)
ps Simple
psipsmicroscope
psips ss ss ss
eteiptip ti t
bcsbese etei t etei t etei t etei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c
Ans : cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
i) Convex lens d Simple microscope
eteiptip beste Compound eteiptip eteiptip c bcBetter
cbcsbs cbcsii) cbcsbs microscope
cbcsbs c sbs magnification
iii) Measuring small length a Travelling microscope
esteiptsips iv)es
s
teiptsipConcave steiptsips
lens
e esteiptsips b Myopia
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
ss ss eiptsip
s teiptsipsor false eiptsip
s teiptsips s
ptsipfalse) ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip estAdditional – esTrue est(correct the esstatement iis
ifsbeitste esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1. Telescope is an optical instrument used to see distant objects clearly.
ss psips
Ans : tTrue. psips psips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip sbesei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs 2. c bc c bc c bc
Astigmatism can be corrected by using torrid lenses c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
Ans : True.
s3.s Retina is
s sthe coloured s spart of the seye.
s teiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip csbes eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb:sFalse. Iris
Ans cbcissbthe cbcsbpart
coloured of thecbeye. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4. Convex lens are used wide angle spy hole in doors.
Ans : False. Concaveplenses are used wide anglepspy hole in doors.
esteiptsips esteiptsips e stei tsips esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 5. The
b s
c c maximumc distance
b bcs b ccb s
required
b to seectheb s
c objects with
b b s
c c out strain
b b s
c cis near point
b b s
c cof eye. c c
b b sb cbcsbs
Ans : False. The maximum distance required to see the objects with out strain is far point of eye.
ss ss ss eiptsip
s teiptsips tsips ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip estAdditional – esAssertion andesteipreason esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb bc
Markcthe correct choice
c sb as c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
i) Both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.
ss sp s s
tiptsip and the tsip steiptsip but the s
eiptsip isbnot
s
tsip correct eiptsip
s sip s s
eteiptip steipti thecassertion
ii) seBoth
bcsbese eteipreason areetrue, etreason eteip
the etexplanation teiptthe
eof e
cbcsbs cbcbassertion. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
iii) Assertion is true, but the reason is false.
ss sps sps sps sps ss ss ss ss
eteiptip iv) steipti
bsbeAssertion steipti but the
bissbefalse,
teipti
bsbesreason is btrue. pi
sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc cc cc cc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1. Assertion: Hubble space telescope gives extremely sharp images.
Reason:sps ubbleporbit
H outside the direction ofpearth’s atmosphere allows itps to take extremely sharp images
esteiptsips eteipti with e tei tsips no background
almost e teiptsips light. e tei tsips e teiptsips e tei tips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s ccb s
b s b
cc s
b s ccb s
b s ccb s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
Ans : (i) Both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason
ss is the correct explanations of the assertion
esteiptip2. estei ptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esti
e ptsips estei ptsips esti
e ptsips esti
e ptips esteiptsips e
c bcsb sb
Assertion:
c bc b csb
Ac person can see bcsb
c distance objects
c bcsb clearly butsb sb
c cannot seecnearby objectc distinctly. c
bc bc bcsb bcsb cbcsbs
Reason: The light rays from a close by object are focused in front of the retina.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss tsipsreasonseis tsips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteipt:ip(iii) Assertion
Ans eteiptipis true,bcsbut
eteipthe teipfalse e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcbs cbcsbs
3. Assertion: The speed of light in a medium is low if the refractive index of the medium is high.
Reason: Refractive index gives us an idea of how fast or how slow light travels in a medium.
ss ss ss ss ss ss sps teiptsips teiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans eteiptip esteiptip and esteiptireason csbestrue and cthe
bcsbesreason e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb:s(i) Both the
cbcsbassertion cbcsbthe cbare cbcsbs
is the correct explanation of the assertion

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

4. Assertion: ngle of
A refraction isipthe highest for red and theipsmallest for violet.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b s
b
Reason:
b
cc s
b
Angle
c c of refraction
b s
b
c c is different
b s
b sb
c cfor differentccolours.
b bc ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (iv) Assertion is false, but the reason is true
ss ss ss sps in a rarer ss s in a denser
teiptsipless ss ss ss
esteiptip5. esteiptip The
Assertion: velocity
esteiptip of lightesteiisptimore esteiptip medium esand esteiptip medium.
c bcsb c bcsb
Reason:
bcsb
Tche incident ray,
bcsb
c the refracted bcsb bcsb
c ray of light cand the normal bcsb b
c to the refracting
c csb b csb
c lie in the
surface all cbcsbs
same plane.
ss ss ss ss ps the assertion
teiptsiBoth ss sips psips teiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ansbcs:be(ii) eteiptip and the
esteiptreason areestrue,
sb tei t but cthesbesreason e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs is not the
cbcsbcorrect c bc bc
explanation of the assertion cbcsbs
ss ss ss teiptsips ss teiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eAdditional eteiptip answer
– Short equestions eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
1. What is called as beam of light.
The path
esteiptsips esteiptsipof
s light is tcalled
es eiptsip
s ray of light
esteiptsipand
s grouptipof
esetsip
these
s rays ip
esteare
tsipscalled sasestebeam
iptsips of light.
b
cc s
b 2. b s
b
What
c c are called b s
b b
c c luminous cobjects?csb b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc b ccb s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Some of the sources emit their own light and they are called luminous objects.
ss s
teiptsipexamples tsipsluminous tsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip3. Giveesthe esteipfor esteipobjects. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
 Stars.
 Sun.
ss tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss
eteiptip sbesemake the ese from abcstorch
ee sbeseyour eyes, ese you able ese see thebobject?
ee eteiptip e
cbcsbs 4. If
cbcyou cbcsblight c bs to fall
cbcon cbcsbwill cbcsbto c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Definitely no. We can see the object only when the light is made to fall on the objects and the light reflected
ss from thespobjects is viewed by our eyes.
eteiptip e teipti s e teiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 5. s
b s sb s
cbc is calledcbrefraction?
What c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
When a ray of light travels from one transparent medium into another obliquely, the path of the light undergoes
teiptsips deviation.
teiptsipsThis deviation
teiptsipsof ray ofteilight
ptsips is calledteirefraction.
ptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es bcsbes bcsbes bcsbes e e e e e e
b
cc s
b
6. c
Write the firstc law of refraction.
c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
The incident ray, the refracted ray of light and the normal to the refracting surface all lie in the same plane.
ss iptsips iptsips iptsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip7. ete
Write ete ete esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip
cbcsbs the second
cbcsbslaw of refraction.
e
c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence and sin e of the angle of refraction is equal to the ratio of
ss refractive indices of the two media. s s
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 8. Whats s s s
cbcb is calledcbMorochromatic
cb cbcsbssource? cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
If a source of light produces a light of single colour, with single wavelength is known as a Monochromatic
ss source. psips psips psips psips psips psips psips psips
cbcsbs 9. c bc c bc c bc
What is called Composite source of light? c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
It produces a white light which contains light of different colours. Sunlight is a composite light which consists
esteiptsips of light sipsvarious colours
esteiptof
ss
esteiptip or wave tsips
esteiplengths.
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
b
cc s
b cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs
10. What is called spectrum?
The band sof colours is termed as spectrum. The spectrum consists of followingscolours. Violet, Indigo, Blue,
ss sip s
ptsipand ptsips ptsips ptsips ptsip ptsips ss
esteiptip Green,estei pYellow,
t Orange
estei Red. estei esti
e estei esti
e esti
e esteiptip e
11. What is called scattering of light?
ss When ipsunlight
ss enters sthe
s Earth'stipatmosphere,
tsips the atoms and molecules of sdifferent gasess spresent tin sthe
eteiptip etetip refract eteiptip tiptsips
besepossiblecdirections. bestcalled
s
eiptsip as scattering
s
eteiptip of light.
eteiptip e eiptip
s
cbcsbs cbcsbs
atmosphere cbcsbsthe light cinbcsall bcsbese cbcsis
This cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
12. What is called scatterer?
ss In this sips
pphenomenon, ps beametof
psithe ps is redirected
psilight psips in allestdirections,
psips when psipits interacts sips a particle
pwith s
psipof
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbsei t sbestei t sb ei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs bc c bc c bc c bc
medium. The interacting particle of the medium is called as scatterer.
c c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

13. Based pon initial andps final energypof the light beam scattering can be classified into how many types?
esteiptsips estei tsips estei tips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b cs
2c types.
b They c
are;
bcsb b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 Elastic.
ss  Inelastic.
psips ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip estei t esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb
14. Define
c bcsb
Elasticcscattering. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
If the energy of the incident beam of light and the scattered beam of light are same, thin it is called as Elastic
ss scattering.
tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee e
15. Write short note on "Inelastic scattering and its types".
If the energy of the incident beam of light and the scattered beam of light are not same, then it is called as
ss ss s
eiptsip nature sps of the tscatterer
s s results spsdifferentteitypes
ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptipscattering.
inelastic etThe eteiptisize
and e eiptip eteiptiin e ptip of scattering.
eteiptip They eteiptip
are; e
 Rayleigh scattering.
 Tyndall scattering.
esteiptsips s
s
teiptsipscattering.
bsbeMie esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips e
b
cc s
b cc ccb s
b b
cc sb ccb s
b b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb cbcsbs
 Raman scattering.
s16.
s Define Rayleigh scattering.
teiptsips teiptsips tsips ss tsips ptsips ss ss
esteiptip The escattering
s esunlight
s esteipatoms esteiptip ofbcthe
esteipgases esteiearth's esteiptip is bknown
esteiptipas e
c bcsb c bcsb cof
bcsb by
c bcs
the
b or
c bcs
molecules
b c sb in
c bcs
the
b c bcs
atmosphere
b c csb cbcsbs
Rayleigh scattering.
s17.
s Whattiispsipthe
s reasontipfor
sipsthe colour ofs Sun is red
psip psipats sunrise and
psipssunset? psips psips psips
eteiptip sbeset sbeset sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
Ans : At sunrise and sunset, the light rays from the sun have to travel alarger distance in the atmosphere than
c c bc c bc cbcsbs
at noon. Hence most of the blue lights are scattered away and only the red light which gets least scattered
s s reaches sus.
s Therefore, s the
s colourtiof sthe
s Sun is tred s at
s sunrisetiand s ssenset. teiptsips ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e eptip e eiptip e eptip e eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 18. Define cbcsbs Mie scattering.
Mie scattering takes place when the diameter of the scatterer is similar to or larger than the wave length of
e steiptsip thesbincident
s
esteiptsips light.sbeItsteiis
ptsipalso
s an elastic
esteiptsipscattering.
s
esteipThe
tsips amounte steiof
ptsipscattering
s
estiseiptindependent
sips
esteipof
tsipwave
s length.
e steiptsips e
b
cc sb ccb
19. Define Tyndall b
c cscattering. c c b sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb ccb s
b cbcsbs
The scattering of light rays by the colloidal particles in the colloidal solution is called Tyndall scattering (or)
ee tiptip Tyndall
s s
ee tipteffect.
sips
e ee tiptsips tiptsips ee tiptsips ee tiptsips ee tiptsips ee tiptsips ee tiptsips
cbcsbs 20. Define csbes
cbcsbs Ramancbscattering. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
Raman scattering is defined as the interaction of light ray with the particles of pure liquids or transparent
s s solids,teipwhich
s s leads to sa schange inteiwave
s s length tor sfrequency.
s ss ss ss ss
eteiptip e tip esteiptip e ptip e eiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 21. Define
cbcsbs Rayleigh cbcsbline. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
The spectral lines having frequency equal to the incident ray frequency is called Rayleigh line.
ss sips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip22. Define tiptRaman
bcsbese
line.
The spectral lines which are having frequencies other than the incident ray frequency are called Raman lines. c cbcsbs
23. Define Stokes lines and Antistokes lines.
teiptsips Thesbelines
ss ss
tiptip havingsbefrequencies
tiptip lower
ss
tiptipthan the iptip
tincident ss tiptip is
frequency
ss called
ss
tip
tipStrokes lines.
ss
p lines ehaving
eteiptiThe teiptip ss
b
cc s
b es c bc se c bc se c bcsbese c bcsbese c bcsbese bcsbese
clines. cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
frequencies higher than the incident frequency are called Antistrokes
24. How many types of lenses?
esteiptip They iptip2 types.sesteiptip
tare
bcsbese
tiptip
bcsbese esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c c bcb
 Plano – convex lens.
c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 Plano – concave lens.
ss ptsipsapplications ss sips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip25. Write
eteithe eteiptip of convex
eteiptlenses. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
 They are used as camera lenses.
 They are used as magnifying lenses.
ss teiptsipsare used ps
eiptsimaking ss ss tsips ss ss ss
eteiptip bsbeThey etin eteiptip
microscope, eteiptip and bslide
telescope eteipprojectors.eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 They are used to correct the defect of vision called hypermetropia.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

26. Write the applications of concave lenses.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b They are b
cc s
used
b as eye lens
b
cc s
bof Galileanccb s
telescope.
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 They are used in wide angle spy hole in doors.
 They are used toscorrect the defect of vision scalled myopia.s s
estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptips estei ptsips estei ptips esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb 27. Explain
c bcsb Lens formula.
c bcsb c bcsb c bc sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Like spherical mirrors, we have lens formula for spherical lenses. The lens formula give the relationship
among distance of the object (u), distance of the image (v) and the focal length s (f) of the lens.sIt is expressed
esteiptsips 1 esteip1tsips1 esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsip s
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcbs s
cbcb = – . This
as s
cbcb is applicable s
cbcbto both convex s
cbcb and concave s
cbcb lenses. cbcb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
f v u
28. Define Magnification of a lens.
i p sips tiptsips as the teiptsipsof the sheight
tiptsips psips teiptsipofs an object. psips psips ps
teiptsithe
cbcsbs
e te t It issbedefined
c bc se c bcsbesratio c bcbese of the c sbestei t to thecbheight
bcimage csbes c bcsbestei tMagnification
c bcsbestei tis denoted
c bcsbesby e
cbcsbs
letter 'm'. If the height of the objectis 'h' and height of the image is 'h1', the magnification produced by lens
height of the image h1
s s is, m = sps of theteiptobject s s = h .teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptiheight es ip es esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs
29. Explain Lens Maker's formula.
The need for an equation relating the radii of curvature of the lens, the refractive index of the
ss given tsips s
eiptsip lens band sips requiredteiptsifocal
s lengthtiptsiofs s lens tmaker's
sThe s s formula ss
esteiptip esteipmaterial ofestthe esteiptthe es p ese p the bclens.
esteiptip eseiptip esteiptipis e
c bcsb c
1
bcsb bcsb
 1 c 1  c csb c bcsb c bcsb c s
= (µ – 1)  – .
f  R1 R 2  f = focal length of the lens.
ss ss s s µ =teipRefractive
ss teiptsipsof the smaterial
tiptsips of thesbelens.
tiptsips tiptsips ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e tip index
csbes bcbese bc se bcsbese eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbsR and Rcbcsb=s Radii ofcbcurvature c c
of the two faces of the lens. c cbcsbs cbcsbs
1 2
30. Explain Power.
eteiptip When p of light
eteiaptiray ptip on a lens,
eteifalls p abilityeto
eteiptithe p
teipticonverge tip
eorteipdiverge these ip rays depends
eteiptlight eteiptip onbcthe tip
eteipfocal e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs
length of the lens. This ability of a lens to converge (or) diverge is called as its power.
31. Define Power of a lens.
t i ptsips tsipas lens can
teipof teipbe s
tsipdefined tsipsdegree
teipthe sips
teiptconvergence tsipsdivergence
teipor sips
teiptof sips
teiptPower teiptsipsis
e s e Power es es as
es eof
s e s es light rays.
es of aeslens e
b
cc s
b b
cc sb ccb sb b
cc sb b
cc sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
numerically defined as the reciprocal of its focal length,
1
s p s P = fti.ptSI s sunit of power s sof the lens sis sdioptre (D). ss ss ss ss ss
t
ese i pt i ese ip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcs
32. Define
b c
Persistence
bcsb c
of vision.
If the time interval between two consecutive light pulses is less than 0.15, human eye cannot distinguish them
s p s separately. ss sps s
ptsipvision. tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eet i pt i eteiptip It is bcalledeteiptiPersistencecsbes
teiof
bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs 33. Explain cbcsbs Far point c csbsand Nearcbpoint c
of an eye.
c c c c cbcsbs
Near point of eye : The minimum distance required to see the objects distinctly without strain is called least
tei ptsips distance tiptsipofs distinct iptsips It is scalled
tvision. tiptsipass Near point tiptsipsof eye.sbIteste ps cm forenormal
iptsi25
is tiptsips human ptsips
tieye. tiptsips
cbcsbs
e
c bcsbese c bcsbese c bcbese c bcsbese c bc c bcsbse c bcsbese c bcsbese e
cbcsbs
Far point of eye : The maximum distance upto which the eye can see object clearly is called as Far point of
the eye. It is infinity for normal eye.
s
teiptsip34. ptsipsdefectsestin ps teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es Writeesteithe eiptsieye. es es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
A normal human eye can clearly see all the objects placed between 25 cm and infinity. But for some people,
the eye loses its power of accomodation. This could happen due to many reasons including ageing. Hence
ss teiptsips becomes ptsips psips psips psips psips psips psips
esteiptip their
sbesvision sbestei defective.sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
c bcsb cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc cbcsbs
35. Explain Astigmatism.
ss In this defect, eye cannot s see parallel sipsand horizontal slines clearly. It may be inherited or acquired. It is dues to
eteiptip the teiptsips structure
imperfect teiptsipof eye lens teiptbecause of te
the
iptsipdevelopment teiptsipofs cataract te ptsips
ion the lens, teiptsips
ulceration esteiptip
s
cof
bcsbcornea,
e e e e e e e e
cbcsbs s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s cbcsbs
injury to the refracting surfaces, etc. Astigmatism can be corrected by using cyclinderical lenses.
36. Write the types of Microscope.
esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb  s cbcsbs
cbc Simple microscope.
b cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Compound microscope.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

37. Write the uses of Simple microscope.
b
cc s
b s
b
Simple
c c microscope
b s
b
c c are used;c c
b b s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 by watch repairers and jewellers.
ss  to read
s s small letters sclearly. teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b sb b sb
c to observec parts of flower,
 c c b sb
c insects, etc.
 to observe finger prints in the field of forensic science.
ss ps note
tiaptsishort s
ptsipTravelling sips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip38. Write
bcsbese
tion
bcsbese
tipttelescope.
cbcsbs c c c c c c
A Travelling telescope is one of the best instrument for measuring very small length with high degree of c c cbcsbs
accuracy at the order of 0.01 mm. It works based on the principle of Vernier. It's least count is 0.01 mm.
ss tsipstypessof ptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip39. Nameeteipthe eteiTelescopes?eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
2 types of Telescope.
 Refracting telescope.
teiptsips sps
steipti
bcsbeReflecting tiptsips
telescope. teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b es c bcsbese
c b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
40. What are the major types of telescope?
ss  Astronomical telescope.
esteiptip e tei ptsips e teiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb 
c bcsb Terrestrial
s c telescope.
bcsb s c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
41. Listout some Refracting telescope.
s s Lensesteipare
s sused Galileans s telescope, tiptsiKeplerian
ps telescope,
tiptsips Achromatic
tiptsips refractors
tiptsipare
s some refracting
tiptsips telescope.
tiptsips
eteiptip e tip eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs 42. Name
cbcsbs some reflection
cbcsbs c c
telescopes what type of mirrors are used?c c c c cbcsbs
Gregorian, Newtonian, Cassegrain telescope are some reflecting telescopes. Parbolic mirrors are used.
eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 43. Write
cbcsbs a note on Astronomical
cbcsb cbcsbtelescope.cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
An Astronomical telescope is used to view heavenly bodies like stars, planets, galaxies and satellites.
s Writetiaptsinote
teiptsip44. s on Terrestrial
teiptsips teiptsips
telescope. teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es e p es es es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c image in an
The
b s
b
c cAstronomical b s
b b sb
c ctelescope isc inverted.
c b s
b b
Socitcis not suitable
s
b
c c for viewing b sb
c cobjects on the b s
b
c c surface cbcsbs
of the Earth. Therefore a Terrestrial telescope is used. It provides an erect image, which uses three lenses
ss ptsipsadvantages ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip45. Write esteithe esteiptip of Telescopes.
 Elaborate view of the Galaxies, Planets, Stars and other heavenly bodies is possible.
 Camera can be attched for takings photograph for the celestial objects.
ss iptsips iptsips iptsip iptsips iptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip e te e te e te e te e te eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcbTelescopeccan
 s s bcb be viewed
s s cbceven
sb with the
s cbclow
sb intensity
s cbcofb light. cbcsbs
s s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
46. Write the disadvantages of Telescope.
ss tiptsips maintanances
 eFrequent tiptsips needed.tiptsips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip bcsbse bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c c
 It is not easily portable one. c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b s
b
c c Additional
b sb
c c– Long answer
b s
b
c c questions
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Explain Rayleigh's scattering law.
ss ss sips states that ss ss sps light is inversly
ss ss eiptsip
s
esteiptip esteiptip scattering
Rayleigh's esteiptlaw esteiptip"the amountesteiptipof scattering
esteiptiof esteiptip proportional
esteiptip to the estfourth e
c bcsb c bc
power
sb bcsb
c length". c
of its wave
b csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1
Amount ofsscattering 'S'sa 4 .
ss s s λ tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip eteipti p pi
sbestei t
p
cbcsbs cbcsbsAccording cbcto c c c c
this law, the shorter wave length colours are scattered much more than the longer wave c c cbcsbs
length colours.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e

b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
ccsb s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
Longer
wave length
(red) Shorter
wave length
ss ss ss psips tiptsips ss ss psips ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip sbesi t
(Day time)te
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcSunrise c
and Sunset
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbccolour)
(Blue cbcsbs cbcsbs
When the sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the blue colour is scattered to a greater extent than
esteiptsips the red
es
sips (longteip
teiptcolour es tsips length).
wave es tsips scattering
teipThis es
s
teiptsipcause teiptsiptos appear
theessky es
ps colour.
eiptsiblue
tin esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c At sunrise b s
b
c cand sunset,c the b s
b
c light raysc frombcsb bcs
the sunc have
b
to travel
b s
b
c ca larger distance b s
b b s
b
c c in the atmosphere
cc cbcsbs
than at noon. Hence, most of the blue lights are scattered away and only the red light which gets least
ss scattered
tiptsipreaches
s us.
tiptsiTherefore,
ps the
tiptsipcolour
s of the
tiptsipSun
s is red tatiptsisunrise
ps andtip sunset.
tsips tiptsips tiptsips
esteiptip ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee e
c bcsb
2.
cbcsbs cbcsbs
Explain about Tyndall scattering.
When a beam of sunlight, enters into a dusty room through a window, then its path becomes visible to us.
ss ptsips tsips dust sparticles
ss s air of tthe
ptsipthe psips psips s
ptsiplight. psips
eteiptip Thisesiste
sb i because, sthe
esteiptiny esteiptip present
sbestei in sbesei t roomcbcscatter
sbestei t the cbeam
sbestei of This
sbesteiist an e
cbcsbs c bc c bc b
example of Tyndall scattering. c bc b c bc c bc bc c bc cbcsbs
The scattering of light rays by the colloidal particles in the colloidal solution is called Tyndall scattering (or)
ss Tyndall sips
teipteffect. teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
eteiptip e e e e e e e e e
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips Colloidal

psips
it
sbeste
particles esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b c bc
scattered
b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Window of the
Classroom
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs brightness
3. Explain sabout Raman scattering. s s

esteiptsips iptips
e te iptsips teiptip
sbes of monochromatic e te esteiptsips eteiptsips teiptsips
es or transparent e teiptsips e teiptsips e
cbcsb cbcsbs a parallel
When cbcbeam cbcsbs cbcsbpasses
light cbcsbs a gas (or)
through cbcsbliquid cbcsbs cbcsabspart of
solid, cbcsbs
light rays are scattered.
The scattered light contains some additionalspfrequencies other than that of incident frequency. This is
esteiptsips known es tsipsRamansscattering
teipas esteiptsips (or) e teiptsips effect.
Raman
s esteipti s esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b ccb s
b ccb s
Raman scattering is defined as the interaction of light ray with the particles of pure liquids or transparent
solids, which leads to a s change in wave length or frequency.
ss ptsips ptsip ptsips tsips sps ss teiptsips linesband sps
esteiptip estei
The spectral e tei
lines
s having e tei
frequency
s equalesteipto the esteiptiray
incident frequencyesteiptipis called eRayleigh
s esteiptithe e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc cbcsbs
spectral lines which are having frequencies other than the incident ray frequency are called Raman lines.
The slines having sfrequencies lower than thesincident frequency is called Stokes liness and the lines
ss tsip iptsip thansthe sips iptsip are scalled s
iptsipAntistokes tsips tiptsip tiptsips
eteiptip having e teipfrequencies e t
higher
e e teiptincident e t
frequency
e e te e teiplines.
bsbese bsbese e
cbcsbs bbs
cc s bb
cc s s cc bb s cc bbs s bb
cc s bb
cc s s cc cc cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs


sips energy tlevels
teiptVirtual eseiptsip
s
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb Vibrational
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
energy
states
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs4 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3
ss ss ss ss ss ss 2
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e teiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
b
cbc 1 s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
0
Infrared Rayleigh Stokes Antistokes
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsip
absorption s scattering
es
s s
teiptsip Ramansbesteiptsip Raman sbesteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb cbc
Scattering cbc
Scattering b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
4. Write the classification of lenses in briefly.
ss A lenste issan s opticallytiptransparent
ss medium
s s bounded s by
s two spherical s s refracting ssurfaces
s or one s splane and one
ss
esteiptip esiptip esetip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c csb
spherical
b surface.
Lens is basically into 2 types. They are Convex lens and Concave lens.
ss i) Convex (or) bi–convex lens :s s
eteiptip t
It tsipas lens bounded
ipis tiptsips by two eteiptip tiptsips teiptsips sips
esteiptthe
ss
esteiptipat thebcedges.
ss
eteiptip A
cbcsbssphericalcsurfaces
bcsbese suchcbthat csbes it is thicker
cbcsbat centre
cbcsbthan
e e e e e
cbcsbs cbcbs s cbcbs s c sbs cbcsbs
beam of light passing through it, is converged to a point. So a convex lens is also called as Converging
lens.
ss ii) eConcave sps (or) tbi–concave
psips lenspsip:s psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip steipti sbesei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbIt c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
is a lens bounded by two spherical surfaces such that it is thinner at the centre than at the edges. A c bc c bc cbcsbs
parallel beam of light passing through it, is diverged or spread out. So a concave lens is also called as
Diverging
psips lens. psips
esteiptsips etei t etei t etei t psips psips
etei t psips
etei t psips
etei t psips
etei t etei tpsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
ss ss ss tiptsips tiptsips ss tiptsips ss ss

eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese esteiptip bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cConvex Lens c cbcsbConcave c
Lens cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
5. Write the other types of lenses.
ss psips ss psips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss
eteiptip Plano esteipti:p
sestei–t convex slens sestei t bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip e
cbcsbs c bcb c bcb c bcb c c c
If one of the faces of a bi-convex lens is plane, it is known as a Plano–convex lens.
c cbcsbs cbcsbs
Plano – concave lens :
esteiptsips If onees
s faces of
ptsipthe
teiof es
s
teiptasipbi-concavees tsips is plane,
teiplens esteipittsipiss known eas
s
sips
teiptPlano–concave
es
s
teiptsiplens. esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

6. Explain
psithe
ps Refraction
psipsthrough apsiConvex lens.
teiptsips stei t ti t ps psips
etei t etei t teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b es i)cbcsbeObject bcsbese
at cinfinity. cbcsbs cbcsbs b
ccsbes b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes b
cc s
b es e
cbcsbs
ii) Object placed beyond C (>2F).
ss iii) Object placed at s C.
esteiptip teiptsips
eObject
s teiptips
esbetween tsips
esteipC.
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb iv)
c bcsb placed
c bcsb F
c band
csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
v) Object placed at the principal forces F.
ss vi) Object ss placed betweens s the principals s forces F sand s optical centres s O. ss ss ss
cbcsbs s
i)cbcsbObject atcbcsbs : cbcsbs
infinity cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
When an object is placed at infinity, a real image is formed at the principal focus. The size of the image
ss is much
sps smaller than
sps that of thespobject.
s sps sps sps sps sps

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
ii) Object place beyond C (>2F) :
When an object is placed behind the center of curvature (beyond C) a real and inverted image is formed
ss sps the centerss ss eiptsip
s focus. sips size of tthess teiptsips as that ps
eiptsithe
eteiptip steipti
ebetween eteiptip of curvature
eteiptip and theetprincipal eteiptThe e eiptipimagebcsisbessame etof e
cbcsbs cbcsbobject. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
iii) Object place at C :
ss teiptsips an object sips ptsipscenter of ptsips s
eiptsip and inverted ss teiptsips at the ptsips
esteiptip eWhen
s esteiptis placed esteithe
at esteicurvature, aestreal esteiptipimagebcsisbesformed esteiother e
c bcsb bcsb bcsb bcsb
c center of ccurvature, thecsize of the image c bcsb c bcsb c bc
is the same as that of the object.
sb c c bcsb cbcsbs
esteiptsips steiptsips place

iv) eObject esteiptsips
between F and
es
sips:
teiptC esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c When an cobjectbcsb b s
b b
c c in betweenc the
is placed
s
b
c center of b sb
c ccurvature and b s
b b
c c principal focus,s
b
c c a real and b s
b
c cinverted cbcsbs
image is formed behind the center of curvature. The size of the image is bigger than that of the object.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

v) Object placed iat the principal focus F : ips
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips e stetips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
c c When an cobject
b bcsb is placed b s
c cat the focus,
b b sb b s
c ca real imagec isb bcs
c formed atcinfinity.
b The size
b s
c c of the image
b b s
c c is much
b cbcsbs
larger than that of the object.
vi) Object
s placed between the principal focus Fs and optical scentre O :
ss s s s s
eiptsip teiptsip focus sand s tiptsips ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip an object
eteiptip bestbetween eteiptip esteiptip is formed.
eteiptip
cbcsbWhen cbcsbs is placed
cbcsin principal
csbes cbcbs optical ccentre,
bcsbese a virtual
cbcsbimage cbcsbs The
e
cbcsbs cb cbcsbs
size of the image is larger than that of the object.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
7. Explain about the Refraction through a concave lens.
i) Object at infinity.
ss teiptsips anywhere ss ss ptsips distance. ss ss ss ss
eteiptip ii)bcsbeObject eteiptip eteiptip axis bat
on the bprincipal eateifinite eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c s cbcsbs c csbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
iii) Position and size of image with object distance.
ss i) Object at infinity :s
eteiptip e teiptsipsan object
When e tsipplaced
teipis teiptsips a virtual
sbesinfinity,
ss
eteiptip psips
sbestei t at the iptsips
beste The size
tsipsimagesis
esteipthe
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcat cbcsbs image cisbcformed cbcsfocus. cbcsbof cbcbsmuch cbcsbs
smaller than that of the object.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
ii) Object at infinity :
When s s an object is
s splaced atteiaptsifinite
ps distance
ss
eteiptip esteiptip andbcfocus
eteiptip teiptsipfrom
s the lens,
iptsipsa virtual
beste is smaller
image
s s is formed
eteiptip teiptsipbetween
s optical
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs cbcsbcenter bcsbes lens.cThe
c sbs of thecconcave bcsbessize cbcsimage
of the csbesthe object.
cbcsbs than thatcbof cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
iii)
s
b b sb
c c Object atcinfinity
c : b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
As the distance between the object and the lens is decreased, the distance between the image and the
ss lensspalso keeps decreasing. Further,
s s the size of
s sthe imageteipformed
s s increases s sas the distance s s between sthe
esteiptip teipti s and the
eobject
s ptsips
esteilens is esteiptip
decreased. esteiptip es tip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip
s
e

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

8. Write short
psips notes about
psips sign–convention (cartesian).
esteiptsips estei t estei t psips
estei t psipse stei t esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
Cartesian
b bcs
signcconversions
b care
b s
b bcs
c used for cmeasuring
b b s
thec cvarious distances
b b s
c c in the ray
b b s
b bcs
c c diagrams cofspherical
b cbcsbs
lenses. According to Cartesian sign convention,
ss  Thes object is always placed on sthe left side of the lens. s s
esteiptip e tei ptips e tei ptsips e tei ptips e tei ptsips eof tip
teipthe ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb All
s the distances
c bcsb s are measured
c bcsb s from the
c bcsoptical
b s centre
c bcsb s lens.
 The distances measured in the same direction as that of incident light are taken as positive.
 The distances measured against sthe direction of incident light
ss s
iptsipdistances iptsips iptsips
iptsip and perpendicular sips are taken sias
ps
negative.
teiptsips ss
eteiptip te
The te
measured upwardte te to theteiptprincipal axisteiptis taken eteiptip
cbcas
sbespositive.
 e e e e e e e
cbcsbs cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcsbs cbcsbs
 The distances measured downward and perpendicular to the principal axis is taken as negative.
s9.s Describe s sthe structure sipsand working s s of the human s s eye. teiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip eyesbcsb esteiptmost eteiptip eteiptip csbes esteiptip Theybcare eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbhuman
The c are cbcsbs and sensitive
valuable cbcsbs organscbresponsible cbcsb
for vision. c sbs the gateway cbcsbsto the cbcsbs
wonderful world.
 Structure of the eye :
esteiptsips e
s
s
teiptsipThe s teiptsipiss approximately
eyesbeball esteiptsips sphericales
psshape with
teiptsiin esteiptsipasdiameter es
s
ptsipabout
teiof 2.3es
s
eiptsip It consists
tcm. es
sips
teiptof a e
b
cc s
b b
cc sb
tough
b
c cmembrane called b sb
c c sclera, which b sb
c c protectscthe b sb
c internal parts b sb
c c of the eye. ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
 Cornea :
ss  s This s is thetipthin s s and transparent s s layer ton sthes front surface s s of the eyeball. ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esetip esteiptip eseiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b csb bcsb
c  It is cthe main refracting c bcsb surface.c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 When light enters through the cornea, it refracts or bends the light on to the lens.
ss  Iriss:s ss
eteiptip esteiptipIt is the esteiptip part tsipseye. sesteiptsips
esteipthe
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbcoloured cbcsbof
e
cbcsbs cbcsb cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 It may be blue, brown or green in colour.
 Every person has a unique colour, pattern and texture.
ss s controls
tiptsipIris ps
tiptsiamount iptsipsentering iptsipsthe pupil s
iptsipcamera tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip 
bcsbese bcsbese
of tlight
bcsbese
tinto
bcsbese
tlike
bcsbese
aperture.
bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs c
 Pupil : c c c c c c c cbcsbs
 It is the centre part of the Iris. It is the pathway for the light to retina.
teiptsips  Retinateiptsips : sbesteiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b sb
c c  This ciscthe back surface
b b sb
c c of the eye.
b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
 It is the most sensitive part of human eye, on which real and inverted image of objects is formed.
ss  Ciliary muscles :s s
esteiptip e tei ptsips tip between
esisteipfixed
sips
esteiptthe teiptsips
emuscles.
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb s
 Eye lens
c bcsb c bcsb ciliary
c bcsb s c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 It helps to change the focal length of the eye lens according to the position of the object.
 Eye lens :
ss sps tiptsips part ps
iptsihuman eye.tipts ips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip steipti It is cthe
e important
bcsbese
tof
cbcsbs cbcsb It is convex in nature.
c c c c c c cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
10. Explain about Telescope and its types.
ss Telescope is an optical instrument p to see the distant object. ps
eteiptip teiptsips teiptsips tei tsips teiptsips ti tips into 2sbegroups
teiptsips (i) Refractingss
eteiptip telescope
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs se
Types
cbcb of telescope
s s e
cbcb : According
s s es s
bcb e
cbcbto optical cproperty,
s bcsbese
it iscclassified cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs (ii)
e
cbcsbs
Reflecting telescope.
Refracting Telescope :
ss sps are used. ss teiptsips ss ss sips s
teiptsipsome ss
eteiptip eLenses
steipti eteiptipGalilean etelescope, eteiptip telescope,
Keplerian eteiptipAchromaticeteiptrefractors, eare eteiptip
refracting e
cbcsbs cbcsbtelescopes. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Reflecting
ipsips Telescope
ipsip:s
esteiptsips estet estet esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s bcs
c c Parabolic cmirrors
b b are used
b s
b bcs
c c Gregorian,cNewtonian,
b b
cc s
Cassegrain
b b
cc s
telescope
b are some
b s
b bcs
c c Reflecting ctelescopes.
b cbcsbs
According to the things which are observed, Astronomical Telescope and Terrestrial Telescopes are the
two major types of telescope.
ss teiptsips Telescope ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip Astronomical
es esteiptip : bcsbesteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
An astronomical telescope is used to view heavenly bodies like stars, planets galaxies and satellites.
Terrestrial Telescope :
ss sps s
eiptsipastronomical tiptsips tiptsips ss iptsips for viewing
tiptsips sps
eteiptip steipti image
eThe sbestan
bcin bcsbese telescope bcsbesise inverted. esteiptiitp is notbcssuitable
bcsbSo, beste bcsbese objects steiptithe
bcsbeon e
cbcsbs cbcsbsurface c c c c c
of the Earth. Therefore, a terrestrial telescope is used. It provides an erect image. The major c c cbcsbs
difference between astronomical and terrestrial telescope is erecting the final image with respect to the
ss object
tiptsips with thetip help
tsips of correcting
tiptsipslens. tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
11. Write the advantages and disadvantages of Telescopes.
Advantages :
esteiptsips ss
teiptip
 sbeElaborate view eteiof
ss
ptipthe Galaxies, ss
eteiptipPlanets,bcsb
stars
ss
eteiptipand other eiptip
etheavenly
ss
bodies p possible.
eteiptiis
ss
eteiptip
ss
e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
 Camera can be attached for taking photograph for the celestial objects.
 Telescope can be viewed even with the low intensity of light.
ss ss iptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip
Disadvantages :sbeste esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bc c bcsb c b csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 Frequent maintenance needed.
 It is not easily portable one.
ss ss teiptsips ss psips psips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip csbesAccommodation eteiptip sbestei t eye.cbcsbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 12. Explain
cbcsbs powercbof cbcsbs of thecbchuman cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 The ability of the eye lens to focus nearby as well as the distant objects is called power of accommodation
of thes eye.
ss s ss ss teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips ss ss
eteiptip esteiptipis achieved eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbThis cbcsbs by changing cbcsbs the focalcblength csbes of thecbeye csbeslens withcbthe csbeshelp of ciliary
cbcsbsmuscles.cbcsbs
 e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Eye lens is made of a flexible, jelly like material.
 By relaxing and contracting the ciliary muscle, sthe curvaturesand hence the
teiptsips can
tei pt s
sipbe altered. tei ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsip tei ptsip tei ptsips focal length
tei ptsipsof he eye tei p
lens
tsips
b
cc s
b ccb s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb cc b sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
 When we see distant objects the ciliary muscle relaxes and makes the eye lens thinner.
 This increases the focal length of the eye lens. Hence, the distant object can be clearly seen.
ss ps other ehand,
teiptsithe teiptsipswhen swe ptsips at a closer sps s
eiptsip length tsipseye lens ps
iptsidecreased ps
teiptsithe
esteiptip  sbeOns s esteilook esteiptiobject, the estfocal teipthe
eof
s esteis esby e
c bcsb bc
c contraction bcsb
c of ciliary muscle.
c bc b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 Thus, the image of the closer object is clearly formed on the retina.
Additional – Numerical problems
1. An objectsis placed at as distance of 12cm in frontsof a concavesmirror. It forms a real image four times
ss tsip the sobject.
teiptsip Calculate sips teiptsiof teiptsifrom teiptsips teiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip largere teipthan e e teiptthe distance
e p the image
e p the mirror.
e e bsbese e
cbcsbs ccb s
b s b b
cc s b s
b s
cc b s
b s
cc b s
b s cc b s
b s cc b s
b s cc cc cbcsbs
u = –12 cm, m = –4
–v
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips m =tipts
ips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es bsbs u
cc
e e b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es e
cbcsbs
\ v = – (–4) × (–12)
= –s 48 cm.
ss ptsips is formed s
ptsip48 ptsip of mirror. ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip estei
Image estei cm in e t i
front
s e esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
2. The refractive index of water is 1.33 and the speed of light in air is 3 x 108ms-1. Calculate the speed
of light in water?
ss ss psips sips sips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei tin water eteiptspeed eteiptin
of light vacuum eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs Speed of cbclight cbcsb=s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
refractive index
ss ss ss 3s ×s10 8 ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip =
e ip
tei pt eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs 1.33 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 2.25 × 108 m/s.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs


s
teiptsipAdditional
es
s
teip–tsipHOT e teiptsips
questions
s esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptip1. te t
bcsbesea thin beam
csbesplaying cwith
Acbgirl ete ete te
csbes by directing ete t
bcsbese ete e
c bcsb cbcsbsof light from
cbcsbsher lasercbtorch cbcsbs it fromcdifferent directions
cbcsbs on cbcsbs
a convex lens held vertically. She was surprised to see that in a particular direction the beam of light
continues to move along the same direction after passing through the lens. State the reason for this
ss observation.psips psips psips psips psips psips psips psips
cbcsbs c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
Ans : The beam of light must be passing through the optical centre. The reason being that the middle part of c bc cbcsbs
a lens is like a thin glass slab, so no deviation and very slight lateral displacement of the incident ray.
UNIT TEST-2
b
cc s
b es Timec c: 1.15 Hrs.
b sbes b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es Marks
c c : 50
b s
bes e
cbcsbs
ss ss ptsips ps
eiptsi__________. ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip1. esteiptip easteiconvex estis esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb Magnification
c bcsb cof
bcsb lens
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) positive b) Negative
ss c) either positive or negative d) Zero sps
eteiptip e teiptsips e tiptsips
e e teiptsips e teiptsips eteipti
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 2. s s
cbcb of a lens
Power s s
b –4D, then
cbcis s s
b focal length
cbcits s s cbcsbs
cbcb is __________. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) 4m b) –40m c) –0.25m d) –2.5 m
ss ps produces
teiptsipsa __________
teiptsips beam tof ps psips psips psips ss
eteiptip3. Convex
teiptsilens
es e sbes eiptsilight.
sbes sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip e
cbcsbs a) cbcsbs
cbcsbConvergent b)cbcdivergent cbc c bc
c) scattered c bc c bc
d) dispersed cbcsbs cbcsbs
4. The least distance of distinct vision is __________.
esteiptsips s
esteiptip
a) s25m
s
esteiptsips b) s20cm
esteiptsips esteiptsips c) 20m
esteiptsips esteiptsips d) 2.5cm
b
cc s
b cbcb b
cc s
b b
cc b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
5. The compound microscope uses __________ lenses.
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 1
estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip estei ptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb II. Fillbcsb
c in the blanks c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
(5 × 1 = 5)
6. Some of the sources emit their own light and they are called as __________.
ss s
eiptsip travels ptsips a __________.
ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip7. etalways
Light eteialong eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
8. The velocity of light is more in a __________ medium and less in a __________ medium.
9.s Snells law is __________
e teiptsip10. e teiptsips is responsible
__________
ss
eteiptip forbcsthe
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip of the
ss
esteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs c bs white appearance
cbcsbs cbcsbclouds. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
III. State whether the statements are true or false. Correct the false statement (4 × 1 p = 4)
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips e
b
cc s
b 11. The
b s
c c power of lens
b b s
c c depends on
b b s
c cthe focal length
b b s
c c of the lens.
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
12. Increase in the converging power of the eye lens cause hypermetropia.
s13.
s The convex s s lens always s gives
s small virtual
s s image. ss ss ss ss ss
c bcsb bcsb
14. Concave
c bcsb
lens iscused as Magnifying
c bcsb lens. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
s IV.
s Matchtithe s sfollowingteiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eseptip e bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip (4bc×sbe1steip=tip4) e
cbcsbs 15. Red cbcsblight cbcsbs c c
(a) short sightedness cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs
16. Retina (b) highest wavelength
ss ss ss teiptsips of thesbeye ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip17. Pupil
eteiptip eteiptip (c) bcsbe
screen eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
18. Myopia (d) path way of light

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

s Assertion
teiptsipV. s Reasoning
teiptsipand teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips (3 ×sbe1steip=tsip3)s
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbc cbcsbs
Reason is given just below it. Of the statements given below, mark the correct answer as
ss ss iptsipsand Rsisestthe s
eiptsipcorrectbsb ss teiptsips ss ss ss
esteiptipa. IfbbothesteiptAipand Rbareestetrue esteiptip
explanation ofseA.
s esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb
b. If csb csb b c b
c both A and Rc are true butcR is not the correct c c bc b
c of A.
explanation c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
c. If A is true but R is false.
spd.s If bothiptAs and
s R aretfalse. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteipti ete ip eseiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs 19. Assertioncbcsbs c b sb c b sb c b sb
: Blue colour of sky appears due to scattering of blue colour.
c c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Reason: Blue colour has shortest wavelength in visible light.
ss ss ss tiptsips ss teiptsips ptsips in the mediumss ss
eteiptip eteiptip If theeteiptip eteiptip sbesteilight eteiptip willbcbe
eteiptip
cbcsbs 20. Assertion: cbcsbsrefractivecindex
bcsbeseof the medium
cbcsbs is highcbthe
csbesvelocity of
cbcthe c sbssmall.
e
Reason: Refractive index of the medium is inversely proportional to the velocity of the light.
s Assertion:
teiptsip21. teiptsips Myopia ists s to thetiincrease
ipdue s in the sips
teiptconverging tpower s s teiptsips teiptsips
es es esteip es eptsip es es eiptsip of the eeye
steiptsiplens. es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Reason: Myopia can be corrected with the help of concave lens.
s VI.
s Write tthe s answer
s for sthe s following squestions
s ins word
s or sentencess ss ss ss
esteiptip eseiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip (3bc×sbe1steip=tip3) e
c bcsb c b
22. Whatcsb bcsb bcsb
c of light incvaccum or air?
is the speed c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c cbcsbs
23. Which lens used to treat Hypermetropia?
ss ps SI unitetof
eiptsithe ps
eiptsipower eiptsip
s ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip24. Whatetis of aetlens? eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
VII. Find the odd one out (3 × 1 = 3)
s25.
s Convex lens,
s s Biconvextiptsiplens,
s Planotipconvex
sips lens, tNegative
iptsips miniscus. ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese lens, sbeset bese Negative esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 26. Concave
cbcsbs lens, cBiconcave cbcslens,
cbcplano-convex cbcsbminiscus. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
27. Iris, Pupil, retina, Presphobia.
s
teiptsipVIII. s
teiptsipthe teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es Correct
es mistakes
es es es es es es e s e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b (3b s
c c× 1 = 3)
b cbcsbs
28. The amount of scattering is dependent of wave length.
s29.
s Concave slenses
s are tuseds s as camera slenses.
s ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip eseiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb
30. Concave
c bcsb bcsb
lens isc used to treatc Myopia. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s
s
cbcsbs 31. State
cbcsbslaws of refraction.
32. Define dispersion of light.
33. What isps power of accommodation of eye?
esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb 34. s
b
What
cbc is a lens?cbc s
b cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
35. What are the types of lenses?
esteiptsip36.
s What tis
es eiptsithe
ps function
esteipof
tsipcornea?
s
b
cc sb 37. b s
b
c c is the function
What b s
b
c c of Iris? c c b sb b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
X. Write long answer for the following questions (2 × 5 = 10)
ss sps ss ss ss ss ss ptsips ss
esteiptip38. List esteiptifive esteiptipof light. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esti
e esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsany
b properties
[OR]
s39s Explain Raman
ss scattering.
cbcsbs 40. Explain
cbcsbs the working
cbcsbs of the Eye.
[OR]
ss ss tsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip41 Differentiate
eteiptip thebcseye
eteipdefects : Myopia
eteiptip and Hypermetropia.


b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

teiptsips UNIT teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips sps

tipti eteipti
sps
eteipti
sps teiptsips teiptsips
cTHERMAL
bcsbese cbcsbsPHYSICS
es es es es e e e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
3
points c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 The SI unit of heat energy absorbed or evolved is joule (J).
ss teiptsips iptsips psips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip  bcsbeHeat eteiptip
sbestei t at higher
beste from cabcsystem eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c s always cbcsflows cbcsbstemperature
cbcsbsto a system
cbcsbats lower temperature.
 Temperature is defined as the degree of hotness of a body. The SI unit of temperature is kelvin (K).
ss tsipssubstances psips psips s following
ptsipthe psips sps ptsips psips
eteiptip  bcsbeAll
steipthe sbestei t will undergo
sbestei tone orcmore
sbestei of sbestei t changes sbewhen
steipti heated:sbesi)tei Temperature
sbesteioft e
cbcsbs c the c bc c bc bc c bc c bc
substance rises. ii) The substance may change state from solid to liquid or gas. iii) The substance c bc c bc cbcsbs
will expand when heated.
esteiptsips  sbeAll
s tsips of matter
teipforms es
s
teiptsip(solid, es
s gas) undergo
teiptsipand
liquid esteiptsips expansion
esteiptsipson heating.
b
cc s
b b
cc ccb s
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 For a given rise in temperature, a liquid will have more expansion than a solid and a gaseous substance
has the highest expansion than the other two.
ss ss teiptsips directly ptsips sips ss teiptsips tsips ss
esteiptip  bcsbeIfsteipatipliquid bis eheated
s esteiwithout usingesteiptany esteiptipthen the
container, esexpansion esteipyou
that observe esteipistip e
c bcsb c c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
termed as real expansion of the liquid.
ss Thesexpansion
s of sa sliquid apparently
s s observed s swithout considering
ss the pexpansion
ss of pthe
s scontainerteipistsips
eteiptip esteiptip the apparent
eteiptip expansion
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip etei tip etei tip e e
cbcsbs cbcsbcalled cbcsbs cbcsbs of liquid.
 For a given heat energy, the real expansion is always more than that of apparent expansion.
ss ptsipsatoms or ptsips sips do not interact
ss s
teiptsipother, sips gas is said stos be an ideal ss
eteiptip  bcsbeIfsteithe eteimolecules ofetae
iptgas eteiptip with eeach then
eteiptthe eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c gas or a perfect cbcsbs gas. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Ideal gas equation, also called as equation of state is PV = RT. Here, R is known as universal gas
esteiptsips esteiptsips whose
constant es tsips is 8.31
teipvalue es
sips–1K–1. teiptsips
teijptmol e e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
ccsb s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
esteiptTEXT BOOK
esteiptipEVALUATION
ss ss ss sips ss ss ss ss ss
1. The value
spsof universal
spsgas constant
teiptsips tipti
ese mol–1 Kb–1 ee
sps
tipti tipti tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
s
cbcb
es a)
cbcsb3.81 c csbs bese mol–1 Kc–1
b)cbcs
8.03 bcsbese sbese mol–1 Kc–1
c)cbc1.38 bcsbese bcsbesemol–1 K–1
d) c8.31 ee
cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
Ans : d) 8.31 mol–1K–1
2. If a substance is heated
psips or cooled,
psipsthe change
psipins mass of pthat
sips substance
psipis
e teiptsips espsips
tei t etei t bes tei t etei t
s
sbes tei t etei t teiptsips teiptsips
cbcsb s cbcsbpositive
a) cbcsbs b)cbcs
negative cbcsbs c)cbczero cbcsbs bcsbes of the above
d) cnone cbcsbs
e e
cbcsbs
Ans : c) zero
esteiptsip3.s If a substance
esteiptsip s is
e
heated
steiptsip s or cooled,
esteiptsip sthe linear
es
expansion
teiptsip s
es
occurs
teiptsip s along
es
the
teiptsip axis
s of
esteiptsip s
esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a) sb
c c X or –X c c
b b sb sb
b)c cY or –Y
b ccb sb sb
c)c cboth (a) and
b s
c (b)
bc b d) c(a)
b sb
c or (b) ccb sb cbcsbs
Ans : c) both (a) and (b)
s4.s Temperature s s is the average
s s __________
s s of thes molecules
s sofs a substance. s s ss ss
c bcsb a)b sb b sb
c difference cin K.E and P.Ec
c c bcsb c bcsb b sb
b)c sum of P.E and
c b s
c K.E
c b c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
c) difference in T.E and P.E d) difference in K.E and T.E
ss s s s s s s s s psips Anspsips: c) difference psipsin T.E. eand psip s
P.E
eteiptip pi
sbestei t
p pi
sbestei t
p pi
sbestei t
p pi
sbestei t
p
sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbstei t e
cbcsbs 5. c bc c bc c bc c bc
In the Given diagram, the possible direction of heat energy transformation c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
a) A ← B, A ← C, B ← C b) A → B, A → C, B → C
ss c) Aest→ s s
i t B, A ← C, B s s
t C sestei t s s s s d) Aes sips → C, Bteip←
tiptB, A tsipsC tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip bcsb e
p i p ti →
bcsbese
p i p p i p
bcsbese
p
ti t i p ←
bcsb e bcsbes bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs c

c c bcb c c c c
Ans: a) A ← B, A ← C, B ← C
c cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Unit-3: Thermal Physics GANGA  Science (Physics) 63
s Book Exercise
teiptsipII. teiptsips – Fill s blankstiptsips
ptsipthe
teiin teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es es ee e e e e e e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
ccsb s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
1. The value of Avogadro number __________. Ans : 6.023 × 1023/mol
s2.s The temperature
ss andps heat
s are __________ ss quantities.
ss ss ss s s Ans : Scalar ss
esteiptip esteiptip estei tip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb 3. One
bcsb
c calorie is the bcsb bcsb
c amount ofcheat energy required c bcsb to raise
bcsb
c the temperature c bcsb sb
of __________
c bc of water sb
c through
bc cbcsbs
__________. Ans : 1g ; 1°C
s4.s According s sto Boyle’steiplaw,
s s the shape sofsthe graph between
ss pressure s s and reciprocal s s of volume s is
s __________. ss
eteiptip eteiptip e tip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : straight
cbcsbs line cbcsbs
III. B
ook Exercise – State whether the following statements are true or false, if false explain why?
ss psips psips psips psips psips psips psips ss
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip e
cbcsbs 1. c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c
For a given heat in liquid, the apparent expansion is more than that of real expansion.bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : False. For a given heat in liquid, the real expansion is more or less than that of apparent expansion.
esteiptsip2.s Thermal
esteiptsipsenergysbestalways
eiptsip
s flows
es
ps
teiptsifrom a e teiptsips at shigher
system
s esteiptsips temperature
esteiptsips to sabesteisystem
ptsips teiptsips
at eslower e
b
cc s
b ccb s
b
temperature. b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : True.
ss ss ss ips
teiptsconstant teiptsips tsips spsinversely sps ss
esteiptip to bCharles’s
esteiptip law, eat
s espressure, theesteiptemperatureesteiptiis esteiptiproportional
esteiptipto e
c bcsb bcsb
volume.
c c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : False. According to Charles’s law, at constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to temperature.
ss teiptsips ss tsipscolumn-I s
ptsipthe ps
eiptsicolumn-II ss ss ss
eteiptipIV. Book eExercise eteiptip the items
– Match eteipin eteito items etin eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
Column I Column II
1. Linear expansion (a) change
ss
eteiptip iptsips
te teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips (b) sbhot ps in volume
teiptsibody iptsips iptsips ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs 2.
cbcsbes Superficial
cbcsbe
expansion
s cbcsbes cbcsbes cbc
es to beste body cbcsbeste
cbcscold cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
3. Cubical expansion (c) 1.381 X 10–23 JK–1
4. Heat transformation (d) change in length
esteiptsips iptsips
5.bsbeste
Boltzmann t i pt
constant
es e sips
estei ptsips
estei ptsips teiptsips in area
(e) bsbchange
es esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cc b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb cc b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans :
ss Column I ColumnsII
esteiptip estei ptsips estei ptsips ss
esteiptip estei ptsips estei ptsips esteiptip
s ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c1bcsb Linear c bcs
expansion
b c bcsb c bcsb d c bcs
change
b in length
2 Superficial expansion e change in area
ss 3 Cubical s s expansion ss ss s s a change psipsin volume psips ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c4bcsbsHeat transformation
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bc c
b hot body to cold bodybc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
5 Boltzmann constant c 1.381× 10–23 JK–1
V. Book Exercise – Assertion and reason type questions:
a. Both the assertion sand the reason are trues sand the reason is the scorrect explanation of the
assertion.
e esteiptips esteiptsips esteiptip esteiptsips esteiptips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b. Both the assertion and the reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
sc.s Assertion s sis true but teiptsipthe
s reasontipis sipfalse.
s ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptipd. esteiptip is false esbut esetis esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c csb
Assertion
b c bcsb the c bcs
reasonb true.
1. Assertion: There is no effects on other end when one end of the rod is only heated.
Heat always
teiptsips flows from
teiptsipas region eofteiptlower
sips temperature
eteiptip to bhigher
teiptsiptemperature pof
ss Reason:
teiptsips ss s sipsthe rod. teiptsips
eteiptip e e e csbes sbestei t e e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : c.cAssertion c bc
is true but the reason cbcsbiss false. cbcsbs
2. Assertion: Gas is highly compressible than solid and liquid.
ss psips psips psips psips iptsips psips ss ss
eteiptip sbestei t
Reason: sbestei t or intermolecular
Interatomic sbestei t sbestei t in the sgas
distance sbestei t high.
beste is comparably eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : c. The assertion is true but the reason is false

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

s Book tExercise
teiptsipVI. s teiptsips in briefly
es es eiptsip – Answer
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Define one calorie.
Calorie: One calorie is defined as the amount of heat energy required to rise the temperature of 1 gram of
ss ptsips 1°C. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip water esteithrough esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
2. Distinguish between linear, arial or superficial expansion and Cubical Expansion.
ss ss psips ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t eteiptip esteiptipExpansion
eteiptip eteiptip Cubical Expansion
eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs LinearcbcExpansion cbcsbs cbcsbArial cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
When a body is heated or cooled, If there is an increase in the area If there is an increase in the
ss the length of the body sipschanges teiptsipof
s a solid object due to heating, volume of a solid body due to s s
eteiptip ps
teiptsichange teipttemperature. teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips thensbethe ps
teiptsiexpansioneteiptip
due e to in its
e e then the expansion
e is called
e heating,
e e
cbcsbs cbc s
b s cbc sb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs
Then the expansion is said to be superficial or areal expansion is called cubical or volumetric
linear or longitudinal expansion expansion.
esteiptsips ∆L/eLte
ss
tip α ∆ Tsesteiptip
ip = ss
e
s
teiptsip∆A / Ao =
e teiptsiαpAs∆ T sbesteiptsips ∆V
e teipt/sipVso = αvs∆besTteiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs o L bcb
c b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbc b
cc s
b s cbc b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
3. What is co-efficient of cubical expansion?
esteiptip eipti of increase
Theetratio eteipti in volume eipti the body
etof teipti degree rise
eper ipti
bestein temperature eteipti to its unit pti
eteivolume eteipti as
is called e
c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcs–1 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
coefficient of cubical expansion. This is also measured in K . αv = ∆V / Vo ∆ T
4. State Boyle’s law.
ss ss ss tsips constant, ss ss psips ss ss
eteiptip When e eptip
t i eteiptip steipkept eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip proportional
sbestei t of gascbiscsbinversely eteiptip
cbcsbs the temperature
cbcsbs of a cgas bcsbeis cbcsbs the volume cbcsbs of a fixed cbcmass
e
to its pressure.
P α 1/V
ss tiptsips s
teiptsipfor teiptsips masssbesof
tiptsips ss tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip bcsbeseIn othercb words,
csbes
an binvariable
csbes bc e a perfect esteiptipat constant
bcsbgas, bcsbese temperature,bcsbese the product
bcsbeseof its e
cbcsbs c
pressure and volume is a constant.
c c c c c c cbcsbs
(i.e) PV = constant
teiptsip5.s psips
ti t
State-Charles
psips
sbesteioft volume. ti t psips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
bes bsbese
cc blaw cc bsbese cc b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes b
ccsbes b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
Charles’s law was formulated by a French scientist Jacques Charles. According to this law, When the pressure
of gas is kept constant, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature of the gas.
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip V α Tbcsbesteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
V / T = constant.
6. Distinguish
s between ideal
s gas and sreal gas.
ss s s s ss ss ss ss ss
IDEAL GAS REAL GAS
ss If thepatoms or molecules of a gas do not interact If the molecules or p atoms of a gases interact with
eteiptip e tei tsips e teiptsips e teiptsips tsips
esteipideal e teiptsips e tei tsips e teiptsips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs with
cbcsb s each other,
cbcsb s
then the gas
cbcsb s
is said to cbe
bcsban each
cbcsb s
other with a
cbcsb s
definite amount
cbcsb s of cbcsbs
intermolecular cbcsbs
gas or a perfect gas. or inter atomic force of attraction, then the gases are
said to be real gases.
whenipthe pressure iis low or the temperature isipthigh
esteiptsips estetsips esteptsips esteiptsips este sips tiptsips
bese high temperature tiptsips
ee tiptsips
bese pressure, ee tiptsips e
b
cc s
b because
b
cc s
b the interatomic
b
cc s
b or intermolecular
b
cc sb b
cc forces
sb of At
cbcsvery cbcsbs or
cbcslow cbcsbas real cbcsbs
attraction are weak in ideal gas. Hence, a real gas at gases behaves as an ideal gases because in this
low pressure or high temperature can be termed as condition there is no interatomic or intermolecular
ss iptsips iptsips psips psips ps
eiptsiattraction. psips psips psips
esteiptip as perfect
beste gas. sbeste sbestei t sbestei t force
sbestof sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
7. What is co-efficient of real expansion?
eteiptip tipti
Coefficient
bcsbese of real steipti
bcsbeexpansion is esteipti as the
defined steipti of the
bcsberatio bctrue
pti in the volume
sbestei rise tipti of thesbeliquid
bcsbese
tipti
bc se per cdegree
tipti
bcsbese rise e
cbcsbs c c c bcsb c c
in temperature to its unit volume. The SI unit of coefficient of real expansion is K .
c –1 c cbcsbs
8. What is co-efficient of apparant expansion?
ss psips psips psips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip etei t of apparent
Coefficient etei t etei t it
bestethe ratiocbof stei t apparent estei t in the volume
etei t sbestei t per
cbcsbs expansion
cbcsbs is defined
cbcsas csbethe cbcsbrise cbcsbs of thec–1
bcliquid e
degree rise in temperature to its unit volume. The SI unit of coefficient of apparent expansion is K .

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

s BooktiExercise
teiptsipVII. s teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es eptsip –e Numerical
s problems
es es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Find the final temperature of a copper rod. Whose area of cross section changes from 10 m2 to 11 m2
due to heating. The copper rod is initially kept at 90 K. (Coefficient of superficial expansion is 0.0021
ss iptsips psips psips psips psips psips psips psips
esteiptip /K)seste sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t e
c bcsb cbcb cbcb cbcb A cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcsbs
Solution : Given = T
A
ss ss Ti = 90k
ipsips
A
iptsips A =se(T
eteiptip eteiptip estet 2 e te tsipi)s
teifp–T ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cAbcs=b10m s
cbcb s cbcbs
1
= 0.0021(Tf – 90)
A = 11-10 = 1m2 10
ss ss iptsips ss 2890 ipts s ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip T =e?te eteiptip Tf = bc21
ete ip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbfcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Tf = 137.6 K
esteiptsip2.s steiptsipsthe coefficient

Calculate
e esteiptsips of cubical
esteiptsipsexpansion
es
psa zinc bar.
teiptsiof es
s
teiptsipWhose esteiptsips is increased
volume esteiptsips0.25 m esteiptsips
3 from
e
b
cc s
b b
0.3sb 3
c c m due tocthe b s
b
c change in b sb
c cits temperature b s
b
c c of 50 K.c c b s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Solution : Given V
= T
V
ss ss teiptsips ptsipsV ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip Ts=es50k estei esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bc b 3 c bcsb V =c bcs
Vb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
V = 0.03 m VT
V = 0.55-0.3 m3 0.25 0.25
ss ss s s s sV = 0.3x50 s=ps15
psips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip t
bVc=sbe?sei pt i p eet i pt i p t i p i
sbese -1 cbcsbestei t
t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs c bc
V = 0.0166 K cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
ss tiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip bcsbeseExercise esteiptip inbcdetail
cbcsbs VIII. cBook cbcs–bAnswer c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1. Derive the ideal gas equation.
esteiptsips The eideal

sps
teipti gas equation sps
eteipti is an bequation,
sps
eteipti which
sps
teipti
erelates all bthe
sps
pti
eteiproperties ofete
sps
ipti ideal gas.
an
sps sps
pti ideal gasestobeys
eteiAn eipti e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsbs
Boyle’s law and Charles’ law and Avogadro’s law. According to Boyle’s law,
PV = constant 1
esteiptip t
According i pt i p
ese to Charles’s t i pt i p
ese law, bcsbese t i pt i p esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc s
b c bcsb cbcsbs
V / T = constant 2
ss According to Avogadro’s law,
eteiptip t iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs cbcbs es e V/ncbc=s es t
b constantcbcsbeste 3 cbcsbeste
e
e
cbcsbs
After combining equations (1), (2) and (3), we can get the following equation.
ss sPV/nT
s = iconstant
ss s4s tiptsips iptsips ss teiptsips ss
eteiptip esteiptip eteptip esteiptip besteconsider
bcsbesofe gases. cIfbcsyou esteiptip csbes eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbabove
The cbcsbsis called the
relation cbcsbcombined claw cbcasbgas, whichcbcontains cbcsbsof the
µ moles cbcsbs
gas, the number of atoms contained will be equal to µ times the Avogadro number, NA.
esteiptsips esteiptsipsi.e. n s= es teiµN

ptsipAs esteiptsip 5s
esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
Usingb
c c equationc (5), b b
c equationc (4) b sb
c can be written b sb
c c as ccb sb ccb sb ccb s
b ccb sb cbcsbs
PV / µNAT = constant
ss teiptsipsof thesbconstant
The evalue ss ptsips equation ss tsipskB, which ss teiptsips ss
esteiptip s esteiptip in bcthe esteiabove esteiptipis taken eto
steipbe esteipistipcalled bcas esBoltzmann constant
esteiptip e
c bcsb bcs
(1.38
c b × 10 JK –23 bc
–1
c ). Hence, we sb
c have the following c bcsb b
equation:
c csb c bcsb c s
b c bcsb cbcsbs
PV / µNAT = kB
ss tiptsips PV s= tiµNptsipsk T tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips iptsips tiptsips
eteiptip bcsbese bcbese A B cbcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese beste−1 bcsbese e
cbcsbs c c c
Here, µNAKB = R, which is termed as universal gas constant whose value is 8.31 J mol K . c c c bcs−1 c cbcsbs
PV = RT 6
ss s
sipequation sips called asteipequation
tsips teiptsipsbecause tiptsips ss tiptsips psips
eteiptip Ideal
bcsbesgas
tei pt
bcsbesis
tei palso
t
bcsbes bcof
sbesstate bcsbesite gives the esteiptip between
bcsbrelation bcsbesethe state bcvariables
sbestei t e
cbcsbs c c
and it is used to describe the state of any gas.c c c c c c cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

2. Explain the experiment of measuring the p real and apparent expansion of a liquid with a p neat
esteiptsips e teiptsips
diagram.
s esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b cbcsbs
To start with, the liquid whose real and apparent expansion is to be determined is poured in a container up
to a level.
esteiptip Markbthis
esteilevel
ptsips as L1. esteiptsips
c bcsb c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Now, heat the container and the liquid using a burner.
ss Initially, the container receivess the thermal s energy and it sexpands. As asresult,
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptips e teiptips e teiptips teiptips teiptsips ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs the s s
cbcbvolume of cthe s s
bcb liquid appears s s s
cbcb to have creduced.
bcb s Markcbcs
thiss cbes of liquidcbcsbes
s
b reducedcblevel cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
as L2.
ss iptsipsfurtherseheating,
tOn tiptsips thesbe tiptsips energy
thermal tsips
tipsupplied iptsipsliquid sthrough
to tthe tiptsips the sbesteiptsips ss
eteiptip bcsbese bcbse bc se bcsbese bcsbese bcbese eteiptip e
cbcsbs c c c c c
container results in the expansion of the liquid. Hence, the level of liquid rises to L .
c cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs
3
Now, the difference between the levels L1 and L3 is called as apparent expansion,
teiptsips psips
estei t differenceetei t psips tei t psips ti t psips psips
estei t expansion.
etei t etei t psips ti t psips psips
b
cc s
b es and
cbcsbthe cbcsbsbetweencthe
bcsbeslevels bcsbesLe3 is called
L2cand cbcsbreal bcsbese
cbcsbs The realcbcsbsReal and capparent
e
cbcsbs
expansion is always more than that of apparent expansion.
expansion of liquid
ss Reals s expansion =
s L
s – L Apparent
s s expansion s s= L – L . s s s s tiptsips tiptsips
esteiptip ee tiptip tiptip 3 2 tiptip
ee ee tiptip ee 3 1tiptip ee tiptip ee ee ee e
c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
VIII. Book Exercise – HOT question
sIfs you keep ice
s s at 0°C and swater
s at 0°C s in
s either of your
s s hands,teipin
s which
s hand syou
s will feel smore
s chillness?ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e tip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs Why?cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ice transfer more chillness to our hands than water. Due to thermal conduction in between ice and environment.
ss The latent
s sheat of vaporisation
ss for ice
s sis more than
s swater at 0º sc.s ss ss ss
Additional – Choose the best answer
esteiptsip1.s teiptsips is theteipprimary

__________
es tsips
e teiptsipsof thermal
source
sbes
ps
teiptsienergy forte
e iall s
ptsipliving teiptsips
organisms.
sbes e e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbSun
a) cbcsbs b)cbcMoon cbcsbs c)cbcstars cbcsbs b sb
d) cNone
c s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
Ans : a) Sun
s2.s __________
s s is theteipcause
s s and temperature
ss is the
s s effect. teiptsips teiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
esteiptip eteiptip
s e tip eteiptip eteiptip e csbs energy cbcsbes bcsbesae and c cbcsbese e
c bcsb cbcsbThermal
a) cbcsbs
energy bs energycbcsbs
b)cbcs
Heat c)cb
light d) cboth cbcsbs
Ans : a) Thermal Energy
3.s All living organisms
s need
s a particular
s __________
s for their survival.
s
s psip psip psip s psip ss ss ss
eteiptip estei t
a)bcsb ti t
bcsbese
Temperature it
beste
b) bcs
pressure eteiptip c) b
volume
csbes
tei t eteiptip d) noneeteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c c c cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : a) Temperature
4.s The temperature
s is higher
s for a __________
s body
s than for as__________s body.
s psip psip psip psip psip psip d) Colder, ss ss
eteiptip estei t Chiller
a)bcsb
Hotter, ti t it it
beste Colderbcsbeste
b) bcs
Hotter, c) b tei t tei t eteiptip eteiptip
bcsbese c Chiller,
csbes Hottercbcsbes cbcsbs Chillercbcsbs
e
cbcsbs c c c c cbcsbs
Ans : b) Hotter, colder
iptsip5.s __________
i ptsips also tdefined
i ptsips as thei pt
property
sips whichs determines swhether a body
iptsip i ptsip i ptsips is in tequilibrium
i ptsips or not
tiptsips
te with the
te surroundings.
e te te te te e
e
cbcsbs cc
e
bsbs e
bsbs
cc
e
bsbs cc
e
bsbs e
bsbs
cc
e
bsbs cc
e
bsbs cc bsbse
e
cc cc
e
cbcsbs
a) Temperature b) pressure c) volume d) none
Ans : a) Temperature
ss s s is thetipproperty
s s s sdetermines s s direction s sof flow oftipheat.
s s ss ss
esteiptip6. __________
t
ese i pt ip ese ti p which
t
ese ipt i p t
esei pt i pthe t
ese i pt i p ese ti p esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb
c Temperature
a) c bcsb b csb
b)c Pressure c bcsb c bcsb
c) volume c bcsb bcsb
d) cdensity c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : a ) Temperature
s7.s The SIiptunit s s of temperature
s s is __________.
s s s s s s s s sps ss
eteiptip este i p eteipti p
beste
ipti p eteipti p
csbes
teipti p eteipti p
steipti
bcsbefarenheit eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbJoule
a) cbcsbs b)cbcsKelvin cbcsbs c)cbcelcius cbcsbs cd) cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : b) Kelvin
8. It is a __________ quantity.
e teiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
eteiptip b) bcsVector
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip c) btensor eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip
sps
steipti eteiptip
ss
cbcsb s a)
cbcsbScalar cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs bcsbeall
cd) cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
Ans : a) Scalar

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

9. A temperature difference
psips of 10Cpis
sipsequal to that
psipsof __________.
esteiptsips psips
etei t etei t it
beste
psipsetei t sbeKstei t e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsb1sK
a) cbcsbs b)cbcs
2K cbcsbs c)cbc3 b
cc s
b s d) c6k
bcsb s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
Ans : a) 1K
ss s s Kelvin sipsthe absolute ss eiptsip
s s body. tiptsips
iptsipthe ss ss
esteiptip10. __________
esteiptip esteiptis esteiptip scalebcofesttemperature of
este ese esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b cs
c One
a)
b c bcsb bcsb
b)c Zero c s
b bcsb
c)c None c bcsb bc
d) c273
sb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : b) Zero
ss eiptsip
eteiptip best__________. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 11. 0Kcbcs= cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) 273 K b) – 2730C c) both d) none
Ans: b) – 2730C
e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips psips
sbestei t e
cbcsb bcsb bcsb bcsb bcsb bcsb bcsb
12. __________ Energy always flow from one body to the other due to a temperature difference between
c c c c c c c bcsb c bc cbcsbs
them
a) COOL
esteiptsips iptsips
ete e teiptsips b) sHeat
e teiptsips e teiptsips c) hot e teiptsips e teiptsips d) cold e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc b s b
cc s
b s ccb s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s Ansb sb s
c c: b) Heat cbcsbs
13. If two bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium then, they will be at the ________ temperature.
ss a) Same ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip eteiptip esteiptip b) bcsDifferent
esteiptip esteiptip c) beither
esteiptiap or b bcsbesteiptip d) none esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb c b c bcsb c csb c c bcsb b csb
Ansc : a) Same cbcsbs
14. The SI unit of heat energy absorbed or evolved is __________.
ss s s ss ss ss ss ss -1 tipts s tiptsips
eteiptip esteiptip
a) sKelvin eteiptip b) bcsJoule
eteiptip eteiptip c) bJS eteiptip eteiptip d) JS e e ip bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcb cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c
Ans : b) Joule
cbcsbs
15. The __________ energy is transferred from one body to another, this results in the rise or lowering
ss tsips tsipseither sof ptsipsbodies.esteiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptemperature
of the eteipof eteithe eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Thermal b) Heat c) cold d) none
Ans : a) Thermal
s
teiptsip16. teiptsips teiptsips s teiptsips a thermometer
teiptsips teiptsips in warm tsips teiptsips
es The expansion
es of e__________
s es eiptsip be seen
tcan ewhen
s es is placed
es esteipwater. es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) Solids b) Liquids c) Gases d) plasma
Ans : b) Liquids
ss ss tsips ss teiptsips ss ss ptsips ss
esteiptip17. Allbcsforms
esteiptip of matter esteipundergo esteiptip e__________.
s esteiptip esteiptip estei esteiptip e
c bcsb c b c bcsb c bcs
expansion
b con
a) Heating b) cooling c) vapoursing d) none
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s : a) Heating
iptsipAns ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e te eteiptip e
18. Co-efficient of cubic expansion of water is __________. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs s
a) 20.7 × 10–5 K–1 b) 20.7 × 10–5 K–1 C) 2.07 × 10–5 K–1 d) 20.7 × 105 K–1
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss sips20.7 × 10 s
–5sp–1
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip estei:ptb)
Ans esteiptiK e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs
19. The coefficient of cubical expansion of liquid is __________ of temperature.
a) dependent
teiptsips s s sips b) Independent
sips sips c) either siapsor b sips d) noneteiptsips teiptsips
es eteiptip e tei pt e ti
e pt e teipt e tei pt e tei pt e
Ans : b) e
Independent e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s ccb s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
20. Value for Gases __________ on the temperature of gases.
ss a) Dependent
psips s s b) Independentss s s c) either sa sor b s s d) noneteiptsips ss
esteiptip etei t esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip
esAns : a) dependent e
c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
21. The SI unit of coefficient of real expansion is __________.
ss a) Kelvin
tiptsips s s b) 1/ tKeiptsips s s c) 1/ Cteiptsips ss d) 1/tipFts s psips
eteiptip ee eteiptip e eteiptip e eteiptip e e ip sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs bc
Ans : b) 1/K
c cbcsbs
22. According to Boyle’s law, pressure is __________ proportional to its pressure.
eteiptip esteiptip
a)bsb
Directly eteiptip b) bcsindirectly
eteiptip eteiptip c) binvariably
eteiptip eteiptip d) either
eteipatipor b bcsbesteiptip e
cbcsbs cc cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs
Ans : b) indirectly

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

23. According to Boyle’s law, the product of its pressure and volume is a __________.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a)
b s
c c Constant c c
b b s
b b s
b)c cnot constant
b b
cc sb bcs
c)c variable
b b
cc s
b cd)
b s
c none
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : a) constant
esteiptip to Charles
esteiptip‘s law,bcthe
esteipvolume of the
esteiptigas
sps is __________ proportional to the
esteiptiptemperature
esteiptipof
ss ss ss tsips ss ss ss ss
c bcsb the
bcsb
c gas. c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) Indirectly b) directly c) variably d) none
ss ss psips psips psips psips psips s : b) Directly
iptsipAns iptsips
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t bcsbeste t
bcsbese e
cbcsbs 25. According
to Avogadro’s law, Volume is __________ proportional to numbercof c bc atoms or cmolecules cbcsbs
present in it.
ss a) Indirectly
tiptsips s s b) directlyss s s c) variably
ss ss d) none ss sps
eteiptip ee eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip steipti
bcsbedirectly e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans :cb) cbcsbs
26. __________ is the total number of atoms per mole of the substance.
esteiptsips ss
a) Avogadro
eteiptip ‘s Number
ss
eteiptip b) Mole
ss
eteiptip e teiptsips c) bothe
s b
teipatsipand e teiptsips d) e teiptsips
none e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs b
cc s
b s ccb s
b s b
cc s
b s b s
b s
Ansc :ca) Avogadro’s
b s
b s
c c Number cbcsbs
27. Boltzmann constant __________.
ss ss s s b) 1.38 sips10–23JK–1teiptsips c) 138teip×ss ss ps–23JK–1 eteiptsips
eiptsi10
esteiptip esteiptip× 10–23JK
a) sb
1.38 pip
sbestei t esteipt× es es tip10–23JK esteiptip b) 138 est× e
c bcsb cbc cbc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs–23 –1 cbcsbs
Ans: b) 1.38 × 10 JK
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip steipti eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs Additional
cbcsbs– Fill in cthe
bcsbeblanks e
1. __________ is the primary source of thermal energy for all living organisms. Ans : Sun
ss ss teiptsips and temperature
ss sips ss ss ss teiptsips
eteiptip2. eteiptip is the
__________ ecause eteiptip is the
eteipteffect. eteiptip eteiptip eteipt:ipThermal
Ans eenergy e
3. All living organisms need a particular __________ for their survival. Ans : temperature
4. __________ is defineds as the degree of hotness of a body Ans : Temperature
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 5. Thes
b
c c temperature
b s
b s
b
c c of hot bodyc isc __________
b b s
b s
b
c cthan that ofc ac colder body.
b b b
ccsb b
cc s
b s
b
c c: higher
Ans
b cbcsbs
6. __________ is also be defined as the property which determines whether a body is in equilibrium or not with
ss surroundings.
tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ptsips: Temperature
tiAns tiptsips
esteiptip ese ese ese ese ese ese sbese ese e
c bcsb
7. cbcsb
Temperature
bcsb bcsb cbcsb the __________
isc the property c, which determines cbcsb cbcsb
of heat. cbcAns cbcsbof
: direction flow cbcsbs
8. Temperature is a __________ quantity. Ans : scalar
ss tsips tiptsips is __________.
ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteipunit bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptipAns :bKelvin(K)
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 9. The
cbcsbSI of ctemperature cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs
10. The other commonly used units of temperature are __________ and __________.
Ans : degree celsiussp(c°) ; degree fahrenheit (F°)
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteipti s esteiptsips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb s
b
cbc temperature
11. The s
b
cbc measured in sb
cbcabsolute Zero s
b
cbcusing the kelvin s
b
cbc scale is known s
b
cbc as __________.
cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : Absolute temperature.
esteiptsip12.
s The absolute
esteiptsips temperature
esteiptsips is alsoestknown
eiptsip asbthe
s
este__________
iptsips etemperature.
steiptsips esteiptsips Ans
esteiptsi:pthermodynamic
s
esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c unit of the
13. Each
b s
b
c cthermodynamic b sb sb
c c scale of ctemperature
c b s
b
c cdefined as the
is
b s
b b sb
c c fraction ofc__________
c b s
b
c of the
cpart cbcsbs
thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. Ans : 1/273.16th
ss s s difference ss ss ss ss teiptsip:sof 1°Csbis ptsips to thatestof s
eiptsip1K
esteiptip14. A btemperature
esteiptip esteiptip __________.
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eAns
s esteiequal e
c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc c bcsb cbcsbs
15. __________ is the absolute scale of temperature of the body. Ans : Zero kelvin
e tiptsip16.
e
s __________
e teiptsips alwayse teiflows
ptsips from one
e teiptsibody
ps to the e teipother
tsips
due to aptemperature
e tei tsips e teipdifference
tsips
between
e teiptsips them. ss
esteiptip e
s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s cbcb Ans : Heat
s s cbcsbenergy cbcsbs
17. If two bodies are said to be in __________, then they will be at the __________ temperature.
sps sps sps sps sps sps sps: thermal equilibrium;
Ans sps same
sps
eteipti eteipti eteipti esteipti esteipti pi
sestei t eteipti esteipti eteipti e
cbcsbs 18. When
cbcsbs a hot object
cbcsbsis in contact
cbcsbwith cbcsbcold
another cbcsbs flows from
objectcb,cab form of energy cbcsbthe cbcsbsto the
hot object cbcsbs
cold object, which is known as __________. Ans : Thermal energy

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

19. Thermal energy is also known as __________. Ans : Heat energy
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
20. __________ b s
b
c agent, which
iscthe b s
b
c c producescthe b s
b bsb
c sensationcofc warmth and b s
b
c cmakes bodies b s
b
c chot. b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : Heat energy
ss teiptsips in which ss sps fromteiaptsipbody
s at a thigher ss ss ss iptsips
esteiptip21. The eprocess
s esteiptipheat energyesteiptiflows es eseiptip temperature
esteiptip to banother
esteiptip object aete
s lower e
c bcsb bcsb
temperature
c bcsb b
iscknown as __________.
c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c csb bc s
b
c : heating
Ans cbcsbs
22. __________ is a Scalar quantity. Ans : Heat
ss tsips of heat s
eiptsip absorbed ss s
ptsip__________. ss ss ss sps
eteiptip23. The eSIteipunit etenergy eteiptipor evolved
eteiis eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans ipti
tJoule
bsbe:se e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cc cbcsbs
24. Heat always flows from a system at __________ to a system at __________.
s s s s s Anss : higher temperature
s ; lower
s temperatures
s s s sp teiptsip s s s teiptsip
eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip steiptialteredcbwhen
csbenot csbes it is heatedeteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e e
cbcsbs 25. The
cbcsb__________cbcsbofs a systemcbis cbcsbs or cooled.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb:smass
Ans cbcsbs
26. For any exchange of heat, the __________ is equal to __________.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips Anssbe:stheat
eiptsip
sgained by
esteiptthe
sips cold system
esteiptsips; heat lost
esteipby
tsipsthe hotsesystem
steiptsips e
b
cc s
b b sb b
c c units of cheat
27. Other
s
b
c energiescare b s
b
c __________. b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b sb b b
Ansc:cCalorie andcKilocalorie
c cbcsbs
28. One calorie is defined as the amount of heat energy required to rise the temperature of __________.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ptsips through sips
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteipti:p1 gram of
Ans esteiwater esteipt1°C e
c bcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs
29. One kilocalorie is defined as the amount of heat energy required to rise the temperature of __________.
Ans : 1 kilogram of water through 1°C
ss teiptsips ss iptsips ands__________.
ss ss ss sps ss
eteiptip30. The etemperature eteiptip on bthe
depends ete
nature eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans :bcmass
eteiptiof eteiptip
the substance e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
31. When heat energy is supplied to a body, there can be an increase in the dimension of the object. This change
s s in the dimension
s
s due to srise in temperature
s s s is calleds __________.s Ans : Thermal
teiptsip s s expansions of the objects
teiptsip s s
eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip can be esteiptipwhenbcasbethermometer eteiptip csbes eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 32. The
cbcsbexpansion bcsbliquids
cof cbcsbseen c s cbcsbiss placed incb__________. cbcsbs Ans : warm
cbcsbswater cbcsbs
33. All forms of matter undergo __________ on heating. Ans : expansion
s Whentiaptsisolid
teiptsip34. s teiptsipsthe atoms tsips energy s s tsips results sips __________.
teiptsips
es es e p is bheated,
es esteipgain es eiptsip vibrate
tand e steiptsipvigorously.
more esteipThis estineiptthe es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb ccbsb b sb
c : expansion
cAns b s
b
c c of solid cbcsbs
35. When a body is heated or cooled , the length of the body changes due to change in its temperature . Then
ss the expansion s s is said sipsbe __________. ss ss ss sips or longitudinal
s s expansion ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptto esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans :iptlinear
este esteiptip esteiptip e
36. The ratio of increase in length of the body per degree rise in temperature to its unit length is called as the
__________. Ans : coefficient of linearexpansion
eteiptip esteiptip expansion
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip: ∆L / Lbc0sb=
eteiptip
cbcsbs 37. The
cbcsblinear cbcsbs equation
cbcsisbs__________. cbcsbAns c s aL∆T
e
38. ∆L is the __________. Ans : change in length
s39.
s __________s s is the Original
psips length. psips psips ss ss ss Ans ipt:sipLs0
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip beste e
cbcsbs 40. __________
cbcsbs c bc c bc c
is the Coefficient of linear expansion.
bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsAns :a cbcsbs
L
41. ∆T is the __________. Ans : change in Temperature
s
teiptsip42. teiptsiispsan increaseteiptsip s ptsips s
teiptsipdue teiptsips then the ptsips s teiptsips
es If there
es es in the areaesteiof a solid object
es to heating,
es esteiexpansion is
es eiptsip __________.
tcalled es e
b
cc s
b cc b s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : Superficial or areial expansion
43. The ratio of increases in area of the body per sdegree rise in temperatures sto its unit area is calleds as
ti
e ptsips tei ptsips teiptips teiptsips ti
e ptips tei ptsips ti
e ptip ti
e ptsips esteiptip
s
c bcse
b s __________.
c bcsbes c bcsbes c bcsbes c bcsbes c bcsbes Ans
c b:
csbCoefficient
es c of
bcsbsuperficial
es cexpansion
bcsb e
cbcsbs
44. The Superficial expansion equation is __________. Ans : ∆ A/ A0 = aA ∆T
s45.
s ∆A is tthe
psip__________.
s tiptsips ss ss ss ss Anss: schange intip
area
ss
eteiptip sbesei t bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e etip e
cbcsbs 46. Acbcis c
the __________. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbsAns : Original
cbcsbs Area cbcsbs
0
47. αA is the __________. Ans : coefficient of superficial expansion
ss teiptsips ss tiptsips ss ss teiptsips is called ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip
csbes is an increase bcsbese of a solid eteiptip eteiptip csbes eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 48. Ifcbthere cbcsbs in thecvolume cbcsbsdue to heating
cbcsbs then thecbexpansion cbcsbs __________.
cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : cubical or volumetric expansion

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

49. The ratio of increase in volume ofiptsthe body per degree rise ipin temperature to its unit volume is called as
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips este ips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b __________.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
ccAns
s
b : coefficient
ccb s
b of cubicalexpansion
ccb s
b cbcsbs
50. Coefficient of cubical expansion is measured in __________. Ans : kelvin inverse
ss teiptsips expansion ss tsips ss ss ss ss sps
esteiptip51. The ecubical
s esteiptipequation eissteip__________. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteipt:ip∆V / Vb0cs=
Ans estαeipvti∆T e
52. __________ is the change in volume. Ans : DV
53. __________ is the original volume. s Ans : Vs0
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips s
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip tiptsips
e teiptsips tiptsip
s
cbcb
es s es
54. αcvbcisb the __________.s
cbcb
es cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs ses
cb : coefficient
cbAns s es bcbese
s
cbcbof cubicalcexpansion
e
cbcsbs
55. coefficient of cubic expansion of Aluminium is __________. Ans : 7 × 10–5/K
ss ss eiptsip
s teiptsipsis __________.ss ss ss sps : 6 × 10 ss
eteiptip56. coefficient
eteiptip of cubic eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip/K
–5
etexpansion ofeBrass eteiptiAns e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs –5 cbcsbs
57. coefficient of cubic expansion of Glass is __________. 2.5 × 10 /K
58. coefficient of cubic expansion of water is __________. 20.7 × 10 s/K –5
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e s tips
teip–5 e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
59. coefficient s
b
of cubic
c c expansion
b sb sb
c cof Mercury isc __________.
b bc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b 18.2 sb
c c× 10 /K
b cbcsbs
60. The Coefficient of cubical expansion of liquid is __________ of temperature. Ans : independent
ss teiptsips teiptsips expansion sofs gases isteiptsips ps temperature.
teiptsithe ss sps : dependent ss
esteiptip61. The ecoefficient
s ofsecubical
s esteiptip es__________ eson esteiptip esteiptiAns esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
62. If a liquid is heated directly without using any container then the expansion that you observe is termed as
__________. Ans : real expansion of liquid
ss ss ss psips teiptsipins the volume ss psips ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip is defined
eteiptip sbestei tof the ctrue
bcsbesrise eteiptip eteiptip
sbestei t per degree eteiptip e
cbcsbs 63. __________
cbcsbs cbcsbs as thecbcratio cbcsbs of thecbcliquid cbcsbs rise in temperature
cbcsbs cbcsbs
to its unit volume. Ans : Coefficient of real expansion
64. The SI unit of coefficient of real expansion is __________. Ans : sKps –1
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips eteipti e
cbcsb s
b
cbc expansioncof
65. The s
b
bc a liquid __________
cbcsb s
b sb
cbc withoutcbconsidering
observed c s
b s
b
cbc expansion cofbcthe container
the cbcsbisscalled cbcsbs
apparent expansion of the liquid. Ans : apparently
esteiptsip66.
s __________
esteiptsips is defined
esteiptsipsas thesberatio
steiptsipsof the sbapparent
esteiptsips risesbein
steiptthe
sips volume teiof
es ptsipthe
s liquidtiper
es eptsip degree
s
e
rise
steiptsipin
s
e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
temperature b s
b
toc its
c unit volume. b
cc b
cc ccb Ans
b s
b
c c : Coefficient sb sb
c cof apparentcexpansion
b bc cbcsbs
67. The real expansion is always __________ than that of apparent expansion. Ans : more
ss ptsipstemperature ss ptsipsconstant, tsipsvolume s
teiptasipfixed tsipas gas issinversely
ss ss
esteiptip68. When esteithe esteiptipof a gas is
esteikept esteipthe esof mass esteipof esteiptip proportional
esteiptip e
c its pressure.c This is calledc__________.c
to
bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc b c bcsb
Ans : Boyle’s law cbcsbs
69. The law of volume is also known as __________. Ans : charles’s law
ss ss ss teiptsips teiptsips sps ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bcsbesconstant, csbesvolume of esteiptiis eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 70. When
cbcsbs the pressure
cbcsbsof gas is ckept cbthe cbcasbgas directly
cbcsbsproportional
cbcsbtos the temperature
cbcsbs of cbcsbs
the gas. This is called as __________. Ans : Charles’s law
71. __________ is constant for Charles slaw. Ans : V/T
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips psips
sbestei t or e
cbcsb s
b s
cbcconstant temperature
72. At cbc b s
b
cbcpressure , cthe
and s
b
bc __________ s
b sb
cbc is directlycbproportional
c sb
bc number ofcbcatoms
cto cbcsbs
molecules present in it.This is known as __________. Ans : volume of a gas ; Avogadro's law
esteiptsip73.
s V/n isticonstant
es eptsip
s for __________.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips Ans
es
: sAvogadro’s
teiptsip esteiptlaw
sips
e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
74. Avogadro’s
b s
b
c c is the total
number
b s
b
c c__________ b sb b
c cper mole ofcthecsb
substance.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc
Ans : number of atoms
s
b cbcsbs
75. Avogadro’s number is __________. Ans : 6.023 × 10 /mol –23
ss ptsips ptsips ss ss ss ptsips ss eiptsip
s
esteiptip76. Gases esteiare esteias esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esti
e esteiptipand ideal estgases e
c bcsb c bcsb classified
c bcsb __________.
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb Ans : real
c bcgases
sb c bcsb cbcsbs
77. If the atoms or molecules of a gas do not interact with each other, then the gas is said to be __________.
psips
etei t etei t psips
estei t psips it psips psips psips psips: an ideal pgas
Ans sipsor perfectpgas
sips
cbcsbs 78. __________
cbcsbs cbcsbBoyle’s
obey beste
cbcsCharles’s
law,
sbestei Avogadro’s
cbcand
law
t etei t
cbcsbslaw.
etei t
cbcsbs
etei t
cbcsbs Ans : Ideal
etei t
cbcsbsgases
e
cbcsbs
79. All these laws state the relationship between various properties of a gas such as __________.
ss ss ss sps : pressure(p),
ss sips, temperature
ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptiAns eteiptip volume
eteipt(v) eteiptip (t) andnumber
eteiptip of atoms(n)
eteiptip e
80. Boltzmann constant is __________.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs sbs
cbcAns cbcsbs
: 1.38 × 10–23JK–1
cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

81. Universal gas constant value is __________. Ans : 8.31 J Mol–1K–1
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c gas equation
82. Ideal b s
b
c c is also called b sb
c c __________. b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b s
b
c c : as equation
Ans b s
b
c c of state cbcsbs
83. __________ gives the relation between the state variables. Ans : Equation of stage
ss ss ss eiptsip
s ss ss ss ss sps
esteiptip84. __________
esteiptip is called
esteiptaipideal gas estequation. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans :bcPVestei=ptiRT e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c s
b cbcsbs
85. Heating process of transmission of heat may be done in any of the ways like __________.
s s s
s s s s s s s s Ans : conduction,
s s convection
s or radiationsiptsip s tiptsip
eteiptip esteiptip of __________
eteiptip is different
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
beste : coefficient bcsbese e
cbcsbs 86. The
cbcsbvalue cbcsbs cbcsbs for different
cbcsbs materials.
cbcsbs cbcsAns cbcsbs of linearcexpansion cbcsbs
87. Charles’s law was formulated by French scientist __________. Ans : Jacques Charles
ss teiptsips ofsbany sps will have ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip88. The emolecules eteiptigas eteiptaipcertainbcs__________
eteiptip eteiptip them.bcsbesteiptip Ans b:csbamount
among eteiptip of interaction
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c c s cbcsbs cbcsbs
89. __________ will have a definite set of values. Ans : Parameters

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
Additional
cc b s
b
– Truec or
c false b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Heat always flow from a system at lower temperature to a system at higher temperature.
ss teiptsips Heatsbalways
tiptsips flow from tiptsips iptsips tiptsips to a ssystem
tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
esteiptip bcsbe:sFalse.
Ans bc ese bestehigher temperature
bcsbese a systembcsat bcsbese bcbese at higher
bcsbesetemperature.
bcsbese e
c bcsb c c c c c c c c cbcsbs
2. The substance may not change state from solid to liquid or gas.
ss Ans : False.
s s The substance
s s may change
s s state froms solid
s to liquid
s sor gas. ss ss ss
cbcsbs 3. bs
cbcsforms
All cbcsbs undergo
of matter bs
cbcsexpansion s
bcsbHeating.
con cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : True.
ss psipsequation s psips psipsis PV =esRT. psips ss ss ss
eteiptip4. Idealte gas
sbesi t
pissipcalled
sbestei t
as tequation
sbesei t
of state
sbestei t sb tei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs bc
Ans : True.
c c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
5. The atoms or molecules of a gas do interact with each other.
esteiptsips Ansse:stFalse.
s
eiptsip The satoms ss
esteiptipor moleculespsips
sestei t of a gassedo
sips interact twith
steiptnot psips
sesei t each other.
psips
sestei t esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
ss ss ss s Additional
s –s Odd
s One tOut ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eseiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb 1. c bcsb
Universal bcsb
gascconstant. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
i) Boyle’s law ii) Charles’s law
ss ss
iii) Avogadro’s iptsips
lawete ss ss sipsthermal conductivity
ss psips psips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip iv)bcLaw
eteiptof eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbsAns : Law
cbcof c bc
thermal conductivity cbcsbs
2. Boltzmann constant.
ss ss ss sips10–23J/K teiptsips iii) 6.023×10
ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip× 10–23bcJK
i) sb
1.31 e–1teiptip ii) bcs1.31
eteipt× e eteiptip –23 bcsbesteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc s c sbs c bs cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs –23 cbcsbs
Ans : 6.023 ×10

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b s
b
c c Additional
b s
b
c c– Assertionc and
b b s
b
c Reasonc c b s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. For a given rise in temperature, a liquid will have more expansion than a solid and gaseous
Assertion:
ss ss ss teiptsips expansion. ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip substance
esteiptip has the ehighest
s esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb
Reason:
bcsb
Tche ratio of increase
c bcsb bcsb bcsb
c of the bodyc per degree rise
in volume bcsb
c in temperature
c bcsb bcsb
c volume
to Its unit cbcsbs
is called as coefficient of cubical expansion.
ss ss ss ss ss ss sps ptsipsexplaining sipsA
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ansbc:sbA
eteiispticorrect Re iste
inot eteiptto e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
2. Assertion: Ideal gases obey Charles’s law, Boyle’s law and Avogadro’s law.
Reason: All these laws state the relationship between various properties of a gas such as Pressure,
ss sips volume, sps tsips number s
ptsipatoms. ss ss ss ss
eteiptip e tei pt eteiptitemperature
eteipand eteiof eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
Ans : Both A and R are true

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs


s
teiptsipAdditional
es
s
teip–tsipShort esteiptsips
answers esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccbsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Define Temperature.
Ans : Temperature is defined as the degree of hotness of a body. The temperature is higher for a hotter body
ss s
teiptsiap colder sbody. s
s ssip s
teiptsiproperty s
s s
sip s
teiptsip is inequilibrium s s
esteiptip than esfor esteiptipIt is also ebe
steiptdefined assethe
s
p esteiptip determines
which esteiptwhether aes body esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb bc b
c not with thec surroundings.c
or
b csb c bc b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
2. What are the other commonly used units of temperature?
ss Ans e:stTherepsips are other psips teiptsipsunits ofsbetemperature
sps ss teiptsips (°C) sand sips psips
eteiptip
cbcsbs bcsb ei t bcsbestei tcommonly bcsbesused bc steipti bcsbsuch
esteiptipas degree
bcsbescelsius bc b esteiptdegree fahrenheit
bcsbestei t e
cbcsbs
(°F).
c c c c c c c c
3. What is called thermodynamic temperature?
ss ptsipstemperature spsmeasuredteiptin sipsrelation to sips sps the kelvin ss ptsips as absolute ss
eteiptip Ans :te
e iThe steipti
csbealso sbesthe thermodynamic eteiptabsolute zero
eteiptiusing eteiptip scale is
eteiknown eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
temperature. Itcbis known cbcas cbcsbs cbcsbs
temperature. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4. What is called thermodynamic scale of temperature?
Ans : tEach th
eiptsip unit bofsbethe
teiptsithermodynamic teiptsipsscale of temperature istidefineds as thetipfraction of 1/273.16
teiptsips part tof
teiptsips eiptsithe
s ps teiptsips s ps
es es s es es es eptsip es etsip es es e
b
cc s
b sb
thermodynamic
ccb sb
c ctemperaturecofc the triple point
b sb
c c of water.c c
b b sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
5. Write the relation between the different types of scale of temperature?
Ans : The iptsipsrelationsesbetween
ss
esteiptip este teiptsips thesbedifferent
steiptsips types es tof scale
eiptsip
s of temperature:
c bcsb c bcsb Celsius and c b
c Kelvin: cK = C + 273,c
b bc bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Fahrenheit and Kelvin: [K] = (F + 460) × 5 / 9
ss 0K = –273°C.
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 6. s
Define s
cbcb thermal s s
cbcequilibrium.
b cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : Two or more physical systems or bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium if there is no net flow of
ss thermal senergy between the systems.
eteiptip e teiptips e teiptsips eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 7. Define
cbc sb s thermal sb s
cbcenergy. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : In the case of hotmilk, there is a flow of energy from the cup of milk to the environment. In the second
case, the energy is transferred from the
teiptsips i ptsips i ptsips i ptsips environment i ptsips to the wateri ptsips bottle. Thisi ptsipenergy
s is termed
i ptsips as “thermal teiptsips
es energy”.
es te este este es te este este este es e
b
cc s
b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
8. Define the term thermal energy.
Ans : When a hot object is in contact with another cold object, a form of energy flows from the hot object to
ss s
sobject, ss sips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip
thesbcold esteiptipis known
which teiptthermal
eas
s esteiptip
energy. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
9. Define the term Heat energy.
Ans : Thermal energy is a form of energy which is transferred between any two bodies due to the difference
ss sips sps ss teiptsips as 'heat ptsips or simply ss ss ss
eteiptip in their
eteipttemperatures. eteiptiThermal eteiptip is also
energy eknown eteienergy' eteiptip 'heat'.bcsbesteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs
10. Define the term Heating.
Ans : The process in which heat energy flows from a body at a higher temperature to another object at lower
ss tiptsips is known
temperature tiptsip ass heating. tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
cbcsbs 11. c
Define the term cooling.
c c c c c c c cbcsbs
Ans : During the process of transferring heat energy, the body at lower temperature is heated while the
esteiptsips body tat
es
ps
eiptsihigher esteiptsips is scooled.
temperature
esteiptsipsThus, ssometimes,
es teiptsips this tprocess
es eiptsip
s of transfer
esteiptsips of heat estenergy s
eiptsip is termed es
s
teiptsipas e
b
cc s
b ccb sb
'cooling'. ccb sb ccb b ccb b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
12. Write the characteristics features of heat energy transfer.
ss Ans : tipts s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip ese ip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b sb
i)c Heat always
c b sb b sb
c flows fromca system at higher
c c c bcsb temperature
c bcsb to a system b sb
c at lower temperature.
ii) The mass of a system is not altered when it is heated or cooled.
ss iii) For sany
s exchange s ofs heat, the sheat
s gainedtipby s sthe cold tsystem s s is equal to
s sheat lostteiby s the
s hot system. ss
eteiptip esteiptip gained eteiptip eteiptip e etip e eiptip eteiptip e ptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbHeat cbcsb=s Heat lost. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
12. A. What are the other units of heat energy
ss Ans : sps ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteipti eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbCalorie cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Kilocalorie.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

13. Definepthe term Kilocalorie.
esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
c c : Kilocalorie:
Ansb b s
c c One kilocalorie
b b s
c c is definedc as
b b s
c the amount
b b s
c cof heat energy
b b s
b b sb b
cc s
c c required toc crise the temperature
b of cbcsbs
1 kilogram of water through 1°C
s14.
s Writetithes seffect ofteiHeat
s s energy.teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip eseptip es ptip e esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb Ans
c :
bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 Temperature of the substance rises.
ss  Thespsubstance may change its sstate from solid to liquid or sfrom liquid to sgas.
eteiptip e teipti s e teiptsips e teiptips e teiptsips e teiptips eteiptip
s ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs s
cbcbThe substance
 s s
cbcb will expand
s s
cbcbwhen heated.
s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
15. Define thermal expansion of the object.
ss When
psips heat energy
Ans : te psips is supplied psiptos a body,estthere
psips can beesanpsiincrease
ps in the
psipsdimension pofsipthe
s object.tiptThis
sips
eteiptip sesi t sestei t sestei t s ei t s tei t sestei t sestei t sese e
cbcsbs cbcb in the cdimension
change bcb cbrise in temperature
duecbto cbcb cbcb thermal expansion
is called cbcb of the b
cbcobject. cbcb cbcsbs
16. How solid is expand?
esteiptsipsAns e:stWhen s tsips
eiptsip a solidesisteipheated, teiptsips gain energy
theesatoms ss
esteiptip and vibrate
sps vigorously.
esteiptimore
ss
esteiptip This results
ss
esteiptipin the expansion
ss
esteiptip e
b
cc s
b sb sb
cbcthe solid. Forcbac given change
of
sb
cbc in temperature,
cbc the extent sb
cbcof expansion sb
cbcis smaller incsolids sb
bc than in cliquids
bc and
sb sb cbcsbs
gases. This is due to the rigid nature of solids.
ss ptsipsdifferent tsips of expansion s s of solid. ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip17. Writeesteithe esteiptypes esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bc
c :
Ans
sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
i) Linear expansion
ss ii) Superficial
psips expansionpsips psips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs bc bc
iii) Cubical expansion.
c c c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
17. A. Write the linear or longitudinal expansion?
ss ptsips a body s
tipistsipheated iptsips theslength
tiptsipsof thesbe s
tiptsipchanges s
tiptsipto s
ptsipits tiptsips
eteiptip iWhen
Ansse:ste
bsbese
or tcooled,
bsbese b bese
body
b se
due
bsbese
change tiin
bsbese
temperature.
bsbese e
cbcsbs bbc c the expansion
Then c c is said to
c cbe linear or clongitudinal
c cc
expansion. cc cc cc cbcsbs
t i ptsip18.
s Writetithe
p tsipsco efficientt i ptsipof
s linear expansion.
teiptsipofs the body sips
teiptper teiptsipins temperature
teiptsipsto its sunit sips
teiptlength s
teiptsipas
es e Ans :
esThe
e ratio of increase
es e in length
es es degreeerise
s es e s is called
e s e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b ccb s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
c–1c b b
cc sb cbcsbs
the coefficient of linear expansion. The SI unit of Coefficient of Linear expansion is K .
s19.
s Tabulate s sthe cubical sexpansion
s ofs some
s materials. ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip Ans e:steiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
S.No. Name of the material Coefficient of cubic expansion (K–1)
1 ss Aluminium 7 × 10 –5
ss ss ss ss iptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e te eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb2s cbcsbs Brasscbcsbs cbcsbs s s
c6bc×b10–5 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3 Glass 2.5 × 10–5
ss ss s
sWater ss ss ptsip–5s ss ss ss
eteiptip e4teiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip 20.7 ×
etei10 eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs –5 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
5 Mercury 18.2 × 10
20. What are the fundamental laws of gases which connect the relation between pressure, volume and
temperature?
b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans :
i) Boyle’ s law
ss teiptsips s law ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip ii)bsbeCharles’
c bcsb c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
iii) Avogadro’s law.
ss21. Define Avogadro’s law.

eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips psips
sbestei tat constant
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
esteiptip
cbcsbs cbcb: Avogadro's
Anss s cbcblaw statescbcthat
s s csbes temperature,
cbcsbs pressurecband cbcsbs the volume
cbcsbsof a gascbiscsbdirectly
e
cbcsbs
proportional to number of atoms or molecules present in it.
i.e. V a (or) V/ n s= constant s
ss sips n s s tiptsips ss ptsips ss ss
eteiptip tei pt esteiptip (NA)bcsis
eteiptip bcsbese of atoms esteiptip sbestei substance. eteiptip esteiptip×
cbc23sbsAvogadro’s cbcsbnumber c bsthe total cnumber cbcsbper mole of
cbcthe cbcsbIts is equalcto
bcsb6.023
e e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
10 /mol.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips es eiptsip

s
tAdditional steiptsips
–eSOLVED esteiptsips
PROBLEMS esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. A container whose capacity is 70 ml is filled with a liquid up to 50 ml. Then, the liquid in the container
is heated. Initially, the level of the liquid falls from 50 ml to 48.5 ml. Then we heat more, the level of
ss teiptsipsrises to s
eiptsip ml. Find ptsipsapparent tsips real sexpansion.
ss ss ss ss
esteiptip these liquid
s est51.2 esteithe esteipand esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Solution : Data:
Level of the liquid L1 = 50 ml
ss s s s s sips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip Level
e of
t i pt i p
e the liquid i pt i p
e e L2 =bcs48.5
t eteiptml eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Level of the liquid L3 = 51.2 ml
Apparent expansion = L3 − L1 = 51.2ml – 50ml = 1.2ml
ss sips sips s
eiptLsip = 51.2 ss eiptsip
s ss ss ss
eteiptip Real i pt
eexpansion bcsbes
te tei pt =bsL et− emlteipt–ip48.5mlbcs=best2.7ml eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c c cb3s 1 cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
So, Real expansion > apparent expansion
sip2.s Keepings the

i
temperature
ps gas in ethe sips as constant, sips a gas siss compressed
i p (V cc) sips four times sipsof its initial sipspressure.teiptThe
sps
e ti
e pt volume
e tei pt of tei pt ti pt
containerchanging
e e frome tei pt20cc e tei pt
to V cc. Find
e tei pt the final e ti p
volume
e t V2.bsbes i e
cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc sb s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
1
cc s
b s 2 b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cc cbcsbs
Ans : Data:
Initial pressure (P1) = P
ss ptsips sips ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip Final e t i
Pressure
s e estei pt(P ) =bcs esteiptip
4P esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb 2 c b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Initial volume (V1) = 20cc = 20cm3
Final volume (Vs2) = ?
ss ptsips iptsi= ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip Using e teiBoyle's Law, e t
PVe p eteiptip
constant eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
P1 / V1 = P2 / V2
V2 = P1 / P2 × V
ss teiptsips teiptsips = sPbes/tei4Pptsips 1 esteiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip e e × 20cm eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc sb s cbc sb s cbc cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 5cm . 3

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
Additional
b – Long
ccb s
answers
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. How to establish the thermal equilibrium?
ss s
teiptsipor moresbephysical s
teiptsip systems s
sp bodies are s
sp to be tin sp s s s s s teiptsipof s
esteiptip  seTwos s esteiptior esteiptisaid eseiptithermal esteiptip
equilibrium esteiptipis no net
if there eflow
s e
c bcsb b c b
c thermal energy c bc between
b csb
c the systems.c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 Heat energy always flows from one body to the other due to a temperature difference between them.
ss  eIf tsips bodiesseare
tiptwo s to be tiniptthermal
tiptsipsaid sips tiptsips then,
equilibrium, tsips will be
tipthey at sips same temperature.
tiptthe tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip bcsbse bcbse bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs c c c c c c
 There will be a transfer of heat energy from the hot body to the cold body until a thermal equilibrium is c c cbcsbs
established between them.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 When a cold body is placed in contact with a hot body, some thermal energy is transferred from the hot
ss body to the cold body.
esteiptip e tei ptsips ss
esteiptipis some erise ps
teiptsiin ss
esteiptip tsips
esteipcold
sps
esteiptidecrease ptsips
esteithe
ss
esteiptipof e
c bcsb 
c bcsb sAs a result,
c bcsthere
b c bcsb s thectemperature
bcsb of
c bcthe
sb body
c bcsand
b c bcsin
b temperature
c bcsb cbcsbs
the hot body.
 This process will continue until these s two bodies s attain the same s temperature.
ss teiptsip s teiptsip s teiptsip teiptsip teiptsip s s s s s
s
eteiptip e csbes expansion
e bcsbes diagram.e eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 2. cbcsbs aboutcbLinear
Explain cbcsbs with a csuitable cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 When a body is heated or cooled, the length of the body changes due to change in its temperature.
ss  Then the expansion is said to pbe linear or longitudinal expansion.
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e tei tsips e teiptsips ss
esteiptipin temperature
ss
eteiptip to itsbcunit
ss
eteiptip psips
sbestei t as e
cbcsbs s s s s
cbc The ratio cofbcincrease inclength
 b b bcsb s s
of thecbody s
bc per degree
b s
cbc rise
b cbcsbs c sbs length cisbccalled cbcsbs
the coefficient of linear expansion.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

The –1
esteiptsips 
esteiptsipSI
s unit oftipCoefficient
es etsip
s oftiptLinear
es e sip
s expansion
esteiptsips is K sb.estThe
eiptsip
svalue of tcoefficient
es eiptsip
s of tilinear
es eptsip
s expansion
esteiptsipsis e
b
cc s
b b s
c c different for
b b s b
cc s
c c different materials.
b b b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Linear expansion
 The equation relating the change in length and the change in temperature of a body is given below:
ss ss iptsip∆Ts tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip e•teiptip∆L / Lb0cs= αL
beste bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcsb•s ∆L - cChange c c
in length (Final Length-Original length) c c c c cbcsbs
• Lo -Original length
esteiptsips e•ste ∆T
i pts
i p s - Change
esteiptsipins temperature
esteiptsips(Final stemperature
esteiptsips esteiptsipstemperature)
- Initial esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b sb b
c c • aL - cCoefficient
csb bcsb
of clinear expansion. ccb b b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb cbcsbs
3. Explain about Superficial expansion.
esteiptip  sbeIf tip is anseincrease
steipthere bcbse
tiptip in the teiptip of a solid
bcsbesarea
tiptip
bcsbeseobject due to iptip
esteheating, then tiptip
bcsbesethe expansion
tiptip tiptip
bcsbeseis calledcsuperficial
bcsbese e
c bcsb cbc or c
areal expansion. c c c bcsb c c cbcsbs
 Superficial expansion is determined in terms of coefficient of superficial expansion.
ss sps sps in areateiptof sipsthe bodyteiper ss teiptsipins temperature ss ss ss
eteiptip  eThe seipti ratio cof
t increase
steipti
csbesuperficial bcsbes e ptip degree erise eteiptip to its eteiptiparea isbccalled
unit eteiptipas e
cbcsbs cbcsbcoefficient bof cexpansion. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs
 Coefficient of superficial expansion is different for different materials.
ss s unit of tCoefficient –1
eteiptip  The
e teiptsipSI e eiptsips e eiptsips
of tsuperficial
e teiptsips is Ksbe.steiptsips
expansion psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t e
cbcsbs bcsb s bcsb s bcsb s bcsb s bc
 The equation relating to the change in area and the change in temperature is given below
c c c c c c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
∆A / Ao = αA ∆T
teiptsips teiptsips ∆Ate ipt-sipsChange in
teiptarea
sips (Final areateiptsips- Initialsbe
area)
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es es es es s es es es e
b
cc s
b cc
b sb b sb
c cAo - Original b sb
c c area ccb sb ccb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
∆T - Change in temperature (Final temperature - Initial
ss s s s stemperature) ss ss ss ss ss ss
c bcsb
c bcsb b sb
c αA - Coefficient
c c bcsb b sb
of superficial
c c expansion.c bcsb c bcsb bcsb bc
c Superficial expansion
c sb cbcsbs
5. Explain about Real and apparent expansion.
ss Ans : tReal s teiptsips:
eiptsip expansion teiptsips teiptsips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip sbes sbes sbes sbes sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
 If a liquid is heated directly without using any container, then the expansion that you observe is termed
c c bc cbcsbs
as real expansion of the liquid.
ss  Coefficient of real expansion is defined as the ratio of theip true rise in the volume of the liquid per degree
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e tetsips e teiptsips e teiptsips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs b s
cbc rise in temperature
s cbcsb s to its sb s
cbcunit volume.cbc sb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs
 The SI unit of coefficient of real expansion is K–1.
Apparent expansion :
b
cc s
b b
cc sb Heating a liquid
b
cc sb without b
ccusing
sb a container
ccb sb is not possible.
ccb sb Thus, in
ccb spractice,
b weccb can
sb heat any
ccb liquid
sb by cbcsbs
pouring it in a container.
 A parts of thermal energy is used sin expanding the
ss teiptsip we observed ptsipsis not the sip sips container and a part is used in expanding
ptsipsliquid. esteiptsips ptsips
the liquid.s
s
esteiptip bcsbeThus,
s estei esteipactual
t or real
estei pexpansion
t of
esteithe est ei esteiptip e
 The expansion of a liquid apparently observed without considering the expansion of the container is
called the apparent expansion of the liquid.
ss sps teiptsips expansion psips psips psips psips s
eiptsip ofbthe ptsips
eteiptip  seCoefficient
steipti of
sbesapparent sbestei t is defined sbestei tas thecratiosbesteioft the apparent
sbestei t rise incbthe
sbestvolume sbesteiliquid e
cbcsbs cbcbper c bc c bc
degree rise in temperature to its unit volume. c bc b c c bc c c c cbcsbs
 The SI unit of coefficient of apparent expansion is K–1.
ss ps
tiptsiabout iptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip6. Explain
bcsbese
the tGases.
bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c c c c
Ans : Gases are classified as real gases and ideal gases. c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Real Gases :
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c If the molecules b
cc s
b or atoms sb
c cof a gases interact
b b
cc s
b with each sb sb
c c other withcacdefinite amount
b b sb
c c of intermolecular
b ccb sb or cbcsbs
inter atomic force of attraction, then the gases are said to be real gases.
ss  At very high temperature or low s spressure,teiaptsireal
ps gas behaves s s as an ideal s sgas because s ins this condition
esteiptip teiptsipsis no interatomic
ethere
s
ss
esteiptip or esteiptip
intermolecular eforce
s of esteiptip
attraction. esteiptip esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
Ideal Gases :
ss  If thes s atoms or molecules
ss of as gas s do nottipinteract
ss with ieach s s other, then s sthe gas isteip said
s s to be anteipideal
ss
eteiptip esteiptipor a perfect eteiptip eteiptip e etip eteptip eteiptip e tip e tip e
cbcsbs cbcsbgas cbcsbs gas. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Actually, in practice, no gas is ideal. The molecules of any gas will have a certain amount of interaction
ss among s them. tiptsips
eteiptip e teiptsipthese sbese teiptsips when eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss teiptsips eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs 
cbcsb But,
s cbcinteractions bcsbesweaker
care cbcsbsthe pressure cbcsbsis low orcbthe csbestemperature cbcsbsis high because cbcsbs the
e
cbcsbs
interatomic or intermolecular forces of attraction are weak in ideal gas.
 Hence,
teiptsips t i ptsips a real gast i ptsipats low pressure
t i ptsipsor high temperature
t i ptsips can bes termed as a s
t i ptsip t i ptsipperfect gas.t i ptsiIdeal
ps
gases obey
teiptsips
es eBoyle’s
s e law, Charles’s
es e law and
es e Avogadro’s elaw.
s e es e es e es e es e
b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb ccb s
b b
cc sb b
cc sb ccb sb b
cc sb cbcsbs
 All these laws state the relationship between various properties of a gas such as pressure (P), volume
(V), temperature (T) and number of atoms (n). In a given state of the gas, all these parameters will have
ss tsips setseof tsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip easteipdefinite steipvalues. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb
c When there

bc b bcsb
c is a changec in the state of bcsb bcsb bcsb
c the gas, anyc one or more cof these parameters c bcsb bcsb
changec its value. cbcsbs
ss ss ss
UNITtipTEST
ss tsips
-3
tiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip ee ee eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
Time : 1.15 Hrs. Marks : 50
esteiptsipI.s Choose es tsipsbest answer
the
teip esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips (5 ×sbe1steip=tsip5)s e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b cbc cbcsbs
1. If a substance is heated or cooled, the change in mass of that substance is __________
a) positive b) negative c) Zero d) None of the above
esteiptip2. te
Acbtemperature sbeste beste is equal bestthat ete
e of __________ ete esteiptip esteiptip
csbes cbcdifference of
cbcs10C cbcsto
e
c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) 1 K b) 2K c) 3 K d) 6k
3. __________ Energy salways flow from one body to the otherspdue to a temperature difference between
esteiptsips them esteiptsips esteiptips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteipti s esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
eteiptip e
s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Cool b) Heat c) either a or b d) none
4. The SIpunit
sips of heat penergy absorbed
psips or evolved
psipsis __________
e teiptsips etei t
sips
etei t etei t psips etei t etei t
ss
eteiptip
sps
steipti
ss
eteiptip
cbcsb s s
cbcsbKelvin
a) cbcsbs b)cbcsbs
Joule cbcsbs cbcsbs
c) celcies cbcsbs bcsbefarenheit
cd) cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
5. __________ is the total number of atoms per mole of the substance.
teiptsips a) Avogadro's
tiptsips Number
tiptsips b) Mole
tiptsips teiptsips c) either
teiptsiapsor b sbesteiptsips d) none
tiptsips teiptsips
es ee ee ee e e ee e e
b
cc s
cc s
b s ccb s
b s cbc cbcsbs b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
II. Fill in the blanks (5 × 1 = 5)
ss teiptsipsof Avogadro ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip6. The evalue
s esteiptipnumber esteiptip
__________. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
7. According to Boyle’s law, the shape of the graph between pressure and reciprocal of volume is __________.
s8.s The temperature
psips measured
psips in absolutepsips Zero using psipthe
s kelvin tscale
psips is known pas
sips__________. psips ss
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbesei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip e
The SI unit of heat energy absorbed or evolved is __________. c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs
10. The SI unit of coefficient of real expansionis __________.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

s State whether
teiptsipIII. teiptsips thesbestatements
teiptsips are sips or false.
teipttrue sips
teiptCorrect the tsips statement
teipfalse teiptsips teiptsips (4 ×sbe1steip=tsip4)s
es es s es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc sb ccb s
b b
cc s
b cbc cbcsbs
11. According to charle’s law, at constant pressure, the temperature is inversely proportional to volume.
s12.
s Heat always s s flow from sassystem at lower
s s temperature s s to a system s s at higherteiptemperature.
ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es tip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcs
13. Ideal
b bcsb
c is called as
gas equation bcsb bcsb
c equation ofcstate is PV=RT. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
14. If the atoms or molecules of a gas do interact with each other.
ss tiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c c
IV. Match the following cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
(4 × 1 = 4)
15.
s Boyle’s law (a) Energy
teiptsip16. iptsips
tgas
e teiptsips (b) sbe sps
steipti of chotnesstiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcse
b s Ideal
cbcsbes equaton
cbcsbes cbc Degree bcsbese cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
17. Heat (c) PV = constant
s18.
s Transmission
s s of heatteiptsips (d) PV =s RT s ss teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
esteiptip esteiptip es esteiptip esteiptip es es es es e
cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
V. Assertion and Reasoning (3 × 1 = 3)
sDirection:
s Inseach
s of thetipfollowing
ss questions,
s s a statement s s of Assertion s sis given tand s as corresponding s s statement s of
s
esteiptip esteiptip esetip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eseiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb Reasonbcsb bcsb
c is given justc below it. Of the sb sb sb
c statementsc given below,cmark the correct
b c bc bc sb
c answer asc
bc bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a. If both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. If both As and R are true but R is nots the correct explanation of sA.s
estiptsipc.s
e IfbA is
este ptips but R isestfalse.
itrue iptsips
e esteiptips esteiptsips esteiptip ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
s
cbcb c cbs s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
d. If both A and R are false.
ss19. Assertion: For a given rise in temperature, a liquid will haves more expansion than a solid and gaseous
eteiptip teiptsipshas the
substance
e e teiptsips expansion.
highest e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptips e teiptsips e teiptsips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs
Reason: The ratio of increase in volume of the body per degree rise in temperature to Its unit volume is called
as coefficient of cubical expansion.
s
teiptsip20. teiptsips Ideal sgases s
teiptsipobey teiptsipslaw, Boyle’s s
teiptsiplaw teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
bes b
cc s
b e
Assertion:
s b
cc
e
b s Charles’s
b
cc s
b es ccb s
b es and
b
cc s
beAvogadro’s
s law.
b
ccsbes b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
Reason: All these laws state the relationship between various properties of a gas such as Pressure, volume,
temperature and number of atoms.
estei ptsips ss
esteiptip : There teiptsips
eis
s tsips
esteipother
ss
esteiptipone end teiptsips
eof
s
sps
esteiptiheated.
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb 21. Assertion
c bcsb c bcsb no effects
c bcson
b end
c bcswhen
b c bcsb the rodcis
bcsonly
Reason: Heat always flows from a region of lower temperature to higher temperature of the rod.
ss s
eiptsipanswer ps following
teiptsithe ss s
tsipword teiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptipVI. Writeetthe efor eteiptipquestions
eteipin or esentence eteiptip eteiptip (3bc×sbe1steip=tip3) e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs
22. Define kelvin.
23. Define temperature.
e teiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsb s 24. What csbes
cbcsbsis kelvin’scbscale? cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
teiptsipVII.
s Find the tei ptsipodd
s one out teiptsips
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips (3 ×sbe1steip=tsip3)s
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b sb
c c law, Charles’s
25. Universal gas constant: Boyle’s b s
b b
c c law, Avogadro’s s
b
c c law, Lawc ofb s
b b s
b
c thermal conductivity.
cc cbc cbcsbs
26. Boltzmann constant.
ss 1.31es× s JK–1, 1.31
sip–23
teipt10 s s –23 tei6.023×10
ss –23 ps s ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip×10 bJ/K,
es ptip estei tip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb
c – efficient of
27. Co
bcsb
c cubic expansion csb
c of Mercury.c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
18.5 K–1, 18.5 × 10–5 K–1, 18.5 × 10–2 K–1
ss tiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip
bcsbese the mistakes eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs VIII. cCorrect cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
(3 × 1 = 3)
28. The SI unit of temperature is degree celcius.
sips tsips of heat ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
tei pt esteipunit eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 29. The
e
cbcsbSI cbcsbsenergy absorbed
cbcsbs or evolved
cbcsbs is Kelvin.cbcsbs
e
30. Avogadro number is 6.023 × 10–21.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

s Write tthe
teiptsipIX. s teiptsipsfor ANY sipsthe following
teiptsipsquestions.
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips (5 ×sb2est=eipt10)
sips
es es eiptsipshort banswer
es est5eiptof es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc cbcsbs
31. Define Calorie.
32. Define Kilo calorie. s s
e stei ptsips estei ptsips esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
cbcsb 33. Define
c bcsb Linear Expansion.
34. Define Cubic Expansion.
s35.
s DefineipBoyle’s
s s law. teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip estetip es esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 36. c b sb c b sb
Write the effect of heat energy.
c c c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
37. Write the different types of expansion of solid.
cbcsbs X. Write
cbcsbslong answer
cbcsbsfor the following
cbcsbs bcsb
questions
c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
(2 × 5 = 10)
38. Derive the Ideal gas equation.
esteiptsips es
s
teiptsip[OR] esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
39 Distinguish between linear, Arial and superficial expansion.
40. Explain about superficial expansion.s s
estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb [OR] c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
41 Explain the Fundamental laws of gases.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Unit-4: Electricity GANGA  Science (Physics) 79
esteiptsips UNIT esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips es ptsips

teiELECTRICITYesteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
4
 The magnitude of current is definedas the rate of flow of charges in conductor.
ss teiptsips teiptsips ss iptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip  bcsbeThe eteiptip
csbeselectric current beste eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c s SI unitcbof cbcsbs is ampere
cbcs(A). cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 The SI unit of electric potential andpotential difference is volt (V).
ss sips psips psips psips teiptsips formssbaestcontinuousand
eiptsip
s ptsips pathestforpsips
eteiptip  bcsbeAn
steiptelectric circuit
sbestei t is a network
sbestei tof electricalcomponents,
sbestei t sbeswhich sbestei closed sb ei t e
cbcsbs c an c bc c bc
electric current topass through it. c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
 The parameters of conductors likeits length, area of cross-section andmaterial, affect the resistance of
esteiptsips sps
setheconductor.
steipti psips
sestei t
psips
sestei t
psips
sestei t
psips
sestei t
psips
sestei t
psips
sestei t
psips
sestei t e
b
cc s
b cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcsbs
 SI unit of electrical resistivity is ohm metre. The resistivity is a constant for a given material.
ss Thesreciprocal
s of electrical
ss resistivity
s s of a materials s is called its
s selectricalteip
conductivity.
ss σ= s s1 ρ ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es tip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb
 c The passage bcsb bc s
b
c of electricccurrent through bcsb
c a wire results bcsb
c in the productionc bcsb of heatc bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 This phenomenon is called heating effect of current.
ss s
teiptsiphorse teiptsips ptsips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip  bcsbesOne csbes is equal estei746 eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c cbpower to
cbcsb watts.
 The function of a fuse wire or a MCB is to protect the house hold electrical appliances from excess
ss current due to overloading or aps short circuit.ps
eteiptip e teiptsips teiptsips
e tei tips e tei tips teiptsips
e teiptsips teiptsips
e teiptsips e e e e
TEXT BOOK EVALUATION
esteiptsipI.s BooksbExercise
esteiptsips – Choose
esteiptsipsthe bestes ptsips
teianswer esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Which of the following is correct?
a) Rate of change of charge is electrical power. b) Rate of change of charge is current.
ss s s s s s s s s sips sips ss ss
esteiptip c)bsb t
Rate i pt i p
ese of change t
esofi pt i p t
e energy bissbecurrent.
s ei pt i p t
ese i pt i p esteiptof
d) bRate change teiptcurrent
eof
s is esteiptip
charge. esteiptip e
c bcsb c c c bcsb c c c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : b) Rate of change of charge is current
2. SI unit ofsresistance iss
ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip a) esteiptip eteiptip b) bcsjoule eteiptip eteiptip c) bcohm eteiptip eteiptip d) ohm eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbmho cbcsbs meter cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : c) Ohm
3. In a simple
e teiptsips e ps circuit,
teiptsiswitch e
why does the sbulb
teiptsipselectricity.
e teiptips
glow when
e
you closesthe
teiptsips b) Closing e
switch? s s
teiptipsthe switch eteiptip
ss ss
esteiptipcircuit.bcsbesteiptip e
cbcsb s a)
cbc sThe
b s produces
cbc sb s cbc sb s cbc sb s cbc s
b s cbcsbs completes cbcsbthe c cbcsbs
c) Closing the switch breaks the circuit. d) The bulb is getting charged.
Ans : b) closingpthe switch completes the circuit
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 4. sb
Kilowatt
ccb sb
hourcisc the unit of
b ccb sb ccb sb ccb s
b ccb s
b ccb sb b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) resistivity b) conductivity c) electrical energy d) electrical power
ss
esteiptip ete iptsips ete iptsips ete iptsips ete iptsips ete iptsips ete iptsips Ans : ic)
ete ptsipelectrical
s
ete
energy
iptsips e
II. Book Exercise – Fill in the blanks
s1.s When iapts icircuit

ps is open, psip__________
s psipcannot
s passiptthrough
sips it. iptsips psips s s Ans : current
tiptsips
eteiptip sbeste sbestei t sbestei t sbeste sbeste sbestei t eteiptip bcsbese e
cbcsbs 2. c bc c bc c bc c bc c b
The ratio of the potential difference to the current is known as __________.c c bc cbcsbs Ans : cResistance cbcsbs
3. The wiring in a house consists of __________ circuits. Ans : parallel
ss teiptsips of an selectric
ss sps eiptsip
s s
teiptsip__________. ss s
eiptsip and ss
eteiptip4. The epower eteiptip device eisteiaptiproduct ofet__________ eand eteiptip Ans e: tvotage eteiptip
current e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
5. LED stands for __________. Ans : Light Emitting Diode

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

s B
teiptsipIII. teiptsips s
teiptsipwhether s
teiptsipfollowing s s or false:
es ookesExercise – State
es ethe
s es eiptsip
tstatements esteiptsip
are true es es es e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c correctcthe
Ifcfalse b s
b
c statement. b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Ohm’s law states the relationship between power and voltage.
ss teiptsips Ohm’s tiptsips sips tiptsips eiptsip
s tiptsips and current.
tiptsips ss
esteiptip bsbe:s False.
Ans bsbeselaw states esteiptrelationship
bsbthe bsbesebetween b
the
sbestpotential difference
bsbese bsbese esteiptip e
c bcsb cc cc cc cc cc cc cc c bcsb cbcsbs
2. MCB is used to protect house hold electrical appliances.
Ans : True.
eteiptip ese unit forbcelectric
e e current ee ee ee eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 3. The
cbcsbSI c sbs cbcsbsis the coulomb.
Ans : False. The SI unit for electric current is the Ampere.
ss4. One unit of electricals energy consumed is equal to 1000 kilowatt hour. s s
eteiptip e iptsips
tFalse.
e e ips
teiptof e ptsips
teienergy e teiptsipsis equal e ps
teiptsi1000watt esteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs Ans
cbcsb:s One
cbcunit
sb s electrical
cbcsb s consumed
cbcsb s cbcsb to
s cbcsbhour. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
5. The effective resistance of three resistors connected in series is lesser than the lowest of the individual
resistance.
teiptsips tiptsips iptsips resistance
beste tiptsips sps
steipti tiptsips tiptsips sips
teiptthe tof ps
eiptsithe
b
cc s
b es c bcsbe:seFalse. Thebcseffective
Ans
c bcsbese of three
c bcsberesistors
c bcsbese in series
connected c bcsbesise greater bthan
c csbes c highest
bcse
b s c
e
cbcsbs
individual resistance.
s IV.
s Book Exercise ss – Match s sthe itemsteipin
s scolumn-Iteito sthe
s items tin scolumn-II:
s ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es tip es ptip eseiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb bcs
ColumncI
b c bcsb c bcsb bcsb
c Column IIc bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1. electric current (a) volt
ss 2. potential
ss difference s s (b) ohm s meter
eteiptip eteiptip tiptsips ss
eteiptip eteiptip (c) bcsbwatt
eteiptip
s ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs 3. bcsbese
cbcsbsspecificcresistance cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
4. electrical power (d) joule
ss 5. electrical energy sps (e) ampere
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip eteipti
sps
eteipti
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs Ans
cbcsb:s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Column I Column II
teiptsips 1 electric
teiptsips current teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips e Ampere teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es es es es e s es es es e
b
cc s
b b s
b b sb
c2c potential cdifference
c b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b sb
a c cVolt b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
3 specific resistance b Ohm meter
ss teiptsips power ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip 4 seselectrical esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip c bcwatt
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
5 electrical energy d Joule
s V.
s Book Exercise
teiptsips – Assertionpsips and ereason
psips type e questions:
psips psips ss ss ss
eteiptip bcsbescorrect sbestei t sbstei t sbstei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs Markcthe c bc
choice as c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) if both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the
ss assertion.
eteiptip tsips
esteipboth psips
sbestei t
sps
esteiptireason teiptsips ptsips
sbesteireason iptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs cbcsbif
b) the
cbcassertion cbcsbthe
and csbes true, but
cbare cbcthe bestethe correct
cisbcsnot cbcsbsexplanation
cbcsbsof the
e
cbcsbs
assertion.
c) if the assertion is true, but the reason is false.
esteiptsips d) sbeif tsipsassertion
steipthe psips
sbestei tis false, sbut iptsips
bestethe reason sbestis
ips
eiptstrue. psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t e
b
cc s
b cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc cbcsbs
1. Assertion: Electric appliances with a metallic body have three wire connections.
Reason: Three pin connections reduce heating of the connecting wires.
ss s s ss ss s s Ans :teip(c) ss ss sipsreason isteifalse.
ss
esteiptip t
ese i pt ip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es tip The assertion
esteiptip is true, esteiptthe
but es ptip e
2. Assertion: In a simple battery circuit the point of highest potential is the positive terminal of the battery.
Reason: The current flows towards the point of the highest potential.
ss s s psips psips psips Ans :e(c) psips psips ptsipsreason is ptsips
eteiptip t
sbese i pt i p
sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbstei t The assertion
sbestei t is true, but
sbesteithe sbesteifalse. e
3. Assertion: LED bulbs are far better than incandescent bulbs.
Reason: LED bulbs consume less power than incandescent bulbs.
ss sips ss ss s s Ans :teip(a)
sips eiptsip
s iptsipsreasonsare iptsips
eteiptip e tei pt eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip sbes t Bothcbthe
sbestassertion and the
sbeste beste true e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bc c c bc
and the reason is the correct explanation of assertion.c bc cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

s Book tExercise
teiptsipVI. s s teiptsipsquestions.
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es eiptsip – Very
esteiptsipshort answer
es es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Define the unit of current.
ss The SI unit of electrics current is ampere (A). The current flowing through sa sconductor is said to be one
esteiptip tei ptsips tei ptips tei ptsips tei ptsips ti
e ptsips tei ptip tei ptsips ss
esteiptip
c bcsb ampere,
c bcsbes whencabccharge
se
bs of one
c bcscoulomb
bes flows
c bcsbeacross
s any
c bcross-section
csbes c bof
csbea
s conductor,
c bcsin
e
b s one second.
c bcsb e
cbcsbs
Hence,
1 ampere =1 coulomb/ 1 second.
ss tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss ss
eteiptip ee e resistance,
sbesthe ee bcsbese bcsbese thicker? ee eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 2. What
cbcsbs happens
cbcto cbcsbs as thecconductor iscmade cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
As the resistance is inversely proportional to the area, (R α 1/A) thick wires will cause low resistance .
s3.s Why is tungsten
ss metals sused in tbulbs,
eiptsip
s but not in
s sfuse wires? ss ss ss psips
eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip csbes high melting eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcissbbecause
It cbcsbs has acbvery
tungsten cbcsbspoint. Fuse
cbcsbwires cbcsbhave
should cbcsbs point. cIfbctungsten
low melting cbcsbs
is used as a fuse wire, then it will not melt even when large amount of current is passed through it , and the
appliance s swill be damaged.
esteiptsips eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
b
cc s
b 4. cbcsbs any two
Name sbs
cbcdevices, cbcsbsare working
which cbcsbson the heating
cbcsbs effect cofbcsthe
bs electric sbs
cbccurrent. cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Electric Heater
 Electric
s Iron.
ss s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
VII. Book Exercise – Short answer questions.
ss sips ss s s difference. ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip1. Defineesteiptelectric potential
esteiptip and potential
esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs bcsb
Electrical potential :
c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
The electric potential at a point is defined as the amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge
ss from infinity
sps to that point
sps against thespelectric
s force.
sps sps sps sps sps
eteiptip esteipti esteipti esteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti e
cbcsbs cbcsb potential
Electric cbcsb Difference
cbcs:b cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
The electric potential difference between two points is defined as the amount of work done in moving
a unit positive chargeps from one point to another ppoint against pthe electric force.
esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips estei tsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 2. b
Whats
b
c c is the role b s
b
c c of the earth b s
b
c cwire in domestic b
cc s
b b
circuits?
cc s
b ccbsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 This wire provides a low resistance path to the electric current.
ss  The psipearth
s wire serves
psips as a protective
psips conductor, psips which saves psipsus from electric
psips shocks.psips psips
esteiptip estei t estei t etei t etei t etei t etei t etei t etei t e
c bcsb 3. cbcsb Ohm’s law.
State cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
According to Ohm’s law, at a constant temperature, the steady current ‘I’ flowing through a conductor is
ss directlypproportional to the potential difference ‘V’ between theps two ends of p the conductor.ps
eteiptip e tei tsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e tei tips e tei tsips etei tip
s ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs s s
cbcb I αV. Hence, s s
cbcb I/V = constant. s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
The value of this proportionality constant is found to be 1/R
ss Therefore,
ss I = s s(1/R) V teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
cbcsbVs = IR. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4. Distinguish between the resistivity and conductivity of a conductor.
esteiptsips esteiptsips es
sips
teiptResistivityesteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips
Conductivity esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
The Electrical resistivity of a material is defined as The reciprocal of electrical resistivity of a material is
the resistance of a conductor of unit length and unit called its electrical conductivity.
ss s
eiptsipcross section. psips iptsips iptsips Its sunitiptsips –1 es-1teipor s
tsipmho iptsips psips
esteiptip area
sbestof sbestei t Its unit sisohm
beste metre. sbeste beste is Ohm sm
-1 te
msbes sbestei t e
c bcsb cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc b cbc cbc cbc cbcsbs
5. What connection is used in domestic appliances and why?
ss i) T
hetip
connections
s in s ihouses
ps for tdomestic
ss appliances
s s are parallel
s s so that teven
s s disconnections s of one tcircuit
ss
eteiptip etsip esteiptother e eiptip eteiptip eteiptip e eiptip eteiptip e eiptip
cbcsbs csbes not affect
cbdoes cbcsbthe cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
ii) To get equal voltages for all appliancesn, parallel circuit is used.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

s BooktipExercise
teiptsipVIII. s teiptsipsanswer s teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es etsip –eLong
s es eiptsip
tquestions. es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. With the help of a circuit diagram derive the formula for the resultant resistance of three resistances
connected: a) in series and b) in parallel.
ss s
teiptsip resistances s s s
sp connected s s s s s s ss ss
esteiptip Let,sethree
s esteiptiRp1, R2 and estReip3tibe esteiptipin series, esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c
Let the current flowing through them be I.
According to Ohm’s Law, the potential differences V1, V2 and V3 across R1, R2
ss and eRt3e tsips
iprespectively, ptsipsgiven by: ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiare eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
V1 = I R1 (1)
Series connection of resistors
ss
psips V2 p= IR (2)
eteiptip e tei t e tei tsips 2 sbesteiptsips e teiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc

sb s s
b s
cbcV3 = I R3cbc cbcsb s
(3) cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
The sum of
teiptsips t i ptsips the potential
t i ptsips differencesti ptsipacross
s the ends
t i ptsips of each tresistor
i ptsips is givent i ptsiby:
ps teiptsips teiptsips
es es e V
es e = V + V e+
s e V es e es e es e es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
1 c c2 s
b 3 b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Using equations (1), (2) and (3), we get
ss
tiptsips V = s sI R + I R s+ sI R s(4)
s ss ss ss ss
esteiptip ee esteiptip 1 bcsbestei2ptip 3 bcsbesteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
The effective resistor is a single resistor, which can replace the resistors effectively, so as to allow the same
current through the electric circuit. Let, the effective resistance of the series-combination be RS.
eteiptip Then,
este eVsteipt=ip I Rs esteiptip esteiptip(5) esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
Combining equations (4) and (5), you get,
ss teiptsips
I Rstipt=
sipsI R1 + I Rtei2ptsi+psI R3 tiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip bcsbes bcsbese bcsbes bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c
c c
Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 c (6) c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Thus, when sips a number sipofs resistorsteipare

sipsconnected siinpsseries, their sipequivalent resistance or effective resistance
esteiptsips is bc
equal
estei pt to the sum estei pt
of the individual
es t resistances.
estei pt When ‘n’ t i pt
resistors
es e
s
of t
equal
es ei ptsips
resistance estei
R ptsips
are connected
es
s
teiptsipin e
b
cc s
b c sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
series, the equivalent resistance is ‘n R’.
i.e., Rs = n R
esteiptip The
bcsbestei t
equivalent ti t in a series
resistance
bcsbese
ti t
bcsbese combination
ti t
bcsbeseis always b
tei t
greater
csbes than the estei t of the
bcsbhighest estei t
bcsbindividual
ti t
resistances.
bcsbese e
c bcsb c c c c c c c c cbcsbs
Resistances in Parallel :
ss Consider s
psipthree resistorspsips R1, R2esand psipsR are connected
psips across s
psiptwo psips ss ss
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sb tei t 3 cbcsbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip e
common points A and B. The potential difference across each c bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
resistance is the same and equal to the potential difference between
ss A and B. pThe
s current I arriving
s at Aps divides into three as I1, I2 p and I
eteiptip e teiptsithrough e teiRptsipand e tei tips e teiptsips e tei tsips 3 sbesteiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs passing
cbc sb s R
sb
cbc 1 2s, R
c3bcsb s
respectively. cbcsb s cbc sb s cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
According to the Ohm’s law,
esteiptsips pip
sbestei t
ss ipt=sipsV/ R1 sesteiptsips
Ie1ste es
s
teiptsip(1) esteiptsips esteipSeries
tsips connection
esteiptsipsof resistors
esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbc b
cc s
b cbcb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb cbcsbs
I2 = V/R2 (2)
ss
ss I3 = V/R (3)
esteiptip estei ptip esteiptsips 3 esteiptsips esti
e ptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbtotal current
The cbcsbthrough thecbccircuit
sb cbcsby
is given b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
I = I +I +I
1 2 3
ss iptsips iptsips iptsips tiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip e te e te e te
bcb you get cbcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs Usings
cbcb equations
s s
cbc(1),
sb (2) andc(3), s s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
I = V/R1 + V/R2+ V/R3 (4)
ss sps sps sps sps sps sps ss ss
eteiptip Let i
eteipteffective
the eteipti
resistance pti
eteiparallel
ofbthe eteipti
combination eteipti be RbPc.sbThen,
ofbresistors eteipti eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs c csbs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
I = V/ Rp (5)

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Combining s sequations (4)
s s and (5),teiyou
s shave
esteiptsips esteiptip esteiptip es ptip esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsb

cbcsb cbcsb
V/Rp = V/R1 + V/R2 + V/R3
b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1/Rp = s1/ R1 + 1/R2 s+ 1/R3
ss ptsips s s ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip estei esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b s
Thus,
c c b b sb b s
when acnumber of resistors
c c c b b sb
are connected
c c b sb
in parallel,
c c the sumbcsb c b s
c of the reciprocals
c b b sb
of thec individual
c cbcsbs
resistances is equal to the reciprocal of the effective or equivalent resistance. When ‘n’ resistors of equal
ss resistances R are connected in parallel, the equivalent resistance is R/n.
eteiptip teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
cbcsbs s es
cbcb i.e. c1/Rs es
bcb = 1/Rc+bc1/R s es
b + 1/R …… c s es
bcb+ 1/R = n/R c s
bcb es c bcsbese c bcsbese c bcsbese e
cbcsbs
p
Hence, Rp = R/n.
eteiptip The teiptip
eequivalent eteiptip in abcparallel
resistance eteiptip combination
eteiptipis lessbcthan ip lowestesof
eteiptthe ip individual
teiptthe ip
eteiptresistances.eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
2. a) What is meant by electric current?
Electric
sips currentteipistsipdefined as the sipsrate of flow sipofs chargesteiin sipasconductor. sIf Q is the chargesips flowingteipfor
sipsa
esteiptsips e t i
time
e pt of t seconds
e
s
in a ti
conductor,
e e pt then I =
e tei p
Q/tt e pt e tei pt i ps e ti
e pt e t e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs bcsbs
c cbcsbs bcsbs
c bcsbs
c bcsbs
c cbcsbs
b) Name and define its unit.
ss Thes SI unit of electric current iss ampere (A).sThe current flowing through a conductorsisssaid to be one
esteiptip tei ptips tei ptsips teiptips tei ptips tei ptsips ti
e ptsips esteiptip in one
ss
esteiptip
c bcsb c bcsbeampere,
s when
c bcsbes a chargec of
bcsbeone
s coulomb
c bcsbeflows
s across
c bcsany
bes cross-section
c bcse
b s of a conductor,
c bcsb c bcssecond.
b e
cbcsbs
Hence, 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/ 1 second.
c) Which instruments is used to s measure theselectric current? How should it be connected in a
ss iptsips iptsip iptsip iptsip iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips
eteiptip e t
circuit?
e e te e te e te e te e te e te e te e
cbcsbs s
bb
cc s s
bb
cc s s
bb s cc s
bb s cc s
bb s s
bbccs s
bb s cc s
bb s cc cc cbcsbs
An ammeter is a device used to measure the electric current in a circuit. An ammeter is always connected
in series with a device to measure its current.
ss psips psips psips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip stei t Joule’s tei t of heating.ti t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 3. a)bcsbeState bcsbeslaw bcsbese e
c c c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Let ‘I’ be the current flowing through a resistor of resistance ‘R’, and ‘V’ be the potential difference across
thesresistor. The charge flowings through the circuit
teiptsips s
teiptipcharge teiptsips the ends tipsthe resistor
teipof ps for eate
teiptsiwith
time
iptsips
interval ‘t’ is ‘Q’. The work
tsipVs is VQ.seThis
teipof sdone in moving
teiptsipenergy s
teiptsipby
es ethe
s Q across
es es es a potentialdifference
s es s spent
e s e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc s
b ccbsb b
cc b ccb sb cbcsbs
the source gets dissipated in the resistor as heat. Thus, the heat produced in the resistor is:
H = W = VQ
ss teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips ss
esteiptip eWe
s es e s es es es es esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb bcsb
know cthat the relation bcsb
c between the bcsb bcsb bcs
c charge andccurrent is Q =c I t. Using this,
b sb
c we get
bc c bcsb cbcsbs
H = VIt
ss teiptsipsOhm’ssbLaw, ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eFrom eteiptipV = I R. eteiptip you bhave
Hence, eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
H = I2 R t
ss Thiss is known as sJoule’s law of sheating.

eteiptip teiptips teiptips tiptips tiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs b) s
b es
cbc An alloy of s
b es bcsbese
cbcnickel andcchromium bcsbeseas the heating
iscused cbcsbs element.
cbcsbsWhy? cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
Because: (i) it has high resistivity, (ii) it has a high melting point, (iii) it is not easily oxidized.
teiptsips s
tiptsip does asbefuse
c) seHow
s
tiptsipwire protect s
tiptsipelectrical ptsip
tiappliances? s
tiptsip s teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b es b bse
cc b se
cc bsbese
cc bsbese cc bsbese cc b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es e
cbcsbs
The fuse wire is connected in series, in an electric circuit. When a large current passes through the circuit,
the fuse wire melts due to Joule’s heating effect and hence the circuit gets disconnected. Therefore,
ss s
teiptsipcircuit s
eiptsipelectric s s are saved ss tsips tsips wire sisestmade s
eiptsip up of tsips
esteiptip ethe
s and estthe esteiptip
appliances esteiptip frombcsany
esteipdamage. Theesteipfuse esteipalloy
an e
c bcsb bcsb
c whose melting c bcsb
point is c
bcsb
relatively low. c
bcsb c b c bcsb c bc b c bcsb cbcsbs
4. Explain about domestic electric circuits. (circuit diagram not required).
cbcsbs s electricity
cbcsbThe
 cbcsbs producedcbcin sbspower stationscbcsbs is distributed
cbcsbs to all the s
cbcsbdomestic s
cbcsbindustrial
and bcsbs
cconsumers cbcsbs
through overhead and underground cables.
 Thes first stage ofsthe
ss
eteiptip teiptips such sas ps domestic
teiaptitransformer. teipThe
circuit is to bring
tsips important ps the power
teiptsicomponents sipssupply toteithe
teiptof
main-box from
ptsips
a distribution
tsips box and
teipfuse ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs cbcsbepanel,
s cbc bes cbcsbes cbcsbes cbcsbes the main-box
cbcsbes are: (i)
cbc s
b a
es cbcsbs (ii) a
e
cbcsbs
meter.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

 The meter is used to record the consumption of electricaliptenergy.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips este sips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c The fuse cbox
 b sb
c contains either b s
b
c c a fuse wire b s
b
c c or a miniature bsb
c c circuit breakerb s
b
c c (MCB). c c b s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 The function of the fuse wire or a MCB is to protect the house hold electrical appliances from overloading
ss sps teiptsips psips psips psips psips psips psips
esteiptip sedue
steipti to excess
sescurrent. sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t e
 An MCB is a switching device, which can be activated automatically as well as manually.
ss  It hass s a springteiattached
ss to the sswitch,
s which s iss attracted by
s san electromagnet
ss whenipan
s sexcess current
ss
eteiptip esteiptip through e ptip esteiptip the bcircuit
eteiptip esteiptipthe protection
eteiptip of thebcappliance
etetip is ensured.
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbpasses cbcsbs the circuit.
cbcsbHence, c csbs is broken cbcsband cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 The electricity is brought to houses by two insulated wires.
ss s
eiptsipof these
s
teiptsipwires s
eiptsip has abred tsips ss ptsipswire’. esteiptsips ss
eteiptip  sestOut etwo oneetwire eteipinsulation eteiptisipcalledbcthe
and etei‘live eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs
 The other wire has a black insulation and is called the ‘neutral wire’.
The
esteiptsips

es tsipelectricity
teipBoth,s
es
supplied
sips to your
teiptwire es
sihouse
ps is actually
teiptneutral es ptsipsan alternating
teienter es
s current thaving
teiptsipwhere es tsips an electric
eipmain es eiptsip
potential
s
tconnected e
ofp220
s
ps
tei tsithe e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b V. the
ccb slive
b and
b
cc s
bthe wire
b
cc s
b into
b
cc a
s
b box ccbthe
s
b fuse
b
cc s
bis b
cc with
s
b cbcsbs
live wire.
After the electricity sps meter, these wires enter
ss
esteiptip

teiptsips
eelectricity
s esteiptiwhenever teiptsips
esrequired. tsipsinto the
esteipthe
main s s switch, twhich
esteiptip thesebcswires
s s is usedteipto
eseiptipare connected
s discontinue
s
es tip to livebcsb
sthe
s
esteiptipof e
c bcsb c bcsb csupply
bcsb c bcsb cAfter
bcsb main
c bswitch,
csb c b c bcsb c wires cbcsbs
two separate circuits.
Outs of
s these two scircuits, one sicircuit
ps is ofetaeipt5sipAs rating,ewhich
ss
eteiptip

eteiptip eteiptip
s
esteipttube teiptsips is used to s run
eteiptip
s the electrics sappliancesteipwith
eteiptip e tip
ss
e
cbcsbs cbcsbas lower power
cbcsbsrating, such
cbcsbas cbcsbsbulbs andcbfans.
lights, csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 The other circuit is of a 15 A rating, which is used to run electric appliances with a high power rating,
ss suchpsipsas air-conditioners,
psips refrigerators,
psips electric psipiron
s and heaters. psips psips psips psips
cbcsbs c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
 It should be noted that all the circuits in a house are connected in parallel, so that the disconnection of c bc c bc cbcsbs
one circuit does not affect the other circuit. One more advantage of the parallel connection of circuits is
teiptsips that
tiptsipeach
s electric tiptsipappliance
s gets
tiptsipsan equal tvoltage.
iptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
es ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee e
b
cc s
5. a) What are the advantages of LED TV over the normal TV?
ss  s It has brighter picture quality.

esteiptip estei ptips estei ptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb  It is c bcs
thinner
b in size.
 It uses less power and consumes very less energy.
ss s life span
teiptsipIts ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip e eteiptiisp more.bcsbesteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 It is more reliable.
b) List the merits of LED bulb.
eteiptip eteiptip of bacsbLED
Merits eteiptipbulb bcsbesteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c s c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1. As there is no filament, there is no loss of energy in the form of heat. It is cooler than the incandescent
bulb.
esteiptsips es
s
teiptsipIn
2. esteiptsipswith the
comparison es eiptsip
s
tfluorescent es
s
teiptsipthe
light, LED esteiptsipshave significantly
bulbs esteiptsips lowsbepower
steiptsips requirement.
esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc b
cc sb cbcsbs
3. It is not harmful to the environment.
ss 4. s A s wide range s of
s colourstiisptsip
possible
s here. ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip ese esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb bcsb
c 5. It is ccost-efficient and bcsb
c energy efficient.
6. Mercury and other toxic materials are not used in LED bulbs.
ss ss ss tiptsips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs IX. Book
cbcsbsExercisecb–csbNumerical cproblems: cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1. An electric iron consumes energy at the rate of 420 W when heating is at the maximum rate and 180
ss W when s heating
s is ats sthe minimum s s rate. The sapplied
s voltage
s s is 220teiV.sWhat
s is the scurrent
s in ieach
ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e ptip eteiptip eteptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
case? cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Solution :

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

At maximum Rate,
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips es
s
teiptsipGiven esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b s
b
c c P = VI c c
b b s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b
P = 420 W:
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
420 = 220 × I
V = 220 V
ss ss I = s s420/ 220tei= s1.9090
s A ipts s ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es ptip este ip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcs
Resistanceb = V/ Ic bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
R = 220/1.9090
ss tiptsips Rtipt= sips115Ω tiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip ee ee ee ee eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
At minimum Rate, Given
P = VI P = 180 W:
ss sips ss iptsips ss sips V = 220 psips ss ss
eteiptip e ti
e pt eteipt=ip 220 ×
180 Iete eteiptip sbestei pt sbestei t V eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
I = 180/220 = 0.8181 A
2.sA 100 watt selectric bulb is used for 5s hours daily and four p60 watt bulbs are used for 5 hours daily.
esteiptsipCalculate es eiptsipenergy
tthe e teiptsips
consumed
s (in es eiptsip in the
tkWh) e teiptsips of January.
month
s estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Solution :
ss Electricity consumed by bulbs and light bulb energy
esteiptip e tei ptsips e tei ptsips e teiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb s Power
c bcsb1s = 100c W
bcsb s c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Kilo watt hour = 100/1000 = 0.1
ss Time = 5hrs
eteiptip teiptsips t iptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs cbcbs es 31cdayss es e
bcb = 31 ×cbc5sbe=se155 hrscbcsbese cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
Power 2 = 4 ×60 = 240 watts
ss Kilowatt = 240/1000 =sp0.24 KW
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teipti s ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc sb s cTime
bcsb s = 5hrscbc sb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
31 days = 31 × 5 =155 hrs
Energy 1 p= P×t
b
cc s
b ccb sb ccb sb b s
= 0.1 c×c155 = 15.5ckilowatt
b bcsb hourc c
b sb b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Energy 2 = P × t
ss ss =s s0.24 × 155 ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteipt=ip 37.2 bKWH esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Total Energy in the month of January,
ss ss =s sEnergy 1tei+ sEnergy
s 2 ipts s ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip es ptip ete ip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs = 15.5cb+csb37.2 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 52.7 KWH
ss ps is rated psipats 3 V and psips mA. Calculate psips it’s. esteiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip3. A torch psibulb
sbestei t sbestei t
600
sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs bc
a) power
c c bc c bc c bc cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
b) resistance
c) energy
esteiptsips esteiptsips consumed esteiptsipsif it issbused
esteiptsipfor
s 4 hour.
esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b sb
Solution
ccb bcsb
: V =c 3V ; I = 600/c c1000 = 0.6cAc
b b sb b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) POWER :
ss P ip= V × I = 3ip×s 0.6 = 1.8 W
esteiptip esteiptsips estetsips estetips esteiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb b) csb
c RESISTANCE:
R = V/ I = 3/ 0.6 = 5 ohm
ss c) ENERGY s s CONSUMED s s = Power ×
s stime
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip = 1.8 eteiptip teiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs bcsbeshour.
cbcsbs× 4 =7.2 cwatt cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
4. A piece of wire having a resistance R is cut into five equal parts.
ss a) eHowtiptsipswill the tiptsips
resistance iptsips part sofestthe
of teach iptsipswire change tiptsipscompared sips the original
tiptwith tiptsips resistance?
tiptsips
eteiptip bcsbse bcsbese bcsbese bcb e bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs c c c c c c
b) If the five parts of the wire are placed in parallel, how will the resistance of the combination
c c cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

change?
b
cc s
b b
c)
s
b
c c What will b s
b
c cbe ratio of b s
b
c cthe effective b s
b
c c resistance b s
b b sb
c cin series cconnection
c tob s
b
c cthat of the b s
b
c cparallel cbcsbs
connection?
ss Solutionsp:s
esteiptip es teipti e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb a)
cbcsbTotal cbcsbs = R cbcsbs
resistance cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
when cut into 5 equal parts
Resistance of each
ss
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsipspart =sR/5 ss ss
estei1ptip 1 bcsb1esteiptip1 psips
sbestei t
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs c bcsb s c bcsb
When connected in parallel
s 1
c bc=b + c+ + + c1bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
R1 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5
ss b) ss ptsips+ 1/R +est1/R s 1/R + 1/R psips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip 1/Rp bcs=estei1/R psip+
sb ei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c b c bc
1/Rp = 5/R + 5/R + 5/R + 5/R + 5/R c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1/Rp = 25/R
esteiptsips esteiptsips Rp s=e s ptsips ohm esteiptsips
teiR/25 esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c connected
when c cin services cbcsb
b b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
c) s Rs = R1 +s R2 + R3 + R4s + R5
ss s ptsip s ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip Rs bcs= estei5R/5 = R esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
Taking Ratio of Rs / Rp
R
ss
eteiptip teiptRs
sips/ Rp = teiptR/sips tiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs cbcbs es s
b
cbc=
es 25
c bcsbese cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
25 : 1.
X. Book Exercise – HOTS:

esteiptsips esteiptsips psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t e
cbcsb c bcsb c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
1. Two resistors when connected in parallel give the resultant resistance of 2 ohm; but when connected c bc c bc cbcsbs
in series the effective resistance becomes 9 ohm. Calculate the value of each resistance.
teiptsips Solution
tiptsip:s tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips teiptsips
es ee ee csbes
e ee ee ee ee e e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs
cRbc1sb+s R2 = 9cbohm cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
R2 = 9 – R1
ss ss teipt2sips= ½ sbesteiptsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip 1/R1 b+ e1/R
s esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb
1/R + 1/ csb
c 9–R =½ cbc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1 1
9 – R1 + R1 = 1/2
eteiptip iptRip1)
R1(sb9est–e eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
9 / 9R1 – R12 = ½
R12 – 9 R1 + 18 = 0
ss ss tiptsips iptsips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip (R eteiptip bcs1be–se6) = 0cbcsbeste eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 1 – 3 ) c(R
e
R1 = 3,6
When sps R = 3Ω, R2 =sp9s – 3 = 6Ω sps
esteiptsips esteipti e steipt1sips eteipti esteipti e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
Whenb b s
c c R1 =
b cbcsbRs2 = 9 – 6c=
6Ω, bcsb3Ω. b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
2. How many electrons are passing per second in a circuit in which there is a current of 5 A?
ss Solution
tiptsip:s tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss
esteiptip ee ee ee ee ee ee ee esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbIs= Q cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb cbcsbs
t
For 1 scoluomb number 1 1
ss s s s of electrons s s = e =tiptsip s
charge ss ss ss ss
eteiptip p i p p i p p i p eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip

t i t t i t t i t
cbcsbs1 =
ee e e ee
c1bcsb-19
es = bes18 e
cbcsbs 6.25 c×bcs10 cbcsbs
electrons. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e 1.6 ×10
For 1As = 1c =>: number of electrons for 1A= s6.25 × 1018 electrons.
ss sip 1s sips sips teiptsip iptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip tei pt
es 5A of current e tei pt tei pt
beselectronscb=5 csbes× 6.25 ×cb
18te
csbes eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbFor cbcsbs number cbcsof 10 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 3.125 × 1019 electrons.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

3. A piece ofs wire of resistance 10pohm s is drawn out so that its length is increased to three times its
esteiptsips e teiptsiplength.
original
s e teiptsips thesbenew
Calculate
s stei tsipresistance.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb cbcsbs
Solution :
ss Resistance (R) = Resistivity (r) × Length (L) / Area (A)
esteiptip e tei ptsips e tei ptsips e tei ptsips e tei ptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb s c bcsb s
R =
c bcρ
sb l
s c bcsb s c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
A
When the length increases by three times, the cross section will reduce by three times. Hence the length will
ss be 3L iwhile s s area = tA/3 ss psips ptsips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip eteptip e eiptip sbestei t sbesteiρ3L sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bc
New resistance R' = c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
A/3
R' = s9× ρL
ss s s s s s s s A ss ss ss ss
eteiptip etei tp i p etei tp i p etei t p i p etei t p
p i esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs =9×10=90
cbcsbs cbcsbΩ cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Therefore the new resistance = 90 ohm.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
bAdditional –
b
cc s
bChoose theb
ccbest
s
b answer
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. __________ deals with the flow of electric charges through a conductor.
ss a) Electricity
tiptsips s s b) Sound ss s s c) nuclear s spower teiptsips d) atomic physics
ss ss
esteiptip ee esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb bcsb
Ans: a)c Electricity cbcsbs
2. The motion of electric charges through a conductor will constitute an __________.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss teiptsips flux sbesteiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip current
a) sElectric eteiptip b) bcsElectric
eteiptip circuit eteiptip c) belectric
eteiptippotential
eteiptip d)se
electric e
cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbs
cbAns: cbc
a) Electric current
cbcsbs
3. Electric current passess from a region
s of __________ pressure
s to a regionsof __________
s pressure.s
ss ssp sp s sp sp sp sp teiptsip s
eteiptip eteipti High bcsbesteipti
a)bsb
Low, b) bs eteipti, Low bcsbesteipti
High c) b eteiptia or b bcsbesteipti
either d) enone eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc s c c cbs c c csbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans: b) High, low
4. In Electric current passes from pthe __________ terminalps of a batteryps to the __________ terminal
esteiptsips esteiptsipaswire. sbesteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips estei tips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b through
ccb s
b ccb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) Positive, Negative b) Negative, Positive c) either a or b d) none
ss Ans: a) Positive, Negative
esteiptip estei ptsips estei ptsips e stei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb 5. b sb
Electric
c c b
current sb b sb
c is the ratecof flow of __________
c c c bcsb b sb
inca conductor.c
a) Electrons b) Charges c) protons d) all
ss
eteiptip t iptsips t iptsips tiptsips tiptsips eteiptsips iptsips
ete iptsips Ans: id)
ete ptsipall
ete
s
cbcsbs 6. bsbese
c cunit of Electric
SI
bsbese
c c Current cisc__________.
cc bsbese bsbese cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
a) Ampere b) volt c) watt d) Ohm
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptipAns: a) Ampere
eteiptip e
7. 1 Ampere = __________.
a) 1 coulomb b) 1 coulomb c) 1 coulomb 2 d) second
teiptsips iptsips
1 te
minute i ptsi ps 1 i pts
second
ip s iptsi p s 1 i pts
second
i p s i ptsi p s tetsips
i coulomb
p teiptsips

es e e te e te e te e te e te e e e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
Ans: b) 1 coulomb / 1 second
8. An electric
ptsips s s circuit tis a __________scircuit.
ptsips b) open s ss ss ss sps sps
e sti
e esteiptip
a)bcsb
Closed esei esteiptip esteiptip c) beither
esteiptiap or b bcsbesteiptip
d) e teipti
none eteipti e
cbcsb c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c csb c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans: c) either a or b
9. Device used to fix the magnitudesofs the current through a circuit __________.
esteiptsips a) sResistor
esteiptsips esteiptsips b) sammeter
esteiptip esteiptsips c) voltmeter
esteiptsips ss ss
eteiptip d) galvanometer
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
s
cbcb cbcb s
cbcb cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans: a) Resistor
10. Device used to selects the magnitude of the current throughs as circuit __________.
esteiptsips a) sbResistor
esteiptsips esteiptips b) sAmmeter
esteiptsips esteiptsips c) Rheostat
eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip d) Galvanometer
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb cbc cbcsb cbc b cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans: c) Rheostat

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

11. __________ is used to measurepthe current.ps
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a)
b
cc s
bResistor b
cc s
b b)
ccb Ammeter
s
b b
cc s
b c)
ccbRheostat
sb b
cc s
b d) Galvanometer
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans: b) Ammeter
s12.
s __________ s s is used stos measure the
s s potential sdifference.
s ss ss ss ss
esteiptip a)bcsbResistor
esteiptip esteiptip b) bcsAmmeter
esteiptip esteiptip c) bcVoltmeter
esteiptip esteiptip d) Galvanometer
c bcsb c c bcsb c b c bcsb c s
Ans: c) voltmeter
s13.
s __________ s s is used stos indicateteipthe
s sdirection of
s sCurrent.teiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip a)bcsbResistor
eteiptip eteiptip b) bcsAmmeter
e tip eteiptip c) bcvoltmeter
e eteiptip d) Galvanometer
eteiptip eteiptip e
Ans: d) Galvanometer
ss tsips sips ss sps ss ss sps ss
eteiptip14. Inbcsthe
esteipcircuit, if the
esteiptswitch is __________
esteiptip ethe
steipti bulb cglows.
esteiptip eteiptip steipti
bcsbenone eteiptip e
cbcsbs a) On
c b c bcsb c b s
b) Off
c b c bcsb b sb
c) open
c cbcsbs cd) cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans: a) On
s In thetipcircuit,
teiptsip15. s ps teiptsips s doestinot s teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es etsip If the
esteiptsiswitch is e__________
s esteiptsipbulb
the es eptsip glow. es es es e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c On
a) b
cc s
b b sb
b)c cOff b
cc s
b bcsb
c)c open b
cc s
b b s
b
c closed
cd) b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans: b or c
ss teiptsips teiptsips for s of charges
teiptsipflow ss ss teiptsips ss ss
esteiptip16. The e__________
s esrequired esthe esteiptip is provided
esteiptip by the esbattery. esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b
a) csb bc
c Potential difference
c sb bcsb
b)c electric potential c bcsb bcsb b
c)c electrical current
c csb bcsb
cd) none c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans: a) Potential difference
ss sps teiptsipsfrom the ptsips psips to theestpositive
psips psips sps psips
eteiptip17. The sbe__________
steipti sbesflow sbesteinegative terminal
sbestei t sb ei t terminal
sbestei t of the sbebattery.
steipti sbestei t e
cbcsbs c bc
a) Electrons c bc c bc
b) Neutrons c bc c bc
c) protons c bc c bc
d) positrons c bc cbcsbs
Ans: a) Electrons
ss iptsips ptsips ptsips is taken psips s s of flow psips psips psips
eteiptip18. Bybcsconvention,
beste
the
sbestei direction sof icurrent
beste sbestei t as the esteiptip
sbdirection sbestei t of __________
sbestei t charge.sbestei t e
cbcsbs c
a) Protons c bc c bc
b) neutrons c bc c bc
c) electrons c bc c bc
d) positrons c bc cbcsbs
Ans: a) Protons
s By convention,
teiptsip19. teiptsips the tsips
teipdirection of ptsips is taken
teicurrent teiptsipsas thesbdirection
teiptsips of flow ps__________.
teiptsiof teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c Protons c c
a)
b s
b b s
b
b)c cElectrons c c
b s
b b
c)c ca or b
b
cc sb bcs
d) cnone
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans: c) a or b
ss s s is defined ss teiptsips of swork ss teiptsips a unit eiptsip
s ss eiptsip
s
esteiptip20. __________
esteiptip esteiptip as the esamount esteiptipdone in moving
es estpositive charge
esteiptipfrom one estpoint e
c bcsb tobcsb
c another point bcsb
c the electric bcsb
c force. c bc b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) Electric potential difference b) Potential energy c) electric potential d) none
ss ss psips psips ss ss Ans: sa)s Electrictpotential
ss difference
ss
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e eiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 21. Potential
cbcsbs bc b
difference = __________.
c c c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Work done(w) / charge (Q) b) charge (Q) / Work done (w)
ss
eteiptip
c) (Work)psip2s/ charge (Q)
psips psips teiptsips d) tcharge
iptsips (Q) s/es(Work
2
teiptsips done)sbesteiptsips tiptsips
cbcsbs sestei t
cbcb sestei t
cbcb sestei t
cbcb cbcsbes cbcsbes e b
cbcAns: a) Work bcsbese (Q)
cbcdone (w) / ccharge
e
cbcsbs
22. SI unit of electric potential difference is __________.
esteiptsips a) Ampere ss
esteiptip esteiptsips b) sVolt
esteiptsips esteiptsips c) ohmesteiptsips esteiptsips d) eohm sp-ms
steipti esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsb b
cc s
b b
cc b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b cbcsb b
cc s
b
Ans: b) Volt
cbcsbs
23. 1 volt = __________.
ss s
eiptsip / 1coulomb ss s s 1 joule ss ss ss ptsip/s 1watt esteiptsips
esteiptip a) s1estjoule esteiptip b) bcs1coulomb/
esteiptip esteiptip c) b1csbwatt
esteiptip/ 1 col bcsbesteiptip d)se 1ste
icol e
c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c b c bcsb c c c bc b cbcsb
Ans: a) 1 joule / 1 coulomb
cbcsbs
24. __________ established the ohm’s law.
ss s
tiptsip simonsbeOhm
tiptsip s b) albert ss ss ss ss teiptsips ss
eteiptip a) sGeorge
b bese b se eteiptipEinstein eteiptip c) bLenz
eteiptip eteiptip d) efaraday eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc cc cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans: a) George simon Ohm
ss25. George ssimon ohm iss as __________ physicist.s s

eteiptip tiptips
a)bcsb
German tiptip tiptsips b) bcstiptip
England c) b
psips
tei t
American
ss
eteiptip
sps
steipti
ss
eteiptip
cd)
bcsbeFrench
ese ee bese ee csbes e
cbcsbs c cbcsbs c cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans: a) German

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

26. Relation between potential difference and current is givesps a __________ line.
b
cc s
b a)
b
cc s
bStraight b
cc s
b b)
ccb curved
sb b
cc s
b c)
cceither
bsb a or b b
cc s
b d)
b
cc s
b none b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans: a) Straight
s27.
s SI unit of
s sresistance siss__________. ss ss ss ss tiptsips ss
esteiptip a)bcsbOhm
esteiptip esteiptip b) bcsvolt
esteiptip esteiptip c) bampere
esteiptip esteiptip se
bcsbejoule esteiptip e
c bcsb c c bcsb c b c bcsb c csb c bcsb cd) c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans: a) ohm
s28.
s Ohm issrepresented
s sbys the symbol s sof __________.ss ss ss tiptsips ss
eteiptip a)bcsbΩesteiptip eteiptip b) bcsρbesteiptip eteiptip c) bΩcsb
eteiptip eteiptip bcsbeφse eteiptip e
cbcsbs c cbcsbs c cbcsbs c s cbcsbs cd) cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans: a) Ω
s29.
s 1 ohmtip=s __________.
s ss teiptsips tiptsips teiptsips ss sps ss
eteiptip a)bcsb1volt
e etip eteiptip b) bcs1besampere bcsbese csbes / 1ampere eteiptip steipti
bcsbe1ampere eteiptip e
cbcsbs c s / 1 ampere
cbcsbs c / c1volt c)cb
1joule cbcsbs cd) cbcsbs
/1joule cbcsbs
Ans: a) 1 volt/ 1 ampere
esteiptsip30.
s Resistance
esteiptsips of the es
conductor
teiptsips is tdirectly
es eiptsip
s proportional
esteiptsips tosbthe
esteipt__________
sips
esteiptsiof
psthe conductor.
b
cc s
b a)
b s
c c Length c c
b b s
b b s
b)c ccross section
b b s
c cof area c)c thickness
b bc b
cc s
b cd)
b s
c none
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans: a) length
ss ss teiptsips eiptsip
s ss ps
teiptsi__________. ss ss ss
esteiptip31. Resistance
esteiptip of the esconductor isestinversely proportional
esteiptip toesits esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b
a) csb
c Length c bcsb bcsb
b)c Area of cross bcsb bcsb
c section c)c potential c bcsb bcsb
cd) voltage c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans: b) Area of cross section
ss ss psips withehigh psips psips ss psips tiptsips psips
eteiptip32. Nichrome
eteiptip is a conductor
sbestei t sbstei t resistivity esteiptip
sbestei tequal ctobcs__________. sbestei t bcsbese sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) 1.5 × 10 –6 c bc
Ωm
c bc –1
b) 15 × 10 Ωm
c bc b –6
c) 15 × 10
c bc
Ωm
cd) c
1.5 × 10+6 Ωm
bc cbcsbs
Ans: a) 1.5 × 10–6 Ωm
ss ss teiptsips teiptsips of asbmaterial
ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip csbeselectricalcbresistivity
csbes eteiptip is bcalled
cbcsbs 33. The
cbcsbreciprocalcbof cbc s c csbs its __________.
a) Resistance b) Electrical conductivity c) conductance d) none
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips t i pt s b) Electrical

sipAns: t i ptsips conductivity
teiptsips
es es es es es es es e es e es e
b
cc s
b 34. Ohm
b
cc s
b –1 sb
is alsoc represented
bc s
b
c as
bc __________. b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) Ohm b) mho c) ohm m d) ohm m-1
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip ipsips
etet etet ipsips Ans: b)ipmho
etet
sips
e
c bcsb bcsb
c of electrical
35. Unit bcsb
c conductivity bcsb
c is __________.
c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Ohm–1 metre–2 b) Ohm–1 metre–1 c) mho m d) mho-1 m
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss sipsOhm–1 metre
teiptb)
Ans: –1
teiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e e e
36. Conductivity is __________ for conductors than for insulators.
a) More b) less c) either a or b d) none
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ptsips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans: a)
eteiMore e
37. A series circuit connects the components one after the other to form a __________.
a) Single loop b) Double loop c) bridge d) either a or b
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes b
cc s
b es cbcsbeseAns: a) Single
bcsbeseloop
c
e
cbcsbs
38. The equivalent resistance in a series combination is __________ than the highest of the individual
resisitances.
ee tiptsips a) tiptsips
ese tiptsipsee tiptsips tiptsips
bese tiptsipseetiptsips tiptsips e tiptsips e se ee
cbcsbGreater b)cbcs
lesser c)cb
either
csbes a or bcbcsbes cd)
bcsbenone e
Ans: a) greater
s39.
s A parallel s scircuit has s__________
s s or
s more loops.ss ss ss sps ss
eteiptip a)bcsbOne
eteiptip eteiptip b) bcsTwo
eteiptip eteiptip c) beither
eteiptip eteiptip steipti
cbcsbs c s cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c csbs a or bcbcsbs cd) cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans: b) Two
s40.
s The wiring s s in a house s sconsists tof s__________
s scircuits.
s ss ss sps ss
eteiptip a)bcsbSeries
eteiptip eteiptip b) bcsparallel
e eiptip eteiptip c) beither
eteiptip eteiptip steipti
cbcsbs c s cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c csbs a or bcbcsbs cd) cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans: b) Parallel

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

41. The equivalent resistance in a parallel combination is __________ than the lowestpof the individual
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b resistances.
ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b cbcsbs
a) More b) Less c) either a or b d) none
Ans: b) less
esteiptip42. Nichrome
esteiptip has b__________.
c bcsb c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) High resistivity b) high melting point c) not easily oxidized d) All the above
Ans:s d) All the above
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e stiptsips
e esteiptips ss
esteiptip e
s
cbcb c b sb c b sb c b sb c b sb c b sb
43. The fuse wire is made up of a material whose melting point is relatively __________.
c c c c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) High b) low c) either a or b d) none
sps sps sps sps sps sps sps sps Ans: b) Low sps
eteipti esteipti pi esteipti
sbestei t up ofcbacsbmaterial esteipti esteipti esteipti esteipti eteipti e
cbcsbs 44. The
cbcsbfilament cisbcmade c bcsb c bcsb c bc
whose melting point is __________.
sb c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) High b) Very High c) low d) Very low
Ans: Very High
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
45. __________ b sb
ciscthe commonly b s
b
c c used material b s
b
c c to make b s
b
c cthe filaments b s
b
c cin bulbs. c c b s
b ccb s
b cbcsbs
a) Nichrome b) Tungsten c) alnico d) fuse wire
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss sips b) Tungsten
pAns: psips
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip etei t etei t e
c bcsb c bcsb
46. Electric bcsb
c is the product
power bcsb
c of __________c bcsb c bcsb
and __________. c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Electric potential and electric current b) Electric current and electric Potential difference
ss c) Electric
s s potentialteipand
s s resistance ss s s d) Electric psipscurrent eand psipresistance
s psips psips
eteiptip eteiptip e tip eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t sbstei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bc c bc c bc
Ans: b) Electric current and Electric potential Differencec bc cbcsbs
47. Horse power is equal to __________.
ss sips ss tsips ss tsips ss eiptsip
s teiptsips
eteiptip a) s456
esteiptwatts eteiptip b) bcs746
eteipwatts eteiptip c) bc675
eteipwatts eteiptip d) 786etwatts csbes watts e
cbcsbs cbcb cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : b)cb746 cbcsbs
48. A larger unit of power, which is more commonly used is __________.
esteiptsips s
esteiptip
a) sKilowatt
s
esteiptsips b) sKilogram
esteiptsips esteiptsips c) watt
esteiptsips esteiptsips d) emicro
s
teiptsip watt sbesteiptsip s
e
b
cc s
b cbcb b
cc s
b b
cc b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
ccsb cbcsbs Ans: ca) bc Kilowatt cbcsbs
49. 1KWh = __________.
ss s
sip hour teiptsip s s
sp hour teiptsip s s s s s s
sip hour teiptsip s
esteiptip esteiptwatt
a) s100 ses b) sesteiptiwatt
1000 ses esteiptiphour bcsbesteiptip
c) 1swatt d)se teiptwatt
10
s csbes hour e
c bcsb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb c bc b c b b
cAns : b) 1000cbwatt
c cbcsbs
50. 1KWh = __________.
ss ss s s b) 3.6teip×tsip10
s6 iptsips c) 36 tsip5s J ss teiptsi×ps107 J sbesteiptsips
eteiptip eteipt×ip105 J bcsbesteiptip
a) sb
3.6 e J sbeste e×teip10 eteiptip d) e3.6 e
cbcsbs cbc s c cbcsbs cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans: b) c3.6× bc
106 J cbcsbs
51. __________ is used to protect the house hold electrical appliances from overloading due to excess
eteiptip eteiptip
current. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) MVB cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
b) MCB cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
c) fuse wire d) either b or c cbcsbs
Ans: d) either b or c
s
teiptsip52. s
teiptsip__________teiptsipsLED issbused s
teiptsipto s
teipatsipdot. teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es An sextra
es es es displayes es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc b
a) 7th
b
cc s
b b
cc
b) 8th
b
cc s
b ccb s
b
c) 6th
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
d) 4th
b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans: b) 8th
ss tsips ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip53. LCD esisteip__________. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
a) Liquid crystal Display b) Liquid cubical display c) either a or b
c bcsb c bcsb c bc
d) none
sb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans: a) Liquid crystal Display.
s1.s __________
tiptsips deals with
tiptsipsthe flow of
tiptelectric
sips charges
tiptsipsthroughsbeasteip
conductor.
tsips tiptsips s : Electricity
tiptsipAns tiptsips
eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs 2. c c c c c bc c
The usage of __________ in our day to day life is very important and indispensable. Ans : Electric current c c cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

3. The electric current ipasses from the __________ of a batteryipto the __________ throughiptas wire.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips este ips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b Ans
b
cc s
b : higher b
cc s
electric
b ccb s
potential; low
b electric
ccb s
potential
b cbcsbs
4. Electric current is otherwise called as __________. Ans : rate of flow of charges
ss ss s s by theteipsymbol
s s of I.teiptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip5. __________
esteiptip is represented
esteiptip es tip e esteiptip esteiptip esteipti:pElectric
Ans current
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
6. Electric current is defined as the __________ in a conductor. Ans : rate of flow of charges
7. The __________ represents the amount of chargessflowing in anys cross sectionsof a conductor s in unit ttime.
ss iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsip iptsip iptsip iptsip ss
eteiptip e te e te e te e te e te e te Ans
e te : electric eseiptip
bsbcurrent e
cbcsbs s
bb
cc s s
bb s
cc s
bb s cc bbs s cc s
bb s s
bb
cc s s
bb s
cc cc cc cbcsbs
8. If a net charge Q passes through any cross section of a conductor in time t ,then the current flowing through
the conductor
s is __________. s Ans : I = Q/ts
ss tiptsip s tiptsip s s
tiptsip s
tiptsip s s s s s
eteiptip eseunit of electric
ee ese ee eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans b:csb
esteiptip e
cbcsbs 9. The
cbcsbSI cbcsbs current cbcsbs
cbcissb__________. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c Ampere cbcsbs
10. The current flowing through a conductor is said to be __________. Ans : one Ampere
s 1 Ampere
teiptsip11. teiptsips= __________.
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsipsAns : s1bescoulomb
teiptsips / 1sbesecond
teiptsips
es es es es es es es s e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc
12. An electric circuit is a closed conducting loop or path, which has a network of electrical components through
b
cc cbcsbs
which __________ are able to flow. Ans : electrons
ss ss teiptsips uses. ss ss ss ss ss eiptsip
s
esteiptip13. A b__________
esteiptip has esvarious esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans e:stdiode e
c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
14. LED means __________. Ans : Light emitting Diode
s15.
s __________s s is usedteipto
sipfix
s the magnitudepsips of the pcurrent
sips through psipas circuit.esteiptsips psipsAns : Resistor
psips
eteiptip eteiptip sbes t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs 16. __________
is used to select the magnitude of the current through a ccircuit. bcsb c bc c bc
Ans : Variable resistor or cbcsbs
Rheostat
ss ss s
tsipmeasure s
teiptsipcurrent. ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip17. __________
eteiptip is used
eteipto ethe eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptipAns : bAmmeter
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs
18. __________ is used to measure the potential difference. Ans : Voltmeter
tei ptsip19.
s __________
tei ptsips is usedteipto
tsipindicate
s the direction
tei ptsips of current.
Ans :sGalvanometer
teiptsip teiptsips
b
cc s
b 20. b
cc s
__________
b is b
cc s
used
b to provide
b
cc sprotection
b to
b
cc s
the
b electrical
b
cc s
components.
b b
ccsb Ans
b
cc s
b : Ground b
cc s
connection
b cbcsbs
21. __________ is also serves as reference point to measure the electric potential. Ans : Ground connection
ss tsips if the eiptsip
s s glows.tiptsips
teiptsipbulb ss ss ptsips: Switch sps
esteiptip22. Inbcthis
esteipcircuit est__________ esthe ee esteiptip esteiptip esteiAns esteiisptiOn e
c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
23. In this circuit if the __________ the bulb does not glow. Ans : Switch is Off
24. The potential difference srequired for the __________ is provided sby the battery.s Ans : flow of charges
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsip teiptsips teiptsips teiptsip teiptsip teiptsips tiptsips
s
cbcb
es 25. The es
cbcbelectrons flow
s es es
cbcb from the c__________
s s
bcb to e
cbcthe
s s
b __________ es
cbcb of the battery.
s s
cbcb
es es bcsbese
cbcb: negative cterminal ;
Ans s e
cbcsbs
positive terminal
26. By convection, the direction of current is takenipas the direction of flow ofip__________ or opposite to the
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
cbcsb direction
cbcsb of __________.
cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cb:c positive charge ; flow
Ans s
b cbcsb of
cbelectrons
csb cbcsbs
27. The electric current passes in the circuit from the __________ to the __________. Ans : positive terminal;
ete iptsips
sbeste iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptnegative
sips terminal
iptsips
cbcsbs 28. In
cbcthe bestechargescbwill
cbcsthe
conductor
te
csbesflow from este
cbcasb__________
cbcsb
este ete ete
cbcsbs Ans : higher
to __________.
t
bcsbese ;
cbcsbs electriccpotential
e
cbcsbs
lower electric potnetial
ss ss s
eiptsip= __________. ss ss ss teiptsip: sWork done sps / Charge sips
esteiptip29. Potential
esteiptipdifference est(v) esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eAns
s esteipti(w) esteipt(Q) e
30. The SI unit of electric potential or potential difference __________. Ans : is Volt
31. The unit potential difference between stwo points is s__________. s Ans : one volt
estiptsips
e esteiptsips esteiptsips s
eteiptip
s
eteiptip
s
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips psips
sbestei t e
s
cbcb s
32. 1cbVolt
cb =__________. s
cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs s
cbcb s s s
cbcb: 1 joule / c1bccoulomb
Ans cbcsbs
33. The relationship between the potential difference and current which is known as __________.
Ans : ohm’siplaw
ee tiptsips
sbese tiptsips
bese tiptsips
ee tiptsips e tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips t tsips
cbcsbs 34. In
cbcohm’s cbcscurrent
law the cbcsbs
is __________ tocb
the bcsbese
csbespotentialcdifference. ee
cbcsbs
ese ese
cbcsb: directly proportional
Ans cbcsb
e
cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

35. Relation between potential difference and current gives a __________ under constant temperature.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc sb ccb s
b ccbsb b
cc s
b b
cc sb Ans : b
cc s
straight
b line cbcsbs
36. __________ is different for different materials. Ans : Resistance
ss teiptsips ptsips sipsdefined as sps ratio between ss ss ss ps
eiptsithe
esteiptip37. The eresistance
s of eate
s iconductor can
esteiptbe esteiptithe esteiptip thebcs__________
esteiptip across
esteiptipthe ends estof e
c bcsb bcsb
conductor
c bcsb
andcthe __________ bcsb
c flowing through c bcsb it. c bcsb b
c Ans : potential
c bcsb difference bcsb
c ; current cbcsbs
38. The SI unit of resistance __________. Ans : is Ohm
ss sips s
ptsipthe sips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip39. Ohm teiptrepresented
eis eteiby eteiptip
eteipt__________.
symbol eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteipti:pΩ
Ans e
40. Resistance of a conductor is said to be __________ if a current of __________ flows through it when a
potential difference of __________ is maintained across its ends. s Ans : one sohm ; one ampere ; one volt
sips sips sips sips sips sip sip sips ss
e teip t ti
e pt
csbes = __________.e tei pt e ti
e pt e ti
e pt e tei pt e tei pt tei pt esteiptip
bes : 1volt/cb1csbampere e
cbcsbs 41. 1cbohm cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsAns cbcsbs
42. __________ is called as electrical resistivity or specific resistance of the material of the conductor.
psips psips psips psips psips psips psips psips Ans :pRho sips
etei t etei t ti t
bcsbese as the sbestei t sestei t it
beste lengthcand tei t
bcsbesunit estei t etei t e
cbcsbs 43. __________
cbcsbs iscdefined cbcresistance bcsunit
ofcbacbconductor cof bcsbcross
areacof cbcsbs
section. cbcsbs
Ans : Electrical resistivity
ss ss s ss ss ss ss sips : ohm metre ss
esteiptip44. Electrical
esteiptipresistivityestunit
eiptsip is __________.
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptAns esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb
45. __________ is used to making heating materials.
Ans : Nichrome
cbcsbs
46. Resistivity of Nichrome is equal to __________. Ans : 1.5 × 10–6 Ωm
s p s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eeti pti e–1teiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ansbc:sbas
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 47. Ohm cbcsbs is otherwise
cbcsbscalled __________.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c s mho cbcsbs
48. The reciprocal of electrical resistivity of a material is called its __________. Ans : electrical conductivity
ss tsips ss ss tiptsips ss ss teiptsip:sohm–1sbmetre s –1s
eteiptip49. Unit eof
steipelectrical conductivity
eteiptip is __________.
esteiptip bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eAns esteiptip e
cbcsbs 50. The cbcsbconductivity cbcsisbs__________
cbcsbfor c
a given material.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : cabcconstant cbcsbs
51. __________ are good conductors of electric current.s Ans : Copper and Aluminium
tei ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips teiptsip teiptsips tei ptsips teiptsips teiptsips
e e e e csbes e e e e e
cbcsbs 52. __________
cbcsbs are bs conductors
cbcsbad cbcsbsof electriccbcurrent. b
cc s
b s b
ccsb s ccb Ans
s
b s : Glass b s
b s
c c wood
and cbcsbs
53. Conductivity is more for conductors than the __________. Ans : insulators
ss teiptsips s ss ptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip54. The e__________
s isetless
s eiptsip for conductors
esteiptip thanbcsfor
esteiinsulators. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptipAns : bresistivity
esteiptip e
55. Resistivity of copper is __________.
c bcsb c b c bcsb c bcsb bcsb c
c Ans : 1.62c× 10–8Ωmsb cbcsbs
56. Resistivity of Nickel is __________. Ans : 6.84 × 10–8Ωm.
esteiptsips ss
eteiptip of chromium
ss
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
esteipti:p12.9 ×bcsb eiptsip
et–8
s
e
s
cbcb cbcsbs
57. Resistivity cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbAns c 10s Ωm cbcsbs
58. Resistivity of Glass is __________. Ans : 1013 to 1014
ss ss s
tsip__________. ss ss ss ss tsips : 1013seto tsip16s
eteiptip59. Resistivity
eteiptip of Rubber
eteipis eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteipAns teip10 e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs
60. A series circuit connects the components one after the other to form a __________. Ans : single loop
61. A series circuit has __________ through which current can pass. s Ans : only one loop
teiptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips ti
e ptsips teiptsips teiptsip teiptsips t tsips
eipinterrupted teiptsips
b
cc s
b 62. If
cc the
b s
b circuit is __________,
b
cc s
b no
b
cc s
b current canb
ccpass
s
b throughb
ccthe
s
b circuit. b
cc s
b Ans
b
cc s
b : b
cc s
b at any cbcsbs
point in the loop
s63.
s Seriesticircuits
s s are commonly ss usedipin s devices
s such sass __________. ss ss s : Flashlights
sAns ss
esteiptip eseptip esteiptip estetip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bc
64. The
sb bcsb bcsb
c equivalentc resistance cin a series combination
c bcsb bcsb
isc greater than bcsb
c the __________
c bcsb bcsb
of thec individual cbcsbs
resistance. Ans : highest
ss psips s more loops
tiptsipor tiptsipsthrough tiptsips current iptsipspass. sesteiptsips tiptsip:sparallel tiptsips
eteiptip65. A b__________
sbestei t
hasetwo
bcsbse bcsbese
which
bcsbese
tcan
bcsbese
Ans
bcsbese
circuit
bcsbese e
cbcsbs 66. In c ccase c c c c c bcb c
of parallel circuit, if any part circuit is disconnected in one of the loops, the __________ through the
c cbcsbs
other loops. Ans : current can still pass
ss sps teiptsips aresbeconnected
teiptsips ss s
tsipthe ss teiptsips ss
eteiptip67. Wheneteiaptinumber oferesistors eteiptip thebsum
in parallel, eteipof eteiptip of the
__________ eindividual eteiptip
resistance e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs
is equal to reciprocal of effective resistance.
c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : reciprocals
cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

68. The equivalent resistance in a parallel combination is less thaniptthe __________ of the individual resistance.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips este sips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b ccbsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b Ans
ccb s
:
b lowest cbcsbs
69. __________, Current is less as effective resistance is more. Ans : In series
ss ss ss teiptsips resistance ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip70. __________,
esteiptip current
esteiptisipmore bas eseffective esteiptip is less. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptipAns : In parallel
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
71. __________ circuit if one appliance is disconnected , others also do not work. Ans : In series
72. __________ circuit, if one appliance iss disconnecteds others will work independently. Ans : In Parallel
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsip esteiptsip esteiptsips estiptsips
e esteiptsips ss
esteiptip e
s
cbcb 73. Thes
cbcbmotor casing s
cbcbis warm; this s
cbcbis due to the s
cbc__________.
b s
cbcb s s
cbcb Ans : cheating
bcb bcsbcurrent
effectcof cbcsbs
74. The passage of electric current through a wire, results in production of heat. This phenomenon is called
__________. Ans : heating effect of current
e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips psips
sbestei t e
cbcsb bcsb bcsb bcsb
75. Heating effect of current is used in devices __________.
c c c c bcsb c bcsb bcsb bcsb
Ans : like electric heater and electric iron
c c c bc cbcsbs
76. Joules law is directly proportional to the __________ passing through the resistor.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips Ans :sbsquare
esteiptsips of thesbcurrent
esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc ccb cbcsbs
77. Joules law is directly proportional to the __________ of the resistor. Ans : resistance
78. Joules law is directly proportional to __________ for which current is passing through the resistor.
ss tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips iptsips
esteiptip bsbese bsbese bsbese bsbese bsbese bsbese bsbese Ans :bsthe
bestetime e
c bcsb cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cbcsbs
79. __________ is known as Joules law. Ans : H = I2Rt
s80.
s Nickeltiand
s schromium has
s s __________. ss ss ss ss Ans : High resistivity
tiptsips ss
eteiptip e eptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bcsbes:ehigh melting eteiptip e
cbcsbs 81. Nickel
cbcsbs and chromium
cbcsbs has __________.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cAns cbcsbs point cbcsbs
82. __________ is not easily oxidized. Ans : Nickel and chromium
ss ss ss ss tsips to protect ss ss teiptsips: The fuse tsips
eteiptip83. __________
eteiptip is connected
eteiptip in series
eteiptinipan electric
eteipcircuit eteiptip devices.
eteiptip eAns eteipwire e
84. When a large current passes through the circuit the fuse wire melts due __________.
Ans : to Joules heating effect
s s s
s s s s psip s s s s s teiptsips s s s
eteiptip esteiptipwire isbcmade
eteiptip sbestei t whose eteiptip eteiptip csbes eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 85. The
cbcsbfuse c sbs up of cabcmaterial cbcsbs__________
cbcsbiss relativelycblow. cbcsbsAns : melting
cbcsbs point cbcsbs
86. In electric bulbs a small wire is used known __________. Ans : as filament
ss teiptsips is made sipsof a material ss ss ss ss teiptsips pointsbeis tsips
esteiptip87. The efilament
s esteiptup esteiptip whose __________.
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ansbcs:bemelting
s steiphigh e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb
88. When current is passed through the fuse wire __________ is produced in the filament.
c bcsb c bc
cAns : heat cbcsbs
89. The filament is heated the material glows and __________. Ans : gives light
e teiptsips ss
eteiptip is the
ss
eteiptip psips
sbestei tmaterial sbestmake
s
eiptsip the bfilament ss
eteiptip in bulbs.
ss
eteiptip e teiptsips teiptsips
s
cbcb s cbcsbs
90. __________ cbcsbscommonly
cbcused cbcto c csbs cbcsbs s
cbcb s csbes
Ans c: bTungsten e
cbcsbs
91. __________ is defined as the rate of doing work or rate of spending energy. Ans : Power
ss ss s the ratetipof
iptsipas s
tsipconsumption s electrical
tiptsipof sips tiptsips tiptsip:sElectric tiptsips
eteiptip92. __________
eteiptip is defined
beste bcsbese bcsbese
tiptenergy.
bcsbese bcsbese
Ans
bcsbese
power
bcsbese e
cbcsbs 93. Electric
cbcsbs power cisbcsthe c c c c c
product of __________ and __________ due to which the current passes in a circuit.
c cbcsbs
Ans : the electric current ; the potential difference
s
teiptsip94. tsips of electric
teipunit ps
teiptsipower teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips tiptisps
es The SI
es es is __________.
es es es es es bsbes:ewatt
Ans e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cc cbcsbs
95. __________ is the power consumed when an electric device is operated at a potential difference of one volt
and it carries a current of one ampere. Ans : One watt
ss sps ss ss ptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip96. A blarger
esteiptiunit esteiptipwhich is esteiptipcommonly esteiused esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans b:cskilowatt
esteiptip e
c bcsb c csb of
c power
bcsb c bcsmore
b c bcsb is __________.
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b cbcsbs
97. The __________ is a unit in the foot- pound- second or English system, sometimes to express the electric
estiptsips power.
e e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips este ptsips: horseespower
iAns teiptsips e
s
cbcb b sb b sb b
98. One Horse power is equal to __________.
c c c c c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b sb
Ans : to 746 watt
c cbcsbs
99. __________ is consumed both in houses and industries. Ans : Electricity
ss ss s s is taken ss ss ss ss teiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip100. Electrical
eteiptipenergybcsconsumed
eteiptip eteiptipas the bproduct
eteiptip of __________
eteiptip andbc__________
eteiptip of eusage.
bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs c
Ans : electric power ; time
cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

101. If 100 iwatt of electric power is consumed for 2 hours is 100 ×ipt2s = __________ watt hour. Ans :ip200
esteiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips este ips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips e
b
cc s
b ccb s
b
102. Consumption b sb b
c celectrical energy
of
sb
c c is measured b s
b
c c and expressed bsb b
c c in __________.
cc s
b ccb s
b b s
b
c hour
Ans :cwatt cbcsbs
103. SI unit of Consumption of electrical energy is __________. Ans : watt second
ss teiptsips hoursbeis tsips ss ss ss teiptsip:sone unit s
eiptsipelectrical teiptsips
esteiptip104. One ekilowatt
s steipotherwise esteiptip as __________.
known esteiptip esteiptip esAns estof eenergy
s e
c bcsb c bcsb c bc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
105. One kilowatt hour means that an electric power of __________ has been utilized for an hour.
Ans : 1000 watt
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estiptsips
e esteiptsips ss
eteiptip e
s
cbcb s
cbcb = __________.
106. 1kwh s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb Ans : 3.6× cbcsbs10–6 j cbcsbs
107. The electricity is produced in power stations is distributed to all __________.
ss
eteiptip tiptsips
ese tiptsips
ese tiptsips esetiptsips tiptsips
ese tsips : the domestic
tipAns ese tiptsips and industry
ee tiptsips
cbcsbs cbcsbimportantccomponents
bcsb sb
cbcmain bcsb cbcsb cbcsbs bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs
108. The of boxes care __________. Ansc : a fuse box,cmeter box
109. __________ is used to record the consumption of electrical energy. Ans : The meter
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips e
b
cc s
b 110. MCB
b
cc s
b means __________.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b Ans : Miniature
b
cc s
b circuit
b
cc sbreaker
b cbcsbs
111. The fuse box contains __________. Ans : a fuse wire or MCB
ss teiptsips of the ptsips psprotectethe
eiptsito
s
teiptsiphouse sips s s fromteioverloading
ss s
teiptsipto
esteiptip112. The efunction
s estei__________ estis s hold
esteiptelectrical appliances
esteiptip es ptip esdue e
c bcsb bcsb
excess
c current.c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb bcsb bcsb
c : fuse wirec or a MCB
Ans cbcsbs
113. An MCB is a __________ which can be activated automatically as well as manually. Ans : switching device
ss ss iptsips to houses ss ss ss ss ss sips
eteiptip esteiptip beste eteiptip eteiptip insulated
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip t:ipttwo
cbcsbs 114. The
cbcsbelectricity cisbcsbrought cbcsbs by __________ cbcsbs wires. cbcsbs cAns
bcsbese e
115. __________ has a red insulation. Ans : Live wire
s116.
s Neutral wire
s s has a __________.
tiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss Ans s: black
s insulation
tiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese e
cbcsbs 117. __________
cbcsbs c c
are Supplied in our home. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cAns : 220v cbcsbs
118. In india, domestic circuits are supplied with an alternating current of potential __________ and frequency
esteiptsips 50hz. esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips es
sips : 220 /tei230V
teiptAns es ptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
119. In USA and UK , domestic circuits are supplied with an alternating current of potential 110/120 v and
frequency __________. Ans : 60 hz
ss s
teiptsipwire sps ss ptsips sips tsips ss ss
esteiptip120. The efuse
s or esteiptiwill
MCB esteiptipthe circuit
disconnect esteiin the event
teipt__________
esof esteipand short esteiptip
circuiting. esteiptip e
Ans : an overloading
esteiptsip121.
s Live wire
esteiptsipcomes
s in contact
esteiptsips withseasteineutral
ptsips wireesitteipcauses
tsips
a __________.
e steiptsips esteiptsips esteipAns
tsips
: short circuit
psips
sbestei t e
s
cbcb bcsb bcsb bc b bcsb bcsb
122. In domestic circuit a third wire is called the __________ having a green insulation.
c c c c c c bcsb c bcsb c bc
Ans : earth wire cbcsbs
123. Earth wire provides a __________ path to the electric current. Ans : low resistance
ss ss ptsipasprotective sips teiptsipssaves sus ptsips electricestshocks.
eiptsip
s ss tsips
eteiptip124. __________
eteiptip serves
eteias eteiptconductor ewhich eteifrom eteiptipAns : Earth
eteipwire e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
125. An LED bulb is a __________. Ans : semiconductor device’
esteiptsip126.
s The chemical
esteiptsips compounds
esteiptsips __________
esteiptsips are present
esteiptsipin
s the LED.
esteiptsips es
sips : like Gallium
teiptAns esteiptsips Arsenide
esteiptand
sips
e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
c c Gallium Phosphide.
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
127. A seven segment display is the display used to give an output in the form of __________.
ss
esteiptip tiptsips
ese tiptsips ese tiptsips tiptsips
ese tiptsips
ese tiptsips eetiptsip: snumbers tor
Ans iptsitxt
ese ps ese ese e
c bcsb bcsb segment
128. Ac seven cbcsbdisplay is used
cbcsb __________.
cbcsb cbcsbs cbcs:b in digital cmeters
Ans
bcsb and digital
cbcsb clocks cbcsbs
129. A seven segment display consists of 7 segments of LED in the form of the __________. Ans : digit 8
ss ss ss tiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans eteiptip e
cbcsbs 130. LED
cbcsbiss __________
cbcsbsthan thecincandescent cbulb. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb: scooler cbcsbs
131. LED bulbs have significantly __________ requirement. Ans : low power
ss tsipsharmful ips ss ss ss ss s environmentss
eteiptip132. LED eisteipnot eto
teipts__________. Ans sthe
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteip:tip eteiptip e
133. A wide range __________ is possible in LED. Ans : of colours

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

134. LED isip __________ and energy Efficient. Ans : cost efficient
esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
135. __________ b s
b b sb
c c other toxiccmaterials
and c b s
b
c required in
arecnot b s
b
c cmanufacturing b s
b
c c LED. b
cc s
b b s
b
Ansc :cMercury cbcsbs
136. One way of overcoming the __________ is to use more LED bulbs. Ans : energy crisis
ss ss ps
eiptsithe teiptsips applications ss tsips ss teiptsip:sLED television ss
esteiptip137. __________
esteiptip is one estof most eimportant
s esteiptip of blight
esteipemitting esteiptip
diodes. esAns esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c c s
138. LCD means __________. Ans : Liquid crystal display
s139.
s An LED display
ss usestipLEDs
tsips for __________
tiptsips of LED tiptsipact
s as pixels.tiptsips s sAns : backlight
s s and anteiarray
ptsips
eteiptip esteiptip bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip bcsbes e
cbcsbs 140. LED cbcsbemitting c c c
__________ are used in monochrome TV. c cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : cwhite light cbcsbs
141. __________ LED s are used in colour television. Ans : Red green and blue
ip sips i p sips i p sips i p sips i p sips i p sips i p sips psips teiptsips
e te t
cbcsbs 142. The
te t
es LED television
cbcsbfirst
e te t
cbcsbs screen
te t
bes developed
cbcswas
e te t
cbcsbsby __________
e te t e
cbcsbs in 1977.cbcsbs
te t sbestei :t Jamescbp.Mitchell
cbcAns csbes e
cbcsbs
143. __________ introduced the first commercial LED television. Ans : SONY
s LED Has
teiptsip144. s
teiptsip__________ ps
teiptsipicture teiptsips
quality. teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsipsAns : sbrighter
teiptsips
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb b cbcsbs
145. LED is thinner in __________. Ans : Size
146. LED usess __________ and consumes __________. Ans s: less power ;svery less energy
estei ptsips estei ptips estei ptsips esteiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e sti
e ptips estei ptips ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb 147. LED
bcsb bcsb
c life span isc __________.c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb bcsb
c : more
Ans cbcsbs
148. LED is more __________. Ans : Reliable
ss ss ss ss tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c c
Additional – Match the following c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1. COMPONENT USE OF THEsCOMPONENT SYMBOL USED

ss ss ss s s s ss ss tiptsips ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs A
c cbcsbs cbcsbs
i) Resistor used to fix the magnitude of the
current through a circuit
b
cc s
b ii)
b s
c c Rheostat
b b
cc s
b Used
b s
c cto select the
b b s
c c magnitudec of
b b s
c the
b b
ccsb V cc
b s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Current through a circuit
ss iptsips ss ptsips ptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip iii) este
Voltmeter esteiptip Usedbcsto
esteimeasure theesteipotential esteiptip
difference esteiptip G bcsbesteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c c bcsb cbcsbs
ss iptsip s s s ptsip s
ptsip s s s ss ss ss
eteiptip iv) seste
Ammeter eteiptip Usedbcsto
eteimeasure the
eteicurrent eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcb cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
v) Galvanometer Used to indicate the direction of current
cbcsbs Answer:
i) Resistor used to fix the magnitude of the current
esteiptsips teiptsips
e e teiptsipsthrough e
sips
taeiptcircuit e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
ii) Rheostat Used to select the magnitude of the
ss ss s sCurrent tthrough
s s a circuit ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eseiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
iii) Voltmeter Used to measure the potential difference V
ss ss ss eiptsip
s teiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip bestmeasure bcsbescurrent eteiptip eteiptip A bcsbesteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb Ammetercbcsb
iv) cbcsto
Used cthe cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs
ss iptsip s s s
eiptsip
s
teiptsip of currents s s ss ss ss
eteiptip v) seste eteiptip Usedbcsto
Galvanometer etindicate the edirection eteiptip eteiptip G bcsbesteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcb cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

2. MATERIAL ps RESISTIVITY(Ωm)
esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips es
s
teiptsip10 esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b s
b
i)c c Copper c c
b b s
b s
b
c c(a) 10 to 10
b b
cc s
b 14 b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
ii) Nickel (b) 1013 to 1016
ss
esteiptip iii) te iptsips
esChromium
ss
esteiptip (c) te tsips × 10s–8esteiptsips
esip6.84
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c
iv)bcsb
Glass c bcsb bcsb
c (d) 12.9 × c10 b
bc–8 c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
v) Rubber (e) 1.62 × 10–8
ss ss ss ss ss ss (iis - c); (iiiet-e tsips(iv - a); s
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptipAns : (ibcsb
-ee);
teiptsip ipd); e(v
teipt-sipb) e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3. MATERIAL RESISTIVITY(Ωm) ANSWER
i) Potential difference (a) coulomb Volt s
ss iptsips ss ptsips ss ss s ss ss
eteiptip ii) e te
Current eteiptip sbestei volt eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc s
b s cbcsbs cbc(b) cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcbs
Ampere
s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
iii) Charge (c) ohm coulomb
iv) Resistance (d) pAmpere ohm
esteiptsips etei t psips psips
etei t etei t
sips psips
etei t e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc Ans
s
b s : (i - b);
b
cc (ii
sb s
- d); (iii - a);
b
cc s
b s
(iv - c) cbcsbs
Additional – True or false
ss ptsips ptsips ptsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip1. The e tei
electrical
s e tei
resistivity
s of a e tei
material
s is esteiptip proportional
directly esteiptip to the esteiptip
electrical esteiptip
conductivity. esteiptip e
Ans : False: The electrical resistivity of a material is indirectly proportional to the electrical conductivity.
ss 2. A seriesscircuit connects the components one s after the other sto form taipttwo
sips or more loop.
eteiptip t iptips A parallel
False:
e te ps
iptsicircuit t
connects
eiptsipsthe components
teiptips oneseafter
teiptsipthe other to
e form a two te
s
ptsipmore
ior loop. tiptsips
cbcsbs Ans
c s
bcb :
es c s
bcb es c s
bcb es c s
bcb es bcb
c s s
bcb
c
es s
bcbc
es bcsbese
c
e
cbcsbs
3. In series, equivalent resistance is less than the lowest resistance.
Ans : False: In series, equivalent resistance is more than the highest resistance.
eteiptip bese e e resistance ee bese the lowestee ee eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 4. In
cbcsparallel, equivalent
cbcsbs cbcsbs is morecbcsthan cbcsbs resistance.
Ans : False: In parallel, equivalent resistance is less than the lowest resistance.
t i ptsip5.s Electricspower
t i pt i ps
is thesproduct
t i pt i ps
of the
t i ptsipselectric tcurrent
i ptsips and the
t i ptsippotential
s t
difference.
iptsips tiptsips teiptsips
e
cbcsbs
e
cbcsb:sTrue.
Ans e e e
bcsbs
c
e e
bcsbs
c
e e
bcsbs
c
e e
bcsbsc
e bcsbse
e
c bcsbese c b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
6. One watt hour is otherwise known as one unit of electrical energy.
Ans : False. One kilo watt hour is otherwise known as one unit of electrical energy.
esteiptip7. 1KWhee e
csbes hour =cb1000
e
csbes ×( 60× sbesewatt soundee 6 ee esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs = 1000cbwatt cbc60) cbcsbs= 3.6×10
cbcsbJ.s c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : True
ss 8. In India, domestic circuits are s supplied with an alternating current sof potentials110/120V and
eteiptip t
frequency
e eiptsips 60Hz.sesteiptsips e teiptips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptips e teiptips e teiptsips e
cbcsbs s
cbcb s cbcb s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s cbcsbs
Ans : False. In USA And UK, domestic circuits are supplied with an alternating current of potential 110/120V
and frequency 60Hz.
ss psips psips sps iptsips is sthat sps electric psips s psips
eiptsip andbdifferent
eteiptip9. The eadvantage
sbstei t ofestthe
sb ei t parallelsbeconnection
steipti sof
estecircuits esteiptieach sbestei t appliancesbestgets sbestei t e
cbcsbs bc
voltage.
c c bc c bc c bc b c bc b c bc c bc c c cbcsbs
Ans : False. The advantage of the parallel connection of circuits is that each electric appliance gets an equal
voltage. sps
esteiptsips esteipti esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 10. LG sb s
b
c cintroducedc the
b bc first commercial
b
cc s
b sb
LEDctelevision.
bc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : False. SONY introduced the first commercial LED television.
ss ss ss teiptsips teiptsips tsips ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esAdditional esAssertion esteipReason esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc–
sb c band
csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1. Assertion: The relation V= IR is valid even in the case of non ohmic device.
ss Reason:sps V/I is constant as per ohm’s Law. sps
eteiptip e teipti e teiptsips e teiptsips eteipti
ss
esteiptip
sps
steipti
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs A) s
cbcbAssertion and
s s
cbcbreason arecb
s s
correct
s
cb cbcsbs is correct
and Reason cbcsbexplanation csbeAssertion
cbof cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
B) Assertion and reason are correct and reason is not correct explanation of Assertion
ss C) Assertion is true but reason is false
eteiptip D) e teiptsips is false
Assertion e tsips
teipbut reason
tsips
esteiptrue.
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbis cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (A) Assertion and reason are correct and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

2. Assertion: Resistance between Aps and B is 3R. ps
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips e stei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b Reason:
b
cc s
b The
b
cc s
b3 resistances b
cc s
bare joined in
b
cc parallel.
s
b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb b
cc s
b cbcsbs
A) Assertion and reason are correct and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion
ss B) Assertion and reason are correct and reason piss not correct pexplanation of Assertion ps
esteiptip esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips estei tsips esteiptsips e stei tips ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb C)
b csb bcsb
c Assertion isc true but reason bcsb
c is false c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
D) Assertion is false but reason is true
ss psips psips psips psips sips : (D) Assertion
pAns psips is false pbut
sips reason is ptrue
sips
cbcsbs 3. c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
Assertion: A fine wire is used in electric circuits for protecting the circuits. c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
Reason: A fine wire has high resistance and low melting point.
ss A) Assertion s s and reason psips are correct psipand
s Reason pissipscorrect explanation
psips of Assertion
psips psips ss
eteiptip p
sbestei t
i p
sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip e
B) Assertion and reason are correct and reason is not correct explanation of Assertion c bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs
C) Assertion is true but reason is false
esteiptsips ss
esteiptip is false
D) sAssertion ptsipsreasoneis
sestei but
ptsips
s stei true
psips
sestei t
psips
sestei t
psips
sestei t
psips
sestei t esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (A) Assertion and reason are correct and Reason is correct explanation of Assertion
ss ss ss teiptsips sips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esAdditional steiptraise
–sbeTo the esteiptip
questions: esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1. The necessary condition for a conductor to obey ohm’s law is that its physical conditions like
ss temperature , length, volume etcsshould remain the same. sRaise the questions to confirm it.
eteiptip 1. teiptsips
____________________
e e tiptsips
e e teiptips e teiptsips 2 ____________________
e teiptips e teiptsips e teiptsips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
1. What are the necessary conditions for a conductor to obey ohm’s law.
2. What is constant according to ohms law.
eteiptip ee beseimportant ese ese all domestic
ee ese forth questions
ee bcsbese the e
cbcsbs 2. Electric
cbcsbs fuse cisbcsan cbcsbcomponents
cbcsbof cbcsbs circuits.
cbcsbPut cbcsbs tocshow cbcsbs
importance of fuse.
1. ____________________ 2 ____________________
esteiptsips es tsipsWhat issefuse?
teip1. steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
2. What is the purpose of using a fuse in a circuit?
3. At the meter board in the house , wires pass into an electricity meter through a main fuse. Raise the
esteiptip esteiptip to understand
questions esteiptip the esteiptip concept.
wiring esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bc
1. ____________________
sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcs
2 ____________________
1. In high rating power appliances , which is connected to earth wire?
ss tsipsWhat do s
eiptsipunderstand sps the termteipearthing?
ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteip2. etyou eteiptiby e tip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
4. The variations in the current for the same values of potential difference indicate that the resistance
of different materials is different.
ss Raise psipsquestions
the sipsprove this
pto ps
psistatement. psips psips psips psips psips
cbcsbs c bc c bc
1. ____________________ c bc c bc c bc c bc
2 ____________________ c bc c bc cbcsbs
1. Why the values of potential difference varied?
esteiptsips esteip2.
tsipsWhat is called
es teiptsipspotentialteipdifference?
es es tsips e s teiptsips
teiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b
5.
b
cc s
b
Overloading
b
can
s
b b
c c occur when s
b b s
b
c c the live wire b sb
c c and the cneutral
c b s
b
c into direct
wire ccome
b s
b b
c c contact.cRaisecsb
the cbcsbs
questions based on the statement.
ss 1. ____________________
tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips s s 2 ____________________
ss ss ss ss
esteiptip ese ese ese esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb 1. Whatb sb
c do you mean
c b sb c b sb
c by short circuiting?
c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
2. Explain the term Overloading.
ss ss ss ss ss teiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip csbes eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Additional
cbcsbs – Shortcbanswers cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1. How is electric charges are moved in a conductors?
ss ptsipsmotionesof psips psips psips eiptsip
s psips psips psips
eteiptip iThe
Anssbe:ste sb tei telectric charges
sbestei t (electrons)
sbestei t through sb
aestconductor (e.g.
sbestei t copper wire)
sbestei twill constitute
sbestei t an e
cbcsbs cbc
electric cbcThis is similar
current. cbc to the flowcbof cbc a channel
c water through cbcor flow of air
cbcfrom a region
cbc of high cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

pressure to a regionipof low pressure.
esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 2. b
How
s
b
c c is electric b s
b
c ccurrent passed b s
b
c c in conductors? b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
The electric current passes from the positive terminal (higher electric potential) of a battery to the negative
ss terminal ipsip(lower
s electric
ipsippotential)
s ithrough
psips a wire. ipsips ipsips ipsips ipsips ipsips
esteiptip sestet sestet etet etet etet etet etet etet e
c bcsb 3. cbcb electric
Define b
cbccurrent. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Electrical current is defined as the rate of flow of charges in a conductor. If a net charge ‘Q’ passes through
ss any crossspssection of a sconductor
ps in time
sps ‘t’, then the
spscurrent flowing
sps through the
sps conductor sis
psI = Q/ t. sps
cbcsbs 4. cbcsbs about electric
Write cbcsbs circuit.
An electric circuit is a closed conducting loop (or) path, which has a network of electrical components through
ss which electrons
sps are able to flow. Thiss path is madesusing electrical wires so as s to connect an selectric appliance
eteiptip ps
teiptsicharges teiptips teiptips teiptsips teiptips teiptips tiptsips
cbcsbs c steipti of electric
tobcasbesource
cbcsbes c bc(battery).
sbes bc
csbes bcsbesc bcsbesc bcsbes c bcsbese c
e
cbcsbs
5. Draw the schematic diagram of an electric circuit.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
6. What are the components of electric circuit?
1. A battery 2. A switch 3. A bulb.
eteiptip7. Defineti t
bsbese Volt. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
The SI unit of electric potential or potential difference is volt (V). The potential difference between two points
is one volt, if one joule of work is done in moving one coulomb of charge from one point to another against
esteiptsips steiptsips force.sbesteiptsips
the electric
e esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b b s
b b s
b
c = 1 joule/c 1c coulomb. c c
1 cvolt bsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
8. What is Resistance?
ss Resistance ss ss ss ss s
ptsipcharges ss ptsips teiptsips
esteiptip esteiptip of abcmaterialesteiptip is its property
esteiptip tobcoppose
esteiptip the flow esteiof and
esteiptiphence bthe
esteipassage of ecurrent
s e
c bcsb c bcsb
through
sb bcsb
it. It isc different for different
c c sb
materials. From Ohm’s bcsb bcsb csb
c Law, V/I=cR. (OR) The cresistance of acconductor bcsb cbcsbs
can be defined as the ratio between the potential difference across the ends of the conductor and the current
ss flowingiptthrough
sips it. ipts ips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips
eteiptip seste seste seste ete ete ete ete ete e
cbcsbs 9. cbcb Unit ofcbResistance.
Define cb cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
The SI unit of resistance is ohm and it is represented by the symbol Ω.Resistance of a conductor is said to
ss be oneipohm if a current of one ampere flows through it when iaps potential difference of oneipvolt is maintained
eteiptip e tetsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e tetips e teiptsips e tetsips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs across
b s
cbc its ends.cbc
s sb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs
1 Ohm = 1 volt/ 1 ampere.
10. Write the examples of good conductors and nonconductors of electric current.
b
cc s
b Good
b
cc s
b Conductors:
b
cc s
b Copper, Aluminum
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Nonconductors: Glass, wood, rubber.
s11.
s Tabulate s sthe Resistivity s s of some materials.
ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip Ans e:steiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
Nature of the Material Material Resistivity (Wm)
Conductor Copper –8
ss
eteiptip tiptsips
ee
ss
eteiptip
ss
esteiptip e teiptsips1.62 ×se10
teiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbNickel s
cbcb s s
cb10–8
6.84cb× cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Chromium 12.9 × 10–8
ss ss ss teiptsips ss 14sps ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip
Insulator eteiptip Glass
e eteiptip 1010 bto steipti
sbe10 eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c
13
c 16
Rubber 10 to 10

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

12. What are called system of resistors?
b
cc s
b bcs
Ac simple
b electric
b s
c ccircuit contains
b b s
b bcs
c c a single cresistor.
b b
ccs
A complicated
b circuit,
b sb b s
c c which usesc ac combination
b b s
c cof many
b cbcsbs
resistors. This combination of resistors is known as ‘system of resistors’ or ‘grouping of resistors’. Resistors
can be connected in various
s combinations.
ss s
ptsip s s s s s
tsip s s s s s s s
esteiptip13. Write esteithe esteiptip ofbJoining
esteiptip resistorsesteiptogether? esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb basic
c bcmethods
sb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1. Resistors connected in Series. 2. Resistors connected in Parellel.
s14.
s Writetithe
eptsip
sdifference iptsibetween
ps series
s s and parallels s circuit. teiptsips ss psips ss
eteiptip csbes beste eteiptip eteiptip e eteiptip sbestei t eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbS.No. cbcsCRITERIA cbcsbs cbcsbs SERIEScbcsbs cbcsbs bc
PARALLEL
c cbcsbs cbcsbs
1. Equivalent resistance More than the highest resistance. Less than the lowest resistance.
ss iptsipsAmount ps
eiptsicurrent sips teiptsipass effective ss teiptsipsis moresbeas tsips psips
eteiptip 2. ete etof eteiptCurrent is e
less eteiptip Current
csbes steipeffective sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs resistance
cbcsbiss more. cbcsbs cbresistance c bc
is less. c bc cbcsbs
3. Switching ON/OFF If one appliance is disconnected, If one appliance is disconnected,
sips also tdo
teiptothers es
s
eiptsipnot work. esteiptsips others ss teiptsips
eteiptipwill work eindependently.
ss
eteiptip e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
15. What is called heating effect of current?
A part of the energy from the source can be converted into useful work and the rest will be converted into
ss teiptsips Thus, ptsipspassageestof ps
eiptsielectric ss sips resultsteiptin
ss ss sips
esteiptip heat esenergy. esteithe esteiptip through
current estaeiptwire, es ip the production
esteiptip of heat.esteiptThis e
c bcsb c bcsb
phenomenon
bcsb
isc called heating
bcsb
c effect of current.
16. What are the devices used for the heating effect of current?
eteiptip ip
eteiptHeaters,
Electric eteiptip Iron.bcsbesteiptip
Electric eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
17. Explain Joule’s law of heating state:
H= I Rt 2
ss teiptsips proportional
ss ss ss ss teiptsips teiptsips ss
eteiptip directly eteiptip to the esteiptip of the esteiptip passing
eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbsquare cbcsbcurrent cbcsbs throughcbthe
csbesresistor. cbcsbes
e e
cbcsbs 
cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 directly proportional to the resistance of the resistor.
directly
tei ptsips 
tei ptsips proportionaltei ptsips to the timetei ptsipfor
s which tthe i
e p tsipcurrent
s is passing
tei ptsips through tei ptsipthe
s resistor.tiptsips
e teiptsips
e s es es es es es es es es e
b
cc s
b 18. What
ccb s
b is called b
ccass
b filament? ccHow
b s
b it works?
ccb s
In electric bulbs, a small wire is used, known as filament. The filament is made up ofa material whose melting
point is very high. Whenscurrent passes through thisswire, heat is produced in thes filament. When the filament
estei ptsips is heated,
estei ptsipsit glowseandstei ptsipgives outelight.
stei ptsipsTungsten estei
isptsithe
p commonly estei s
ptsipused material
estei ptsipto make ethe
stei ps
ptsifilament in eiptsip
estbulbs.
s
e
19. Define Power.
s s Power is defined
s s
psip
as the srate of doing work
s s or rate ofs spending energy.
s s s s s s s s s
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 20. Define
cbcsbs Electric
cbcpower. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
The electric power is defined as the rate of consumption of electrical energy. It represents the rate at which
the electrical energy is converted into ssome other form of energy.s
sips sips sips sip sips s ss ss ss
e ti
e pt e tei pt
bestei pt e tei pt e tei pt eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 21. Explaincbcsbs Electric cbcspower. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
A current ‘I’ flows through a conductor of resistance ‘R’ for a time ‘t’, then the potential difference across the
two ends of the conductor is ‘V’. The work done ‘W’ to move the charge across the ends of the conductor is
iptsips s teiptsips
eiptsipthe equation. teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
este given estby es es es e s es es es e
b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb cbcsbs
W = V I t, Power P = work/time = V I t/t. P = V I.
22. What is called electric power?
esteiptip The teipti power
eelectric i productestof
eisteiptthe eiptithe electric pti
eteicurrent and teiptipotentialsbdifference
ethe eteipti dueeto i
teiptwhich teipti
the ecurrent e
c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
passes in a circuit.
23. What is the unit of electric power?
eteiptip The i of electric
eSIteiptunit eteipti powerbcissbeswatt.
teipti When sbaestcurrent
eipti ofbc1 teipti
eampere ti
eteipacross
passes teipti of a conductor,
the eends eteipti e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbc c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
which is at a potential difference of 1 volt, then the electric power is P = 1 volt × 1 ampere = 1 watt.
24. Define one watt.
eteiptip One teipti is the power
ewatt eteipti consumed eipti an electric
etwhen eteipti device biscsbeoperated
teipti teipti
atbasbepotential eteipti of one
difference volt i
eteiptand e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
it carries a current of one ampere. A larger unit of power, which is more commonly used is kilowatt.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

25. DefinepHorse power.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
Ans:The
b bcs
horsec power
b (hp) isb s
b b s
b b
ccs
c ca unit in thec cfoot-pound-secondb (fps) or
b s
c cEnglish system,
b b s
c c sometimes
b b s
c c used to
b cbcsbs
express the electric power. 1HP = 746 watt.
s26.
s Writetithe s sfactors for tsipconsumption
s s of
s electricity. ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip 1.Amounteseptip of electric
esteippower esteiptip of Usage.esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb 2.
c bcs
Duration
27. What is called consumed electrical energy?
Electricals energy consumed
ss
eteiptip eteiptip
s teiptsips is taken sass the product
eteiptip teiptsipsof electric power
s s and time
esteiptip consumed
s of
eteiptip
s usage. tFors example,
e eiptip
s ifipt100
beste
sips
cbcsbs watt csbes is consumed
cbcsbsof electriccbpower csbes then the
cbcsbs for twocbhours, cbcsbpower cbcsbs is 100 c×bcs2bs= 200 watt
cbcshour.
e
cbcsbs
27. How to measure the consumption of electrical energy?
Consumptionpsips of electrical s s energy tis smeasured and expressed
ss
eteiptip sbestei t eteiptip e eiptip
s
eiptsip
bestneeded.
s teiin
ptsipwatt
s hour, tthough s its SI tunit
eiptsip hour s sis watt second.
e eiptip
ss
esteiptip
cbcsbs In
cbcpractice, cbcsbs unit of electrical
a larger cbcsbs energy cbcsis bcsbeslarger
cThis unit sbeskilowatt
cbcis cbcsbs(kWh). One cbcsbkilowatt
e
cbcsbs
hour is otherwise known as one unit of electrical energy. One kilowatt hour means that an electric power of
1000 wattshas been utilized for an hour. Hence,
esteiptsips 1 bkWhestei p
=tsip
1000 watt estei pt
hour
sips
= 1000 est
×i
e ptsips
(60 × 60) ewatt
s
s
teiptsipsecond =esteiptsips× 106 J.sesteiptsips
3.6 esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b c csb c bcsb cbcsb bc
csb bc
csb bcc b bcsb
c bcsb c cbcsbs
28. Define the term overloading.
ss When the sips amount tof current passing through a wire exceeds the maximum spermissible limit, the wires sget
esteiptip heated estei ptto such an e i ptsips that a efire
extent
s e stei ps
ptsimay be t
caused.
es ei ptsipsThis is eknown
stei ptsips as overloading.
estei ptips estei ptsips esteiptip
s
e
29. What is short circuit? How It happened in our home?
When a slive wire comes s in contact with a neutral wire, it causes a ‘short circuit’. This happens when sthe
estiptsips insulation
e esteiptipsof the swires
estiptsipget
e damagedesteiptsipsdue tosetemperature
steiptsips esteiptsips or some
changes este ps
iptsiexternal esteiptsipsDue toseasteishort
force. ptips e
s
cbcb cbcbs cbcb cbcbs cbcb cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcb cbcsbs
circuit, the effective resistance in the circuit becomes very small, which leads to the flow of a large current
through the wires. This results in heating of wires to such an extent that a fire may be caused in the building.
ss s
ptsipcalled tsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip30. Whateteiis eteipbulb?
LED eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
An LED bulb is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when an electric current passes through it. The
colour of the emitted light will depend on the type of materials used.
s
teiptsip31. ptsipsthe chemical
teiare teiptsipscompoundsteiptsipsused in teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es What es es es eLED?
s es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Gallium Arsenide, Gallium Phosphide.
32. What are the colours produced from manufacture of LED?
ss sps sps sps ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip Red, teipti
bsbesGreen, Yellow teipti Orange.
bsbesand
tipti
bsbese esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cc cc cc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
33. Give the examples for the use of LED?
Displays ins digital watches and calculators, traffic signals, street lights, decorative lights, etc. s
esteiptsips esteiptsip esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips s
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
s
cbcb 34. Draw
cbcb the diagram
s cbcb for seven
s cbcsegment
s
b Display.
s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
ss Seven sips ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptSegment Display
35. Explain seven segment display.
ss A ‘Seven sipsSegment tDisplay’ is the display s devicetiptused
sips to giveteian
ptsipoutput in the form of numbers or text.pIt sis
eteiptip e teiptdigital e iptsips
e e teiptsipmicro e e e
s
e tsips
teipsegments e iptsips
tLEDs
e e tei tsipof e
cbcsbs used
cbcsb in
s meters,
cbcsb s digital clocks,
cbcsb s wave
cbcsb s ovens, etc.
cbcsb It
s consists of
cbcsb 7
s cbcof
sb s in the
cbcsbform
s cbcsbs
the digit 8. These seven LEDs are named as a, b, c, d, e, f and g . An extra 8th LED is used to display a lot.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

36. Explain about LED pTelevision.
b
cc s
b LED
b s b s
c c Televisioncisc one of thecmost
b b b s
c important
b b s
b b s
c capplicationsc cof Light Emitting
b b s
b b s
b bcs
c c Diodes. cAnc LED TV is cactually
b an cbcsbs
LCD TV (Liquid Crystal Display) with LED display. An LED display uses LEDs for backlight andan array of LEDs
act as pixels. LEDs emitting
ss ptsips are used sips whiteteiplight
sips are usedteipinsipmonochrome
s (black and white)
ptsipsscreen was ps
TV; Red, Green
ptsideveloped ps
ptsiJames
and Blue
ss
esteiptip (RGB) esteiLEDs estei ptin colour es t
television. The es t
first LED esti
television
e estei e t
by
s ei P. esteiptip
Mitchell e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb
in 1977. It was a monochromatic display. But, after about three decades, in 2009, SONY introduced the first
commercial LED Television.
ss ss ss ss ss tiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs – LongcAnswers cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
ss1. Tabulate
s sthe Symbols
s sof some components
ss of sa scircuit.
eteiptip eteiptip COMPONENT
eteiptip eteiptip teiptip
es THE COMPONENT
e eteiptsips teiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbOF
USE cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs USEDcbcsbs
SYMBOL cbcsbs
Resistor Used to fix the magnitude of the
current through a circuit ps
b
cc s
b sb
cVariable
bc resistorsb
c c or Rheostatc c
b b s
b s
b
Usedctoc select the c
b sb
magnitude
bc of c c
b sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
the current through a circuit.
esteiptip tiptip
Ammeter
bsbese esteiptip esteiptipUsed to esteiptip thebcscurrent.
measure esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b c bcsb c bcsb
A c bcsb cbcsbs
ss Voltmeter ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptipUsed to measure
eteiptip thebcspotential
eteiptip diffbcsbesteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs erence. cbcsbs c bs c cbcsbs V cbcsbs cbcsbs
ss Galvanometer
ss ss s Used
s to indicates s the direction
s s of ss ss ss
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs current. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs G cbcsbs cbcsbs
A diode s
teiptsips iptsip teiptsips i ptsipAs diode has i pt
various
sips uses, which
eiptsip
s teipAnode
tsips teiptsips Cathode teiptsips
es ete e e te you will e t
study
e in highere tclasses. e e e e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc sb s b
cc s
b s b
ccsb s (+) b
cc s
b s b s
c (–)
c b s cbcsbs
ss Light Emitting
ss Diodeps (LED)
s s As LED hasteivarious
sips uses twhich s s you teiptsips ss ss
esteiptip eteiptip etei tip esteiptipwill study esinpthigher eseiptip e esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb cclasses.
bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
(+) (–)
Ground connection Used to provide protection to the
electrical components. It also
ss ss ss s
sipserves tsips ss psips ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e ti
e pt asesa
teipreference esteiptipto
sbpoint sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs measure cbcsbthe c bc
electric potential. c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b 2. b
cc s
b
Explain b s
b b sb
c c potentialc difference.
Electrical c b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 The electric potential difference between two points is defined as the amount of work done in moving a
ss units positive
s charge s s from oneteippoint
s s to another s spoint against s sthe electric force.
ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es tip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
A
bc
c Qsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb
B c
bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Electric potential s
ss iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips sp teiptsips sips ss
eteiptip e te e te e te e te
b a pointcbAcsbe steipti csbes B. Let c‘W’ steiptthe
bcsbebe esteiptip e
cbcsbs s s s s
cbcbElectrical cpotential
 bcb s s s
cbcba charge Qcbcfrom
moved
s to anothercb
point cbcsbdone
work to cbcsbs
move the charge from A to B. Then, the potential difference between the points A and B is given by the
ss following expression:
eteiptip e teiptsips Difference
Potential
ss
eteiptip (V) =
ss
esteiptipdone (w)/
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 
cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbWork cbcsbs Charge (Q).

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

 Potential difference is also equal to the difference in the electric potential of theseipts
two points. ip If V
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips este ips estetsipsA e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b and VB represent
b
cc sb the electric
ccb s
b potential b
ccat
s
b the points
ccA
bsband B respectively,
ccb s
b then,
ccthe
b s
b potential
ccdifference
b s
b cbcsbs
between the points A and B is given by:
V = VA –VB (If sVA is more than V )
ss ptsips ptsips ptsips ptsip ptsips B esteiptsips ss ss
esteiptip tei tei tei tei ti
e esteiptip esteiptip
cbcsb V = VcBbc–sbVA (If VB iscbmore csb than VAc).bcsb
e s es es es es e
c bcsb cbcsb cbcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
3. Explain the Ohm’s Law.
ss A German sphysicist,tiGeorg Simon Ohm establisheds the relation between the potential difference and current,
eteiptip teiisptsipknown e ptsips teiptsips teiptips teiptsips tiptsips
e teiptsips ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs which
s
cbcb
es as
s
cbcb
eOhm’s
s Law. s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
According to Ohm’s law, at a constant temperature, the steady current ‘I’ flowing through a conductor
is directly proportional to the potential difference ‘V’ between the two ends of the conductor.
ss iptsipV.s Hence, teiptsip=s constant. ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteIα eI/V eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
The value of this proportionality constant is found to be 1/R
Therefore, I = (I /R) V
esteiptsips eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptipI(A)
ss
eteiptip eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip e
b
cc s
5.0
ss ss ss ss ss 2.5
ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteipti0p 0 bcsbesteiptip esteiptip V(V) bcsbesteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c 5 cbcsb10 c cbcsbs
Relation between potential
Electric
s scircuit to understand Ohm’sslaw difference
esteiptsips esteiptsips eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
s
eteiptip e teiptsips tiptsipsand current
ee tiptsips
ee e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
cc s
b s cbcsbs cbcsbs b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
V= IR Here, R is a constant for a given material (say Nichrome) at a given temperature and is known
as the resistance of the material. Since, the potential difference V is proportional to the current I, the graph
ss ss sips ptsipas conductor. ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptipV and I isestaeiptstraight
between line
esteifor esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
4. Explain Electrical Resistivity.
 The resistance of any conductor ‘R’ is directly proportional to the length of the conductor ‘L’ and is
ss tiptsips proportional
inversely tiptsips to its tiptsipsof crosssbessection
area tiptsips ‘A’. sbesteiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bc e bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs c
 Ra L, Rα 1/A, c c c c bc c c c cbcsbs
Hence , Rα L/A
ss sps ps
psiL/A psips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip eTherefore,
steipti Re =ρ
sbstei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbWhere, c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
ρ (rho) is a constant, called as electrical resistivity or specific resistance of the material of the c bc c bc cbcsbs
conductor.
teiptsips From
teiptsipsequation tei(1),
ptsipsρ =RA/Lesteiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b b sb
c c If L = 1 m, b sb
c cA = 1 m then, 2 b sb
c c from the above b sb
c c equation), b sb
c c ρ =R ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
 Hence, the electrical resistivity of a material is defined as the resistance of a conductor of unit length and
ss unit area of cross ssection. Its punit
s s is ohm metre.
esteiptip teiptsips
eElectrical
s
s
esteiptip of a bcconductor
estei tip is bacsbmeasure
ss
esteiptip ofbcthe tsips
esteipresisting
ss
esteiptipof a specified
ss
esteiptip material teiptsips
esto e
c bcsb 
c bcsb c bcs
resistivity
b c sb c c sb c bcs
power
b c bcsb c bcsb the cbcsbs
passage of an electric current. It is a constant for a given material.
s5.s Explain sElectrical
s Conductance
ss and s sElectrical Conductivity.
ss ss tsips teiptsips iptsips
eteiptip esteiptip esteipatipmaterial eteiptip esteipatipmaterial eteiptip esteipcharges csbes hence, the beste e
cbcsbs cbcsbConductance
 cbcsbof cbcsbissthe property cbcsbof cbcsbtos aid the flow
cbcsbof cband cbcspassage cbcsbs
of current in it. The conductance of a material is mathematically defined as the reciprocal of its resistance
(R). Hence, the conductance ‘G’ of a conductorsis given by s
ss sips sips sips tiptsip tiptsip tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip bcsbeGt i pt
s = 1/R bcsbes
e tei pt
bcsbes
tei pt
cbcsbs c c c c c c c c cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

 Its unit is ohm–1. It is also represented asip‘mho’. The reciprocal of electrical resistivity of a material is
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b called its electrical
b
cc s
b conductivity.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 σ = 1/ρ
 Its sunit –1 –1. It is also represented as mho metre–1.
ss s is ohmtiptmetre
s s sips teiptsips Electrical ss ss ss ss
esteiptip t
eThe
s i pt i p
e conductivity i p
ese is a constant esteiptfor a given esmaterial. esteiptip conductivity
esteiptipof a conductor
esteiptip is a measure
esteiptipof e
c bcsb 
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
its ability to pass the current through it.
 Some materials are good conductors of electric current. Example: copper, aluminium, etc. While some
ss s
eiptsip materials tsips nonconductors
teiptsips of electrictiptsips sps ss tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip eother
t eteipare csbes bcsbese current steipti
bcsbe(insulators). esteiptip
bcsbExample: glass,
bcsbesewood, rubber, bcsbese etc. e
cbcsbs s s
cbcbConductivity cbcsbiss more forcb c c c c
conductors than for Insulators. But the resistivity is less for conductors than for
c cbcsbs
insulators.
ss iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip ete te ete t ete
bcsbese Resistors. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 6. Explain
cbcsbs aboutcbthe
csbesseries connection in c
Parallel e
If you consider the connection of a set of parallel resistors that are connected in R2 R4
series,ipyou
esteiptsips estetsips get a sseries
esteiptsip–s parallel
estcircuit.
eiptsip
s Let R1 tand
es
sR be connected
eiptsip 2 bsbesteiptsip
s in parallel
esteiptsips esteiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b tob s
b b
c cgive an effective b
c c resistance b sb b
c c of RP1. Similarly,
cc s
b b
c R be connected
let R3cand 4
cc s
b b s
b
cc 1R cRbc3sbs cbcsbs
in parallel to give an effective resistance of RP2. Then, both of these parallel
ss psips psips psips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip segments
sestei t are connected
sestei t in series.
sestei t esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcb cbcb cbcb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1/ Rp1 = 1/R1 + 1/R2
ss tiptsips s s1/Rp2 =teip1/R
s s + 1/R s s ss ss ss ss
eteiptip bcsbese eteiptip e tip 3 bcsbe4steiptip eteiptip eteiptip etei+ptip – bcsbesteiptip e
cbcsbs c
We get,
cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs
V
Net effective resistance is given by Rstotal =Rp1 + Rp . Series-parallel combination
ss teiptsips teiptsips teiptips teiptsips2 psips ss s
ptsipresistors ss
eteiptip e e e e sbestei t eteiptip eteiof eteiptip e
cbcsbs 7. bcsb s
cExplain c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb
about the Parallel connection of Series Resistors.
s c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
If we consider a connection of a set of series resistors connected in a parallel
esteiptsips circuit,
es tsipsget a parallel-series
teipwe esteiptsips esteiptsipsLet R1sband
circuit. esteiptsiRp2s be connected
esteiptsips in series
es
s an effective
tsipgive
teipto esteiptsips resistance
es
s
teiptsipof e
b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
RS1. Similarly, let R3 and R4 be connected in series to give an effective resistance of RS2. Then, both of these
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
serial segments are connected in parallel
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb bcs
c R3b bcs
c R1b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
ss ss ss ss ss iptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
R R ete eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs2 cbc2sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
cc + –
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
V
Parallel-series combination of resistors
esteiptip eseRS = R bc+ee ee ee ee ese by = 1bc/sbeRse = 1/Rsbcs+ee e
c bcsb We
cbcsbget 1 c1 sbsR2, RS2 =cRbc3sb+s R4 Finally,the
cbcsbsnet effective
cbcsbsresistancecbiscsbgiven c total c 1 bs1/Rs2. cbcsbs
8. Applications Of Joule’s Law Of heating effect.
ss i) Electric
sips Heating ptsipDevice
s : The heating effect
iptsipof
s electricticurrent
ptsips is used sin
psmany home s appliances such
eteiptip steiptelectric sbestei electric tiptsips beste electricbsheater, steipti In these esteiptip
s tiptsips
cbcsbs cc bsbeas ccbiron, ccbsbese electricbsoven,
toaster, cc bese geyser,
cc bsbeetc. cc bsbappliances
cc bsbese
Nichrome, cc
e
cbcsbs
which is an alloy of Nickel and Chromium is used as the heating element. because: (i) it has high
resistivity, (ii) it has a high melting point, (iii) it is not easily oxidized.
ss sps iptsips teiptsips sps psips iptsips psips ss
eteiptip steipti Wirecb:csThe
ii)bsbeFuse beste fuse wirebcsisbesconnected bin steipti in an
series,
csbe sbestei t circuit.
bcelectric beste a large
bcsWhen sbestei t passes
bccurrent esteiptip
bcsbthrough e
cbcsbs c c the c c c c
circuit, the fuse wire melts due to Joule’s heating effect and hence the circuit gets disconnected.
c c cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Therefore, the circuit and theipelectric appliances are saved from any damage. The fuse wire is made up
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b of a material
b
cc sbwhose melting
b
cc sb point is relatively
b
cc s
b low. b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
iii) Filament in bulbs : In electric bulbs, a small wire is used, known as filament. The filament is made up
of a material whoses melting points is very high. sWhen currentspasses through
ss sips ptsip the filament ptsip is heated, ptsitipglows and sip sips this wire, heat
s is produced
ptsipcommonly tsips
esteiptip est
inei pthe
t filament.esteiWhen estei estei esti
e pt
gives out t
light.
es ei ptTungsten is
e st i
the
e esteipused e
material to make the filament in bulbs.
ss ss ss sips sips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptAdditionalet–eiptSolved eteiptip
Problems eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
1. Two bulbs are having the ratings as 60 W, 220 V and 40 W, 220 V respectively. Which one has a
ss greater sresistance?
s ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip iptsips
2ete
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs : Electric
Solution cbcsbspower P =
cbcVsb/s R cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
For the same value of V, R is inversely proportional to P.
teiptsips tei ptsipsTherefore, tei ptsilesser

ps
the power,
ti
e ptsips greaterteithe
ptsipsresistanceteiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es Hence,
ccb s
b the
es bulb with
b
cc s
b e40
s W, 220 V
b
cc s
brating
es has ab
ccgreater
s
b es resistance.
ccb s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
2. Calculate the current and the resistance of a 100 W, 200 V electric bulb in an electric circuit.
ss Solutions :sPower P = s100
s W and Voltage
s s V = 200sVs ss ss ss ss
esteiptip eteiptip Power eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbPs= V I cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb cbcsbs
So, Current, I = P/V =100/20 = 0.5 A 5 ohm
ss teiptsip sResistance, Rs= V/I =200/0.5
teiptsip s = 400 Ω. s
teiptsip teiptsip teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
eteiptip bes circuitcdiagram
bcsbes es es e csbe5s Ω, 10 Ωcband
csbes 20 Ω respectively
e e
cbcsbs 3. In
cbcsthe given below,
cbcsb three
cbcsbresistors cRb1cs,bRs2 and R3cbof cbcsbs cbcsbs
are connected as shown.
Calculate :
ss ss ss ss ss ss s s 10 ohm ss ss
eteiptip A) esteiptip through eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbCurrent cbcsbs each resistor
e
B) Total current in the circuit
teiptsips
C) Total s resistance
s
tiptip
in
s sthe circuit.s s ss ss s s 20 ohm s s ss
es ee eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs :
Solution cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
A) S ince the resistors are connected in parallel, the
potential difference across each resistor is sames
ss ptsiVps= 10V) esteiptsips ptsips s ss ss ss ss
esteiptip t
(i.e.
es ei e stei esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip 10V esteiptip esteiptip e
Therefore, the current through R1 is, I1 = V/R1 = 10/5 = 2 A
ss Current through R2sp= I =V/R =10/10 = 1 A sps
eteiptip e teiptsips e teipti s 2 sest2eiptsips eteipti
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs s s
cbcbCurrent through s s
cbcb R = I c=bcV/R
3
b = 10/20
3 cbcs=bs0.5 A
3 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
B) Total current in the circuit, I = I1 + I2 + I3 = 2 + 1 + 0.5 = 3.5 A
ss ss ps circuiteteiptsi1/R
eiptsithe ps = 1/R iptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptipresistance
C) sTotal etin ete eteip3tip
1 + 1/R2 +sb
1/R eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
p
= 1/5 + 1/10 + 1/20

e ptsips = 4+tei2+ptsip1/20
s teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b 1/R =b
p c c
s
7/20
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Hence, Rp = 20/7 = 2.857Ω.
ss tsips sps 2 Ω andteip4ss s s in parallel ss ss sips ss
esteiptip4. Three esteipresistors ofestei1ptiΩ, es tipΩ arebcconnected
esteiptip esteiptip in abcsbcircuit.
esteiptip If abc1 esΩteiptresistor esteiptip a
draws e
c bcsb c bcsb
current bcsb
c find the current
of 1 A, c bcsb sb
throughcthe other two bcsb
c resistors. c c s
b c bcsb cbcsbs
Solution : R1 = 1 Ω, R2 = 2 Ω, R3 = 4 Ω Current I1 = 1 A
ss psipsThe potential psipsdifference sips the 1teipΩtsipresistor
pacross s = I ps iRps= 1 × 1 =psi1psV psips psips
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbes sbestei1t 1 cbcsbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs bc c bc c bc c bc c bc b
Since, the resistors are connected in parallel in the circuit, the same potential difference will exist across the
c c c c bc cbcsbs
other resistors also. So, the current in the 2 Ω resistor, V/R2 = 1/2 = 0.5 A.
ss Similarly,s the
s current in
s sthe 4 Ω resistor,
tsips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip steip0.25
csbe= eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbVs / R3 =cb¼ A.cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs


UNIT TEST - 4
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

ss tsipsthe following ss ss tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss
eteiptip1. Which
eteipof eteiptip is correct?
eteiptip
bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c
a) Rate of change of charge is electrical power c c c
b) Rate of change of charge is current cbcsbs cbcsbs
c) Rate of change of energy is current d) Rate of change of current is charge
ss sips ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip2. SI s eteiptof
unit eteiptip
resistance eteiptip
is __________. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) mho b) joule c) ohm d) ohm meter
ti ptsip3.s Kilowatt hour

s is the unit
iptsip s of __________.
s
iptsip iptsip iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips
e a) este ete beste ete sbeste ete t
bcsbese power ete
cbcsbresistivity b)cbcs
conductivity c)cbcelectrical energy d) celectrical
e e
4. __________ deals with the flow of electric charges through a conductor
ss a) Electricity
psips psips b) Sound psips psips c) nuclearpsipspower psips d) none pofsipthe
s above psips
esteiptip sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t etei t etei t etei t e
c bcsb 5. cbcb to measure
Used cbcb the potential
cbcb difference b cbcb
cbc__________. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Resistor b) Ammeter c) Voltmeter d) Galvanometer
eteiptip sbesthe eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip (5bc×sbe1steip=tip5) e
cbcsbs II. Fill
cbcin cbcsbs
blanks cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs
6. When a circuit is opencannot pass through it.
s7.s The ratio s of
s the potential s s difference stosthe current siss known as __________.
ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 8. c b sb c b sb c b sb
The wiring in a house consists of __________ circuits.
c c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
9. The power of an electric device is a product of __________ and __________.
ss teiptsips for __________. ss ss ss ss ss teiptsips teiptsips
eteiptip10. LED estands eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e e e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
ss tsipsstatessthe sips iptsips sps voltage. ss ss ss ss
esteiptip11. Ohm’sesteiplaw esteiptrelationship between
este power
esteiptiand esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb bc b bcsb
c is used toc protect housec hold electrical
12. MCB
bcsb
c appliances. c b csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
13. Electric power is the product of the electric current and the potential difference.
ss s
teiptsiphour s s knownteipas
ss sips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip14. One ewatt eteiptip
is otherwise e tip one unit teiptelectrical
eof eteiptip
energy. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
IV. Match the following (4 × 1 =s4)
ss ss ss teiptsips ss ss ss teiptsips s
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip (a) bcsbe eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e eteiptip e
cbcsbs 15. MCB
cbcsbs cbcsbs c Vs I cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs
16. Current (b) Fuse wire
17. Power ps (c) Tungsten
esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b s
b
18. Filament
ccb b
cc s
b s
b
(d)c c Ampere c c
b b s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
s V.
s Assertion s and
s Reasoning ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip (3bc×sbe1steip=tip3) e
c bcsb c bcs
Direction:
b bcsb
In each cof the following
bcsb bcsb bcsb bc
c questions, ac statement ofcAssertion is given
c sb c bcsb
and a corresponding c
statement of cbcsbs
ss a. Iftipboths s A and Rteipare tsipstrue and teiRptsiis
psthe correct sexplanation
ps ofs A.
s ss ss ss
eteiptip esetip bcsbesR are truecbbutcsbesR is not cthe eteiptip
steipti explanation
bcsbecorrect eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbIf
b. both A cand cbcsbs of A.cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips eteiptip
ss teiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsb s 19. s
Assertion
cbcsb : s
Resistance
cbcsb cbcsbsA and B iscb3R
between csbes cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
Reason : The 3 resistances are joined in parallel

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

20. Assertion : The relation V= IR is valid even in the case of noniptohmic deviceipts
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips este sips este ips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b Reason
b
cc s
b : V/I
ccis
b s
b constant asb
ccper
s
b ohm’s Law
b
cc s
b ccbsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
21. Assertion : A fine wire is used in electric circuits for protecting the circuits
ss Reason s: s A fine wire s has
s high resistance
ss and ilow s smelting point ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
VI. Write the answer for the following questions in word or sentence
(3 × 1 = 3)
22. What is selectricity?
teiptsips eteiptip
s tiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
s
cbcb
es 23. Define bcsbese
cbcsbs electricccharge. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
24. What is the full form of MCB?
s VII.
s Find the sodd
s one out ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip (3bc×sbe1steip=tip3) e
25. Conductor: copper, glass, rubber.
26. Insulatot : Glass, Copper, Nickel, Chromium.
p
t 27.
i ts
i p s LED: Gallium
tiptsips Phosphide
tiptsips, Gallium ptsips
tiphosphate, tiptsips Nitrate.
Gallium tiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
bsbese
cc bsbese
cc bsbese cc bsbese cc bsbese cc bsbese cc b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
s28.
s The SItipunit
s s of potential s sdifferenceteipistsipAmpere.
s ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esetip esteiptip es esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b
29. The
sb b sb
c SI unit of cResistance is Ohm.
c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
30. Horse power is equal to 765 watt.
ss s
eiptsipshort banswer ss sipsthe following ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptipIX. Writeetthe eteiptip for ANY et5eiptof eteiptip questions.
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip (5 × eteiptip
cbcsb2s= 10)
e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
31. Define the unit of current.
32.
s State Ohm’s law.
e teiptsip33. e teiptsips between
Distinguish eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip of a conductor.
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs the resistivity
cbcsbs and conductivity
34. State Joule’s of heating.
tei ptsip35.
s What connection
tei ptsips is useds in domestic appliances
tei ptsip tei ptsips tei
ands why?
ptsip teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc sbes 36. What
b
cc sbes is the heating
b
cc sbes effect of
cccurrent?
b s
b es b
cc sbes b
cc se
b s b
ccsbes b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
37. Which material is used to make fuse wire?
s X.
s Write tlong s sanswer tfor s the
s following s squestions ss ss ss ss sips
esteiptip eseiptip eseiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip (2 × 5est=
eipt10) e
c bcsb c bcsb
38. Explain about c
bcsb
domestic electric
bcsb
c circuits. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
[OR]
ss sips sps ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip39. List eteiptmerits
the eteiptibulb.
of LED eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
40. A torch bulb is rated at 3 V and 600 mA. Calculate it’s a) power b) resistance c) energy consumed if it is used
for 4 hour.
sips ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
e ti
e pt eteiptip[OR] bcsbesteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
41. Write about LED Television.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e teiptsips


s esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Unit-5: Acoustics GANGA  Science (Physics) 107
esteiptsips UNIT esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips es

sips
teiptACOUSTICSesteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
5
 Wave velocity is the velocity with which the wave travels through the medium.
ss teiptsips of a ssound ss ss psips sps ss ss ss
eteiptip  bcsbeVelocity eteiptip esteiptip sbestei t because esteiptiare esteiptip in nature
eteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs c s cbcbs wavecis bcsbmaximum in
cbcsolids cbcsbthey more
cbcsbelastic cbcsbs than liquids
cbcsband cbcsbs
gases. Since gases are least elastic in nature.
 Infrasonic wavesps are sound wave with a frequency below 20 Hz. A human ear cannot hear these
e steiptsips esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb cbcsbwaves. cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Ultrasonic waves are sound waves with frequency greater than 20 kHz, A human ear cannot detect
these waves. ipts
esteiptsips esteiptsips este ips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b b s
b
 c c Reflection cofcsound waves b s
b
c cobey the laws b s
b
c c of reflection.b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 When a compression hits the boundary of a rarer medium, it is reflected as a rarefaction.
ss sips teiptsips reproduced ss sips ptsips teiptsipswave.sbesteiptsips ss
esteiptip  bcsbeAn
steiptecho is the essound esteiptip due to esteiptreflection
the esteithe
of original esound
s esteiptip e
c bcsb c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbc c bcsb cbcsbs
 The minimum distance between the source and the reflecting surface should be 17.2 m to hear an
ss echo psipclearly.
s psips psips psips psips psips psips psips
cbcsbs  c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
“The apparent frequency” is the frequency of the sound as heard by the listener. c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
ss ss ss TEXT BOOKsEVALUATION
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e teiptsips eteiptip
s ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1. When asp sound wave stravels through air, the air particles sps
esteiptsips esteipti s esteiptips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteipti esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a)
ccb s
bvibrate along
b
cc the
s
b directionb
cc of
s
b the waveccmotion
b s
b) vibrate but not in any fixed direction
ss c) vibrate s sperpendicular s s to the directions s of theteiwave s s motionteiptsips ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es ptip es esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb d)b sb
c do not vibrate
c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (a) vibrate along the direction of the wave motion
ss ss s
eiptsiap gaseous eiptsip
s s s –1 sps sips teiptsi4pstimes swithout ss
eteiptip2. Velocity
esteiptipof sound estin estmedium is 330
esteiptipm s . bIf ethe
steipti pressure esis
teiptincreased esby esteiptip e
cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b sb
causing a change in the temperature, the velocity of sound in the gas is
c c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bc b cbcsbs
a) 330 ms–1 b) 660 ms1 c) 156 ms–1 d) 990 ms–1
tsips : (a) s330
teipAns
–1
ss
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e e teipms
tsips e
cbcsbs 3. sb s
cbc frequency,
The sb s
cbcwhich is audible sb s
cbc to the chuman bcsb s ear iscbcsb s cbc s
b s cbc s
b s cbc bs cbcsbs
a) 50 kHz b) 20 kHz c) 15000 kHz d). 10000 kHz
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips s : (b) 20
teiptsipAns teiptkHz
sips
b
cc s
b 4. b s
b
c c velocity of
The b s
b
c csound in air b s
b
c cat a particularb s
b
c c temperature b s
b b s
b
c c is 330 cmcs–1. What cwill b s
b
c be its value b s
b
c c when cbcsbs
temperature is doubled and the pressure is halved?
ss a) 330 ptsms
ips
–1
ptsips b) 165 sips–1
pms ptsips c) 330 p×sips 2 ms–1 teiptsips d) 320 t/eiptsi2psms–1 teiptsips
esteiptip e stei e stei e stei t e sti
e e stei t e e e e
c bcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsb:s(c) 330 ×
Ans cbcsb2s ms–1 cbcsbs
5. If a sound wave travels with a frequency of 1.25 × 104 Hz at 344 m s–1, the wavelength will be
ss a) 27.52
teiptsipm
s s s b) 275.2 sms s s c) 0.02752 s sm s s d) 2.752 m
ss tiptsips
eteiptip e eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese m e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbsAns : (c) c0.02752 cbcsbs
6. The sound waves are reflected from an obstacle into the same medium from which they were incident.
ss Whichtipof
tsipsthe following
tiptsips changes?
tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip sese ee ese ese sese sese sese sese e
cbcsbs cbcbspeed
a) cbcsbs sb
b)cbcfrequency cbcsb b
c)cbcwavelengthcbcb bcb of thesecbcb
d) cnone cbcsbs
Ans : (d) none of these

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

7. Velocity of sound in the
s atmosphere s of a planet ps is 500etm s–1.
s The minimum distance betweenpthe
esteiptsips e
sources
steiptsipofs sound e teiptsipthe
and
s e teiptsipto
obstacle
s hear e teiptsiecho,
the
s should
s eiptsipbe bsbesteiptsip
s
esteiptsips estei tsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) 17 m b) 20 m c) 25 m d) 50 m
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss Ans : (c) 25s m
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e stei ptsips esteiptip
s
e
II. Book Exercise – Fill in the blanks c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1. Rapid back and forth motion of a particle about itss mean position is called __________. Ans : vibration
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptips esteiptsips estiptsips
e esteiptsips psips
sbestei t e
s
cbcb 2. If s
cbthe s
cb energy incbaclongitudinal
b s
cb travels cfrom
cbwave s s
bcb south to cnorth,
bcb the particles s
cbcb of the medium s
cbcb would be cbcvibrating cbcsbs
in __________. Ans : both North and South
ss
eteiptip3. A whistle
e
s
teiptsipgiving outte
e
s
ipatsipsound e teiptsips
of frequency 450 tHz,
e
s
iptsipapproaches
e e teiptsiapsstationarye tsips
teipobserver at ate
e tsips of s33
ipspeed e ptsip–1s.
teims e
cbcsbs s
b s
cbc frequencycheard
The bcsb s bcsb s
by the cobserver
s
b s
cbc of soundcb
is (speed
s
b s bcs
=c 330 ms–1) c__________.b s cbcsb s b s
cbc: 500 Hz
Ans cbcsbs
4. A source of sound is travelling with a velocity 40 km/h towards an observer and emits a sound of frequency
esteiptsips s
esteiptsips of sound
eiptsip If thebsvelocity
2000estHz. esteiptsiisps1220 skm/h,
esteiptsipsthen the es ptsips
teiapparent esteiptsips heard
frequency es
s observer
ptsipthe
teiby esteiptsipsis e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
__________. cc b b
cc s
b b
cc b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
Ansc:c2068 Hz cbcsbs
III. Book Exercise – Truesor False (If false correct it)

estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptips esteiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb 1. Sound
c bcsb b s
can travelb bcsb b sb
c through csolids, gases,cliquids and even
c c c bcsb vacuum.
Ans : False. Sound can travel through solids, gases, liquids and cannot through vacuum.
ss sips ss ptsipsInfrasonic. ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip2. Waves
esteiptcreated by tEarth
eseiptip Quake esteiare esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c b sb
Ans : True.
c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3. The velocity of sound is independent of temperature.
ss Ans : tFalse. s teiptsips of soundteipistsipdependent
eiptsip The velocity
s teiof s teiptsips
ptsiptemperature. ss ss ss
eteiptip es sbes e e e eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 4. cbcsbVelocity
The cbcsound
of cbcsbins gases than
is high cbcsbsliquids. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : False. The Velocity of sound is less in gases than liquids.
s
teiptsipIV. teiptsips teiptsipsthe following
b
cc s
b Book
b
cc s
b Exercise –
b
cc Match
s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. 1. Infrasonic (a) Compressions
ss 2. Echoss ss (b)s s 22 kHz ss ss ss ss ss
c bcsb c
3.bcsb c b
Ultrasoniccsb c bcsb (c) bcs
c Hz
10
b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
4. High pressure region (d) Ultrasonography
ss iptsips
Ans e: te ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
1 Infrasonic c 10 Hz
2 Echos d Ultrasonography
ss s ss ss s s ss ss ss ss
cbcsbs c3bcsbsUltrasoniccbcsbs cbcsbsb 22 kHzcbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4 High pressure region a Compressions
s
teiptsips andsbereason
teiptsips typesbe teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es Book Exercise
es es s questions
s es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
i) If Both the assertion and the reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of
e sti
e ptsips e teiptsips
assertion.
s
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb
ii) If Both the assertion and the reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
s iii) sps ss sps is false. ss ss ss ss ss
eAssertion is true,
esteiptip but the ereason
s p
eteipti steipti steipti esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs bcsb bcsb bcsb
iv) Assertion is false, but the reason is true.
c c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1. Assertion: he change in air pressure affects the speed of sound.
T
ss ss The speed ss ptsipasgas is proportional
ss s
iptsipsquare s
tiptsippressure. tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip Reason:
eteiptip eteiptip of soundeteiin eteiptip toethe
bste
of the
bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsAns c c c
: (iv) Assertion is false, but the reason is true cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

2. Assertion: ound itravels
S faster iin solids than iin gases.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteptsips esteptsips e steptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
Reason:
b b s
Scolid
c posses a cgreater
b bcsb densityb s
c cthan that ofcgases.
b bcsb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
Ans : (ii) If both the assertion and the reason are true and the
s s s s s s s s s s reason iss not
s the correct s s explanation s of
s the assertion ss
VI. Book Exercise – Answer very briefly
1. What issaslongitudinal wave?

e teiptsips e teiptip e teiptsips ss
eteiptip teiptsipstravel through ss
eteiptip any b teiptsips(solids,sbeliquids,
teiptsips gases) ss
eteiptip
s
cbcb s Anss
cbcb :s Sound waves
s
cbcb s are longitudinal bcsbescan
cbcsbs wavescthat cbcsbs csbes
cmedium cbc s cbcsbswith a
e
cbcsbs
speed that depends on the properties of the medium.
ss 2. What issthe audible range of frequency?
eteiptip Ans e
: teiptips e teiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Audible waves : These are sound waves with a frequency ranging between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. These are
generated by vibrating bodies such as vocal cords, stretched strings etc.
e teiptsip3.s ete iptsips ete distanceiptsips
ete iptsips
ste echo?cbcsbeste iptsips iptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b s What
cbcsbs is the minimum
cbcsbs bcsbean
cbcsbsneeded cfor b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
Ans : 17.2 m.
tei ptsip4.s What will

tei sipsbe the frequency
pt–1 tei ptsips sound
teiptsiphaving
s 0.20spm
tei pti s as itseswavelength,
tei ptsips when
ti
e ptsips it travels tei ptsiwith
ps a speed teiptsipof
s
e s 331 ms
es ? es es es e s es es e
cbcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans :
l = 0.20 m; V= 331 ms–1
eteiptip V bc= enl eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
n = V/l
n = 331ms–1/0.20m
ss sips sips ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip e tei pt
e ti
e pt = eteiptip
331/0.20 eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
= 1655 Hz.
5. Name three animals, which can hear ultrasonic vibrations.
teiptsips teiptsipsMosquito, tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
bes cbcsbe:sBat,
Ans bcsbeseDogs. bcsbese
c c bcsbese c bcsbese c b
ccsbes b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
VII. Book Exercise – Answer briefly
s1.s Why does s ssound travel s s faster on a
s rainy
s daytipthan
s s on a dry day?
ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esetip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b sb
c : During rainy
Ans
c bcsb b sb
c days, thecmoisture content
c bcsb b sb
c is more inc the atmosphere
c bcsb bcsb b sb
c and speedcor velocity ofcsound.
c cbcsbs
2. Why does an empty vessel produce more sound than a filled one?
ss ptsips sound isteipproduced
iThe
Ans :te tsips byte tsipsvibrationteipof
ipthe s vessel.
tsipthe sips the vibration
teiptMore teiptsips amplitude
teiptsipsand frequency
teiptsips
eteiptip es es es es es es es es e
cbcsbs cbcsb is the noise.
more cbcsb The empty cbcsone
b will becthe bcsb conditioncb csb
allowing sb
cbcamplified
more cbcsb because
vibration cbcsbof more cbcsbs
free space inside it (less molecules) that’s why empty vessels make more noise. There is a lot of space for
ss the surface s to vibrate. But
s when titiptis
sipsfilled thenteipthe surface is constrained by an outward force. More is sthe
eteiptip pressure
e teiptsipless is e teiptsipThat
sound. is why
e e solid body e tsips leastssound.
makes e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips eteiptip
s
e
cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbc b s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs
3. Air temperature in the Rajasthan desert can reach 46°C. What is the velocity of sound in air at that
temperature? (V0 = s 331 –1
e teiptsips e tei ptsips
e tei pt i ps ms )eteiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b s Ans
ccb s
b :s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
Speed of the sound wave as function of temperature is given by
ss tsips sVs = (V0 ) tei(ptsip1s+ Tc/273) ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteipTc esteiptip es esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcs
Whereb is the
c bcs
temperature
b cin
bcsºcelcius.
So the speed of sound wave in air at 46ºc is given by
ss ss sVs = 331 (teipts1ip+
s 46/273)tiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es ese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c b sb

c c bcsb c bcs
= 357.8 m/s. cbcsb
b cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4. Explain why, the ceilings of concert halls are curved.
ss iptsips a person
When
Ans : te tiptsiispstalkingsbat ptsipsfocus, his
tione tsips cansbe
tipvoice tsips distinctly
tipheard tiptsipats the other sips It is due
tiptfocus. s
tiptsipto
eteiptip bsbes bsbese b ese bsbese b bese bsbese bsbese bsbese e
cbcsbs the
c c multiple reflections
cc of sound
c c waves from
c c the curvedcwalls.
c cc cc cc cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

5. Mention two cases pins which there is no Doppler effect in sound?
esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b Ans
b s
cc :
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
i) When source (S) and listener (L) both are at rest.
ss ii) When s s S and L tmoves s in such taeiptway
s s that distance s s between them
s s remains sconstant.
s ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip eseiptip es ip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb
VIII. cBook Exercise
bcsb b
c – Problem ccornercsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1. A soundswave has a sfrequency ofs200 –1

ss s s s Hz and as speed
s of 400 s sms in atipmedium.
tsips
Find sthe
iptips
wavelength ss
eteiptip ofbthe
e tei pt i
sound
p wave.e tei pt i p e tei pt i p e tei pt ip e tei pt i p e e e te eteiptip e
cbcsbs s
c cb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
Solution : n = 200 Hz; V = 400 m/s
V = nl
ss ss ss
tsips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
l = eteipV/n eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
400 m / s
=
200 Hz
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips psips
estei 2t m.
lbcsb= esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b c b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
2. The thunder of cloud is heard 9.8 seconds later than the flash of lightning. If the speed of sound in
ss air is 330 ms–1, whats will be the height of the scloud?
esteiptip estei ptsips estei ptips esteiptsips esteiptip
s ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb Solution
c bcsb : c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Given,
ss Speed =s330 m/s; Time s= 9.8 sectiptsips
eteiptip e teiptips e tiptsipHeight
e
Let ee
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs s
cbcb s s
cbcb s cbcsb=s Distance
Speed = Distance / time
We know distance
ss sips sips is =teipSpeed
sips × Time ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip tei pt tei pt t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs Distance cbcsbofs the cloud cbcsb=s 330 × 9.8
e e e e
= 3234 m.
3. A person swho is sitting at a distance s of 400tim
esteiptsips esteiptsipthe esteiptsips betweenesteiptsipsuccessivees tsipfrom
s a source
epcompressionses
sof sound
teiptsipfrom es
is listening ito
teiptsips es
a sound ofip600
teptsips estetsips e
b
cc s
b Hz.
b
cc sFind
b time
b
cc s
b period ccb s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b the
ccbsb source? b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Solution :
ss Given, s s ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip (v)bcsbe
Frequency =s tsips Hz sesteiptsips
teip600 ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c c bc b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Time period = ?
We know that frequency = 1/Ts
ss iptsips iptsips T se teiptsip ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip t t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcb=s 1/Frequency
e e e e e
cbcsbs cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
T = 1/600 Hz
= 0.0016 Sec.
ss sips sips teiptsips ss s
eiptsipgiven bwave psips ss tiptsips
eteiptip Thus, t i pt
bsbes time interval
e t i pt
bsbesbetween two
e bsbesconsecutive esteiptip
bsbcompression bestthe
bsof sbestei t= 0.0016 esteiptip
bsbseconds. bsbese e
4. An ultrasonic wave is sent from a ship towards the bottom of the sea. It is found that the time
intervalsbetween thestransmission sipand
s reception sips of the –1
wave sipsis 1.6 seconds. sips What tis sithe depth of the
esteiptsips sea, e t
if
s ei pt
thei psvelocityestei p
oft i s
psound in e ti
the
s e pt seawater esteip
ist 1400 ms estei
? pt estei pt es i
e pt ps esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Solution :
Given,
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip V e tip m/ssesteiptip
ip1400
=te esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs cbcb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
T = 1.6 sec
Let distance = speed × time
ss s s tiptsips 2d sbe tsip×s t tiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip t
bcsbese
i pt i p
bcsbese
=tipV
bc se bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c

c c
d = V × t/2
c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 1400 × 1.6 / 2
ss s s s s tsips × 1.6sesteiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip ti t
bcsbese
p i p p
ti t
bcsbese
i p =tip700
bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c c
c = 1120 m. cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

5. A manpiss pstanding between two p vertical wallsp680 m apart. He
s claps his hands and hears ps two distinct
esteiptsips e
echoess
s
tei tiafter 0.9 e teiptsips andsbe1.1
seconds
s s
ps
tei tsisecond e tei tsips
respectively.
s e teiptsipis
What
s the e
speed
s
s
teiptsipof soundes eiptsithe
tin air?. esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b cbcsbs
Solution :
ss Given: s s
esteiptip esteiptti1p = 0.9bcs; ptsips
estt2ei = tsips m then
es=teip680 eiptsip?
estV=
s ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
c bcsb c bcsb c s b 1.1 s;
c bcd
sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb e
cbcsbs
d1 = Vt1 / 2
d2 = sVt2 / 2
ss iptsipsthe equation iptsips1 and 2, s ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip t
Bybcsadding t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbswe get cbcsbs
e e e e e
cbcsbs c b s s
cbcb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
d1 + d2 = ½ ( Vt1 + Vt2 )
but d1+d2 = d
ss ss ss tsips½ (Vt s+ ptsip)s ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip dete ip= eteiVt eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc1 bs 2 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Then factor by V in equation 3
d = V/2 (t1 + t2)
es t ei ptsips
680 m es tsipsV/2 (0.9
teip= es
sips
teipt1.1)s
+ esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
680 m = V/2 (2) s
V = 680 m/s.
ss s s s s iptsips psips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip Therefore p i p
sbese the velocity
t i t p i p
sbese of air is s680
t i t
bestem/s. sbestei t esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbc cbc cbc cbc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
6. Two observers are stationed in two boats 4.5 km apart. A sound signal sent by one, under water,
reaches the other after 3 seconds. What is the speed of sound in the water?
eteiptip Solution
bsbese : bsbese bsbese bsbese bsbese bsbese bsbese bsbese e
This is a question of Speed , distance and time which can be solved by using the formula
Speed = distance/ time
ss sips sips sips sips iptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip Asbssound
e ti
e p t signal sent
e tei pt
by one boate tei pt
reaches the e i
other
te pt boat.bsbeste eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c cbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Here distance between two observers = 4.5 Km
= (4.5 × 1000) m
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
e tsips m sesteiptsips
ip4500
=ste esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
Total time taken by sound signal to reach other = 3 sec
ccb sb ccb b ccb sb b
cc s
b cbcsbs
According to the formula speed of sound in water = distance / time
ss ss ss ss ss tsips m / s3essteiptsips ss ss
esteiptip eseptip
t i esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip =ste
e ip4500 esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb bcsb
c = 1500 m/s. c bc b c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
7. A strong sound signal sis sent from a ship towards the bottoms of the sea. It s is received back after 1s.
ss s
ptsipthe iptsipsea given iptsipsthe speed pssound einteipwater
iptsiof tsip ptsip–1 iptsips ss
eteiptip What e teiis depth e tof
e e tthat
e e te 1450 e teims ? e te eteiptip e
cbcsbs s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
Solution :
This question is based on echo, the formula for echo is
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip × time/2
Velocity eteipt=ip distance eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
Velocity is 1450 time is 1 s
Just multiply them we got,
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips 1450 s/be2steipt=sipsD esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc sb b
c c725 = D c c b sb b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
The distance is 725 m.
ss eiptsip
esteiptipIX. Book estExercise esteiptip in detail
c bcsb c bcsb c –
bcsAnswer
b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1. What are the factors that affect the speed of sound in gases?
ss Ans : te psips psips psips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip sbesi t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
Effect of density : The velocity of sound in a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the density
c c bc cbcsbs
of the gas. Hence, the velocity decreases as the density of the gas increases. v ∝ 1/√d
ss Effect tsipstemperature
tipof tiptsips: The sbvelocity
tiptsips of sound psa gas is
tiptsiin ptsips proportional
tidirectly tiptsips to sthe tsips
tipsquare root of s
psipits
eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese bc ese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcbese sbestei t e
cbcsbs c c c c c c
temperature. The velocity of sound in a gas increases with the increase in temperature. v ∝ T . Velocity at c c bc cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

temperatureptsips T is given by
s the following s equation: vT = (vo + i0.61 s T) m s–1tipHere, s vo is the velocity of sound
esteiptsips esteigas es eiptsip air, vobs=
tFor es eiptsip m s–1b. sb
t331 e steiptsips the velocity
esteptsipof es etsip e s
s
teiptsipm e
–1 whens
ps
teiptsithe e
b
cc s
b inb
ccthe
s
b at 0°
b
cc C.
s
b cc b cc Hence, b
ccsb sound
b
cc s
b changes by
b
cc sb0.61 s b
cc s
b cbcsbs
temperature changes by one degree celsius.
ss
esteiptip
Effect ofs relative
t i ptips from long
humidity
t i ps : When
ptsidistances. t i
humidity increases,
ptsips duringrainy
t i
the speed of sound increases.
ptsipsseasons.esteiptsips t i ptsips
Thats is
t i ptips
why you can ss
esteiptip
hear esound
s e e s e eclearly
s e es e es e es e e
2. What is mean by reflection of sound? Explain.
ss Ans : When s sound twaves s travel in a given medium and strike s the surface ofs another medium, sips they can sipbe
eteiptip bouncede teiptsipback into e eiptsipfirst
the medium.
e teiptsipsThis phenomenon
e teiptsips is te
known
e iptipsas reflection.
e teiptipsIn simple e teiptthe reflection
e teiptand s
e
cbcsbs cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcsbs
refraction of sound is actually similar to the reflection of light. Thus, the bouncing of sound waves from the
interface between two media is termed as the reflection of sound. The waves that strike the interface are
ss termed sipsthe incident ss s sips tsipstermedeas sips reflectedteipwaves
ss ss
eteiptip eteiptas eteiptipwave andetthe eiptsipwaves that eteiptbounce back
eteipare teiptthe e tip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c
a)
bcsbs sbs
cbcat
Reflection cbcsbs of a rarer
the boundary
s
cbcsbmedium. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : Consider a wave travelling in a solid medium striking on the interface between the solid and
teiptsips the
teiptsipair.
s The compression
teiptsips exerts
teiptsipas forcesbFeston
eiptsipthe surface
s teiptof
sipsthe rarerteimedium.
ptsips As ate iprarer
tsips medium teiptshas
ips
b
cc s
b s
b
c c smaller resistance
b b
cc s
b for any s
b
c c deformation,
b s
b s
b
c cthe surfacecofc separationcisc pushed backwards
b b b b
cc s
b .As the s
b
c cparticles
b cbcsbs
of the rarer medium are free to move, a rarefaction is produced at the interface. Thus, a compression is
reflected as a rarefaction and a rarefaction travels from rightsto left.
ss iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsip iptsips iptsips iptsips
esteiptip ete ete ete ete ete ete ete ete e

eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c c c
b) Reflection at the boundary of a denser medium.
c c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : A longitudinal wave travels in a medium in the form of compressions and rarefactions. Suppose
teiptsips ate
ipcompression
tsips teitravelling
ptsips in air
teiptsifrom
ps left to right
teiptsips reaches teipatsiprigid
s wall. tThe
eiptsip compression
s teiptsipexerts
s a force
teiptsipsF
es es es es es es es es e s e
b
cc s
b s
b
c c on the rigid
b s
b
c cwall. In turn,
b s
b
c cthe wall exerts
b s
b
c c an equal cand
b b s
b
c opposite creaction
bcsb R = –c F
b sb sb
c on the air cmolecules.
bc cbcsbs
This results in a compression near the rigid wall. Thus, a compression travelling towards the rigid wall is
ss reflected
s s back as sa scompression.
s sThat is the sdirection
s of compression
ss is reversed.
ss ss ss
esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
ss tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss ss ss

eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c c
c) Reflection at curved surfaces.
Ans : when the sound waves are reflected from the curved surfaces, the intensity of the reflected waves
esteiptsips eiste
s tsips
ipchanged. When
es
s
teiptsipreflected esteiptsipas convex
from esteiptsips thesbreflected
surface, esteiptsips waves estare s
eiptsipdiverged eout
s
s the intensity
teiptsipand esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c is decreased. s
b
c c When sound
b s
b
c c is reflected
b s
b
c cfrom a concave
b c c surface, the
b s
b
c c reflected waves
b s
b
c c are converged
b b
cc sb and cbcsbs
focused at a point. So the intensity of reflected waves is concentrated at a point.
ss teiptsips do you teiptsips sips term 'ultrasonic
ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip3. a)
eWhat
s esunderstand eby
steiptthe esteiptip vibration'?
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb bcsb
c Ans : Thecvibrations whose bcsb
c frequencies bcsb bcsb
c are greatercthan 20000Hz bcsb bcsb
c are called Ultrasonic
c bcsb
Vibrations.
c cbcsbs
b) State three uses of ultrasonic vibrations.
ss teiptsip:s
Ans teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip es bcsbes bcsbes bcsbes bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcsb c c c c c c c
Ultra sonic vibrations are used in SONAR to measure the depth of sea (or ocean) and to locate under cbcsbs
water objects like Submarines, sea – rocks and shipwrecks
ss s is used tfor
teiptsipIt ss s
teiptsipimaging sps sips ptsips and presencepsips of stones psips
eteiptip e eseiptipscanning sbesand sbethe
steiptiposition sand
esteiptgrowth of easte
sb ifoetus sbestei t sbestei t in e
cbcsbs cbcsbs the gall cbcsbbladder bc
and kidney
c c bc c bc b c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

ipts It is used for homogenizing milk in milk plants where fresh milk isipagitated withip desired quantity of
esteiptsips este ips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips estetsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b fat and
b
cc s
bpowdered milk
b
cc s
b to obtain toned
b
cc s
b milk. b
ccsb b
cc s
b ccb s
b ccb s
b cbcsbs
c) Name three animals which can hear ultrasonic vibrations.
ss teiptsip:sBats can iptsipsultrasonic
hear sips ss tsips 1,20,000 sips Some animals ss sips
esteiptip eAns
s este esteiptsounds having
esteiptipfrequenciesesteipupto esteiptHz. esteiptip likebcdogs
esteiptand e
c bcsb bcsb
c dolphins can bcsb
c hear sounds bcsb
c having frequencies
c bcsb upto c bcsb
40.000 Hz. c bcsb c bcsb c sb cbcsbs
4. What is an echo?
eteiptip etei t it etei t
bestesound reproduced etei t etei t etei t estei t etei t
cbcsb:sAn echo cisbcsthe
Ans duebcto
c sbsthe reflection
cbcsbsof the original
cbcsbssound from
cbcsbvarious rigidbcssurfaces e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs
such as walls, ceilings, surfaces of mountains, etc. If you shout or clap near a mountain or near a reflecting
surface, like a building you can hear the same sound again. The sound, which you hear is called an echo. It
ss is due s reflection
ptsipthe ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteito esteiptipof sound.esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
a) State two conditions necessary for hearing an echo.
Anss :sThe persistence sips of hearing for human ears is 0.1 second. This means sipsthat you tcan hear two sound
esteiptsips esteiptip clearly,
waves estifeiptthe time esteiptsipsbetween
interval es iptsipstwo sounds
te
the esteiptsiispsatleastsb0.1
esteipts. Thus, thees ptsips
eiminimum time
es
sips
teiptgap e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc ccb s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
between the original sound and an echo must be 0.1 s.
ss The above scriterion can be satisfied only when the distance between the source sof sound and sthe
esteiptip tei ptsips tei ptips teiptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips ti
e ptsips tei ptips esteiptip
s
c bcsb c bcsbereflecting
s csurface
bcsbes would
c satisfy
bcsbes the following
c bcsbes equation:
c bcsbes c bcse
b s c bcsbes c bcsb e
cbcsbs
Velocity = distance travelled by sound/ time taken
ss ss ss V e=te ptsip/s t
i2d ss ss ss ss ss
d = vt /2
ss ss Since, t = 0.1 second,

eteiptip eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb s s
b s
thencdbc = V × 0.1/2 =cbcsbs V/20 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Thus the minimum distance required to hear an echo is 1/20th part of the magnitude of the
esteiptsips evelocity
s i
te ptsi p s of sound
es
psair. If you
teiptsiin es ptsips
teiconsider steiptsips of sound
theevelocity esteiptsipass 344 msbesst–1eip,tsithe
ps minimumes
ps
teiptsidistance esteiptsips
required e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c to hear anc echo bcsb is 17.2 cm. bcsb ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc ccb s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
b) What are the medical applications of echo?
ss teiptsip:sThe principle ss tsips in obstetric ss ss sips ss eiptsip
s
esteiptip eAns
s esteiptip of echo esisteipused esteiptip ultrasonography,
esteiptip which esteip esteiptip real-time
ist used tobcscreate estvisual e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b c bcsb cbcsbs
images of the developing embryo or fetus in the mother’s uterus. This is a safe testing tool, as it does
not use any harmful radiations.
ss psips psips psips psips psips ss ss ss
eteiptip stei t can you
c)bsbeHow tei t
bsbescalculate sbesteispeed
bthe
t sbestei t usingbecho?
ofbsound sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc cc cc cc cc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : The sound pulse emitted by the source travels a total distance of 2d while travelling from the
ss source to the wall and then back to the receiver. The time taken for this has been observed to bes ‘t’.
eteiptip e teiptsips the speed
Hence, e teiptsipofs soundsbewave
teiptsipsis given e teiptsips
by: e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips eteiptip
s
e
cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsb s cbc s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcbs
s cbcsbs
Speed of Sound = distance travelled /time taken= 2d/t.
s Book Exercise
teiptsipX. teiptsips – Answer
teiptsips in detail teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Suppose that a sound wave and a light wave have the same frequency, then which one has a longer
wavelength?
ss psips ss ss ss ss ss tsipssufficient ss
esteiptip estei t
a)bcsb
Sound esteiptip b)bcsLight
esteiptip esteiptip c) bcboth
esteiptiap and bbcsbesteiptip d) data esteipnot esteiptip e
c bcsb c c bcsb c b c bcsb c sb c c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Light has a longer wavelength and has the greater speed.
s2.s Whentipsound
s s is reflecteds s from taeiptdistant
sips object, s san echoteiis sproduced.
s Let
s sthe distance s s between the
ss
eteiptip e etip surfaceeteiptip bcsbes of sound eteiptip es ptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
reflecting cbcsbsand thecsource cbcsbsremain thecbcsbsame.Do cbcsbshear an echo
you cbcsbssound on cbcasbhotter cbcsbs
day? Justify your answer.
Ans : An echo
s is heard when the timesinterval between s the original s sound and the s reflected sound is at least
ss sp s sp sp sp sp s sp s sp sp
eteiptip 0.1s. teipti speed of
eThe teipti in a medium
esound eteipti increases ti an increase
eteipwith eteipti in temperature.
eteipti Hence, eipti a hotter
eton eteiptithe
day, e
time interval between the original sound and the reflected sound will decrease.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs


Additional esteiptsips the best
– Choose es
ps
teiptsianswer esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. __________ is a branch of physics that deals with production.
a) Thermolysis b) Acoustics c) Nuclear physics d) atomic physics
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ptsips: (b) Acoustics ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiAns esteiptip e
2. The vibrating bodies produce energy in the form of waves, which are nothing but __________
a) Sound waves b) light waves c) either a or b d) none
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s sps Sound waves ss
eteiptip eet i pt i p eet i pt i p eet i pt i p eet i pt ip eet i pt i p eet i pt i p Anseteip:ti(a) eteiptip e
3. Sound can propagate through a gaseous medium or a liquid medium or a __________ medium
a) Solid b) solid and liquid c) liquid and gas d) all
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s tiptsipsAns : s(a) tsips
eteiptip ti t
bcsbese
p i p ti t
bcsbese
p i p ti t
bcsbese
p i p ti t
bcsbese
p i p ti t
bcsbese
p i p ti t
bcsbese
p i p
bcsbese bcbese
tipsolid e
cbcsbs 4. c c
Sound waves are __________ waves.
c c c c c c cbcsbs
a) Longitudinal waves b) transverse waves c) either a or b d) none
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p sAns : (a)
e s tsips
teiplongitudinal esteiptsips
waves e
b
cc s
b
5.
bcsb
Ac series of high
b sb
c cand low pressure ccb sb b sb
c c called __________
regions ccb sb
and
bcsb
c __________ ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
a) longitudinal, transverse b) Compressions, refractions
c) either
esteiptipa or b esteiptip d) bnone
ss s s s s s s s s ss ss ss ss
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c csb b sb
c Ans : (b) Compressions,
c c bcsb b sb
crefractions
c cbcsbs
6. Audible waves with a frequency ranging between __________ and __________
ss a) 20tip Hzs sto 2000 Hz s s b) 20te Hzs to s 20000Hz s s c) 2 Hz to
s s20 Hz teiptsips d) Noneteiptof s sthe aboveteiptsips
eteiptip e etip eteiptip e iptip eteiptip eteiptip e es ip sbes e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Anscbc:sb(b) 20 Hz to cbc20000Hz cbcsbs
7. __________ waves are generated by vibrating bodies such as vocal cords, stretched strings etc
a) Audible s s waves teiptsips b) infrasonic s s wavesteiptsips c) Ultrasonic s s waves.teiptsips d) a and
ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip tiptbsips ss
eteiptip
e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
e bcsbes:e (a) Audible
cAns cbcsbswaves
e
cbcsbs
8. __________ waves with a frequency below 20Hz that cannot be heard by the human ear.
a) Audible waves ps b) infrasonic waves ps c) Ultrasonic waves ps d) a andpcs
esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips estei tips e stei tips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb Ans
ccb sb: (b) infrasonic
ccb sb waves cbcsbs
9. __________ waves are produced during earth quake, ocean waves, sound produced by whales etc
ss a) Audible waves b) infrasonic waves s s c) Ultrasonic waves s s d) b and cs s
esteiptip e tei ptsips e tei ptsips e tei ptsips e tei ptip e tei ptsips esteiptip Ansbcs:bes(b) teiptip teiptsips
eswaves e
c bcsb c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb c Infrasonic
c bcsb cbcsbs
10. __________ are sound waves with a frequency greater than 20 kHz.
ss a) Audible waves b) infrasonic waves s s c). Ultrasonic waves s s d) a and cs s
eteiptip t iptsips t iptsips t iptsips t iptip t iptsips eteiptip Ans eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsb: s(c) Ultrasonic cbcsbswaves
e e e e e e e e e e e
cbcsbs cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcsbs cbcsbs
11. Sound wavelength ranges from __________ to __________
a) 1.65 m to 1.75 m b) 1.65 cm to 1.65 m c) 1.65 cm to 1.75 cm d) 1.65 m to 1.72 m
ss sips sips sips sips ss ss sips teiptsips
eteiptip e tei pt e tei pt e tei pt e tei pt eteiptip eteiptip Ansbc:sb(b) eteipt1.65 cmbto e1.65m e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c s c csbs cbcsbs
12. Light wavelength ranges from __________ to __________
a) 4 × 10–6 m to 7 × 10–7 m b) 4 × 10–7 m to 7 × 10–7 m
esteiptsips c) sb 5est× p si p s
–6
e 10 m btosbe7ste× 10 m
i t i ptsi p s–7
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
d) noneesteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b ccb cc ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb b sb b sb
c c Ans : (b)c4c× 10–7m toc7c× 10–7m b sb cbcsbs
13. Sound waves travels in air with a speed of about __________ m/s at NTP
ss sips ss tsips ss tsips ss eiptsip
s ss
esteiptip a) s320esteiptm/s esteiptip b) bcs340 esteipm/s esteiptip c) bc350 esteipm/s esteiptip d) 314 estm/s esteiptip e
c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c b c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb
Ans : (b)
bcsb
c 340 m/s cbcsbs
14. Light waves travel in air with a speed of __________
ss a) 3et× sips6 m/s teiptsips b) 3 ×teip10
eipt10 s 8s ss s m/s tiptsips d) 3 × t10
tsip–4 s5 s ss
eteiptip e e tip m/s bcsbesteiptip c) bc3sbe× teip10 ee eseiptipm/s bcsbesteip8tip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c c s cbcsbs cbcsbAns : (b) 3 × 10 m/s
c cbcsbs
15. SI unit of velocity is __________
ss 2
eteiptip a) m/s
e teiptsips e teiptsips b) sm e teiptsips e teiptsips c) ms e teiptsips e teiptsips d) msbesteiptsips psips
sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbc sb s cbc sb s cbc b s cbc sb s cbc sb s cbc sb s cbc c bc
Ans : (b) m cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

16. The velocity s with which s the particles of the medium vibrate in order tops transfer thepenergy in the
esteiptsips form es eiptsiap Wavebsis
tof es eiptsip __________
tcalled esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips estei tsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cc b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) Wave velocity b) particle velocity c) either a or b d) none
Ans : (b) particle velocity
esteiptip17. The e tei
velocity
s with estei
which the e
wave
stei
travels e tei
through
s the e te
medium
s i
is e
calledstei
__________ estei esteiptip e
a) Wave velocity b) particle velocity c) either a or b d) none
Ans : (a) Wave velocity
ss iptsips iptsips a Force s
ipFtsipon ps
iptsiwall, iptsipthes iptsips an equal ss ss
eteiptip te te te te te te eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 18. The compression exerts the rigid In turn, wall exerts
cbcsbs and opposite
es es es es es es e
cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
reaction __________ on the air molecules.
a) R = F b) R= –F c) F = R d) F = –R
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s s : (b) R=
tiptsipAns s
tiptsip–F
eteiptip ti t
bcsbese
p i p ti t
bcsbese
p i p ti t
bcsbese
p i p ti t
bcsbese
p i p ti t
bcsbese
p i p ti t
bcsbese
p i p
bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs 19. c c c c
__________ surfaces are used when it is required to focus the sound at particular point.
c c c c cbcsbs
a) Plane b) Curved c) parabolic d) elliptical
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
es tsips : (c) Parabolic
teipAns esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b
20. ccb sb
__________
bcsb
csurface b sb
c cin designing
is used
b sb
c cwhispering b sb
c challs. ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
a) Plane b) curved c) parabolic d) elliptical
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s sips : (d) ellipticalss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptAns esteiptip e
c bcsb
21.
bcsb
c persistence
The
bcsb bcs
c of hearingc for human earsb bcsb
c is __________ c bcsb
second c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) 0.1 m b) 0.1 sec c) 0.5 sec d) 0.1 sec
ss
eteiptip pis p s pis p s pis p s pis p s pi s p s pi s p s ps : (d) e0.1
psiAns psisec
ps
cbcsbs 22. bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbstei t e
cbcsbs
The sound pulse emitted by the source travels a total distance of __________ while travelling from
c c c c c c c c
the source to the wall and then back to the receiver.
ss a) 4d sps b) 2d sps c) 3d sps d) 5d
eteiptip e teipti e teiptsips e teipti e teiptsips e teipti e teiptsips ss
eteiptip Ans
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc sb s cbc sb s cbc sb s cbc sb s cbc sb s cbc sb s cbcsbs cbcsb: s(b) 2d cbcsbs
23. An __________ wave is emitted by a source attached to a police car.
a) Electromagnetic waves b) radio swaves c) light waves d) mechanical waves s s
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptips esteiptsips esteiptsips es ptsips
teiAns esteiptsips eteiptip e
b
cc s
b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb : (a)
ccbElectromagnetic
sb cbcsbswaves cbcsbs
24. __________ radio waves are sent, and the reflected waves are detected by the receiver of the sta-
tion.
esteiptip a)bsb esteiptip
RADAR esteiptip b) bcsSONAR esteiptip esteiptip c) beither esteiptiap or b bcsbesteiptip d) none esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c c c bcsb c b c bcsb c csb c c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (a) RADAR
25. In __________ the speed of marine animals and submarines can be determined.
eteiptip a) sb eteiptip
RADAR eteiptip b) bcsSONAR eteiptip eteiptip c) beither eteiptiap or b bcsbesteiptip d) none eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c csbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) SONAR
ss ss ss sps sips teiptsips ss ss ss

eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptiAdditional
et–eiptFill in the eblanks eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
1. __________ plays a major role in Our lives. Ans : Sound
esteiptsip2.s We communicate
esteiptsips with
esteiptsipeach
s othertimainly
es eptsip through
s
esteiptsi__________.
ps esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips Anss:besSound
teiptsips e
b
cc s
b
3.
b
cc s
b
__________
bcsb
acbranch
b s
b
of physics
b s
b
c c that dealsc with
c transmission b s
b b
c c and reception.
cc s
b b
cc s
b bc
Ans c: Acoustics cbcsbs
4. Sound waves are __________ waves that can travel through any medium with a speed that depends on the
ss psips ss psips psips psips psips psips psips
esteiptip properties esteiptip
sestei t of the smedium. sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei tAns : longitudinal
sestei t e
5. As sound travels through a medium the particles of the medium vibrate along the __________ of propagation
of the wave. Ans : direction
eteiptip6. The teipti
bcsbesdisplacement
teipti
bcsbesinvolves the teipti
bcsbes__________
teipti
bcsbesdisplacements
tipti tipti
bcsbeseof the individual
bcsbese molecules
tipti
bcsbese from their
teipti
bcsbesmean e
cbcsbs c
positions.
c c c c c c c
Ans : Longitudinal
cbcsbs
7. Longitudinal waves in a series of __________ and __________ pressure regions called compressions and
ss psips psips psips psips psips psips psips ptsips
eteiptip sbestei t
rarefractions. sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t Ans : High
sbest,ei Low e
8. __________ waves are sound waves with a frequency ranging between 20Hz to 20000Hz. Ans : Audible

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

9. __________ waves are generatedipby vibrating bodies such asipvocal cords, stretched strings etc.
teiptsips tiptsips tiptsips t tsips tiptsips t tsips tiptsips tiptsips ss
esteiptip
b
cc s
b es bsbese
cc bsbese
cc bsbese
cc bsbesecc bsbese cc bsbese ccbsbese Ansb:sbAudible
cc cc
e
cbcsbs
10. __________ waves are sound waves with a frequency below 20Hz that cannot be heard by the human ear.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s : Infrasonic
sAns ss
c bcsb bcsb
11. __________
c bc
waves
c sb bc
are produced
c sb bcs
during earthb
c Quake, Ocean c bcsb bcs
waves, sound
c b c by whales, cetc. cbcsbs
b
produced csb bcsb
Ans : Infrasonic
ss ss tsipssoundswaves
tiptsipswith a sfrequency
tiptsips greater ps 20KHz. tiptsips s : Ultrasonic
tiptsips
eteiptip12. __________ waves
eteiptip tipare
bcsbese bcbese bcbese
tiptsithan
bcsbese bcsbese
tiptsipAns
bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs 13. __________
cbcsbs c c c c c c
ear cannot detect these waves, but certain creatures like mosquito, dogs, bats , dolphins can c cbcsbs
detect these waves. Ans : Human
ss ss ss sps the propagation.
ss ss ss ss teiptsips
eteiptip14. Inbc__________
eteiptip eteiptip is required
medium eteiptifor eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ansbcs:besSound e
cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs
15. In __________ medium is not required for the propagation. Ans : Light
16. There are two velocities namely __________ and s__________. Ans : Particle, wave
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 17. SI sb
c cunit of velocity
b s
b
c c is __________.
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b sb
c c: metre
Ansb cbcsbs
18. The velocity with which the particles of the medium vibrate in order to transfer the energy in the form of a
ss wave tis
iptscalled
ips __________
tiptsips velocity.
tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips Ans : particle
tiptsips
esteiptip es e es e e ee e e
csbes
e
bcsbes e e bsbese e
c bcsb cbcsbvelocity
19. The cbcsbwhich
with cbcsbs travels through
the wave cbcsbs the medium
cbcsbs is calledcb__________cvelocity. c c : wave
Ans cbcsbs
20. __________ can be defined as the distance travelled per second by a sound wave. Ans : Velocity
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip is __________
eteiptip in bsolids
eteiptip esteiptipare more eteiptip
cbcsbs 21. Velocity
cbcsbs of sound
cbcsbwave c csbs because they
cbcsbselastic incnature
bcsbese than cliquids
bcsbese and e
cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsbs
gases. Ans : Maximum
22. Gases are s__________ elastic in nature,
ss sip sips sips the velocity sips of soundteipistsipthe
s __________ sips in a gaseous sips medium.
sips
eteiptip e ti
e pt e ti
e pt e ti
e pt e tei pt e e tei pt t ipt
e Ans : least,
e t i p
e least
e t e
23. The __________ of sound is directly proportional to the square root of the elastic modules. Ans : speed
24. The speed of sound iis __________ proportionaliptos the squareiproot of the density. Ans : Inversely
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips estetips estetsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c velocity ofcsound
25. The bcsb b s
b
c c__________
in solids b s
b
c cas the density b s
b
c cincreases. c c bsb b
cc s
b bcsb
Ans :cdecreases cbcsbs
26. The velocity of sound in solids __________ when the elasticity of the material increases.
ss teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips s : Increases
teiptsipAns teiptsips
esteiptip es es es es es es es es e
c bcsb cbcsbvelocity ofcsound
27. The
bcsb cbcsisb __________
in a gas cbcsbproportional
cbcsto
b cbcsbroot of thecdensity
the square
bcsb bcsb
of thec gas. cbcsbs
Ans : inversely
ss teiptsips decreases ss ss tsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip28. The evelocity eteiptipas thebcdensity
eteiptip of thebcsgas eteiptip
eteip__________. eteiptip eteiptipAns : bincreases
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs c bs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs
29. The velocity of sound in a gas is __________ proportional to the square root of its temperature.
Ans : directly
ss ss ss iptsips teiptsips ss ss teiptsips teiptsips
eteiptip esteiptip of sound
eteiptip beste eteiptip in temperature.
eteiptip Ansbcs:besincreases,
cbcsbs 30. The
cbcsbvelocity cbcsbs in a gas
cbcs__________ cbwith
csbes the __________ cbIncreases
csbes e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs
31. The velocity of sound in the iron is __________. Ans : 1450m/s
esteiptsip32.
s The velocity
esteiptsips of sound
esteiptsiin
psthe air is
estei__________.
ptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsipsAns : s331
e steiptm/s
sips
e
b
cc s
b b
33. The
s
b b
c c velocity ofcsoundcsb b s
b
c cby __________.
changes
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
Ans c: c
b
0.61 m/s cbcsbs
34. When humidity increases the speed of sound __________. Ans : increases
ss teiptsipsof sound s
ptsipcopper teiptsips ss ss ss ss sips
esteiptip35. The espeed
s esteiin is es__________. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptipAns : b5010
esteiptm/s e
36. The speed of Iron in iron is __________. Ans : 5950 m/s
s37.
s The speed s sof Aluminium psipsis __________. psips psips ss ss s : 6420tiptm/s
s Ans e sip
s
eteiptip esteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip csbes m/s e
cbcsbs 38. The cbcsbspeed c bc c b
of Kerosene is __________.c c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans :cb1324 cbcsbs
39. The speed of water in liquid is __________. Ans : 1493 m/s
ss teiptsipsof Seasbewater
teiptsipsin liquid sips ss ss ss ss sips
eteiptip40. The espeed eteiptip
teipt__________.
eis eteiptip eteiptip eteiptipAns : b1533
eteiptm/s e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs
41. The speed of air in gas is __________. Ans : 331 m/s

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

42. The speed of Air (atip 200C) is __________. Ans : 343ipm/s
esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c sound waves
43. When b s
b b s
b
c c travel in ca cgiven medium b s
b
c cand strike theb s
b b sb
c c surface of canother
c b s
b
c c they can be
medium, b s
b
c cbounced cbcsbs
back into the first medium. This phenomenon is known as __________. Ans : Reflection
esteiptip44. Inbcsimple
esteiptipthe reflection
esteiptipand refraction
esteiptip of sound esteiisptiactually similar
esteiptip to thebcs__________.
ss ss ss ss sps ss ss ss ss
c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b bcsb
c Ans : reflection
bcsb
c of light cbcsbs
45. The bouncing of sound waves from the interface between two media is termed as the __________ of
ss sound. psips psips psips psips psips psips s : Reflection
psipAns psips
46. The incident wave, the normal to the reflecting surface and the reflected wave at the point of __________ lie c bc cbcsbs
in the same plane. Ans : incidence
ss teiptsipsof __________ ss s angle tof
tsipthe s
s__________. ss ss teiptsips ss
eteiptip47. The eangle eteiptip is equal
eteipto e eiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ansbcs:beIncidence, reflection
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs
48. The sound waves that travel towards the reflecting surface are called the __________.
Ans : incident waves
s
teiptsip49. teiptsipswavessbebouncing
teiptsips back s teiptsips surface sips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es The sound
es s es eiptsip the thereflecing
tfrom es esteiptare called __________.
es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc
Ans : Reflected waves
s
b cbcsbs
50. All practical purposes the point of incidence and the point of reflection is the same point on the
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss sips ss
esteiptip esteiptip
__________. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans estei:ptreflecting esteiptip
surface e
51. A perpendicular line drawn at the point of incidence is called the __________. Ans : Normal
52. The angle which the incident sound swave makes with the normal is called thesp__________.
tiptsips
e teiptsips tiptsips
e teiptips teiptsips teiptsips eteipti
s tiptsips teiptsips
s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es cbcsbs bcsbes:eAngle ofcbincidence
cAns csbes e
cbcsbs
53. The angle which the reflected wave makes with the normal is called the __________.
ss ss ss ss ss ss s s Ans : angle
s s of reflection
ss
eteiptip eteiptip wonder eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip csbes
teiptip e
cbcsbs 54. Acoustical
cbcsbs cbcsbsof __________
cbcsbs fort is placed
cbcsbs in Hyderabad.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans c: bGolconda cbcsbs
55. A __________ wave travels in a medium in the form of compressions and refractions. Ans : longitudinal
s The compression
teiptsip56. teiptsips teiptsipsa forcesbeFsteipon
exerts tsipsthe rigid teiptsips. In turn,
wall ptsipswall exerts
teithe sipsequal and
teiptan ps
teiptsiopposite teiptsips
reaction
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
__________ b s
b
c cthe air molecules.
on b
cc ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb b s
b
c c: R= –F
Ans cbcsbs
57. A compression travelling towards the rigid wall is reflected back as a __________. Ans : compression
ss teiptsips ss s
ptsipthe sips ss ss ss eiptsip
s
esteiptip58. The ecompression
s esteiptip a force
exerts eFsteion surfaceesteiptof esteiptip medium.
the __________ esteiptip esteiptip Ans e:stRarer e
59. As a rarer medium has __________ resistance for any deformation, the surface of separation is pushed
backwards. Ans : Smaller
ss ss ss ss teiptsips tiptsips to other ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip in bwhich
eteiptip eteiptip csbes bcsbese eteiptip esteiptip rarer bmedium.
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 60. The
cbcsbmedium c csbs the velocity
cbcsbs of soundcb__________ ccompared cbcsbs mediumcbiscsbcalled c csbs cbcsbs
Ans : increases
61. The medium in which the velocityspof sound __________ compared to other medium spiss called denser
teiptsips medium. teiptsips teiptsips teipti s teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips eteipti tiptsips
cbcsbes cbcsbes cbcsbes cbcsbes cbcsbes cbcsbes cbcsbes bcsbese
cbcsbs Ans :cdecreases
e
cbcsbs
62. The intensity of the reflected wave is neither __________ nor __________. Ans : decreased , increased
esteiptsip63.
s Whentip
es
thessound waves
etsip esteiptsipsare reflected
esteiptsipsfrom theesteipcurved
tsips surfaces
esteiptsipsthe __________
esteiptsips of sthe
e steipreflected
tsips waves
esteiptsipsis e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
changed.
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b b s
Ansc: cintensity
b cbcsbs
64. When reflected from a convex surface the reflected waves are __________ out and the intensity is
s s decrease. ss ss ss ss ss ss s sAns : diverged ss
c bcsb bc
65. When
c sb bcsb
sound isc reflected frombcsb bcsb bcsb
c a concave csurface , thecreflected waves bcsb
c are __________
c bcsb bcs
and focused
c b at a cbcsbs
point. Ans : Converged
ss psipsare designed
teiptsipswith __________
tiptsips tiptsipssurfaces. tiptsips tiptsips tiptsipsAns : parabolic
tiptsips
eteiptip66. Many halls
sbestei t csbes bcsbese
reflecting
cbcsbs 67. In cbc__________ cbsurfaces c c c c
sound from one focus will always be reflected to the other focus. c c
Ans : Elliptical
cbcsbs
68. In a __________ hall, the speech of a person standing in one focus can be heard clearly by a listener standing
ss ptsips focus.esteiptsips psips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip at the
sesteiother sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t Ans : whispering
sestei t e
cbcsbs cbcb s cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcsbs
69. One of the famous whispering galleries is in St.Paul’s cathedral church in __________. Ans : London

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

70. An __________ is the sound reproduced due to the reflection of the original isound from various rigid surfaces
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b such
b
cc s
b as walls , ceilings,
b
cc sb surfaces
b
cc s
b and mountains.
b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc s
b c c echo
Ans
b s
b : cbcsbs
71. The sound which you is hear after reflection is called an __________. Ans : Echo
ss teiptsips time s s ss ptsips be __________. ss s s Ans :tei0.1ss
esteiptip72. The eminimum
s estgap
eiptsip between estthe
eiptsiporiginal sound
esteiptip and echo esteimust esteiptip esteiptip es ptip s e
c bcsb c bcsb
73. Velocity
b csb
c to __________.
is equal c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb
Ans : distance
bcsb
c by sound/time
travelled c bcsb
taken cbcsbs
74. The minimum distance required to hear an echo is __________ part of the velocity of sound in air.
ss psips psips psips psips psips psips psips Ans :es1/20
psipths
eteiptip sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t s tei t e
75. The velocity of sound in air is __________. Ans : 344 m/s
76. The minimum distances required to hear an echo iss __________. Ans : 17.2 m
e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptips esteiptsips eteiptip
s ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb 77. Thes
cbc principle of
b s s cbcsbs
cbcecho is usedcbinc obstetric __________.
b b cbcsbs cbcsbs s s cbcsbs
cbcAns : ultrasonography
b cbcsbs
78. __________ is used to determine the velocity of sound waves in any medium. Ans : Echo
s __________
teiptsip79. teiptsips are sb teiptsips curved
basically ptsips
teisurfaces, which s used in
teiptsipare sips
teiptauditoria and ps to improve
teiptsihalls teiptsips the quality s
teiptsipof
es es e s es es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b s
b
sound.
cc b
cc b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b s
b
c c Ans : Sound b s
b
c c board cbcsbs
80. __________ is a hearing aid. Ans : Ear trumpet
ss ptsips ptsipsis __________ ss tsips onesisest__________.
eiptsip
s ss s
eiptsip : wide, teiptsips
esteiptip81. Inbcear
esteitrumpet, one esteiend esteiptip andbcsthe
esteipother esteiptip estAns enarrow
s e
c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c b c bc b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
82. Ear trumpet helps in concentrating the sound and the sound enters the ear drum with more __________.
Ans : Intensity
ss ss teiptsips teiptsips used sb ptsips a small sps sips tsips : Megaphone ss
eteiptip83. A b__________
eteiptip is aehorn-shaped edevice eteiaddress
to eteiptigathering teiptpeople.
eof eteipAns eteiptip e
cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
84. Doppler effect was created by the __________. Ans : Christian Doppler
85. Dopplerps is an Austrian Mathematician and __________. Ans : Physicist
esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb cbcsb
86. Whenever
s
b
cbcis a relative
there
s
b
cbcmotion between s
b s
b
cbc a sourcecbcand a listener, s
b
cbc the frequency s
b
cbc of the sound cbcsbsheard cbcsbs
by the listener is different from the original frequency of sound emitted by the source. This is known as
__________. Anssp:sDoppler effect
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteipti esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 87. It
c is
b s
b
c assumed that s
b
c c the medium
b s
b
c c is rest. That
b s
b
c cis the velocity
b s
b
c cof the medium
b s
b
c c is __________.
b b
cc s
b b s
b
c : Zero
cAns cbcsbs
88. Both source and listener move away from each other, expression for apparent frequency is __________.
ss ss ss ss ss ss s : n’ = t(iptvsip–s vL / v + tvipstsi)psn
sAns
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip ee ee e
c bcsb bcsb
c source and
89. Both bcsb
c listener move bcsb bcsb bcsb
c one behindcthe other, expression
c c bcsb
of apparent cbcsbiss __________.
frequency cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : n’ = ( v – vL / v – vs ) n
ss sps ptsips expression
tiptsips of apparenttiptsipsfrequency s
tipistsip__________ s : n’ =ti(ptvsip+
tiptsipAns s v / v +tipvtsip)ns
eteiptip90. Listener
eteiptifollows thetisource,
bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese L ees e
cbcsbs 91. Source
cbcsbs at rest clistener c c c c
moves towards the source, expression of apparent frequency is __________.
c cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : n’ = ( v + vL / v )n
ss sipsrest listener ss sips the source,ss ss tsips ptsips tiptsips
eteiptip92. Source
eteiptat eteiptipmoves baway
eteiptfrom eteiptip expression
eteiptipof apparent
eteipfrequency isti__________.
bcsbese bcsbese bcsbes
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cAns c
: n’ = ( v – v / v )n c L
93. Source moves towards the listener __________. Ans : n’ = ( v / v – vs )n
s
teiptsip94. sips
teiptmoves ptsips the listener
teifrom teiptsips__________.
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips psips
ti t psips
ti t
Source away bcsbes: en’ = ( vc/bcvsbe+sevs )n
cAns
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
95. The frequency of __________ emitted by a satellite decreases as the satellite passes away from the earth.
s s s s s s s Anss: Radio wavess
s s s ptsip teiptsip sip s s s
esteiptip96. __________
esteiptip thebcsspeed
esteiptipof marine esteianimals essubmarines esteiptbe esteiptip esteiptip Ansbc:sbSONAR
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c b c bcsb and
c bcsb c bccan
sb determined.
c bcsb c bcsb c cbcsbs
97. A __________ wave helps to track the over speeding vehicles. Ans : electromagnetic
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsb–s Match the
cbcsbfollowing cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1. 1. Audible waves (a) below 20 Hz
2. Infrasonic waves
ss
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e t(b)
eiptsip
s greateriptthan
e te sips 20 sHz ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 3. s s
cbc Ultrasonic
b s s
cbc waves cbc (c)
b s
b s highs s cbcbs
cbc and low pressure
4. Longitudinal waves (d) 20 Hz and 20000 Hz

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptsips teiptsips waves

1 esAudible esteiptsips es
ps Hz ande20000
iptsi20
dte steiptsips Hz sbesteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b b sb
c2c Infrasonicc waves
c b
cc s
b
a
b
cc s
b
below 20 Hz
cbc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
3 Ultrasonic waves b greater than 20 Hz
ss teiptsips teiptsips sps sps ss ss ss ss
esteiptip 4 esLongitudinal ewaves
s escteiptihigh and esteiptipressure
low esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
2. Nature of medium Name of the medium Speed of sound
ss ptsips ss ss ss ss ss tiptsips ss
eteiptip eteiSolid eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip
Copper eteiptip eteiptip1324 m/s
bcsbese eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs Solid cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbwater cbcsbs cbcsbs 5950cm/s cbcsbs cbcsbs
Liquid Iron 1493 m/s
ss eiptsip
s ss s s ss ss s s ss ss
eteiptip bcsbestLiquid eteiptip p
etei ti p kerosene
eteiptip eteiptip etei t 5010 m/s
p i p eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Nature of the medium Name of the medium Speed of sound
Solid Copper 5010 m/s
esteiptsips esteiptsips Liquidsbesteiptsips esteiptsips Water esteiptsips estei ptsips
1493 m/s esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Solid Iron 5950 m/s
ss s s Liquid teiptsips s sKeroseneteiptsips s1324
s m/s tiptsips ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip e esteiptip e esteiptip ee esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
ss Additional – Assertion and preason

eteiptip e teiptsips e tiptsips
e e teiptsips e teiptsips sbestei t
sips psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t e
cbcsbs 1. c bcsb s
Assertion: T c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s c bc c bc c bc
he incident wave, the normal to the reflecting surface and the reflected wave at the point of c bc cbcsbs
incidence lie in the same plane.
ss
eteiptip Reason: psips The angle psipsof incidence psip(i)s is equaltito psipthe s angle tof psireflection(r).
ps psips psips psips
cbcsbs c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbeset c bcsbesei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t e
cbcsbs
a) A is right R is wrong b) A is wrong R is right
c) A and R are correct d) R does not explain A
estei p tsi p s
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
esteiptsips esteiptsipsAns : (c) es ips R are ecorrect
tAeiptsand steiptsips e
b
cc s
b
2. ccb sb
Assertion:
b sb
Tchec medium incwhich
bcsb b sb
c c of soundc increases
the velocity
bcsb ccb s
compared
b b sb
c cmedium is called
to other
b sb
c c rarer cbcsbs
medium.
esteiptip Water esteiisptirarer

sps compared
Reason:
esteiptip to airbcfor esteiSound.
ss s s ss ptsips ss ss ss ss
c bcsb bcsb
c A is right Rcis wrong
a) bcsb c bcsb c sb bcsb
b)c A is wrong R bcsb
c is right c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
c) R explains A d) R does not explain A
ss s s s s s s s s psips psips Ansps s R explains
i:p(c) psipsA
eteiptip pi
sbestei t
p pi
sbestei t
p pi
sbestei t
p pi
sbestei t
p
sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs 3. c bc c bc c bc c bc c b
Assertion: The medium in which the velocity of sound decreases compared to other medium is calledc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
denser medium.
ss
eteiptip Reason: psips Air isesdenser psips compared psipto s water for psisound.
ps psips psips psips psips
cbcsbs c bcsbestei t c bcsb tei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t e
cbcsbs
c) R explains A d) R does not explain A
estei p tsi p s
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
esteiptsips esteiptsips Ans
es
s R explains
teiptsi:p(c) esteiptsipsA e
b
cc s
b
4. ccb sb
Assertion:
bcsb
Pcarabolic
b sb
c c are used when
surfaces
b sb
c c it is required b sb
c c to focus the b sb b
c c sound at acparticular
csb ccb
point.
sb cbcsbs
Reason: Many halls are designed with elliptical surfaces.
ss sips R is wrong ss ss ss tsips R isserightteiptsips ss ss
esteiptip a) sAestis
ieptright esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip b) bcAsbesisteipwrong s esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bc b
c) R explains A
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c c
d) R does not explain A
bc b c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (a) A is right R is wrong
ss s s s s s s s s s s s s sips ss
eteiptip5. eteipti
Assertion: p Earstrumpet p
eteipti is abchearing p
eteipti aid, which p
eteiptisi usefulbcby eipti
etpeople p whosehave p
teipti difficulty teipthearing.
ein eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcbs c sbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Reason: This device is used to address a small gathering of people.
ss sips sips sips sips teiptsipsnot explain ss ss ss
eteiptip c)bsb t i pt
Re explains A
e e tei p t e tei pt e tei pt d) bR edoes eteiptiAp eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (a) A is right R is wrong

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptsips esteiptsips es eiptsip

s
tAdditional steiptsipsor false
–eTrue es eiptsip
t(correct s the statement
esteiptsips if eitte
s
s
ptsipfalse)
iis esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc sb ccb s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Sound waves are transverse waves.
ss Ans : False: sound waves are longitudinal waves. s s

esteiptip2. estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips esteiptip 326 bm/sesteiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcs
Soundb waves c bcs
travel
b in air with
c bcsb a speedcof
bcsabout
b c csb at STP.c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : False. Sound waves travel in air with a speed of about 340 m/s at NTP.
s3.s Infrasonic psips wavesesproduced
psips during psipsearth quake, psipsocean waves, psips soundesproduced
psips by twhales,
psips etc.esteiptsips
eteiptip sbestei t sb tei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sb tei t sbesei t e
cbcsbs c bc
Ans : True. c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsb cbcsbs
4. Humidity decreases the speed of sound also increases.
eteiptip eiptip Humidity
Anssbe:stFalse. p
eteiptiincreases p
teiptispeed
ethe eteiptip also increases.
of sound eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
5. The bouncing of sound waves from the interfere between two media is termed as the refraction of
sound.
esteiptsips Ans
psips
ei t
e: tFalse. etei t psips
Thebcsbouncing of sound psips
etei t waves bfrom psips
etei tthe interfere
eteibetween
t psips
eteimedia
two t psips
etei t as thebcreflection
is termed etei t psips psips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs
of sound.
c bs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs
6. A perpendicular line drawn at the point of incidence is called the normal
esteiptip ete esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip
cbcsb:sTrue.
Ans e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
7. The direction of compression is not reversed
ss Ans : False.
psips The direction
psips of compression
psips is reversed.
psips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip estei t estei t estei t estei t esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs 8. c b sb c b sb c b sb c b sb c b sb c bcsb c b sb
A rarer medium has smaller resistance for any deformation, the surface of separation is pulled
backward
ss Ans : False.
s s A rarer tmedium
s s has smaller
s s resistance s for
s any deformation,
ss theipts
surface
s of separation
ss is pushedss
eteiptip eteiptip e eiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip ete ip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
backwards cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
9. In sonar, the frequency change, the speed and location of the areoplanes and aircrafts are tracked
esteiptsips Anssbe:stFalse.
eiptsip In radar,
s
esteipthe
tsipsfrequencyesteipchange,
tsips the tspeed
es eiptsip andblocation
s
esteiptsipsof the sareoplanes
esteiptsips and e
aircrafts
steiptsips aresb
tracked.
esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
10. The
b
c c apparentcfrequency
csb b s
b
c frequency
iscthe
b s
b
c cof the sound s
b
c cas heard by b b
c cthe listener. b
cc s
b ccb cbcsbs
Ans : True.
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb bcsb bcsb
c Additionalc – Short answer bcsb
c questions c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1. What do you mean by acoustics?
eteiptip e e is a branch
ee ee bese production,transmission,
ee ee ese bese e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
Acoustics cbcsbs of physics
cbcsbs that deals
cbcswith cbcsbs cbcsbs reception,
cbcsbcontrol, and
cbcseffectsof cbcsbs
sound.
2. How ispsound produced?
esteiptsips sips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb c bc c bc c bc
The sound is produced by vibrations. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3. Will you able to hear any sound produced by your friend?
teiptsips psips
etei t
Asbcsthe etei t psips psips
stei t will not psips
ei t to hear
sbestable etei t psips
sbestei t
psips
tei t etei tpsips psips
c bs Moon does cbcsbsnot have cair,
bcsbeyou cbcbe cbcsbsany soundcbcproduced by b
c your
csbes friend. Hence,
cbcsbs you
es e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs
understand that the sound produced due to the vibration of different bodies needs a material medium like
air, water, steel, etc, forits propagation. Hence, sound can propagatethrough a gaseous medium or a liquid.
ss tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip4. Whatee csbes
e ese rare factions?
ee esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs is calledcbcompressions
cbcsband cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
As sound travels through a medium, the particles ofthe medium vibrate along the direction ofpropagation of
ss the wave. s sThis displacement involves s sthe longitudinals s displacements
s s of the individual molecules fromiptheir
eteiptip eteiptip teiptsips esteiptip of high esteiptip pressure
eteiptip beste
tsips
cbcsbs cbcsbs
meanpositions. csbes results in
cbThis cbcasbseries cbcsbandlow bcsbese compressions
cbcsbs regionsccalled cbcsbs and rare
cbcsfactions.
e
cbcsbs
5. Write a short note on Audible waves.
ss tsipssoundswaves
tiptsipswith asbefrequency
tiptsips s
tiptsipbetween s and 20,000
tiptsipHz tiptsipsHz. These sips generated s
tiptsipby
eteiptip These tipare
bcsbese bcbese bc se
ranging
bcsbese
20
bcsbese bcsbese
tiptare
bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs c c c c
vibrating bodies such as vocal cords,stretched strings. c c c c cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

6. Write a
psishort
ps note on
psipInfrasonicpwaves
esteiptsips estei t es
s
tei t sips
estei t e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b s
b
These
c c are sound
b s
b s
b sb
c c waves withc ac frequency cbelow
b b bc s
b
20 Hz that s
c c cannot bec heard
b bc b sb
by thec human
bc s
b
ear. e.g.,
c c waves
b cbcsbs
produced during earth quake, ocean waves, sound produced by whales.
ss ps noteteion s sips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip7. Writete
iaptsishort
es esptsipUltrasonic
esteiptwaves. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcs
These
b bcsb bcsb bcsb bcsb
c waves withc a frequency cgreater than c20 kHz, Human
are sound bcsb bcsb bcsb
c ear cannot cdetect these cwaves, but cbcsbs
certain creatures like mosquito, dogs, bats, dolphins can detect these waves. e.g., waves produced by bats.
ss s
ptsip types of s
ptsip tiptsips tiptsip s tiptsip s tiptsip s
tiptsip s
tiptsip s
eteiptip8. Write tithe
bcsbese
tivelocities’
Particle velocity : The velocity with which the particles of the medium vibrate in order to transfer the energy
c cbcsbs
in the form of a wave is called particle velocity.
ss ptsips tsips ptsips the wave ps
tiptsitravels tiptsipsthe medium pscalled wave
tiptsiis s
tiptsipvelocity. ptsips
eteiptip Wave tivelocity
bcsbese
: The tipvelocity
bcsbese
with tiwhich
bcsbese bcsbese
through
bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese
Intiother
bcsbese e
cbcsbs c c c c c
words, the distance travelled by a sound wave in unit time is called the velocity of a sound. c c c cbcsbs
9. Write the difference between the sound and light waves
b
cc s
b bcsb
c S.No. b
cc s
b bcsb
c Sound b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc
Light
s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1 Medium is required for the propagation Medium isnot required for the propagation
ss ss teiptsipsare longitudinalss ss
tsips arestransverse
ss ss ss
esteiptip e2steiptip Sound ewaves
s esteiptip Lightesteiptip
esteipwaves esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c
c b
bc
cs
sb
b c bc b c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
3 Wavelength ranges from 1.65 cm to 1.65 m Wavelength ranges from 4 × 10–7 m to 7 × 10–7 m
4 Sound waves travel in air with a speed of Light waves travel in air with a speed of 3 × 108
ss ss sipss–1 at NTP ss ss iptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip about eteiptm
340 eteiptip eteiptip m se–1te eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
10. Write the laws of reflection.
ss  eThe sps psipsthe normal psthe reflecting
psito psipssurfaceesand s reflected
psipthe s at the
psipwave sips of incidencepsips
eteiptip
cbcsbs steipti incident
cbcsblie c bc
wave,
sbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsb tei t c bcsbestei t c bc
ppoint
sbestei t c bcsbestei t e
cbcsbs
in the same plane.
 The angle of incidence ∠i is equal to the angle of reflection ∠r.
s
teiptsip11. sips
teiptNormal, s
teiptsipof s
teiptsipand s
tsipreflection.
teipof teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
bes Define
b
cc s
b es b
cc angle
s
b es incidence
b
cc s
b es angle
b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes b
ccsbes b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
Normal : A perpendicular line drawn at the point of incidence is called the normal.
ss
esteiptip
The angle
sbes tet ipsips: The angle
ipsipsof incidence tet ipsipwhich
s the incident
tet ipsips sound iwave
psips makes with
tet ipsipsthe normalipissipcalled
tet s tet
the angle
ipsips tet tet
c bcsb of
cbcincidence, ' ci b'.csbes cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
e e
cbcsbs
The angle of reflection : The angle which the reflected wave makes with the normal is called the angle
s s ofreflections s ' r '. teiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip sbes bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs 12. What
cbcsbs is meant cbcby c
rarer and denser medium? c c c c c cbcsbs
The medium in which the velocity of sound increases compared to other medium is called rarer medium.
ss s
tiptissiprarer tiptsips to airsbefor sips tsips tiptsipsthe velocity
tiptsipofs soundsbedecreases
tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip (Water
bcsbese
compared
bcsbese bc se
tiptsound). Thetip
bcsbese
medium in which
bcsbese bcsbese bc se
compared
bcsbese e
cbcsbs c c c c c
to other medium is called denser medium. (Air is denser compared to water for sound) c c c cbcsbs
teiptsip13.
s Explain tei ptsithe
ps
parabolic forces.
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b Parabolic
b
cc s
b surfaces
b
cc s
b are used when
b
cc s
b it is required
b
cc s
b to focus the
b
cc s
bsound at a particular
b
cc s
b point.
b
cc Hence,
s
b many
b
cc halls
s
b are cbcsbs
designed with parabolic reflecting surfaces.
s14.
s Explain sthe
s Elliptical ssurfaces.
s ss ss ss ss ss ss
c bcsb bcsb b
c elliptical surfaces,
In c csb bcsb
sound cfrom one focus bcsb bcsb
c will always cbe reflected tobcsb b
c the other focus,
c csb bcsb
c where it
no matter cbcsbs
strikes the wall.This principle is used in designing whispering halls. In a whispering hall, the speech of a
ss personteiptstanding
sips in one
teiptsipfocus
s can te
be
iptsipheard
s clearly
teiptsipby
s a listener
teiptsistanding
ps atte
ithe
ptsipsother focus.
teiptsips teiptsips
eteiptip e e e e e e e e e
15. Explain whispering gallery.
One of the famous whispering galleries is in St. Paul’s cathedral church in London. It is built with elliptically
ss sips sps teiptsips at one teiptsips his voice tsipsbe heard tsips s
teiptsipother ss
eteiptip eteiptwalls.
shaped When atipersonbissbetalking
eteip efocus, eteipcan eteipdistinctly atethe eteiptItipis
focus. e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
due to the multiple reflections of sound waves from the curved walls.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

16. DefinepEcho.
b
cc s
b An s
b s
c cecho is thecsound
b bc b s
b
reproduced
c c due to the
b s
b s
b s
b
c creflection ofc cthe original csound
b b bc from various s
b
c c rigid surfaces
b s
b
c c such
b cbcsbs
as walls, ceilings, surfaces of mountains, etc.
ss sips ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip17. DefineesteiptDoppler Effect.
c bcsb c bc
When
sb bcsb bcsb
c is a relativec motion between
ever there c bcsb bcsb bcsb
a source cand a listener,c the frequency bcsb
c of the sound bcsb
c heard by cbcsbs
the listener is different from the original frequency of sound emitted by the source. This is known as “Doppler
s s effect”. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 18. Write
cbcsbs the possibilities
cbcsbs bcsb
of Doppler Effect.
c c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 The listener moves towards or away from a stationary source.
ss  The psipsource
s moves psiptowards
s orpaway
sips from ateipstationary
sips listener.
psips psips ss ss
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbes t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip e
 Both source and listener move towards or away from one other. c bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 The medium moves when both source and listener are at rest.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
c c Additional b sb
c c– Long answer b s
b
c c questions b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Explain Longitudinal waves.
ss s
teiptsip waves s
teiptsiplongitudinal s
sip s
teiptsiptravel through s s s s s s teiptsip a s
esteiptip  seSound
s esare esteiptwaves that escan esteiptip any mediumesteiptip(solids, esteiptip gases)
liquids, eswith e
c bcsb b c b bcsb b csb
c speed thatc depends on cthe propertiesc of the medium. b csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 As sound travels through a medium, the particles of the medium vibrate along the direction of propagation
ss ofpthesips wave. teiptsips psips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip sbestei t sbes sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
 This displacement involves the longitudinal displacements of the individual molecules from their mean
c c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
positions.
ss  This iptsipresults
s in aiptseries
sips of highiptand sips low pressureiptsips regions called
iptsips compressionsiptsips and rarefactions.
iptsips iptsips
eteiptip ete ete ete ete ete ete ete ete e

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
ss teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips

esteiptip2. e e e e bcsbes e e e e
c bcsb cbcsbs the categories
Write cbcsbs of sound
cbcsbswaves based
cbcsbson theircfrequencies.cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Audible waves : These are sound waves with a frequency ranging between 20 Hz and 20,000 Hz. These
are generated by vibrating bodies such as vocal cords, stretched strings etc.
ss teiptsips ss ps
teiptsisound sps ss sips ss ps
teiptsithe
eteiptip bcsbeInfrasonic eteiptip : These
waves eare waveseteiptiwith eteiptip below
a frequency teiptHz
e20 eteiptipbe heard
that bcannot eby e
cbcsbs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
human ear. e.g., waves produced during earth quake, ocean waves, sound produced by whales, etc.
 Ultrasonic waves : These are sound waves with a frequency greater than 20 kHz, Human ear cannot
ss sps sps psips ptsipsmosquito, ptsips bats,estdolphins
psips canesdetect psips these ewaves.
psips
eteiptip edetect
steipti these sbewaves,
steipti butcbccertain
sbestei t creatures sbesteilike sbestei dogs, sb ei t sb tei t sbstei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbe.g., c bc
waves produced by bats. c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
3. Explain Wave Velocity.
esteiptsips Wave esteiptsips The
velocity: es eiptsip
tvelocitys with which
esteiptsips the wave e s tsips through
teiptravels es
s medium
teiptsipthe es ipscalled wave
teiptsis esteiptsip s
velocity. Ines ptsips
teiother e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c the distance
words, b sb
c c travelledc by b sb
c a sound wave b s
b
c c in unit time b sb
c c is called the b s
b
c cvelocity of acsound bcsb wave. c c b sb cbcsbs
\ Velocity = Distance / Time taken
If the tdistance
s s travelled
esteiptip by one wave
esteiptipis taken easteipone
tsips wavelength
esteiptip(l) and, ethe
teiptsitime
ps takenetfor eiptsipthis propagation
ss ss ss ss s ss
esteiptip eseiptip s s s esteiptip e
c bcsb b sb
isc one time period
c bcsb b sb
c (T), then,cthe expression
c bcsb b sb
c for velocity ccan be writtenc as;
c bc s
V = l/T.
ss Therefore, s svelocity tcan s bes definedtiptas s sthe distance s travelled
s pers second
s by iapts sound
s wave. sSince,
s Frequency ss
eteiptip esteiptipequationcan
e eiptip e e ip eteiptip eteiptip ete ip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb=1/T,
(n) cbcsbs be written cbcsbsas; cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
V = nl.
Velocity sof
ss
eteiptip ptipsa soundeswave
teigases psis maximum
teiptsielastic
in solids because
teiptsips the velocity
they are smore
teiptsipsof sound ips elastic
tiseiptthe
inspnature
i s
taeiptgaseous
than liquids
teiptsips
and gases.
eteiptip
ss
cbcsbs Since,
cbc sbes are
cbcleast
sb in
cbcsnature,
bes cbc sbe s cbcsbes least
cbc s
bin
es cbc medium.
s
b es cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
So, vS>vL>vG.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

4. Explain
psiReflection of
psipsound.
esteiptsips es
ps
tei t estei ts
esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
c c When sound
b b s
c c waves travel
b b sb bcs
c c in a givencmedium
b bcs
andcstrike
b b s
the surface
c c of another
b b s
c c medium, they
b b s
c c can be
b cbcsbs
bounced back into the first medium. This phenomenon is known as reflection.
ss  In simple the reflection and refraction of sound is actually similar to the reflection of light.
esteiptip e tei ptsips e tei ptsips e tei ptsips e tei ptsips e tei ptsips e tei ptsips tsips
esteipas
ss
esteiptipof e
c bcsb 
c bcsb Thus,
s thecbouncing
bcsb s of sound
c bcsb s waves from
c bcsb the
s interface
c bcsbbetween
s two
c bcsbmedia
s is termed
c bcsb the reflection
c bcsb cbcsbs
sound.
 The waves that strike the interface are termed as the incident wave and the waves that bounce back are
ss sps as the treflected
psips waves. psips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip steipti
sbetermed sbesei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
5. Explain the laws of reflection.
The following two laws of reflection are applicable to sound waves as well. The incident wave ϖ, the normal
ss ptsips ss teiptsips wave s
ptsipthe sips ss teiptsips ss
eteiptip to theeteireflecting eteiptip and the
surface ereflected eteiat point teiptincidence
eof eteipintipthe same
lie eplane. eteiptip e
ϖ The angle of incidence ∠i is equal to the angle of reflection ∠r.
The sound waves that travel towards the reflecting surface are called the incident waves.
esteiptsips es iptsipssound swaves
The
te e steiptsipsbouncinges ptsips from the
teiback es tsips
teipreflecting esteiptsipsare called
surface es
sips
teiptreflected esteiptsips
waves. e steiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b b
c c For all practical
cc b b sb b sb
c c the pointcofc incidence cand
purposes,
bcs b bcsb
the pointcof reflection is
b sb
c cthe same point b sb
c c on the cbcsbs
reflecting surface.
ss ps
iptsiperpendicular
A sps drawn tat sps point ofteipincidence
ss s
eiptsip the bnormal. ss tsips thesincident ss
esteiptip este esteiptiline eseiptithe es tip isetcalled
s esteiptip The angle esteipwhich esteiptip e
c bcsb bc
sound
c sb wave makes
c bcsb bcsb
with the cnormal is called bcsb bcs b
c the angle ofc incidence, 'i'.c csb c bcsb c bc b cbcsbs
The angle which the reflected wave makes with the normal is called the angle of reflection, 'r'.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
6. Write the applications of Echo.
ss  Some animals communicate withseach otherps over
s long distances s and also s locate objects s sby sending sthe
esteiptip teiptsips signals
esound
s esand
s
teiptsipreceiving teiptsipecho
esthe as estei tip from
reflected
teiptsiptargets.
ethe
s esteiptip
s
esteiptip esteiptip
s
e
 The principle of echo is used in obstetric ultrasonography, which is used to create real-time visual images
of thes developing embryo or fetus in the mother’s uterus. This is a safe testing tool, as sit does not use
ss iptsips
iptsipharmfulsradiations. iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips s ss
eteiptip eany
te e te e te e te e te e te eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs s
cbcb s cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
 Echo is used to determine the velocity of sound waves in any medium.
7. How to measuring velocity of sound by echo method.
ss tiptsips requiredtiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip Apparatus
bsbese bsbese : bsbese bsbese bsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc cc cc cc cc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
A source of sound pulses, a measuring tape, a sound receiver, and a stop watch.
Procedure :
esteiptsips s teiptsips thesbdistance
 sbeMeasure e steiptsips ‘d’ between
esteiptsipsthe sourcees
s
tsipsound
teipof pulse
es
sips the reflecting
teiptand esteiptsips surface es
s
eiptsip the measuring
tusing e steiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
c c tape. b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb sb b
cc sb ccb sb cc b s b cbcsbs
 The receiver is also placed adjacent to the source. A sound pulse is emitted by the source.
ss  eThe s
teiptsipstopwatch sps to note sips time interval ss s
eiptsipinstantbsat
s
eiptsip thebsound ss sips
esteiptip s esteiisptiused esteiptthe esteiptip between estthe estwhich esteiptippulse isbcssent
esteiptand e
c bcsb bcsb
c the instant bcsb bcsb
c at which thec echo is received bcsb
c by the receiver. c bcsb Note the c b
c time intervalcas ‘t’.csb c b cbcsbs
 Repeat the experiment for three or four times. The average time taken for the given number of pulses is
ss calculated.
tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip sbese sbese sbese sbese ee ee ee ee e
cbcsbs 8. cbc the applications
Write cbc cbc
of Reflection cbc
of Sound. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Sound board :
ss Thesetipare
sipsbasically teicurved
ptsips surfaces psip(concave),
s which
psips are used ptsipins auditoria teipand
tsips halls stoestimprove s the quality
ss
eteiptip sbeset This cboard
bcsbes is placed sbestei tthat the sbestei t is atcbcthe
sbesteifocus bcsbesconcave eiptsip eteiptip e
cbcsbs of
cbcsound. cbcsuch cbcspeaker of cthe cbcb The sound
surface. cbcsbsof the cbcsbs
speaker is reflected towards the audience thus improving the quality of sound heard by the audience.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Ear trumpet
ipsips :
esteiptsips estet esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b sb b sb b sb
c c trumpet is ca chearing aid,cwhich
Ear c b s
b
c cby people who
is useful b s
b b
c c have difficulty s
b
c c in hearing. b sb
c cIn this device,b s
b
c cone end cbcsbs
is wide and the other end is narrow. The sound from the sources fall into the wide end and are reflected by
ss its walls sinto
s the narrow part of the device. Thisphelpss s in concentrating the psound
s s and the ssound entersps the
esteiptip esteiptipwith more tsips
esteipintensity. tsips
esteipenables estei tip to hear esthe
s
teiptsipsound estei tip esteiptip
s
estei tip
s
e
c bcsb ear
c bcsdrum
b c bcsb c bThis
csb c a
bcsperson
b c bcsb c better.
bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Megaphone :
ss A megaphone s s is a horn–shaped
teiptsips devices s used toteaddress
s s a small sgathering
s of
tiptpeople.
sips Its one s end
s is wide and
ss
eteiptip esteiptip csbes esteiptip e iptip eteiptip bcsbese of his speecheteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbother
the end is
cbnarrow. cbcsabperson
When cbcsbsat the narrow
speaks cbcsbsend, thecsound cbcsbs is concentrated
cbcsbs by cbcsbs
the multiple reflections from the walls of the tube. Thus, his voice can be heard loudly over a long distance.
s9.s Explain
iptsiDoppler
ps effect.
iptsips psips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip sbeste sbeste sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
The frequency of the sound as received by a listener is different from the original frequency produced by the c bc cbcsbs
source whenever there is a relative motion between the source and the listener. This is known as Doppler
effect iThis relative motion could be due to various possibilitiesipas follows: ips
esteiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips estetips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c The listener
 b s
b
c cmoves towards b s
b
c c or away from b s
b
c c a stationary b sb
c c source. c c b s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 The source moves towards or away from a stationary listener.
esteiptip teiptip sourcesband
 sbeBoth ip
eteiptlistener p
eteiptitowards
move eiptip frombsone
oretaway ip
eteiptother. eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbc s cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbs cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 The medium moves when both source and listener are at rest
ss For simplicity of scalculation, it is assumed that the mediumspiss at rest. That is the velocity of the medium
eteiptip iscbzero.
e teiptsips e tiptips
e e teiptsips e teiptsips e teipti e teiptsips e teiptsips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs s
cb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
Let S and L be the source and the listener moving with velocities vS and vL respectively. Consider
ss the cases of source and slistener moving s towards each other Ass the distancesbetween them decreases, sthe
eteiptip teiptips
apparentfrequency iptsipbe
twill
e more teiptsipthe
than actual teiptsips frequency.
source teiptips teiptips teiptsips tiptips
cbcsbs c bcsbes cbcsbes cbcsbes bc
c sbes bcs
cbes bcsbes
c bcsbes c bcsbese c
e
cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
ss iptsipsn and sn'estbe s

eiptsipthe frequency ss ss ptsips tsips the sound ss ps
teiptsithe
esteiptip este
Let esteiptipof thebcssound
esteiptipproduced esteiby the source esteipand esteiptipobserved esby e
c bcsb c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
listener respectively. Then, the expression for the apparent frequency n' is n' = v + vL v − vs n
ss Here,
s s v is theteipvelocity
tsips of soundiptsips wavessein ipthe
tsips given smedium. Let us iconsider differents spossibilitiess of
eteiptip eteiptip beste bste cases,cbthe teiptsips ptsips
bestethe apparenteteiptip eteiptip
s
cbcsbs motions bcsbes and the
cbcsbs of thecsource cbcslistener. In call
bcsuch cbesexpression cbcsfor cbcsbs frequency.
cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
11. Tabulate the expression for apparent frequency due to Doppler effect.
ss teiptsipsPosition s
ptsipsource ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip Case
csbes eteiof eteiptip
and eteiptip Note eteiptip eteiptip Expression
esteiptipfor apparent
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbNo. cbcsbslistener cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbfrequency cbcsbs cbcsbs
1  Both source and listener  Distance between source and
teiptsips teiptsips move teiptsips teiptsips teiptsipsdecreases
listener teiptsips teiptsips pvsip+s v L  teiptsips
b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes b
cc s
b es ncb'cs=bestei t cbcsnbs
e e
cbcsbs
 They move towards  Apparent frequency is more  v – v S 
each other than actual frequency
ss ps Bothesource
iptsi teiptsips and listener ss ss sps ss tsips ss
esteiptip 2este s esteiptip  bcDistance
esteiptip betweenesteiptisource andesteiptip esteipv – v  esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c b
movecsb c bcsb s
b bc
c listener increases
c sb c bcsb c bcsb Lc
bcsb cbcsbs
n' =  n
 They move away from  Apparent frequency is less than  v +s v S 
each other actual
esteiptipfrequency
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb
 VS and VL become opposite to c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
that in case–1.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptsips CaseesteiptsipsPositiones
s
ptsipsource
teiof and
esteiptsips esteiptsips Note esteiptsips esteiptsipsExpression
es
s apparent
teiptsipfor esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b sb
c No.
c b s
b
c c listener c c b s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b s
b
c c frequencyc c b s
b cbcsbs
3  Both source and listener  Apparent freqency depends on
s s move teiptsips thetivelocities of the
v–v 
ss
esteiptip esteiptip es
ss
esteiptip es eptsip
s
esteiptsipsource
s andtipts
es e ip
s n ' s=besteiptsips L  snbesteiptsips e
c bcsb c bcsb c b
 Theycsb move one b sb
c behind
c bcsb
c the listener c bcsb c bcsb cbc  v – v Scbc cbcsbs
the other  VS becomes opposite to that in
ss ss Source ps sfollows tipti the
sps case–2. sps sps sps ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip etei tip ee eteipti eteipti eteipti eteiptip eteiptip e
listener cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4  Both source and listener  Apparent frequency depends
move s s on the velocities ofs the source s s
v+v 
ss ss teiptsips tsipslistener teiptips n ' = teiptsips L  n teiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip iptip
tmove teipthe eteiptip
cbcsbs v + v Scbcsbs
They e e one e
behind ande e e e e
cbcsbs cbcsbs  cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs
the other  VS and VL become opposite to
 Listener follows the that in case–3.
teiptsips teiptsips source tei ptsips tei ptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es bsbs
cc
e bsbs
cc
e bsbese
cc bsbese
cc bsbese
cc b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
5  Source at rest  Distance between source and
listener decreases
v+v 
ss

ss
Listener moves towards
ss n' =  s s L n s s
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip psips ss
esteiptip frequency
ss
esteiptip is more
ss
esteiptip eteiptip v bcsbesteiptip
sbestei t  cbcsbs
thesb
source Apparent e
c bcsb c bcsb cbc cbc bcsb bcsb
c than actual cfrequency c bcsb c cbcsbs
 VS = 0 in case–1
ss ss ss ss ss ss psips ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip  bcDistance
eteiptip between
eteiptip sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcs6bs  Source
cbcsbs at rest cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs sourcecbcand cbcsbs v – v Lcbcsbs cbcsbs
listener increases n' = 
 Listener moves towards n
ss ss
the source
ss

sips
Apparent frequency is less than
ss ss ss  v 
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e ti
e pt eteiptipfrequency
actual eteiptip eteiptip eteiptsips ss
eteiptip e
 VS = 0 in case–2
7 ps Listener
 siat
psrest eteiptsips  Distance between ssource and sps
esteiptsips esteiptsi esteiptmoves s esteiptsipsdecreases
listener esteiptips eteipti e teiptsipsv  sbesteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b Source
b
cc s
b towards
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b c csbs
b nc 'c= 
b s
b s cbcn cbcsbs
the listener Apparent frequency is more
  v – vS 
than actual frequency
ss ss ss tiptsips  VsbLest=eipt0sipin
s tiptsips tiptsips ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip bsbese case–1
bsbese bsbese esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cc b cc cc cc c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
8  Listener at rest  Distance between source and
listenersincreases
 v 
ss ss Source moves towards n ' = tiptsips  n tiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip iptsips iptsips  Apparent s
eteiptip frequency
ss
eteiptip teiptsips
cbcsbs v + v Scbcsbs
the te
listener te ee ee
cbcsbs is lesscbthan
e e csbes e
cbcsbs cbcsbs s
cbcb s s
actual frequency
 VL = 0 in case–2
12. Write the conditions for No Doppler effect.
Under thesfollowing circumstances,
teiptsips t i ptsip t i ptsips ti ptsithere
ps
will be nosDoppler effect
t iptsip t i ptsips and theteipapparent
tsips frequency
t i ptsips as heard
t i ptsipby
s
es the listener
e
bsbs e will beethe
bsbs e same as the
e
bsbs e source frequency.
e
bsbs e e
bsbs e e
bsbs bsbse e e
bsbs e e
b
cc s
b cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cbcsbs
 When source (S) and listener (L) both are at rest.
 Whens S and L move in such a way that distance between them remains constant.
ss ptsip ptsips ptsips ptsips ptsips ss ss ss
esteiptip  estei
When source S
estei and L are te
moving
es i in mutually
esti
e perpendicular
estei directions.esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
 If the source is situated at the center of the circle along which the listener is moving.
ss ptsipsapplications
tiptsipsof Doppler s tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip13. Write tithe
bcsbese bcsbese
tiptsipEffect.
cbcsbs c c c c c c
 To measure the speed of an automobile An electromagnetic wave is emitted by a source attached to a c c cbcsbs
police car. The wave is reflected by a moving vehicle, which acts as a moving source. There is a shift in
ss thesfrequency
s of sthe
ps reflected wave.
s s Fromteithe
ptsipsfrequency shift,
s s the speed s of
s the car tcans sbe determined.ss
eteiptip esteiptip steipti the over
csbetrack eteiptip bcsbes eteiptip eteiptip e eiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbThis helpscbto cbcsbsspeedingcvehicles. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

 Tracking a satellite The frequency of radio waves emittedipby a satellite ip
decreases as ithe satellite passes
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips estetsips esteptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b away from
ccbthe
s
b Earth. By
ccbmeasuring
s
b the
b
cc s
bchange in the
b
cc sbfrequency of
b
cc sthe
b radio waves,
b
cc s
b the location
c c of the
b s
b cbcsbs
satellites is studied.
ss  RADAR (RAdio Detection AndRanging) In RADAR,s s radioteipwaves are sent, s sand the treflected wavesps are
esteiptip teiptsips by sthe
edetected
s tsips
esteipreceiverof
sips
esteiptRADAR
the esteiptipFrom the
station.
tsips
esfrequency esteiptip the speed
change,
tsips
eseipand location estof ps
ei tithe e
c bcsb c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
aeroplanes and aircrafts are tracked.
SONAR In SONAR, by measuring the change in the frequency
ss
eteiptip

teiptsips the speedteiptsipofs marine teiptsips andssubmarines
teiptsips te ptsips between
ibe te
the sent signal
iptsips teiptsips
and received
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs s
cbcb
esignal,
s s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
eanimals
s cbcb
es can
s
cbcb
es determined.
s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
Additional – Solved problems
ss iptsips ss ss ss teiptsips ss ss tsips
eteiptip eteiptip
beste temperature esteiptip ofbcsound
eteiptip csbesdouble the esteiptip of bsound
eteiptip esteipC? e
cbcsbs 1. At
cbcswhat cbcsbs will the
cbcsbvelocity c sbs in aircbbe cbcsbvelocity c csbs in aircat
bcsb0° cbcsbs
Solution : Let T° C be the required temperature. Let v1 and v2 be the velocity of sound at temperatures T1
K and T2 K respectively.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips T1 sbes tsips
teip273 es tsips
teipand esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc = K (0°
ccb s
bC) b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
T2 = (T° C + 273) K
esteiptipv2 / v1bcsb=
esteip√T2
tsips / T1 s=est√273
eiptsip + Tb=sbe√teip=tsip√273 = 2 te
ss ss ss s s ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip s esiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb b
cHere, it is givencsb
c that, v2 / v1 c = 2. c bc b c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
So, 273 + T / 273 = 4
ss ss ss ss teiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cTbcsb=s (273 ×c4)
bcsb–es273 e
= 819° C.
s2.s A source s sproducing ptsiapssound e ofipfrequency
tetsips 90
tiptsipHz
s is approaching
teiptsips a stationary
psips listener
iptsipswith saesspeed
teiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip esteithe bcsbesewill becthe bcsbesfrequency sbestei t by the beste e
cbcsbs cbcsbs to (1/10)
equal of
cbcsb cbcsbofs sound. cWhat
speed cbcheard cbcslistener? cbcb cbcsbs
Solution : When the source is moving towards the stationary listener, the expression for apparent frequency
is
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips v  sbesteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
cc= 
n' cbcn b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 v – vS 
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb vc bcsb b
 10c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
=  n =  n 
  1    9 
v – v
s s    s s
ss s s s s 10 ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteipti p eteipti p eteipti   eteipti
p p eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs  10  cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
=   × 90
 9 
ss ss ss tsips Hz. sesteiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteip100
= eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3. A source producing a sound of frequency 500 Hz is moving towards a listener with a velocity of
30 m s–1. The speed of the sound is 330 m s–1. What will be the frequency heard by listener?
esteiptsips psips
sestei t : Whensthe
Solution sips is moving
esteiptsource psips
sestei t towards
sestthe
s
eiptsipstationary ptsips theesexpression
sesteilistener,
psips
s tei t for eiptsip
sestapparent
s psips
frequency
sestei t e
b
cc s
b bb
isc c cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcsbs
 v 
ss ss ss n' =te ss n ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es ipv – v S bcsbesteiptip
ipt esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 330 
n' =  × 500
ss ss ss s 330
s – 30  ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteipti p eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb=s 550 Hz.cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4. A source of sound is moving with a velocity of 50 m s–1 towards a stationary listener. The listener
ss measures s sthe frequencys s of the tsource
s s as 1000 sHz.
s what will s be
s the apparent
s s frequency s s of the sourcess
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e eiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip of soundeteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs it is moving
when cbcsbs away from
cbcsbsthe listener
cbcsbsafter crossing
cbcsbs him? (velocity
cbcsbs cbcsbs in the medium
cbcsbs is cbcsbs
330 m s–1)

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Solution
ipsip:s
esteiptsips etet e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b s
b
 cvc 
s b
ccsb s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
n' =  n
 v – vS 
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip  330 esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb bcsb
c1000 =  c bcsb
n c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 330 – 50 
ss ss ss sips  1000 × t280
psips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteipt= sbesei t  eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbn'  cbc330
  cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
n = 848.48 Hz.
ss ss iptsips of sthe ss teiptsips ss ss ss teiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip beste eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbsThe actual
cbcsfrequency cbcbs sound iscb848.48
csbes Hz. When cbcsbs the source
cbcsbissmoving away
cbcsbs from thecbstationary
csbes e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
listener, the expression for apparent frequency is
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips n'

sips  v teinptsips
teipt= teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es es es ses es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b  vc+bcvbS  b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 330 
= s  330 + 50 × 848.48
ss
esteiptip i p si p s i p si p s ip sip i ptsips psips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
c bcsb s es
cbcb
te t s este
cbcb
t s este
cbcb
t s este
cbcb sestei t
cbcb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb e
cbcsbs
= 736.84 Hz.
s5.s A source s and
s listener
tiptsipare
s both moving
teiptsips towards s each
s other
tiptwith
sips a speed sv/10
s where vs is
s the speedteiptsipof
s
eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese csbesnote emitted eteiptip bcsbese is f, what eteiptip esteiptip csbes by e
cbcsbs cbcsbs If the cfrequency
sound. ofcb
the cbcsbs by the csource cbcsbswill be the
cbcsbfrequency cbheard cbcsbs
the listener?
Solution : When source and listener are both moving towards each other, the apparent frequency is
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip  v +bvcsbesteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c l .n cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
n' =  
 v – vs 
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips v + vsbesteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b  cb10c  b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
n' =   .n
 v – v 
ss ss ss tiptsips 10 tiptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip ee bcsbese esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs 11 c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
n' = .f
9
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteipti=p 1.22 bf.csbesteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
6. At what speed should a source of sound move away from a stationary observer so that observer finds
the apparent frequency equal to half of the original frequency?
eteiptip Solution
bsbese : bsbese bsbese bsbese bsbese bsbese bsbese bsbese e
 v 
n' =   .n
 v + vS 
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsip s
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b s
b
cc n
b  s
b 
cv c .n
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
=  
2  v + vS 
ss ss ss v s= sv. ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip estseiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs


UNIT TEST-5
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

ss teiptsips ss tsipsthe human sps is ss ss ss ss
eteiptip1. Thesbefrequency, eteiptipis audible
which eteipto eteiptiear eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) 50 kHz b) 20 kHz c) 15000 kHz d) 10000 kHz
2. If a sounds wave travels
s with a frequency of 1.25s × 104 Hz ats344 m s–1, s
the wavelength
s will be
ss iptsip s s iptsip s iptsip iptsip iptsip iptsips
eteiptip a) este m eteiptip beste m eteiptip sbeste m cbcsbeste t
bcsbese m ete
cbcsb27.52 b)cbcs
275.2 c)cbc0.02752 d) c2.752 e
3. Velocity of sound in the atmosphere of a planet is 500 m s–1. The minimum distance between the
sourcessofs sound ands the
e teiptsips e tei pti p e tei pt i ps obstacle
e ti
e ptsipto
s hear the
e tei ptsiecho,
ps should e tei ptsipbe
s
e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b s a)
b
cc s
b17s m b
cc s
b s b)
ccb 20
s
b s m b
cc s
b s c) b
cc 25
sb s m b
cc sb s d) 50
b
cc sb s
m b
cc sb s cbcsbs
4. __________ is a branch of physics that deals with production.
a) Thermolysis
esteiptip b) bcsAcoustics esteiptip c) bcNuclear
esteiptip physics esteiptip d) None
esteiptip e esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb
5.
cbcsbs c bcsb c b c bcsb
__________ surface is used in designing whispering halls.
c s
a) Plane b) curved c) parabolic d) elliptical
ss teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss tiptsips
eteiptip sbesthe esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese e
cbcsbs II. Fill
cbcin blanks
c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c
(5 × 1 = 5) cbcsbs
6. Sound waves are __________ waves that can travel through any medium with a speed that depends on the
ss tiptsipsof the smedium.
tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip properties
bcsbese bcbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs c c c
7. The velocity of sound in the air is __________.
c c c c c cbcsbs
8. The speed of Kerosene is __________.
t i ptsips tsips famous
teipthe eiptsip
s
twhispering teiptsips is in sSt.Paul’s
teiptsips cathedral ips
teiptschurch teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es e 9. One eof
s es galleries
es es es insbe
__________.
s es es e
b
cc s
b ccb sb ccb s
b ccb sb ccb b b
cc sb b
cc b
cc sb b
cc sb cbcsbs
10. The minimum distance required to hear an echo is __________.
ss teiptsips thesbestatements
teiptsips sips or false. sips tsips statement ss ss ss
esteiptipIII. State eswhether s are
esteipttrue esteiptCorrect theesteipfalse esteiptip esteiptip (4bc×sbe1steip=tip4) e
c bcsb c bcsb c bc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c cbcsbs
11. Sound can travel through solids, gases, liquids and even vacuum.
12. Waves created by Earth Quake are Infrasonic.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
s
cbcb 13. The
cbcbvelocity ofcsound
s cbcsbs of temperature
bcb is independent
s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
14. The Velocity of sound is high in gases than liquids.
eteiptipIV. Matcheteithe eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip (4bc×sbe1steip=tip4) e
15. Pitch (a) Noise
16. Loudness (b) frequency
b
cc s
b 17. b s
b
Infrasonic
cc b
cc s
b b s
b
(c)c c intensity c cb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
18. 120 dB (d) 10Hz
c bcsb bcsb
V. Assertion
c bcsb
and Reasoning
c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb
(3 × 1 = 3)
c bcsb cbcsbs
s p s teiptsips just below spsOf the statements
ss sps tsips correct teiptsips as sbesteiptsips ss
eeti pti Reason isegiven eteiptiit. eteiptip eteiptibelow,
given marketeipthe eanswer eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs
b. If both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
s s c. eIfte sps spsfalse. teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss
sipAti is truecbcbut
esteiRptiis
p
etei t i p es esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs b sb sb
c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

19. Assertion : The change in air pressure affects the speed of sound.
b
cc s
b Reason:
b
cc s
b The
b
cc s
bspeed of sound
ccb s
b in a gas is
b
cc proportional
sb to
b
ccsbthe square
ccof
b s
b the pressure.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
20. Assertion: Sound travels faster in solids than in gases.
ss Reason: s s Solid posses s s a greater density
ss thanipthat
s s of gases. ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip estetip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb
21. Assertion:
b csb bcsb bcsb bcsb
c trumpet is ac hearing aid, cwhich is usefulc by people who
Ear
bcsb b
c have difficultycsb
c in hearing.c bcsb cbcsbs
Reason: This device is used to address a small gathering of people.
ss s
eiptsipanswer ps following
teiptsithe ss s
tsipword teiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptipVI. Writeetthe efor eteiptipquestions
eteipin or esentence eteiptip eteiptip (3bc×sbe1steip=tip3) e
23. Write the abbreviation of SONAR.
s24.
s What tis sthe
s use of SONAR? ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eseiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 25. c b sb c b sb c b sb c b sb
How are the wavelength and frequency of a sound related to its speed?
c c c c c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
VII. Find the odd one out (3 × 1 =sp3)
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteipti s e
b
cc s
b b s
26. Speed
c c of Sound
b b s
c cin Copper: 5000,
b b s
c c 6354, 8900,
b b s
c c 2343
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
27. Solid: Water, Kerosene, Seawater, Aluminium
s28.
s Gas: Copper, s s Iron, lead, s sAir ss ss ss ss ss ss
29. SI unit of velocity is Seconds.
estiptsips
e esteiptsips psips
sbestei t
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
s
cbcb s
30. Light
cbcb waves are cbclongitudinal. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
31. The persistence of hearing for human ears is 0.2 second.
ss s
eiptsipshort banswer ss sipsthe following ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptipIX. Writeetthe eteiptip for ANY et5eiptof eteiptip questions.
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip (5 × eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb2s= 10) cbcsbs
32. What is a longitudinal wave?
33. What isps the audible range of frequency?
e steiptsips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 34. Names
b
c c three animals,
b b
cc s
b which can sb
c c hear Ultrasonic
b s
b
c c vibrations.
b ccb sb b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
35. Write a short on Audible waves.
s 36.
s Write tthe s difference
s between
ss Sound sand
s light. tiptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip eseiptip esteiptip esteiptip ese esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb 37. c bcs
Write
b bcsb
the lawscof reflection. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
38. Define DOPPLER effect.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss tiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip questions
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bcsb5es=e 10)
cbcsbs X. Write
cbcsbslong answer
cbcsbsfor the following
e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs (2c× cbcsbs
38. Explain about the longuitudinal waves.
ss ss ss psips psips psips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip[OR] bcsbesteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 39. Write cbcsbsthe categories
c c bc c bc
of sound waves based on their frequencies. c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
40. Explain why, the ceilings of concert halls are curved.
este s
iptsi p es
s
teiptsip[OR] esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc sb b
cc sb ccb s
b ccb sb ccb sb b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
41. Mention two cases in which there is no Doppler effect in sound.
ss ss ss ss 
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

teiptsips UNIT teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips sps

tipti eteipti
sps
eteipti
sps teiptsips teiptsips
cNUCLEAR
bcsbese cbcsbsPHYSICS
es es es es e e e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
6
 This phenomenon of spontaneous emission of radiation from certain elements on its own is called
ss teiptsips radioactivity'.
eteiptip e'natural eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
 Curie is defined as the quantity of a radioactive substance, which undergoes 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations
in one second. This is actually close to the activity of 1 g of radium–226.
ss teiptsips teiptsips s
teiptsipquantity ss ss teiptsips sips ss
eteiptip  bcsbeRutherford csbes is defined sbesthe eteiptip eteiptip csbes produces eteiptip
estei6ptdisintegrations e
cbcsbs c s (Rd)
cb cbcas cbcsbofs a radioactive
cbcsbssubstancecbwhich cbcsb10 cbcsbs cbcsbs
in one second.
1 Rds = 6
e ti
e ptsips
e tei pti ps 10 disintegrations
e tei ptsips per second.
e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b s b s
b s
 c c The SI unit b s
b s
c c of radioactivityb s
b s
c c is becquerel. b s
b s
c c It is defined b s
b s b s
c c as the cquantity
c b s b
of one s
b s
c c disintegrationb s
b s
c c per cbcsbs
second.
ss teiptsips nucleus sips4) consisting ss ss ptsips ss tsips ss
esteiptip  bcsbeHelium
s estei(p2tHe esteiptipof twobcsprotons
esteiptip and btwoesteineutrons is known
esteiptip as alphaesteipparticle. esteiptip e
c bcsb c c bcsb c bcsb 0 c b c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
 Beta particles are electrons (–1e ), which are the basic elementary particles present in all atoms.
 Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves consisting of photons.
tiptsips t iptsips tiptsips t iptsips t iptsips ss
eteiptip psips
sbestei t particle iptsips psips
sbestei t
s
cbcb
es e s es e s
 cbcbA nuclear creaction
bcb es e s es e
cbcb an unstable
in which s es e
cbcsbs emits ancbcalpha
cbcbparent nucleus beste forms cabcstable
cbcsand
e
cbcsbs
daughter nucleus is called as 'alpha decay'.
ss ptsips reaction ss s teiptsips nucleus sips a beta sips tsips a stable ss
eteiptip  bcsbeAsteinuclear eteiptip in which ian
ptsipunstable
beste'beta decay'. eparent eteiptemits eteiptparticle andte
e ipforms eteiptip e
cbcsbs c daughter nucleus cbcsbs is called cbcsas cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 The process of breaking (splitting) up of a heavier nucleus into two smaller nuclei with the release of
esteiptsips ate
es iptsips amount
large esteiof s
ptsipenergy steiptsips 'nuclear
isecalled es
s
tfission'.
eiptsip esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 The energy released in a nuclear fission process is about 200 MeV.
 There are some radioactive elements which scan s be converted into a fissionable material. They ares s
e stei ptsips e stei
called
ptsipsas 'fertile
estei ptsips
materials'. t
e.g.
e s ei ps
ptsiUranium–238,
e stei ptipThorium–232,
e stei ptsipsPlutonium–240
estei ptsips estei ptsips eteiptip e
cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Controlled chain reaction is used in a nuclear reactor to produce energy in a sustained and controlled
manner.
esteiptsips e
sps
steipti
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
s
cbcb  c bcsb c b sb c b sb c b sb c b sb c bcsb c b sb
The process in which two lighter nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus is termed as 'nuclear
c c c c c c bcsb cbcsbs
fusion'
ss sps fusion or sps ss tsipssourceseof tsips and heat sips sips and other ss
eteiptip  bcsbeNuclear
steipti eteiptithermonuclear
eteiptipreaction eisteipthe teiplight eteiptenergy in the
eteiptSun eteiptip e
cbcsbs c stars. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 The safe limit of receiving the radiation is about 100 mR per week.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
TEXTcBOOK
c b b s
b
EVALUATION
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
s I.s Book Exercise s s – Choose s sthe bestteianswer

ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es ptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb
1.
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc
Man-made radioactivity is also known as __________.
sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a. Induced radioactivity b. Spontaneous radioactivity
ss ss psips ss ss teipctsips ss ss tiptsips
eteiptip esteiptip radioactivity
c. sArtificial sestei t eteiptip eteiptip d. bcasbe& eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcb cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs c
Ans : (d) a & c
cbcsbs
2. Unit of radioactivity is __________.
ss ss psips b. curie psips ss ss ss ips
teiptsabove ss
eteiptip a. sbesteiptip
roentgen sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip c. bcbecquerel
eteiptip eteiptip d. all ethe eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc cbc cbc cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (d) all the above

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Unit-6: Nuclear Physics GANGA  Science (Physics) 131
3. Artificial
psipradioactivity
psipswas discovered
psips by __________.
teiptsips s
tei t tei t psips
tei t tei t teiptsips teiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
b
cc s
b es es
cbcsbBequerel
a. e
cbcsbs csbes Curie cbcsbes
b.cbIrene sbes
c.cbcRoentgen e
cbcsbs bcsbeseBohr cbcsbese
d. cNeils e
cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Irene Curie
s4.s In which
teiptsipsof the sfollowing,
teiptsips nosbechange
teiptsips in mass teiptnumber
sips of the
teiptsipdaughter
s teinuclei
ptsips takes teiplace
ptsips teiptsips
esteiptip es es s es es es e s es e
c bcsb i)bcsb
c α decay c bc b ii)
c β decay c
bc bcsb iii) sb
c g decay c
b c bcsb sb
iv)cneutron decay
bc c bcsb cbcsbs
a. (i) is correct b. (ii) and (iii) are correct
ss c. (i)ti&
ptsip( siv) are correct
tiptsips ss s s d. (ii)tei&ptsi(iv)
s are correctss sps ss
eteiptip ee ee eteiptip eteiptip e p eteiptip steipti
bcsbe(i) esteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans :c(c) c b sb
& ( iv) are correct
c cbcsbs
5. __________ isotope is used for the treatment of cancer.
a. Radio
teiptsipIodine teiptsips b. Radio
teiptsipCobalt teiptsips c. Radio
teiptsipCarbon eteiptip d. Radio iptNickel
ss s s s ss sips ss
eteiptip e e e e e beste : (b) Radio eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsAns cbcsbsCobalt cbcsbs
6. Gamma radiations are dangerous because
esteiptsips s
s
eiptsip eyes
a. itetaffects &te
es ptsips
ibones esteiptsips esteiptsips b. itsbeaffects
steiptsips tissues esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b b sb
c c it producescgenetic
c. c b
cc
disorder
s
b b
cc s
b b b s
d.c cit produces cenormous
c b b s
b
c c of heat c c
amount
b s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (c) it produces genetic disorder
ss s s aprons sps used to sips teiptsipsgamma eiptsip
s ss ss ss
esteiptip7. esteiptip
__________ esteiptiare esteiptprotect us esfrom estradiations esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb
a. Lead oxide
c bcsb c bcsb
b. Iron
c bcsb c bcsb
c. Lead
c bcsb c bcsb
d. Aluminium
c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Lead
ss tsipsthe following ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip8. eteipof
Which eteiptip statements
eteiptip is/are eteiptip
correct? eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
i) α particles are photons ii) Penetrating power of g radiation is very low
iii) Ionization power is maximum for α rays iv) Penetrating power of g radiation is very high
eteiptip a. etei t sbestei t it
beste& (iii) are sbestei t sbestei only
t correctetei t ti t tei t
bcsbes&e (iv) arecbcorrect
cbcsb(i)s & (ii) are
cbccorrect b.cbcs
(ii) cbccorrect c.cbc(iv) d. c(iii) csbes e
Ans : (d) (iii) & (iv) are correct
9. Proton -spProton chain reaction is san
e teiptsips e teipti s fission e ptips example
teiptsips b. sαbes-teidecay e
of __________.
teiptsips c. Nuclear
e teiptsipsfusionsbesteiptsips d. β s-besdecay
teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b s a.
ccb s
bNuclear
s ccb s
b s b
cc b
cc s
b s ccb sb s ccb ccb ccb sb s cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Nuclear fusion
12 α decay A the value of A & Z.
estei ptsip10.
s In thetipnuclear
es e tsips reaction
estei ptsips 6X esteiptsips ZY t,ip
es
s
etsip b. b8, ss
es4teiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb a.
c bcs8,
b 6 c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
c. 4, 8 d. cannot be determined with the given data
ete iptsips
ete iptsips
te
sbeslocated sbeste iptsips
ete iptsips iptsips ete iptsips ete iptsips ete iptsips Ans : (c)ipt4,
ete
sips8
e
cbcsbs 11. Kamini
cbcsbs reactor
cbcis cbcsbs
cbc__________.
at cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a. Kalpakkam b. Koodankulam c. Mumbai d. Rajasthan
ss
eteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip tiptsips tiptsip:s(a) Kalpakkam
Ans tiptsips
cbcsbs 12. Which bcsbese is/are
cbcsbs of the cfollowing cbcsbcorrect? cbcsbs cbcsbs
ee
cbcsbs
ee
cbcsbs
ee
cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
i) Chain reaction takes place in a nuclear reactor and an atomic bomb.
esteiptsips ii) The
es
ps reaction
teiptsichain esteiptsipsin a nuclear
es
s
teiptsipreactor iste
es tsips
ipcontrolled esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
iii)
s
b b
c c The chain creaction
csb bcsb
in acnuclear
b s
b b s
b
c c is not controlled
reactor cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
iv) No chain reaction takes place in an atom bomb
ss a. (i) ptsips correctesteiptsips b. (i)est& ps are correct
eiptsi(ii) ss tsips correct ss sps are correct ss
esteiptip esteionly esteiptip c. bc(iv)
esteiponly esteiptip d. b(iii)
estei&pti(iv) esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c sb c bcsb c csb c bcsb
Ans : (b) (i) & (ii) are correct
cbcsbs
II. Book Exercise – Fill in the blanksps

estiptsips
e esteiptsips esteiptsips etei tip
s psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
s
cbcb 1.
s
cbcb s
cbcb cbcsbsc bc c bc
One roentgen is equal to __________ disintegrations per second. cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : 2.58
cbcsb× 10–4 cbcsbs
2. Positron is an __________. Ans : Elementary particle
ss ss teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss tiptsip59s
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip isotope.eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 3. Anemia
cbcsbs can becbcured
csbes by __________ bcsbes:eFe
cAns
e
4. Abbreviation of ICRP __________. Ans : International Commission on Radiological Protection

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

5. __________ is usedipto measure exposure rate of radiation in ihumans. Ans : Roentegen
esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 6. b
cc s
b
__________ b s
b
c cthe greatest
has b sb b sb
c cpenetration cpower.
c ccbsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
c c: g–rays
Ans cbcsbs
7. A A
ZY → Z+1Y + X ; Then, X is __________. Ans : beta
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss teiptsip: sg
esteiptip8. ZX
A →esteiptip
A
esteiptip esteiptip
ZY This reaction is possible in __________ esteiptipdecay.bcsbesteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eAns
s e
9. The average energy released in each fusion reaction is about __________ J. Ans : 3.84 × 10–12
10. Nuclear sfusion is possible only at anspextremely high temperaturespof the order sof __________ sK.
teiptsips teiptips teiptsips teipti s teiptsips teipti s tiptips
e teiptsipAns tiptsips
s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es bcsb7estoe 109
:c10 e
cbcsbs
11. The radio isotope of __________ helps to increase the productivity of crops. Ans : Phosphorus 32
s12.
s If thetiradiation
ss exposures s is 100 R,teipittsipmay
s causeti__________.
ss ss Ans s s: fatal diseases
s s like leukemiass
eteiptip e eptip eteiptip e e eptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
III. Book Exercise – True or False (If false correct it)
1. Plutonium -239 is apfissionable material.
b
cc s
b Ans
b
cc s
b : True. b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
2. Elements having atomic number greater than 83 can undergo nuclear fusion.
ss Ans : False.
psips Elementspsihaving
ps atomic
psipnumber
s lesser
psipsthan 83canpsiundergo
ps nuclear
psips fusion. ss ss
esteiptip etei t estei t etei t ti t
bcsbese fission. etei t etei t esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb 3. cbcsbs fusion
Nuclear cbcissbmore cbcsbs thancnuclear
dangerous cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : False. Nuclear fission is more dangerous than Nuclear fusion.
eteiptip4. Natural
esteiptipuranium eU-238
sps is the core
esteiptipfuel used in
tsipas nuclear esteireactor.
ss ss ss ptsips ss ss ss
steipti esteip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c b sb c b sb c b sb c b sb
Ans : False. Natural plutonium is the core fuel used in a nuclear reactor.
c c c c c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
5. If a moderator is not present, then a nuclear reactor will behave as an atom bomb.
ss Ans : tTrue.
eiptsip
s teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips ss
eteiptip e e bcsbean e e e e eteiptip e
cbcsbs 6. cbcsbs one nuclear
During cbcsbs fissioncon s cbcsb2s to 3 neutrons
average, cbcsbs are produced.
Ans : True.
esteiptsip7.s esteiptsipstheory
Einstein’s eof
s
sips energy
teiptmass es
ps
teiptsiequivalence
es
sipsused in nuclear
teiptis esteiptsips fission
es
sips fusion.teiptsips
teiptand e e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c : True. c c
Ans
b s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb cbcsbs b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
estei ptsipIV.
s Book Exercise
estei ptsips – Match
estei ptsipsthe following ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb 1. 1.c bcsb BARC c bcsb c bcsb bcsb
c (a) Kalpakkamc bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
2. India's first atomic power station (b) Apsara
ss 3. IGCAR (c) spsMumbai sps
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips esteipti Tarapureteipti
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 4. s
cbcb First nuclear
s s
cbcb reactorcin
s s
bcbIndia
s cbcb(d)
s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans :
ss 1 BARC ss iptsips iptsips c s Mumbai
s ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip beste power beste eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c2bcsbsIndia's first
cbcsatomic cbcsstation cbcsbs d Tarapur
3 IGCAR a Kalpakkam
esteiptsips teiptsipsnuclearsbereactor
4 sesFirst steiptsips in Indiaesteiptsips es
s
teibptsipApsara esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc b b
cc ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
2. 1. Fuel (a) Lead
ss 2. ete iptsips
Moderator ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip s esteiptip esteiptip Heavy
(b) water
c bcsb c
3.bcsb Coolantc bcsb bcsb
c (c) Cadmium c bcsb rods c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
4. Shield (d) Uranium
ss Ans : tipts ips tiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip ee ee eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c1bcsbsFuel cbcsbs cbcdsbsUraniumcbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
2 Modertaor b Heavy water
ss teiptsips ss iptsips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip 3 eCoolant eteiptip c ete
Cadmium eteiptip
rods eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
4 Shielf a Lead

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

3. 1. Soddy Fajan ps (a)ps Natural radioactivity
esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
2.
s
b
c c Irene Curie b
cc s
b b s
b b
c c (b) Displacement
cc s
b lawb
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
3. Henry Bequerel (c) Mass energy equivalence
ss iptsips Einstein ss teiptsipsArtificial ptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip 4. seste
Albert esteiptip e(d)
s esteiRadioactivityesteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans :
1 Soddy
eteiptip Fajan b te
e Displacement tilaw
ss ss ss iptsips ptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c2bcsbsIrene Curie
cbcsbs cbcdsbsArtificial cRadioactivity cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3 Henry Bequerel a Natural radioactivity
ss teiptsips Einstein ss iptsips energy eiptsip
s ss ss ss ss
eteiptip 4 eAlbert eteiptip c ete
Mass etequivalence eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
4. 1. Uncontrolled fission reaction (a) Hydrogen bomb
2. Fertile material (b) ps Nuclear reactor
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c Controlled
3. b s
b b
c c fission reaction
cc s
b b sb
c c(c) Breeder b s
b
c c reactor c c b s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
4. Fusion reaction (d) Atom bomb
esteiptip Anssbe:ste esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
1 Uncontrolled fission reaction d Atom bomb
ss 2 Fertile s s materialteiptsips ss c Breeder s s reactorteiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip csbes reaction eteiptip esteiptip e eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c3bcsbsControlledcbfission cbcsbs cbbcsbNuclear cbcsbs
reactor cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4 Fusion reaction a Hydrogen bomb
ss iptsip–s 60 sesteiptsips teiptsipsAge ofsbfossilss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip5. 1.bsbeste
Co e(a) eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc cbcb cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
2. I – 131 (b) Function of heart
3. Na
iptsip–s 11 sesteiptsips (c)
esteiptsips este esteiptsipsLeukemiaesteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
4.
s
b
c c C – 14 cbcb b s
b
c c (d) Thyroid b s
b
c c disease c c b s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans :
ss teiptsips teiptsips iptsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip e e este esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c1bcsbsCo – 60 cbcsbs c bc
csb Leukemiac bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
2 I – 131 d Thyroid disease
ss 3 Na s– s11 ss b teFunction
ss of heart ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e iptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c4bcsbsC – 14 cbcsbs cbcasbsAge of fossil
V. Book Exercise – Answer the following in correct sequence
ss psips psips psips psips psips psips ss ss
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip e
Arrange in descending order, on the basis of their penetration powerc bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays, cosmic rays
esteiptsips Gamma
sps
eteiptirays, Betaerays,
sps
teipti Alpha srays, sps
eteiptiCosmicbcrays.
eteipti
sps
eteipti
sps
e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcbs c sbs cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
2. Arrange the following in the chronological order of discovery
ss Nuclear
ipsipreactor,
s radioactivity,
ipsips artificial
ipsips radioactivity,
ipsips discovery
ipsips of radium.
ipsips ss ss
esteiptip etet etet etet t t
bcsbese
t t
bcsbese reactor. etet esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs
radioactivity, cbcsbs of radium,
Discovery cbcsbs artificialcradioactivity, cNuclear cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
VI. Book Exercise – Use the analogy to fill in the blank
cbcsbs 1. bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
Spontaneous process : Natural Radioactivity, Induced process : __________.
c c bc c bc c bc
Ans : Artificial Radioactivity cbcsbs
2. Nuclear Fusion : Extreme temperature, Nuclear Fission : __________. Ans : Low Temperature
ss ss teiptsipsphosphorous,ss tsips sips ss s
eiptsip : Radio ss
eteiptip3. eteiptip cropsbcs:beRadio
Increasing eteiptip Effective
eteipfunctioning teiptheart
eof eteiptip
: __________. etAns eteiptip
sodium e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4. Deflected by electric field : α ray, Null Deflection : __________. Ans : g rays

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

s BooktiExercise
teiptsipVII. s teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es eptsip –e Numerical
s problems
es es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c 226 b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. 88Ra experiences three α - decay. Find the number of neutrons in the daughter element.
132 Neutrons.
esteiptip1. te
csbes specimen
Acbcobalt ete ete te 75.6 millicurie
bcsbesof
t t
bcsbese percsecond.
bcsbese Convert
te disintegration
bcsbesthis
t
bcsbese e
c bcsb cbcsbs emits induced
cbcsbs radiation
c c c c cbcsbs
in to becquerel (one curie = 3.7 × 1010 Bq)
2797200000 becquerel = 75.6 millicurie.
ss tiptsips ss teiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip bcsbeseExercise esteiptip bcsbesequestions
csbes reasonctype eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs VIII. cBook cbcs–bAssertioncband cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
ss i) eIf sips the assertion
ss tsips reason ptsipstrue and sips reasonteipis ss ss ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs steiptBoth
cbcsbassertion.
eteiptip
cbcsbs
andeteipthe
cbcsbs
eteiare
cbcsbs
eteiptthe
cbcsbs
e tipthe correct
cbcsbs
eteiptipexplanation
cbcsbs
eteiptipof
cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
ii) Both the assertion and the reason are true, but the reason is not the correct explanation of the
s assertion.
es steiptsips
teiptsip iii)sbeAssertion esteiptsipsbut thesbereason
steiptsips is false.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc b
ccis
sbtrue, b
cc b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb cbcsbs
iv) Assertion is false, but the reason is true.
s1.s Assertion: ss neutron
A ptsipsimpinging ponsipsU235, splitsteiptitsipto
s producetipBarium
s s and Krypton. ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip estei estei t es esetip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcs
Reason:
b Ucb-cs235
b is a fissile c bcsbmaterial. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
ss is the correct explanationspof the assertion
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teipti s eteiptip
ss
e
cbcsbs 2. s
cbcb s
Assertion: Ic s s
nbcabβ - decay, cthe s s
bcbneutron number s s
cbcb decreases s s
cbcbby one. cbcb s s cbcbs s cbcsbs cbcsbs
Reason: In β - decay atomic number increases by one.
ss
eteiptip tiptsips(i) If Bothtiptthe sipsassertiontiand ptsipsthe reason tiptaresips true andtithe ptsipsreason is tthe iptsipcorrect
s explanation
tiptsips of assertion
tiptsips
cbcsbs 3. ccbsbese
Assertion:
bsbese
c
cxtreme
E cc bsbese
temperature
bsbese
c c to execute
is necessary
bsbese
c c nuclear fusion.cc bsbese cc bsbesecc bsbese e
cbcsbs
Reason: In a nuclear fusion, the nuclei of the reactants combine releasing high energy.
esteiptsips es i
te ptsi p s
esteiptsips esteiptsips Anssb:est(i) ps the assertion
eiptsiBoth esteiptsips andsbethe
s
ps
teiptsireason s
eiptsip and the
areesttrue e steiptsips
reason e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb ccb s
b b
cc b
cc s
b b b s
b
c c correct explanation
is the cc b sb
c cassertion
of the cbcsbs
4. Assertion: ontrol rods are known as 'neutron seeking rods'.
C
ss ss sips are used sipsperform tsustained
ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip
Reason: Controlesteiptrods esteiptto eseiptip esteiptipfissionbcsreaction.
nuclear esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b c bcsb
c bcsb cbcsbs
is the correct explanation of the assertion
eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip in oneeteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs IX. Book
cbcsbsExercisecb–csb
Answer cbcsbsor two word
cbcsbs(VSA) cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1. Who discovered natural radioactivity?
ss Henri tBecquerel.
eiptsip
s teiptsips teiptsips psips psips psips ss ss
eteiptip sbes sbes sbes sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 2. c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
Which radioactive material is present in the ore of pitchblende? c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Uranium.
esteiptsip3.s Write
sptsip two elements
sesteiany sestei t
s
psip whichestare
psip
s ei t used for eiptsip
sestinducing
s psip
radioactivity?
sestei t
spsip
sestei t
s s
b
cc s
b b b cbcb
c c Aluminium.
Boron, cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
4. Write the name of the electromagnetic radiation which is emitted during a natural radioactivity.
esteiptip esteiptip
α –sbrays. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c
259
bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
5. If A is a radioactive element which emits an α - particle and produces 104Rf . Write the atomic
number and mass number of the element A.
ss sps ss s number
sMass ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptiAtomic
106Sg
263
eteiptip of A =bcsb
number eteiptip
106, eteiptipof A = b263.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
6. What is the average energy released from a single fission process?
3.2 × 10-11J.
ss ipsips ipsips ipsips ipsips ipsips ipsips ss ss
eteiptip etet etet stet causecbfor tet estet etet eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 7. Which
cbcsbs hazardous
cbcsbsradiationcbis
csbethe csbesthe genetic
cbcsbdisease?
e
g – rays.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

8. What is
psipthe
s amountpsiof
psradiationpthat
sips may cause
psipsdeath of p
asiperson when
psipexposed tops
iit?
esteiptsips estei t estei t estei t estei t eps
stei t e
s
stei t ps e stei t esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
Acute b sb b s
b b s
c c radiationc cSyndrome cis ca collectionc of
b b bs
c health effects
b bcs
c c that are cpresent
b withinb sb b
cc s
c c24 hrs of exposure
b to cbcsbs
ionizing radiation. It is also called radiation poisoning, radiation sickness and radiation toxicity.
s9.s When p
and
sips where was
psipsthe first nuclear
psips reactor
psipbuilt?
s ss ss ss ss
esteiptip tei t
bcsbes USA c1942.
bcsbes
tei t
e tei t
e tei t esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cChicago, cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
10. Give the SI unit of radioactivity.
s s Becquerel. ss iptsips psips psips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip beste sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 10. Which
cbcsbs materialcbcsprotects bc
us from radiation?
c c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Lead.
ss teiptsips – Answer ss ss eiptsip
s ss ss ss ss
eteiptipX. Book eExercise eteiptip the bfollowing
eteiptip in fewetsentences eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1. Write any three features of natural and artificial radioactivity.
S.No. s s Natural radioactivity Artificial radioactivity
esteiptsips esteiptip esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cc1
b s
b b s
Emission
c c of radiation
b b s
b b
cc s
c c due to self–disintegration
b b s
b b s
c c Emission cofcradiation due
b b s
c cto disintegration
b b s
c c of
b cbcsbs
of a nucleus. anucleus through induced process
ss 2 s sAlpha, beta sand
s gamma radiations
ss are semitted.
s Mostly elementary sparticles such s sas neutron,
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip teiptsips
espositron, eiptsipemitted.
estare esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cetc.,
3 it is a spontaneous process. It is an induced process.
ss 4 s sExhibitedtiby s elements
s withs satomic numberss Exhibited
s s by elements
tiptsips with atomic
s s numberteiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip morebcthan
e eptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese eteiptip e e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs 83. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbsless than c83. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
5 This cannot be controlled. This can be controlled.
ss sips ss tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip2. Define
eteiptcritical mass.
eteiptipbcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs c bcsbs c bcsbs c c c c c
The minimum mass of a fissile material necessary to sustain the chain reaction is called 'critical mass (mc)'.
c cbcsbs
It depends on the nature, density and the size of the fissile material.
esteiptsip3.s Define psip s
sestei tone roentgen.
psip
sestei t
s
b
cc s
b cbcb cbcb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Roentgen (R): It is The radiation exposure of y and x-rays is measured by another unit called roentgen. One
roentgen is defined as the quantity of radioactive substance which produces a charge of 2.58 × 10–4 coulomb
ss sipsair under tstandard
esteiptip in 1 ekg
steiptof eseiptip esteiptip of pressure,
conditions esteiptip temperature
esteiptip and Humidity.
4. State Soddy and Fajan’s displacement law.
i) Whens a radioactiveselement emits s an alpha particle, a daughter nucleus issformed whose mass number
ss tsip by 4 units sip iptsipnumber ptsipsby 2 units, sips iptsipnumber sand sips ss
eteiptip eis
teipless e teiptand the atomic
e te eisteiless e teiptthan the mass
e te e teiptatomic eteiptipof
number e
cbcsbs s
cbcb s s
cbcb s
the parent nucleus.
s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s cbcb s cbcsbs cbcsbs
ii) When a radioactive element emits a beta particle, a daughter nucleus is formed whose mass number is
ss sps s
teiptsipatomic psips s
eiptsi1p unit, than ptsipsatomic enumber
psips of theestparent
psips nucleus. psips
eteiptip steipti same and
sbethe sbesthe number
sbestei t is more
sbestby sbestei the sbstei t sb ei t sbestei t e
5. Give the function of control rods in a nuclear reactor.
Control srod : Control srods are useds sto control the number ofs neutrons in sorder to haves sustained chain
teiptsips tiptips reaction.tiptips iptip
beste or cadmium tiptsips iptips
beste as control teiptips They sabsorb
tiptips tiptsips
b
cc s
b es bsbese
cc bsbese Mostlybsboron
cc cc bsbese rods arebsused
cc bsbesrods.
cc b bese the neutrons.
cc bsbese cc cc
e
cbcsbs
6. In Japan, some of the new born children are having congenital diseases. Why?
ss The nuclear bomb that s was
s dropped ins Hiroshima sduring WorldiptWar s II was called s as 'Littletipboy'.
s It was atipgun-
esteiptip teiptsips
esbomb esteiptipa uranium eiptsip The bbomb,
estcore.
s
esteiptipwhich was e sip
estsubsequently eiptsip
estdropped etsip
esNagasaki etsip
escalled
s
e
c bcsb type
c bcsb which
c bcsused
b c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb cover
bcsb cwas
bcsb cbcsbs
as 'Fat man'. It was an explosion type bomb, which used a plutonium core. Due to this some of the new born
children are having congenital diseases.
eteiptip este ete ete ete ete But, heete t
bcsbese the lead beste e
cbcsbs 7. Mr.
cbcsbRamu is working
cbcsbs as ancbcXsb-s ray technician
cbcsbs in a hospital.
cbcsbs cbcsbsdoes notcwear cbcsaprons. cbcsbs
What suggestion will you give to Mr. Ramu?
ss Lead aprons are the most effective spersonal radiation protection means and s should be worn sby everyone in
eteiptip e teiptsips room
a bfluoroscopy e iptsips thesepatient).Lead
te
(except teiptips teiptsips may sreduce
aprons
e e teiptsipsthe dose e iptips
tereceived by teiptsip90%
over
e teiptsips
depending
e e
cbcsbs cc s
b s cbcsb s cbc b s cbcsb s cbc b s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs
on the energy of the X- rays and the lead equivalent thickness of the apron.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

8. What is
psipstellar energy?
esteiptsips es
s
tei t espsips
tei t esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
Fusion b s
b b s
b
c c reactionc cthat takes place
c c in the cores b s
b b s
b
c c of the Sunc and
c other stars b s
b b s
b b s
c c results in canc enormouscamount
c b of cbcsbs
energy, which is called as 'stellar energy'. Thus, nuclear fusion or thermonuclear reaction is the source of light
ss and heatspenergy
s in thespSun
s and other spsstars. sps sps sps sps sps
esteiptip esteipti esteipti esteipti esteipti esteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti e
c bcsb 9. cbcsb any two cuses
Give bcsb of radiocbcsb
isotopes cbcsbfield of agriculture?
in the cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Phosphorus- 32 and Nitrogen-15.
ss s
ptsipstellar ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip10. Whateteiis energy?
Fusion reaction that takes place in the cores of the Sun and other stars results in an enormous amount of
energy, which is called as 'stellar energy'. Thus, nuclear fusion or thermonuclear reaction is the source of light
ss s
teiptsipenergy
and eheat s teiptsipsstars. eteiptsips
eiptsipSun and eother
inetthe ss ss ss ss
XI. Book Exercise – Answer the following questions in detail
1. Explain
psithe
ps processpof
sipscontrolledpsiand
ps uncontrolled
psips chain reactions.
teiptsips estei t etei t tei t psips
ti t etei t teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b es cbcsbkinds
Two of chain bcsbespossible.
cbcsbsreactionscare bcsbeseare;
cThey cbcsbs b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
(i) controlled chain reaction and (ii) uncontrolled chain reaction.
ss teiptsip s sip s s
teiptsipcontrolled s
eiptsip reaction
s
ptsip numberesof sip s s s s s
esteiptip i) seControlled
s esteiptreaction
chain Inesthe estchain esteithe teiptneutrons esteiptip is maintained
released esteiptip e
c bcsb bc b bcsb
c to be one.c This is achieved bcsb
c by absorbing bcsb bcsb bcsb
c the extracneutrons withc a neutron absorber c bcsb bcsb
c only one
leaving cbcsbs
neutron to produce further fission. Thus, the reaction is sustained in a controlled manner. The energy
ss released
s s due to as controlled
s chain
s s reaction pcan
sips be utilized s for
s constructive s s purposes. sControlled
s chain
ss
eteiptip esteiptip is bused
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t energy eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbreaction c csbs in a nuclearcbcsbsreactor to cbcproduce cbcsbsin a sustained
cbcsbsand controlled
cbcsbs manner.cbcsbs cbcsbs
ii) Uncontrolled chain reaction In the uncontrolled chain reaction the number of neutrons multiplies
indefinitely andipcauses
s s fi ssion
ss
eteiptip
ss
esteiptip amountetetip teiptsiin
psa largeeamount
teiptsips of the fissile
s s material.
esteiptiisp kind bof
Th
s s is resultsteipin
esteiptip reaction e tip
s the
s release ptof
sipsa
sbesteiatom
cbcsbs cbcsbhuge csbes a fraction
cbcsbsof energycbwithin cbcsbsof a second.
cbcsbTh c csbchain cbcsbsis used incbcthe
e
cbcsbs
bomb to produce an explosion. Figure 6.3 represents an uncontrolled chain reaction.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

eteiptip e e the properties
ee bcsbese beta and ee ee eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 2. cbcsbs
Compare cbcsbs ofcalpha, cbcsbsgamma radiations.
Properties a rays b rays g rays
esteiptsips What es tsipsthey? sesHelium
teipare teiptsips nucleus
es
s4
teip(tsi2pHe steiptsipsare electrons
) sbeThey esteiptsips esteiptsips They eare
s
s
esteiptsips
teiptsipelectromagnetic e
b
cc s
b bcsb
c(Nature) b b
c c consistingc ofb s
b
c two protons b
c c ( e0), basic b s
b b sb
c celementarycparticle
c b s
b
c c consisting
in waves
b s
b
c cof cbcsbs
–1
and two neutrons. all atoms. photons.
ss ss teiptsips ss teiptsips ss ss tsips ss
esteiptip Chargeesteiptip esPositively esteiptip
charged eNegatively
s esteiptip particles.
charged esteiptip Neutralesteipparticles. esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb bcsb
c particles.c bcsb bcsb bcsb
c Charge ofceach beta particle c bcsb c b
= –e Chargecsb bcsb
of eachcgamma cbcsbs
Charge of each alpha particle = zero
ss particle
s s = +2eteiptsips
eteiptip tiptsips eteiptip
sps
steipti
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
cbcsbs bcsbese power
cIonising bcsbes than bcbcsbeComparatively
cbcsbs100 time cgreater cbcsbslow cbcsbs b sb b
Very less ionization
c c c csb e
cbcsbs
rays and 10,000 times power
ss ss greater
sps than g rays
sps ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteipti eteipti eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Properties
e esteiptsips a rays
esteiptsips e steiptsips bte
es ptsips
irays esteiptsips esteiptsipg srays sbesteiptsips e
b
cc s
b bcsb
cPenetrating b s
b b
c c Low penetrating
cc s
b bcsb
powerc Penetrating
b sb b
c cpower is greaters
b
c c than They b s
b
c c have a very cbchigh cbcsbs
power (even stopped by a thick that of α rays. They can penetrate penetrating power
ss ss paper)
teiptsips teiptsips through
s s a thin tmetals s foil. teiptsips greaterteipthan
s s that of tbeiptsips
esteiptip esteiptip e e esteiptip eseiptip es es tip bcsbes e
c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb bcs
rays.b
c They can cpenetrate cbcsbs
through thick metal
ss tiptsips ss sps ss ss s s blocks. s s ss
eteiptip bcsbeseof electric eteiptip p
steipti the cbcsbeDeflected
bcsbeboth steipti esteiptipthe fields;
eteiptip e teiptip e teiptip e
cbcsbs cEffect cbcsbsDeflectedcby bcsbboth
cby cbcsbs cbcsbsare not deflected
They cbcsbs cbcsbs
and magnetic fields. but the direction of deflection is by both the fields.
field (in accordance with opposite to that for alpha rays.
ss ss sips sips sips iptsipsFleming’s tiptsips ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip e tei pt
Fleming’s left
e i p
hand
te t rule) steiptaccordance
e(in twith
bcsbese bcsbeseleft eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbhand c
rule)
c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Speed Their speed ranges from Their speed can go up to 9/10 They travel with the
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsipsto 1/20sbetimes
1/10 steiptsipsthe sbetimes
steiptsipsthe speedes tsipslight. sesteiptsips speed
teipof estof ps
eiptsilight. esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
c c speed of clight. bc b
cc ccb s
b b
cc b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
3. What is a nuclear reactor? Explain its essential parts with their functions.
esteiptip A Nucleartiptip
bcsbese reactor
tiptip
bcsbisesae device cinbcswhich
iptip
beste the nuclear tiptip
bcsbesefission reaction
tiptip
bcsbese takescplace
tiptip
bcsbesein a self-sustained
tiptip
bcsbese andcbcontrolled
pip
sbestei t e
c bcsb c c c c
manner to produce electricity. The first nuclear reactor was built in 1942 at Chicago, USA. c c cbcsbs
Components of a nuclear reactors : The essential components of a nuclear reactor are (i) fuel, (ii) moderator,
ss psips psips psips(iii) control s (iv) coolant
psiprod, psips and (v)estprotection
psips wall. psips psips
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sb ei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs c
i) bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
Fuel : A fissile material is used as the fuel. The commonly used fuel material is uranium. c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
ii) Moderator : A moderator is used to slow down the high energy neutrons to provide slow neutrons.
ss Graphite
psips and eheavy psipswater are pthe
sips commonly psipused
s moderators. psips psips psips psips
eteiptip sbestei t sbstei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
iii) Control rod : Control rods are used to control the number of neutrons in order to have sustained chain
reaction. Mostly boron or cadmium rods are used as control rods. They absorb the neutrons.
iv) Coolant
esteiptsips esteiptsips : Asbcoolant
e steiptsips is used esteito
ptsipremove
s theiptheat
este sips produced esteiptsipins the reactor
esteiptsipcore,
s to produce
esteiptsips steam. esteiptThis
sips
e
b
cc s
b ccb sb steam is used
ccb to run accturbine
b sb in order
ccb sb to produceccb electricity.
sb Water,
b
cc sb air andcchelium
b sb are some
b
cc sb of the cbcsbs
coolants.
ss v) Protection wall : A s thick concrete lead wall sissbuilt around the nuclear sreactor in order to prevent sthe
esteiptip t i ptsips radiations
harmful
e tei ptsipfrom t
escaping
ei ptsipsinto theesenvironment.
tei ptip tei ptsips tei ptips tei ptsips tiptips
c bcsb cc bsb es ccbsb e s cc bsb es cc bsb cc bsb es cc bsb es cc bsb es ccbsbese e
cbcsbs

b
cc s
b XII. b
cc s
Book
b Exercise b
cc–s
b HOT ccb s
questions
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Mass number of a radioactive element is 232 and its atomic number is 90. When this element
ss undergoes sips certainteinuclear
ss reactions, s s it transforms s s into an spisotope
s of lead with a mass sips numberteipt208
esteiptip and teiptatomic
ean
s es ptip 82. Determine
number esteiptip the esteiptip of balpha
number esteiptiand beta teiptsips that scan
edecay
s esteiptoccur.?
ss
es ip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bc b c bcsb cbcsbs
Determine the number of alpha decay:
208 s= 232 – 4X s
ss iptsip s ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcb Solve forcbXcsbs
e e e
cbcsbs s s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
232 – 4X – 232 = 208 – 232 ( substract 232 from both sides)
–4X = –24
ss ss ss ip–tsip6s ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip – Xbcsbe
=te eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
X = 6.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

This means that thisipprogress undergoes 6 α-decays, which means 6 nucleiipof He have been emitted. ipts
esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips este ips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
Determine
b bcs
thecnumber
b of Beta
b s
c cdecay is four.
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b cbcsbs
2. 'X – rays should not be taken often'. Give the reason.
ss X- rays tsips gamma s
eiptsip can cause ss s
eiptsip problems sips ss spsradiation,teipsuch
ss
esteiptip esteipand estrays esteipatipnumberbcsof
estother esteiptbesides cancer.
esteiptipLower bdoses
esteiptiof es tip e
c bcsb b
as csb
c from imaging bcsb
c tests are not bcsb
c known to cause b
c short – term bcsb
c health problems.c bcsb c csb c bcsb cbcsbs
3. Cell phone towers should be placed far away from the residential area – why?
ss s
tiptsip produce s
tsip ionizing s
iptsip ats
s tsip s s
iptsip of visible s
ptsip If cellestowers
tiptsip s
eteiptip Cellsetowers
bcbse
tipnon
bcsbese
tradiation
bcsbese
withtip
bcsbese
ipwavelength tiplonger
bcsbese
than tthat
bcsbese
tilight.
bcsbese bcsb e e
cbcsbs c c c c c c
residing in our area, then turnoff all lights, because short wavelength,like X-rays and Gamma rays are c c cbcsbs
dangerous, ionizing radiation. Long wave ultra violet light, with a wave length shorter than visible light, causes
ss sunburn.
tiptsipShorter
s still
tiptissipshort
s UV light,
tiptsipsthat withtipcontinued
tsips exposure
tiptsips can causetiptsipsmelanomatip(wear tsips sunscreen).
tiptsips
esteiptsip1.s Matter
es
sipsmade upteiof
teiptis es
s indestructible
ptsiptiny esteiptsips units
es ips __________.
teiptscalled esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a) s
b
c c Atoms
b b
cc s
b s
b
b)c cmolecules c c
b b s
b sb
c)c element
bc b
cc s
b sb
d) ccompound
bc b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Atoms
s2.s __________ s s discovered s s cathode rays
eiptsip
s known as
s selectrons. ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip b) bcsJJbestThomson esteiptip c. bcGoldstein
esteiptip esteiptip d) milikan esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb a)
c bcsDemocritus
b c bcsb c c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (b) JJ Thomson
3. __________ discovered positive rays which were named as s protons.
e teiptsips a) sDemocritus
e teiptsips e teiptsips b) sJJestThomson
eiptsips e teiptsips c. Goldstein
e teiptsip ss
eteiptip d) milikan
ss
eteiptip teiptsips
cbcbs s cbcb s cbcbs s cbcb cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcsbs csbes
cbcsbs Ans : (c)cbGoldstein
e
cbcsbs
4. __________ discovered charge less particles called Neutrons.
sips a) JJteiThomsonss ss ss ss ss ss ss teiptsips
e tei pt e ptip eteiptip b) bcsDemocritus
eteiptip eteiptip c) bcGoldstein
eteiptip eteiptip d) milikan eteiptip csbes e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : (c)cbGoldstein cbcsbs
5. __________ explained that the mass of an atom is concentrated in its central part called nucleus.
este s a) sbJJ
i ptsi p esteiThomson
ptsips esteiptsips b) sDemocritus
esteiptsips esteiptsips c) Rutherford
esteiptsips esteiptsips d) milikan
b
cc s
b ccb ccb sb ccb b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb b sb bcs
c c Ans : (c) cRutherfordb cbcsbs
6. __________ discovered that he could reproduce the effect whenever he placed uranium near a
s s photographic
ptsips film. ss ss ss ss ss sips ss
esteiptip a)bcsbJJ esteiThomson esteiptip b) bcsDemocritus
esteiptip esteiptip c) bcHenri
esteiptipBecquerel esteiptip d) Marie esteiptcurie esteiptip e
c bcsb c c bcsb c b c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Henri Becquerel
7. __________ was identified to be asradioactive element.
t iptsips a) sThoriumt iptsips t iptsips b) sUranium s
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip c) bcPolonium
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip d) radium
ss
eteiptip iptsips
cbcbs es e
cbcb
es e
cbcbs es e
cbcbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : (b) beste
cbcsUranium
e
cbcsbs
8. Henri Becqurrel is a __________ physicist.
sips a) French ss ss ss ss ss ss ss sps
e tei pt eteiptip eteiptip b) bcsEnglish
eteiptip eteiptip c) bcItalian
eteiptip eteiptip d) german eteiptip steipti
bcsbeFrench e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans :c(a) cbcsbs
9. The elements whose atomic number is more than __________ undergo spontaneous radioactivity.
este s a) sb85
i ptsi p esteiptsips esteiptsips b) s83 esteiptsips esteiptsips c) 89 esteiptsips esteiptsips d) 90sbesteiptsips esteiptsips e
ccb sb ccb ccb sb ccb b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb b sb
c c : (b) 83
Ans cbcsbs
10. Techneciumwith atomic number __________.
s s a) 40tiptsips s s b) 43teiptsips s s c) 67 teiptsips s s d) 50 teiptsips s
teiptsip43
esteiptip ese esteiptip es esteiptip es esteiptip es Ans :es(b) e
11. Promethium with atomic number __________.
a) 40 b) 67 c) 34 d) 61
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
eteiptip Ans :e(d)
s
teiptsip61 e
cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
12. There have been __________ radioactive substances discovered so far. Most of them are rare earth
metals and transition metals.
sips a) 30teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss tiptsips
e tei pt e eteiptip b) bcs29 eteiptip eteiptip c) bc28 eteiptip eteiptip d) 31 eteiptip bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c
Ans : (b) 29
cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

13. During such a disintegration, the nucleus which undergoes disintegration is calledp__________.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a)
b
cc s
bparent nucleus
b
cc s
b b)
ccb daughter
s
b nucleus
b
cc sb c)
cceither
bsb a or b b
cc s
b d) none
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (a) parent nucleus
s14.
s __________ s s is a induced s s process. ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip a)bcsbNatural
esteiptip radioactivity
esteiptip b) bcsArtificial
esteiptip radioactivity
esteiptip c) beither
esteiptiap or b bcsbesteiptip d) none esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c c bcsb c b c bcsb c csb c c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Artificial radioactivity
s15.
s __________
eiptsip
s raystielectromagnetic
ss teiptsips
waves consisting
ss of photons.
ss ss ss ss
eteiptip a)bcsbaestrays e eptip b) bcsgberays eteiptip c) bccosmic
eteiptip rays bcsbesteiptip d) βbcsrays
eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c cbcsbs c s cbcsbs c sbs c c bs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) g rays
16. Decayipof Uraniumip
to thorium with the emission of an __________ particles.
ee tiptsips t tsips
ee t tsips eetiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs cbcsbas
a) cbcsbs gbese
b)cbcs ee
cbcsbs sbese
c)cbccosmic ee
cbcsbs bcsbese
d) cβ cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
Ans : (a) a
esteiptsip17.
s Fissile
esteiptMaterials
sips are
esteiptsip__________
s
esteiptsipand
s __________.
b
cc s
b a)
b
cc s
bUranium-235 b
cc and
s
b Plutonium
b
cc s
b 239, 241 b
cc s
b b)
ccbThorium
s
b 232,
b
cc Uranium
s
b 238b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
c) aluminium - 27 thorium232 d) non
ss ss ss ss ss Ans s s: (a) Uranium-235ss and plutonium
ss 239,ipt241ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip este ip e
c bcsb 18. b sb
cFertile materials
c b sb
c are __________.
c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) Uranium–238 b) Thorium–232 c) Plutonium–240 d) all the above
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss Ansip:ts (d)
s All the tabove ss
eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip este ip eseiptip e
cbcsbs 19. c b sb c b sb c b sb c b sb
The energy released in a nuclear fission process is about __________ MeV.
c c c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) 200 b) 300 c) 250 d) 350
ss ss psips ss psips ss ss s s Ans : (a) 200
ss
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t on the esteiptip sbestei t fusion. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 20. cbcsbs
__________ cisbcbased cbcsbprinciple cbcnuclear
of cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Hydrogen Bomb b) Atom bomb c) nuclear reactor d) none
teiptsips teiptsip s teiptsip s teiptsip s teiptsip s teiptsips teiptsip Anssbe
s : t(a) Hydrogen
s tBomb s
es es es es es es es s eiptsip es eiptsip e
b
cc s
b 21. ccb sb
__________ b sb
ciscused to diagnose ccb sb b sb
c c and also to
anemia b sb
c cprovide treatmentccb sb b
c c same. c c
for the b sb cbcsbs
a) Radio–Iodine b) Radio–iron c) Radio–sodium d) all the above
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss Anss :s(b) Radio-Iron ss
c bcsb 22. bcsb bcsb
c__________cis a device used bcsb bcsb bcsb
c to detectcthe levels ofcexposure tocan ionizing radiation. bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) Dosimeter b) pocket dosimeter c) either a or b d) none
ss
eteiptip ee tiptsips ee tiptsips ee tiptsips tiptsips
ee tiptsips
ee tiptsips
ee ee iptsips: (a) Dosimeter
tAns ee tiptsips e
eteiptip1. A Greek tiptip
bcsbese philosopher
tiptip
bcsbese__________
bcsbesin
p BC believed
teipti400 tiptip pip
sbestei t is made
bcsbese thatcbmatter bcsbup
tiptiny indestructible
esteipof tiptip
bcsbese units teiptip
bcsbescalled e
cbcsbs c
atoms. c c c c c c c
Ans : Democritus cbcsbs
2. In 1803, __________ considered that elements consist of atoms, which are identical in nature.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips es tsips : JohnseDalton
teipAns steiptsips e
b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b cbcsbs
3. __________ and her husband __________ detected radioactivity in Pitchblende.
Ans : Marie curie, Pierre curie
ss psips psips psips psips ss ss sips ss
esteiptip4. etei t
__________ etei t
is abcstiny estei t etei t esteiptip esteiptip esteiptAns esteiptip
c bs black ore
cbcsbsubstance. : Pitchblende e
c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
5. __________ is known as an ore of Uranium. Ans : Pitchblende
s6.s __________ psips and __________
psips areip radioactive
sips elements.
psips psips psips Ansip :siUranium,
ps radium
psips
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestet sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestet sbestei t e
cbcsbs 7. bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
The natural radioactive elements emit harmful radioactive radiations like __________,__________ and
c c bc c bc cbcsbs
__________.
ss
eteiptip psips psips psips psips psips Ans psip: salpha, betapsiandps gamma prays sips
cbcsbs 8. sestei t
cbcbphenomenon
The
sestei t
cbcbof nuclearcbdecay
cb of certain sestei t
cbcb elements cwith sestei t
bcb the emission
cbcb of radiations sestei t
cbcb like alpha, b and
cbcbeta sestei t sestei t sestei t e
cbcsbs
gamma rays is called __________. Ans : natural radioactivity

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

9. The elements, whichiptundergo thisipphenomenon are called __________. Ans : radioactive elements
esteiptsips esteiptsips este sips estetsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c phenomenon
10. The b s
b b
c c of spontaneous
cc s
b b s
b
c c of radiation
emission b s
b
c c from certain b s
b
c c elements con b sb b s
b
c their ownc cis called cbcsbs
__________. Ans : Natural radioactivity
ss teiptsips whose sips number ss ss tsips tsips : spontaneous ss ss
esteiptip11. The eelements
s esteiptatomic esteiptipis more than
esteiptip83 undergoesteip__________.esteipAns esteiptip radioactivity
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb
12. __________
bcsb bcsb
c __________c there are only
and
bcsb bcsb
c two elementsc which have been bcsb bcsb bcsb
c identified cas radioactive csubstances cbcsbs
with atomic number less than 83. Ans : Uranium and radium
ss teiptsips ps even
teiptsiwhich tsips elements sps made radioactive,
ss tsips teiptsips methods, ss
eteiptip13. The ephenomenon eby eteiplight eteiptiare eteiptip eteipartificial
by or einduced eteiptipis e
called __________ or __________.cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : Artificial radioactivity or man made radioactivity cbcsbs
14. Artificial radioactivity was discovered by __________ and __________ in 1934. Ans : Irene curie , F. Joliot
ss ss ss psips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip particles
eteiptip eteiptip
sbestei t the natural eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans eteiptip
cbcsbs 15. __________ cbcsbs emitted
cbcduring cbcsbs radioactivity
cbcsbs of Uranium. cbcsb:sAlpha
e
16. During such a disintegration, the nucleus which undergoes disintegration is called __________ Ans : parent
s s nucleus. s
s ss s
psip s s s s s s s s tiptsip s
eteiptip eteiptip produced
eteiptip sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bcsbes:e Daughter esteiptip e
cbcsbs 17. Radiations
cbcsbs cbcsbs after the cbcsisbscalled a __________.
cbcdisintegration cbcsbs cbcsbs cAns cbcsbnucleus cbcsbs
18. The particle is used to induce the artificial disintegration is termed as __________. Ans : Projectile
ss teiptsips which tsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip19. The eparticle
s esisteipproduced after
esteiptipthe disintegration
esteiptip is btermed
esteiptipas __________
esteiptip particle.
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c csb c bcsb bcsb
c Ans : Ejected bcsb
c particle cbcsbs
20. __________ is unstable and is radioactive. Ans : 6C12
ss ss ss s
ptsipcontrolled. ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip21. __________
eteiptip radioactivity cannot
eteiptip eteibe eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ansbc:sbNatural
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs
22. __________ radioactivity can be controlled. Ans : Artificial
23. __________ is the traditional unit ofspradioactivity. Ans : Curie
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteipti s esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb s
b
24. Curie
cbc is defined sb
cbcas the quantity s
b s
cbc of a radioactive
cbc b substances
b
cbc which undergoes
cbcsb sb
__________
cbc cbcsbs in
disintegrations cbcsbs
one second. Ans : 3.7 × 1010
esteiptsip25.
s Cuire tisiptsactually
es e ip
s close
esteiptsito
psthe activity
esteiptsipofs 1g of s__________.
e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips es
sips : radium
teiptAns esteipt226
sips
e
b
cc s
b bcsb
26. 1c curie ccb
= __________
s
b b
cc s
b
disintegrations bc b
per csecond. b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b s
b
c × 1010
Ans : c3.7 cbcsbs
27. __________ is another unit of radioactivity. Ans : Rutherford
ss ss sips ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip28. Rutherford
esteiptip is definedesteiptas esteiptipof a radioactive
the quantity esteiptip substance,
esteiptipwhich bproduces
esteiptip __________
esteiptip disintegrations
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb 6 cbcsbs
per second. Ans : 10
29. 1Rd = __________ disintegrations per second. Ans : 10 6
s p s ss ss ss ss ss ss s s ss
eet i pt i eteiptip SI bunit
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip t ipt ip eteiptip
e e Ans :bcBecqurel e
cbcsbs 30. __________
cbcsbs c csbs of radioactivity.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs
31. Becqurel is defined as the quantity of __________ disintegration per Second. Ans : one
eteiptip32. __________
eteiptip is thebesradiation
teiptsips exposure tiptsipsof ɣ and tx–rays
iptsips is measured
tiptsips by anothertiptsipunit.
ss ss s s : Roentgen
tiptsipAns tiptsips
cbcsbs 33. One cbcsbsroentgen cisbcsdefined c bcsbese c bcsbese c bcsbese c bcsbese c bcsbese c bcsbese e
cbcsbs
as the quantity of radioactive substance which produces a charge of __________
coulomb in 1kg of air. Ans : 2.58 × 10–4
s Uranium,
teiptsip34. s
teiptsipnamed s planet t__________.
teiptsipthe s teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips Ans :sbeUranus
teiptsips
es es after
es es eiptsip es es es es s e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc cbcsbs
35. Pitchblende mineral was discovered by __________. Ans : Martin Klaproth
36. In1913, s__________ and __________ framed thesdisplacement law. Ans : Soddy and Fajan.
e sti
e ptsips estei ptips esteiptsips esteiptsips esti
e ptips estei ptsips esti
e ptsips esti
e ptsips ptsips
esteimass e
c bcsb 37. When
c bcsb a radio c bcs
active
b element
c bcsemits
b an c bcs
__________
b c bcs
particle,
b a c bcs
daughterb nucleusc is
bcsbformed whose
c bcsb cbcsbs
number is less by 4 units. Ans : Alpha
s38.
s The atomics s numberteiisptsip
less
s by 2 units,s sthan the tmass
s s numberteiand
s satomic numbers s of the __________.
ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip e eteiptip e eiptip e ptip eteiptip esteiptip: Parent esteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbAns cbcsbnucleus cbcsbs
39. When a radioactive element emits a __________ particle, a daughter nucleus is formed. Ans : Beta or alfa
ss ss sips tsips protons iptsipstwo neutrons.
tiptsips tiptsips ss teiptsips
eteiptip40. __________
eteiptip nucleus tiptconsisting
bcsbese
oftiptwo
bcsbese
tand
bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip Ansbc:sbeHelium e
cbcsbs 41. __________
cbcsbs c c c
rays are electrons basic elementary particle in all atoms. c c cbcsbs cAns s: Beta cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

42. __________ positively charged particles. Ans : Alphaiprays
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
43. __________rays b s
b
c care Negatively b s
b b s
b
c c charged particles.
cc b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
c : Beta
cAns cbcsbs
44. __________ neutral particles. Ans : Gamma
ss sips ss ss ss ss ss ss sps
esteiptip45. Chargeesteiptof esteiptip ray isbc__________.
each bgamma esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip tipti
bsbes:eZero
Ans e
c bcsb c bcsb c csb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cc cbcsbs
46. __________ rays are comparatively low. Ans : Beta
s47.
s __________s s rays are pvery
sips less ionization
psips power. psips ss ss s s Ans : gamma psips
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t e
cbcsbs 48. __________
cbcsbs c bc c bc
rays have low penetrating power. c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bc
Ans : Alpha cbcsbs
49. __________ rays are penetrate through a thin metal foil. Ans : beta
ss ss sips teiptsips thicksbemetal
teiptsipsblocks.sbesteiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip50. __________
eteiptip rays eteiptpenetrate
are ethrough eteiptip eteiptip Ans b:csb
eteiptip
Gamma e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc s cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs
51. Alpha rays their speed ranges from __________ times the speed of light. Ans : 1/10 to 1/20
esteiptsip52.
s Beta rays
esteiptsipspeed
s canipgo
estetsipsup to __________
esteiptsips timesiptthe
este sips speedsbeof
steiplight.
tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips Ans e
: i9/10
steptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
53. __________ b sb
c c travel withcthe
rays b s
b b s
c speed of clight.
c b b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b sb
Ansc :cGamma cbcsbs
54. A nuclear reaction in which an unstable parent nucleus emits an alpha particle and forms a stable daughter
ss nucleus ss ss ss ss ss ss ss eiptsip
s
esteiptip esteiptiisp called __________
esteiptip decay.
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip :stAlpha
esteiptip Ans e e
55. Decay of Uranium to thorium with the emission of an __________ particle. Ans : Alpha
ss56. A nuclear reaction, in which an __________ parents nucleus emits a beta particle and forms a stable daughter
eteiptip nucleusteiptsiispscalled sbeta
te ps
iptsidecay. teiptsips teiptips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsipsAns : Unstable
tiptsips
cbcsbs s
bcb
c
es cbcb es c s
bcb es s
bcb
c
es s
bcb esc s
bcb esc s
bcb esc bcsbesec
e
cbcsbs
57. In Gamma decay, only the energy level of the __________ changes. Ans : nucleus
s58.
s In 1939, sgerman
s scientist
s s __________ s s and __________
ss discovered
s s nuclearteipfission
s s reaction. psips ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e tip eteiptip
sbestei t and F.Strassman e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbsAns : Otta cbcHahn cbcsbs cbcsbs
59. When a Uranium nucleus is bombarded with a neutron, it breaks up into smaller nuclei of comparable mass
along with the emission of few neutrons and __________. Ans : energy
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
60. The
s
b b
c c process ofcbreaking
csb b s
b
c ac heavier nucleus
up of b s
b b s
c c into twocsmaller
c b b
ccsb
__________ b sb b sb
c crelease of __________
with the cc cbcsbs
amount of energy and a few neutrons is called Nuclear fission. Ans : nuclei, large
ss ss ss ss teiptsipsundergoes sps in a sustained ss ss ss
esteiptip61. A bfissionable
esteiptip material
esteiptisipa radioactive
esteiptipelement, ewhich
s esteiptifission esteiptip manner
esteiptipwhen bitcsbabsorbs
esteiptip e
c bcsb csb bcsb
ac neutron. It isc also termed c bcsb
as __________ bcsb
c material. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c : fissile
Ans cbcsbs
62. All isotopes of __________ do not undergo nuclear fission when they absorb a neutron. Ans : uranium
ss ss ss ss ss ss teiptsip:sFissionable ss ss
eteiptip63. Uranium
eteiptip235 is bacsb------------
eteiptip eteiptipand Uranium
material eteiptip238 is bacsb__________.
eteiptip eAns eteipti,pNon fissionable
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
64. A Uranium nucleus when bombarded with a neutron undergoes fission producing __________ neutrons.
Ans : three
ss ss ss ss ss eiptsip
s tiptsips ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip chaineteiptip esteiptipin a nuclear
eteiptip bestproduce eteiptip and bcontrolled
bcsbese in a sustained eteiptip e
cbcsbs 65. __________
cbcsbs cbcsbsreaction cisbcsbused cbcsbs reactor
cbcsto cenergy cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs
manner. Ans : Controlled
66. In __________ reaction a huge amount of energy within a fraction of second. Ans : Umcontrolled chain
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c minimum cmass
67. The b s
b
c of a fissile b s
b b
c cmaterial necessary
cc s
b b s
b b
c c the chaincreaction
to sustain csb b s
b
c c __________.
is called b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : critical mass
ss ss ps nature, ptsips and ethe ps of theetfissile s ss ptsips: Critical iptsips
esteiptip68. -----------
esteiptipdepends eson
teiptsithe esteidensity steiptsisize s eiptsip material.
esteiptip esteiAns estemass e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b
69. If the mass of the fissile material is __________ than the critical mass it is termed as __________.
csb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : Subcritical
ss ptsips of the efissile
teiptsipsmaterial ps thanethe
eiptsimore
s
teiptsipcritical ss s
ptsip__________. ss tiptsips
eteiptip70. Ifbthe
eteimass etis eteiptiitp is termed
mass eteias eteiptip bcsbese e
cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c
Ans : Supercritical
cbcsbs
71. The __________ is based on the principle of uncontrolled reaction. Atom bomb
Ans :
sips sips sips sips sips sips sips sips ss
e tei pt tei pt
bes __________ e tei pt e tei pt e ti
e pt e teipt sbestei pt e tei pt esteiptip e
cbcsbs 72. In cbcsan cbcsbschain reaction
cbcsbs , the number
cbcsbs of neutrons
cbcsbs and thecbcnumber of fission
cbcsbs reactions cbcsbmultiply cbcsbs
almost in a geometrical progression. Ans : Uncontrolled

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

73. Atom ibomb releases a __________ amount iof energy in ipats very smallipttime intervalipts
and leads to an
esteiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteptsips este ips este sips este ips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b explosion.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b Ans
b
cc s
b : Huge cbcsbs
74. During atombomb explosion tremendous amount of energy in the form of __________, __________ and
s s __________ s s is released. ss ss ss ss s : heat,tiplight
sAns s s and radiation ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esetip esteiptip e
c bcsb 75. Atom
c bcsb bombs were bcsb bcsb c bcs
c exploded cin 1945 at __________b bcsb bcsb
andc__________ cin japan during sb
c the world war
bc sb
c II.
bc cbcsbs
Ans : Hiroshima and Nagasaki
s76.
s __________s s is the unit
teiptsipused
s in nuclearpsips physicseste
to
psipmeasure
s theps ienergy
ps of small psipsparticles. psips: Electron
Ans pVolt
sips
eteiptip eteiptip csbes sbestei t sb i t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs 77. Electron
cbcsbs volt iscbnothing c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
but the energy of one electron when it is accelerated using an electric potential of c bc cbcsbs
__________. Ans : One volt
ss teiptsipsvolt = s__________.
ss tiptsips ss ss teiptsips Anssb:es1.602
teiptsips × 10 sbeste
iptsips
–19 Joule
eteiptip78. 1 belectron
csbes electron esteiptip bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip e e
cbcsbs 79. Icmillion cbcbvolt c
= __________. cbcsbs cbcsbs s
b s
cbc Ans : 1cMeV bc c bc
= 106 electron volt cbcsbs
80. The energy released in a nuclear fission process is about __________. Ans : 200Mev
s
teiptsip81. s
teiptsipnucleus s teiptsips nuclei. s tsips s sips s
es A heavy
es ises eiptsip up into
tsplit smaller
es es eiptsip can
tEnergy be
esteipproduced esteiptsiptwo
when lighter
esteiptnuclei esteiptsipto
combine e
b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
form a heavier nucleus. This phenomenon known as __________. Ans : Nuclear fusion
82. The process in which two lighter nuclei combine to form a heaviers nucleus is termed as __________.
estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips esteiptsips estei ptsips estei ptsip e sti
e ptsips teiptsip:snuclear
esAns teiptsips
esfusion e
83. 2
1H represents an isotope of hydrogen known as __________. Ans : Deuterium
84. –12J
ti pts
i p s The average
t i ptsi p s energytipreleased
tsi p s in each
t i ptsi pfusion
s reaction
t i ptsi p s is aboutti__________.
ptsip s t i ptsi p s Ans
t i ptsi p s: 3.84 × 10 t i ptsips
ee ese e e
csbes energycbequivalence
csbes
e
bcsbesproposed se
bcsbe__________ ee ee bese e
cbcsbs 85. The cbcsbconcept ofcbmass- cwas cby cbcsbins 1905. cbcsbs Anscb:csEinstein cbcsbs
86. The velocity of light in vaccum and is equal to __________. Ans : 3×108 m/s
ss teiptsips bomb s dropped
teiptsipwas ss ss sps II called sps__________. ss teiptsips
eteiptip87. The enuclear ethat eteiptipin Hiroshima
eteiptipduring bWorld
eteiptiWar eteiptias eteiptip csbes Boy e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans c: bLittle cbcsbs
88. The little boy was a __________ type bomb which used a uranium Core. Ans : GUN
s
teiptsip89. teiptsips, whichsbewas s
teiptsipsubsequently s
teiptsipdropped s
teiptsip__________ s
teiptsipWas s
ptsip__________.
teias teiptsips teiptsips
es Thesbebomb
s s es over
es es called
es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccbsb b s
b
c : Nagasaki,
cAns b s
b
c c Fatman cbcsbs
90. __________ was an explosion type bomb, which used in plutonium core. Ans : Fatman
ss tsips iptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip91. Earth’s
esteipatmosphere este
contains esteiptiptrace ofbcsb
abcssmall esteiptip
__________. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptipAns : bhydrogen
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c csb cbcsbs
92. __________ is a Spontaneous process at normal temperature and pressure. Ans : Nuclear fusion
s93.
s Nuclear sfusion
s is possible s s only at an sextremely
s high s stemperature sofs the order of
ss 107 to 109ipK.s This
s is called s as
s
eteiptip __________
eteiptip reaction.eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteti:pThermonuclear
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbAns cbcsbs cbcsbs
94. __________ is the combination of two lighter nuclei. Ans : Nuclear Fusion
s95.
s The charges s of nucleiteipis
sip__________.
s psips psips psips psips psips Ans : Positive
psips
eteiptip eteiptip sbes t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs 96. According
cbcsbs c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
to electrostatic theory , when they come closer they tend to __________ each other. Ans : repel c bc cbcsbs
97. __________ force will be overcome by the kinetic energy of the nuclei at higher temperature of the order of
esteiptsips ss
__________.
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip teiptsip:sans: Repulsive,
esAns
ss 7 iptsi9pKs
esteiptip 10 toeste
10 e
b
cc s
98. The stars like our sun emit a large amount of energy in the form of __________ and __________.
Ans : Light and heat
ss sps teiptsipsamountsbeof sips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip99. Allbcsstars
esteipticontain asbelarge
s steipt__________.esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptipAns : b esteiptip
Hydrogen e
c bcsb c b c bc c bc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c csb cbcsbs
100. The surface temperature of the stars is very __________ which is sufficient to induce fusion of the hydrogen
nuclei. Ans : high
ss ss ss ss ss teiptsips psips tsips ss
eteiptip eteiptip reaction
eteiptip esteiptip in thebcscores
eteiptip sbestei tresultscin esteipenormous esteiptip
cbcsbs 101. __________ cbcsbs that takes
cbcsbplace c bs of thecbsun
csbesand othercbcstars bcsban cbcsbamount
e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
of energy, which is called as stellar energy. Ans : Fusion
102. Nuclear fusion or __________ is the source of light sand heat energy in the sun sand other stars.
ss sips sips sips sip sips psip psips iptsips
eteiptip sbestei pt sbestei pt sbestei pt sbesti
e pt sbesteipt sbestei t Ans : thermonuclear
sbestei t sreaction
beste e
103. __________ is based on the principle of nuclear fusion. Ans : Hydrogen bomb

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

104. A __________ bombiptis always designed to have an inbuilt atom bomb which creates theipthigh temperature
esteiptsips esteiptsips este sips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips este sips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b and
b
cc s
b pressure required
b
cc s
b for fusion
b
cc s
b when it explodes.
b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b ccb s
b Ans :
ccHydrogen
b s
b cbcsbs
105. The energy released in a __________ is much higher than that released in an atom bomb. Ans : Hydrogen
ss teiptsipsabout s__________
ss ss sipshydrogenteieach
ss s
eiptsip radiates teiptsips __________ ss
esteiptip106. Sun efuses
s esteiptip esteiptipmetricbctons
million esteiptof es ptip second estand esabout esteiptip J e
c bcsb bcsb
c energy per second.
of c bc b c bcsb c s
b c bcsb c bcsb bcsb bcsb
c Ans : 620, c3.8 × 1026 cbcsbs
107. Radio isotope of Phosphorous (P32) Helps to increase the __________. Ans : productivity of crops
ss ss sps sps ss ss ss tiptsips of the ss
eteiptip eteiptip bcsbest)eiptisi usedcfor
24 steiptieffective
bcsbethe esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese eteiptip e
cbcsbs 108. Radio
cbcsbs Sodium c(Na cbcsb__________.
cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : cFunctioning cbcsbsheart cbcsbs
109. Radio Iodine (I131) is used to cure __________. Ans : Goiter
ss ss 59) p ss ss ss sipsprovide treatment
s s for the sps ss
eteiptip110. Radio-Iron
eteiptip is ( Fe etei istipused tobcsdiagnose
eteiptip __________
eteiptip andbcalso
eteiptto eteiptip eteiptisame. esteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c b sb
Ans : Anaemia
c cbcsbs
111. Radio-phosphorus (P32) is used in the treatment of __________ diseases. Ans : Skin
s
teiptsip112. ptsips ( Co60es) and
teicobalt teiptsips Radiosbegold s 198
teiptsip(Au tsips in the
teipused teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips psips
ti t
es Radioes s ) are
es etreatment
s of __________
es cancer.
es bsbes:eSkin
Ans e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc ccb s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cc cbcsbs
113. Radiations are used to sterilize the surgical devices as they can kill the __________ and __________.
ss ss ss ss ss ss s s Ans : germs
s s and microbes
ss
eteiptip pip
sbestei t eteiptip isotopeseteiptip esteiptip to detect
eteiptip eteiptip defectseteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 114. In
cbcindustries, cbcsbs
radioactive cbcsbsare usedcas
bcsb
tracers cbcsbs any manufacturing
cbcsbs cbcsbssuch as __________
cbcsbs cbcsbs
and __________. Ans : Cracks and leaks
s115.
s An isotope s sof __________s s is usedteipin
s the
s airlinestipto
s sdetect theteipexplosives
ss intithe
s sluggage. teiptsips ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e tip e etip e tip e eptip eteiptip
sbes : Californium–252 e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcAns cbcsbs cbcsbs
116. An isotope of Americium (Am-241) is used in many industries as a __________. Ans : Smoke detector
ss tiptsips research s
tiptsipused tiptsips the radio sips ps age ofetearth
tiptsithe iptsips , fossils sips paintings sips
eteiptip117. __________
bcsbese bcsbese
to sidentify
bcbese
tiptcarbon
bcsbese
dating
bcsbese bcsbse
ti,ptold
bcsbese
tiptand
bcsbese e
cbcsbs c
Monuments. c c c c c c c
Ans : Archeological cbcsbs
118. The second source of radiation exposure is __________. Ans : Man made
b
cc s
b 119. Safe
b
cc s
b limit of overall
b
cc s
b exposure is
b
cc s
b given as __________
b
cc s
b milli
ccb Sievert
s
b per year.
b
ccsb b
cc s
b c c : 20
bAns
s
b cbcsbs
120. In terms of Roentgen, the safe limit of receiving the radiation is about __________ mR per week. Ans : 100
ss ss s
tsip__________ ss ss ss ss s
eiptsipblood bcorpuscle ss
esteiptip121. Leukemia
esteiptip is a death esteipof esteiptipin the blood.
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans :estred esteiptip e
122. __________ is a device used to detect the levels of exposure to an ionizing radiation. Ans : Dosimeter
123. __________ is used tospprovide the wearer with anspimmediate reading of exposure to X–rays sipand
s Y–rays.
teiptsips teiptsips teipti s teiptsips teipti s teiptsips teiptsips tei:ptPocket tiptsips
s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es s
cbcb
es Ans
s
cbcb
es bcsbese
cdosimeter
e
cbcsbs
124. Radioactive materials should be kept in a thick walled __________ container. Ans : Lead
ss ss ss ss teiptsipsworking s
eiptsip hazardous sips psips psips
eteiptip125. __________
eteiptip and __________
eteiptip should
eteiptip be used ewhile etwith pradioactive
sbestei t
materials.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs bc bc
Ans : Lead coated aprons and Lead gloves
c c c bc cbcsbs
126. A __________ is a device in which the nuclear fission reaction takes place in a self- sustained and controlled
esteiptsips manner spsproduce telectricity.
esteiptito
ss
eseiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteipti:pNuclear ereactor
Ans sps
steipti e
b
cc s
127. The first nuclear reactor was built in 1942 at __________, USA. Ans : Chicago
s128.
s __________ s s and __________ss are the s scommonly used
s s moderators. ss s s : Graphite
Ans sand
s Heavy twaterss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eseiptip e
c bcsb bcsb
129. Mostly
c bc
__________
c sb bcsb
or __________
c b
rods arecsb
c used as controlc bcsb rods. c bcsb bcsb bcsb
c Ans : boron c, cadmium cbcsbs
130. Water, air and __________ are some of the coolants. Ans : Helium
ss ss ss teiptsipsgeneration. ss ss ss psips iptsips
eteiptip eteiptip arebcswidely
eteiptip used bincsbepower eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip sbestei :t Nuclear beste e
cbcsbs 131. __________
cbcsbs c bs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcAns cbcsreactors cbcsbs
132. __________ are used to convert non-fissionable materials into fissionable materials. Ans : breeder reactors
ss ss sips chairman spsIndian Atomicss teiptsips ss ss teiptsips
eteiptip133. __________
eteiptip was the
eteiptfirst eteiptiof eteiptip energyecommission. eteiptip Ansbc:sbHomi
eteiptipJahangirebhaba e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs
134. BARC __________. Ans : Baba Atomic Research centre

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

135. Nuclear power is theipt__________ largest sourceiptof power in India. Fifth
Ans :ip
esteiptsips esteiptsips este sips esteiptsips e ste sips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips sips
estet e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c number of
136. Total b s
b
c cpower stationsb s
b b sb
c c in India is c__________.
c b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbAns :7 cbcsbs
137. __________ was the first nuclear reactor built in India and Asia. Ans : Apsara
ss ptsips ss ss s
teiptsipopening ptsips ss ss ss
esteiptip138. There esteiare esteiptipnuclear
__________ esteiptip which
reactors esare esteiIndia.
in esteiptip esteiptip Ansesteip:tip22 e
Additional – True or false (correct the statement if it is false)
ss ss ss ss ss s s s s ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 1. cbcsbs
Pitchblende cbcsbless
had cbcsbs
concentration cbcsbs
of Uranium. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : True.
ss s are not s sipsboth thete psips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip2. Gamma psiprays
sbestei t
psipdefelected
sbestei t
pby
sbestei t
fields
sbesi t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
Ans : False.Alpha rays deflected by both the fields. c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3. A chain reaction is self propagating process in which the number of neutrons goes on multiplying
esteiptsips rapidly
es ips
teiptsalmost ineate
s tsips
ipgeometricales ptsips
teiprogression.esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c : True c c
Ans
b sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
4. The energy released due to a controlled chain reaction can be not utilized for constructive purposes.
ss teiptsips The senergy
tiptsips teiptsipsto a controlled
tiptsips chain sreaction
tiptsips can be teiptsips for sconstructive
tiptsips psips
esteiptip bsbe:sFalse.
Ans b bese released
bsbesdue bsbese b bese bsbesutilized b bese sbestei t
bpurposes. e
c bcsb cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cc cbcsbs
5. Tarapur Atomic power station is India’s first nuclear power Station.
ss Ans : True.
sps ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteipti eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
Additional – Assertion and reason
ss ss Alpha, ptsips and Gamma ss tsips emitted. ss ss ss ss
eteiptip1. Assertion:
eteiptip esteiBeta esteiptip radiations
esteipare esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
Reason:
cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb
It says about Natural radioactivity.
cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a. A is right R is wrong c. R is right A is wrong
esteiptsips b. sb eiptsip
Restexplains
s iptsips
A sbeste esteiptsips esteiptsips d. R esteiptsipsnot explain
does esteiptsiAps esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbc cbc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (c) R is right A is wrong
2. Assertion: amma rays have a very high penetrating power greater than that of Beta rays.
G
ss tiptsips s
teiptsippenetrate eiptsip
s s
eiptsip blocks. ss ss ss ss
esteiptip Reason:
bsbese They escan estthrough thickestmetal esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a. A is right R is wrong b. R is right A is wrong
c. A and sR are right s d. A and Rs are wrong s
ss iptsip iptsip iptsips iptsips s s teiptsips iptsips
eteiptip te te te te eteiptip eteiptip Ansbcs:be(c) besteright
c s A and cRbcsare
e e e e e
cbcsbs cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3. Assertion: The minimum mass of a fissile material necessary to sustain the chain reaction is called Critical
Mass.
ss sips tsips depends s
ptsipthe tsips ptsipssize of the tsips material. ss ss
eteiptip Reason:
e tei pt It bdoeseteipnot eteion natureeteip,density and eteithe eteipfissile eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a. A is right R is wrong b. R is right A is wrong
c. A and sR are right s
teiptsips tei ptsip tei ptsip tei ptsips teip tsips d. A and tei ptsipRs are wrong s
teiptsipAns s
tsipright
teipis teiptsips
b
cc s
b es ccb sbes ccb sbes ccb sbes ccb sbes ccb sbes ccb sbes : (a)
ccb sbeA
s R
ccb is
sbeswrong e
cbcsbs
4. Assertion: Alpha, beta and gamma radiations are emitted in Nuclear fission.
ss Reason:s s Alpha rays , positrons s and neutrinossare emitted ins Nuclear fusion.
esteiptip estei ptip estei ptsips estei ptips estei ptips estei ptips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb a.
c bcsA
b is right R cis
bcswrong
b c bcsb c bcsb b.
c bcR
sb is right A is
c bcwrong
sb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
c. A and R are right d. A and R are wrong
ss Ans : (c) sApsand R are right
eteiptip e teiptsips A coolant e teiptsipiss used sto e te ptsips
iremove the e te
heat
s
iptsipproduced e te
in
ps
iptsithe reactor e teiptsips to produce
core, eteipti
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 5. Assertion:
cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcb s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcsbs steam. cbcsbs cbcsbs
Reason: This steam is used to run a turbine in order to produce electricity.
ss a. A is right R is wrong b. R is right A is wrong
eteiptip teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips tiptsips eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs c. es
cbc R explains cA
sb bcsbes cbc sbes cbc sbes es
d.cbcR does not cexplain
s
b bcsbese A cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
Ans : (c) R explains A

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs


Additional esteiptsipsanswer
– Short esteiptsips
questions esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b
1.
b
cc s
b b
cc
Define radioactivity.
s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : The nucleus of some elements is unstable. Such nuclei undergo nuclear decay and get converted into
ss s
eiptsip nuclei.
s
eiptsip this ss tsips nuclei s
eiptsip certain teiptsips radiations ss ss
esteiptip more eststable estDuring esteiptip reaction,
nuclear esteipthese estemit eharmful
s esteiptipand elementary
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb
particles.
bcsb bcsb
The cphenomenon cof nuclear decay
bcsb bcsb bcsb bcsb
c of certainc elementwithcthe emissioncof radiations clike alpha, bcsb cbcsbs
beta, and gamma rays is called 'radioactivity.
eteiptip2. ptip called radio
sbesteiare
What p ip iptip
sbestei t active selements?
beste eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc cbc cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
The nucleus of some elements is unstable. Such nuclei undergo nuclear decay and get converted into more
stable nuclei. During this nuclear reaction, these nuclei emit certain harmful radiations and elementary
ss tiptsips tiptsips ofsbnuclear
tiptsips decaysbesof
tiptsips teiptsips teiptsips sps teiptsips
eteiptip particles.
bcsbese The cphenomenon
bcsbese bc ese bc e certaincbelementwith
csbes
the
bcsbesemission ofsbesteipti
bc radiations like
bcsbesalpha, e
cbcsbs c c c c c
beta, and gamma rays is called 'radioactivity.and the elements, which undergo this phenomenon are called
c cbcsbs
radio active elements.
e teiptsip3.s ete iptsips iptsips
te Radiosbactivity?
ete iptsips
ete iptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b s What csbes
cbcsbs is calledcbNatural cbc s cbcsbs b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
The elements such as uranium and radium undergo radioactivity and emit the radiations on their own without
ss any human intervention. This phenomenon of spontaneous emission of radiation from certain elementsson
esteiptip e tei ptsips e tei ptsips e teiptsips e tei ptsips e tei ptsips e ti
e ptsips e tei ptsips esteiptip
s
e
c bcsb their
c bcsb own
s is called
c bcsb 'natural
s radioactivity'.
c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb cbcsbs
4. What is called Artificial Radio activity?
ss psips
The ephenomenon byps ps even
iwhich sips elements
plight ps madeeradioactive,
psiare psips sips
by partificial psips methods,
or einduced psipsis
eteiptip sbstei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbstei t sbestei t sbstei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs bc bc bc b
called 'artificial radioactivity' or 'man-made radioactivity'.
c c c c c c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
5. Compare between Natural and Artificial Radioactivity.
ss teiptsips ss ss ss ss iptsips ss ss
eteiptip csbes eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip beste eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbS.No. cbcsbs Natural cbcsbs
cbcsbradioactivity cbcsbs cbcsArtificial cbcsbs
radioactivity cbcsbs cbcsbs
1 Emission of radiation due to self–disintegration Emission of radiation due to disintegration of
of a nucleus. anucleus throughspinduced process
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteipti s esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cc2
b s
b Alpha,
b s
c c beta and gamma
b b
cc s
b radiations
b s
c c are emitted.
b b s
b b
ccs
c c Mostly elementary
b b s
particles
c c such as neutron,
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
positron, etc., are emitted.
ss 3 s sit is a spontaneous ss process. ss ss It iss ans induced process.
ss ss ss
c bcsb b
c 4
csb b sb
Exhibited
c c b
by elements
c csb b
with atomic
csb bcsb b s
c number c Exhibitedcby elements with
c b b sb
c atomic number
c c bcsb cbcsbs
more than 83. less than 83.
ss 5tipts
ipsThis cannottiptsipbe
s controlled.
tiptsips ss This s can
s be controlled.
ss ss ss
eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 6. c c
Define the term Curie.
Ans :
eteiptip ete te beste ete estethe quantity
ete ete ete
cbcsbs It is thecbtraditional
csbes unit
cbcsof radioactivity.
cbcsbsIt is defined
cbcsbas cbcsbs of a radioactive
cbcsbs substance
cbcsbswhich
Curie: e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
undergoes 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations in one second. This is actually close to the activity of 1 g of radium 226.
1 curie = 3.7 × 1010 disintegrations per second.
b
cc s
b 7. b
cc s
Define
b the unit
b s
c cRuther ford.
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : It is another unit of radioactivity. It is defined as the quantity of a radioactive substance, which produces
ss 106 disintegrations
iptsips iniptone s = 106 disintegrations
sips second.ip1tsipRd iptsips iper
ptsipssecond. iptsips iptsips iptsips
esteiptip t
bcsbese
t
bcsbese
t
bcsbese ete ete ete ete ete e
c bcsb
8. c c
Define the unit Becquerel.c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : It is The SI unit of radioactivity is becquerel. It is defined as the quantity of one disintegration per
eteiptip eteiptip
second. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
9. Define the unit Roentgen.
ss Ans : Itpsis The radiation exposure of γ and x-rayspis measured p by another unit called roentgen. One roentgen
eteiptip tei tips teiptsips teiptsips tei tsips tei tsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
cbcsbs csbes
iscbdefined as the bes
cbcsquantity bcsbes
ofcradioactive e sbes
cbcsbs whichcbcproduces
substance e es –4 coulomb
cbcsbs of 2.58cb×csb10
a charge es 1 kg
cbcsbin
e
cbcsbs
of air under standard conditions of pressure, temperature and Humidity.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

10. Write pthe types of p Rays.
esteiptsips estei tsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
Ans
s
b b sb
c c : When a cradioactive
c b s
b
c c undergoes
nucleus b s
b b
c c radioactivity, s
b b
c c it emits harmfuls
b
c c radiations. b s
b b s
b
c c These radiations
cc are cbcsbs
usually comprised of any of the three types of particles. They are alpha (a), beta (b) and gamma (g) rays.
ss sps noteteion ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip11. Write esteiaptishort es ptipAlphabcDecay.
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c s
Ans : A nuclear reaction in which an unstable parent nucleus emits an alpha particle and forms a stable
daughter nucleus, is called 'alpha decay'. E.g.: Decay of uranium (U238) to thorium (Th234) with the emission
ss teiptsips particle. s
tiptsip238 ptsip+s He4 ( eastei-ptsidecay
ps ) Ineαteip-tsidecay,
ps teiptsips nucleus tiptsips teiptsips
eteiptip of an
bcsbesalpha bcsbese92U →cb90 Thte
csbes
i234 the parent
csbes bcsbeseemits ancba particle
csbes e
cbcsbs c c 2
c bcsb c bcsbs c b
and so it is clear that for the daughter nucleus, the mass number decreases by four and the atomic number
c cbcsbs
decreases by two.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
12. Write a short note on Beta Decay.
Ans : A nuclear reaction, in which an unstable parent nucleus emits a beta particle and forms a stable
ss tiptsips tiptsips teiptsips E.g.: teiptsipsdecay sof tiptsips s
tiptsip32 ss s
teiptsipIn
eteiptip daughter
bcsbese nucleus, bcsbesisecalled 'beta
bcsbesdecay'. bcsbesBeta bcbesephosphorous. esi-p1tiep0 (b - bdecay)
32 te
bcsbese15P 16Scbcsb+ csbes e
cbcsbs c c c c c c
b - decay there is no change in the mass number of the daughter nucleus but the atomic number increases c cbcsbs
by one.
s Writetiaptsishort
teiptsip13. s notetion s teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es e p es eptsipGamma eDecay
s es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : In a g - decay, only the energy level of the nucleus changes. The atomic number and mass number of
the radioactive nucleus remain the same.
ss ss ss teiptsips and teiptsips material. ss ss ss ss
esteiptip14. Differentiate
esteiptip esteiptip fissile
between ematerial
s esfertile esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
Ans :
ss FissilepMaterial
sips : ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip etei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs csbs
Acbfissionable cbcsbs is a radioactive
material cbcsbs element, s
cbcsbwhich cbcsbs fissioncin
undergoes a ssustainedcmanner
bcsb bcsbs whencbitcsbabsorbs
s cbcsbs
a neutron. It is also termed as 'fissile material'. E.g.: U235, plutonium (Pu239 and Pu241).
ss Fertileiptmaterial
ss : ipts ips
eteiptip ete ip beste tiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip psips
sbestei t as
cbcsbs cbcsbs are some
There cbcsradioactive bcsbese
celements, cbcsbcan
which cbcsbs into fissionable
be converted cbcsbs cbcsbs They are
material. cbccalled
e
cbcsbs
fertile materials. E.g.: Uranium–238, Thorium–232, Plutonium–240.
esteiptsip15.
s Whattiis
es eptsipcalled bsubcritical
s
esteiptsips andsbesupercritical?
steiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c : If the mass
Ans
s
b
c c of the fissile b b s
b
c cmaterial is cless b sb
c than the ccritical
c b sb b sb
it cis termed asc 'subcritical'.
mass, c c b s
b
c cthe mass
If cbcsbs
of the fissile material is more than the critical mass, it is termed as 'supercritical'.
ss sps teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip16. Explain
esteiptiElectron eVolt
s esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
Ans : Electron Volt (eV) is the unit used in nuclear physics to measure the energy of small particles. It is
nothing but the energy of one electron when it is accelerated using an electric potential of one volt. 1eV =
ss 1.602 ptsip10s–19 joule. ss ss s 6
tsips electron ss teiptsips released sipsa
eteiptip estei× esteip1tipmillionbcelectron
esteiptip volt b=csb1estMeV
eiptsip = 10bsbeV
esteip(mega esteiptipvolt) The esenergy esteiptin e
cbcsbs b sb b sb
nuclear fission process is about 200 MeV.
c c c c c sb c c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
17. What is called nuclear fusion?
ss s
iptsip a heavy tsip s s s tsip s sp s
teiptsip can be eiptsip
s sip s s
eteiptip When
Ansse:ste eteipnucleus eteiptipup intobctwo
is split eteipsmaller nuclei.
eteiptiSimilarly, eenergy etproduced when
eteipttwo e
cbcsbs cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
lighter nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus. This phenomenon is known as Nuclear Fusion. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

18. Defineps Nuclear Fusion
esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c : The process
Ans b s
b
c c in which two b s
b
c c lighter nucleib s
b b s
b
c c combine tocform
c a heavier b sb b
c cnucleus is termeds
b
c c as 'nuclear b s
b
c c fusion'. cbcsbs
E.g.: 1H2 + 1H2 → 2He4 + Q (Energy) Here, 1H2 represents an isotope of hydrogen known as 'deuterium'. The
ss average senergy
ps released
sps in each fusion
sps reaction isspabout
s s –12 J.
3.84 ×sp10 sps sps sps
esteiptip eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti e
eteiptip eteiptip the features
eteiptip of Nuclear
eteiptip csbes NuclearcbFusion
csbes eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 19. Tabulate
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs fissioncband cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans :
esteiptsips S.No.
esteiptsips esteiptsips Nuclear
es
ps
teiptsiFission esteiptsips esteiptsips es tsips
teipNuclear Fusion
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1 The process of breaking up (splitting) of a Nuclear fusion is the combination of two
heavy nucleus into two smaller nuclei is called lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.
ss ss eiptsip
s ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip 'nuclearestfission'. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bc
c 2sb bcsb
Canc be performed
bcsb bcsb
c at room temperature.
c bcsb bcsb
c Extremelyc high temperature c bcsb c bcs
and pressure
b cbcsbs
is needed.
ss ss s gamma
teiptsipand sps s
teiptsipemitted. teiptsips rays, positrons,
ss teiptsips aresbesteiptsips
eteiptip e3teiptip Alpha, ebeta eteiptiradiationseare eAlpha eteiptip and eneutrinos e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbsemitted. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc cbcsbs
4 Fission leads to emission of gamma radiation. Only light and heat energy is emitted.
eteiptip eteiptip Thisbtriggers
esteiptip the mutation
esteiptip in thebcshuman
esteiptip genebcsbesteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs csb bcsb
and causes genetic transform diseases.
c c c b c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
20. How old is our mother Earth? Any guess??
esteiptsips s
s
eiptsiisp nearly
Ans e: tIt esteiptsip×s109 years
4.54 es tsips
teip(around steiptsips 40 lakh
45eCrore es eiptsip
tyears).s
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b
21. Write the types of Nuclear reactors.
b
cc s
b ccb s
b ccb s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : Breeder reactor, fast breeder reactor, pressurized water reactor, pressurized heavy water reactor, boiling
ss water ptsips watercooled ss sips s
eiptsip fusion ptsips andesthermal
teiptsips reactor tsips some stypes ss
esteiptip esteireactor, esteiptip reactor,
esteiptgas-cooled estreactor, esteireactor esteipare esteiptipof e
c bcsb bcsb
nuclear
c b
reactors,csb
c which are usedc bcsb in differentbcsb
c places world bcsb
c wide. c bcsb c bcsb c bc b cbcsbs
22. Write the uses of a Nuclear reactor.
ss iptsips
Ans e: te ss ss psips psips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c bcsbs c bcsbs c bcsbs c bc
 Nuclear reactors are widely used in power generation. c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 They are also used to produce radio isotopes, which are used in a variety of applications.
ss  Some psipsreactorseste
psipsus to doeste
help psips
research in the sips of nuclear
pfield s
psipphysics. psips psips ss
eteiptip sbestei t sb i t sb i t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip e
 Breeder reactors are used to convert nonfissionable materials into fissionable materials.
c bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips Additional

teiptsips – Long
teiptsipsanswer questions
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b
1.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
Explain the structure and working principle of Atom Bomb.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans :
ss s
teiptsipatom ss s
eiptsipprinciple sips tsips reaction. ss ss ss
esteiptip  seThes bomb esteiptisipbasedbcon estthe esof
teiptuncontrolled esteipchain esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b c b
c In an uncontrolled
 c bcsb sb b csb
c reaction, thec number of neutrons
chain c bcsb bcsb bcsb
c number of cfission reactions
and the
bcsb
c multiply cbcsbs
almost in a geometrical progression.
ss  eThis s
psipreleases psips amount
a huge s
pofsipenergy in apverysips small time s
psipinterval andps ps to an
ileads psips
explosion. psips
eteiptip sbstei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
 Structure : An atom bomb consists of a piece of fissile material whose mass is subcritical. c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
 This piece has a cylindrical void. It has a cylindrical fissile material which can fit into this void and its mass
ss is alsos s subcritical. psips ss ss ss psips ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip sbestei t has ctobcsbbeesteiptip esteiptip eteiptip sbestei tthe void esteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbWhen
 thecbcbomb exploded,cbcsbthis cbcsbiss injectedcbcinto
cylinder cbcsbusing cbcsbs
a conventional cbcsbs
explosive.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

 Now, the two pieces of fissile material join to iform the supercritical mass, which leads toian explosionDuring
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b this explosion
b
cc s
b tremendous b
cc samount
b of energy
b
cc s
b in the form
b
cc s
b of heat,
cclight
b sb and radiation
b
cc s
b is released.
b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 A region of very high temperature and pressure is formed in a fraction of a second along with the
emission of hazardous radiation like γ rays, which adversely affect the living creatures. s
ss tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsip tiptsips
esteiptip ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee e
ss ipsips ipsips ipsips ipsips ss ss ss ss

eteiptip t t
bcsbese the principle
t t
bcsbese of Hydrogen
t t t t
bcsbese Bomb.bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 2. Explain e
c c c c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : Hydrogen bomb is based on the principle of nuclear fusion. A hydrogen bomb is always designed to
have ansinbuilt atom sbomb s which creates the high temperature and pressure required for sfusion when sit
esteiptsips esteiptipsThen, fusion
explodes. esteiptiptakes place
es
sips
teiptin the esteiptsipscore and
hydrogen es ptsips
teileads to the esteiptsips of asbevery
release steiptsiplarge teiptsipof
amount
es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b cbcsbs
energy in an uncontrolled manner. The energy released in a hydrogen bomb (or fusion bomb) is much higher
than that released in an atom bomb (or fission bomb).
ss iptsips iptsips iptsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip3. ete
Write sbestRadio
e ete esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs the Uses
cbcof acticity.
cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : Many radio isotopes can be obtained from radioactivity. These radio isotopes have found wide variety
ss of applications
sps in the fields
sps of medicine,
sps agriculture,
spsindustry and
spsarcheological
spsresearch. sps sps
eteiptip esteipti esteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti e
cbcsbs cbcsb
Agriculture : cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
The radio isotope of phosphorous (P–32) helps to increase the productivity of crops. The radiations from the
ss radio tisotopes
s s can be sused
s to kill tthes insects
s and parasites
ss and sprevent
s thetewastage
ss of agricultural
iptsips products. ss
eteiptip e eiptip esteiptip e eiptip eteiptip eteiptip e iptip beste esteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs perishable
Certain cbcsbcereals cbcsbs to radiations
exposed cbcsbs remain fresh
cbcsbsbeyond their
cbcsbsnormal life,
cbcsenhancing cbcsbstorage
the cbcsbs
time. Very small doses of radiation prevent sprouting and spoilage of onions, potatoes and gram.
teiptsips Medicine
teiptsipMedical
s applications
teiptsips of radio
teiptsipsisotopes tcan
eiptsipbe divided
s teipinto
tsips two parts:
es es es es es e s es es es e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c Diagnosis.c c

b sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 Therapy Radio isotopes are used as tracers to diagnose the nature of circulatory disorders of blood,
ss sps of boneteipmetabolism,
sips psips psips psips psips psips psips
esteiptip steipti
sbedefects sbes t sbesteitot locate tumors,
sbestei t etc. sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
 Some of the radio isotopes which are used as tracers are: hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, etc.
Radio 24) is used for the effective functioning of heart.
ss  s ssodium (Na s s ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip t
ese i pti p t i p
ese 131t i p esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c b sb c b sb
 Radio – Iodine (I ) is used to cure goiter.
c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Radio-iron is (Fe59) is used to diagnose anaemia and also to provide treatment for the same.
eteiptip teiptip phosphorous
 sbeRadio eteiptip (P32)bcissbeused
teiptip in the treatment
csbes
teiptip of skin tip
eteipdiseases. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs 60 c s cb198 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Radio cobalt (Co ) and radio-gold (Au ) are used in the treatment of skin cancer.
 Radiations are used to sterilizeps the surgical pdevices as they can kill the p germs and microbes.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips estei tsips esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b b
c c Industries.c c

s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 In industries, radioactive isotopes are used as tracers to detect any manufacturing defects such as cracks
ss s ss s be identified ss sips activity. sips ss ss
esteiptip eand
steiptsipleaks. Packaging
esteiptip faults escan
teiptsipalso esteiptip throughesteiptradio esteiptGauges, which
esteiptiphave radioactive
esteiptip e
c bcsb b sb
c sources are
c b sb
c used in many
c b sb
c industries to
c b sb
c check the level
c b sb
c of gases, liquids
c c bcsb c b s
and solids.
c b c bcsb cbcsbs
 An isotope of californium (Cf 252) is used in the airlines to detect the explosives in the luggage.
ss ps
teiptsiisotope teiptsips ptsip)sis used ein tsips industries ss sips ss ss
eteiptip bsbeAn ofeAmericium etei241
(Am teipmany eteiptipas a smoke
eteiptdetector. eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Archeological research :
ss Using the technique pofs radio carbon dating, the page of the Earth, fossils, old paintings and monumentsps can
eteiptip e teiptsips e tei tips e teiptsips e tei tsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e tei tips e
cbcsbs be sb s
cbcdetermined.cbIn s
b s
c radio carbon s
b s s
b s
cbc dating, thecbcexisting amount s
b s
cbc of radio carbon cbcsb s is determined
cbcsb s and this s
b s
cbcgives an cbcsbs
estimate about the age of these things.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

4. Explain
psithe
ps safety measures , permitted range
psipand
s preventive
psips measures
psipof
s Radioactivity.
esteiptsips etei t psips
etei t psips etei t etei t psips
etei t etei t etei t e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs measures
Safty cbcs:bs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
In day to day life, you do receive some natural radiation from the Sun. The radioactive elements present in
ss the soil sand
s rocks, tthe s house
s hold sappliances
s likes television,
s microwave
ss ovens,s s cell phones s sand the X-rays ss
c bcsb used
csb
c in hospitals.
 These radiations do not produce any severe effects as they are very low in intensity.The second source
ss of pradiation
sips exposure
psips is man-made. psips psips psips psips psips psips
 These are due to nuclear reactors and during the testing of the nuclear devices in the atmosphere or in
c c bc c bc cbcsbs
the ground.
ss  tiptsips and
Improper tiptsips handling
careless s radioactive
tiptsipof s
tiptsipmaterials iptsips harmful
trelease ps
tiptsiradiations in tsips environment.
tipour tiptsips
cbcsbs c c c c c c
 These radiations are very harmful to the human body. A person who is exposed to radiations very closely c c cbcsbs
or for a longer duration, is at a greater health risk and can be affected genetically.
esteiptsips psip
Permitted
s psip
sestei t rangese:stei t
s
b
cc s
b cbcb cbcb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has recommended certain maximum
permissible exposure limits to radiation that is believed to be safe without producing any appreciable
ss sps psips psips psips psips psips psips psips
esteiptip steipti to a person.
seinjury sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t e
 Safe limit of overall exposure to radiation is given as 20 millisievert per year. In terms of roentgen, the
safe limit of receiving the radiation is about 100 mR per week.
ss ipsips ipsips ipsips ipsips ipsips ipsips ipsips ipsips
eteiptip t exposure
estethe etet etet sbestetdiseases t
besteleukemia
t
beste of red
t etet
beste corpuscle
cbcsbIf cbcsbs is 100 R,
cbcsitbsmay cause
cbcfatal cbcslike cbcs(death cbcsblood cbcsbsin the
 e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
blood) or cancer.
ss  When the body issexposed to about 600 R, itsleads to death.
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptips e teiptsips e teiptips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs s s
Preventive
cbc b s
measures
cbc b s : cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Radioactive materials should be kept in a thick walled lead container.
esteiptsips steiptsipscoatedsbaprons
 eLead esteiptsipsand leades ptsips should
teigloves es tsipsused while
teipbe es
sips
teiptworking with
es tsips
teiphazardous esteiptsips
radioactive esteiptsips
materials. e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc ccb s
b b
cc s
b
 You should avoid eating while handling radioactive materials.
b
cc s
b ccbsb b
cc sb b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 The radioactive materials should be handled only by tongs or by a remote control device.
ss teiptsips ss ps
teiptsithe tsips theslevel ss ss ss ss
esteiptip eDosimeters
s esteiptip be worn
should esby users eto
steipcheck esteiptipof radiation.
c bcsb 
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
5. Explain the nuclear power plants in India.
ss Ans : tipts
ips psips psips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip sbese sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c
 Indian Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) was established in August 1948 by theDepartment of Indian bc c bc cbcsbs
Scientific Research committee at Bombay (now Mumbai) in Maharashtra.
ss  eIt s nodal tagency
teipistsipthe ss s
eiptsipresearch teiptsipsin thesbfield spsatomic energy.
ss ss ss
eteiptip e eiptip forbcsall
etthe edone eteiptiof eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Dr. Homi Jahangir Bhaba was the first chairman of Indian Atomic Energy Commission.
 Now, it is known as Bhaba Atomic Research Centre (BARC). Nuclear power is the fifth largest source of
esteiptsips esteiptsips in India.
power esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 Tarapur Atomic Power Station is India’s first nuclear power station.
ss  Now, there are aptotals s of seven power
s s stations, one each inMaharashtra, Rajasthan, Gujarat, s Uttar Pradesh
esteiptip teiptsips
eand
s estei tip esteiptip teiptsips
ehave
s
ss
esteiptip stations teiptsips
esin eiptsipKudankulam.
estand
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb two in
c bTamilnadu.
csb In
c bTamilnadu,
csb we
c bcsb nuclear
c bcspower
b c bcsb Kalpakkam
 Apsara was the first nuclear reactor built in India and Asia. Now, there are 22 nuclear reactors which are
ss operating
psips in India.
psips psips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip estei t estei t estei t estei t etei t etei t etei t etei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbSome other
 cbcsoperating
b cbcsb are; cbcsb
reactors cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Cirus.
ss teiptsip s s s ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip  seDhuruva. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Purnima.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips

es ips
teiptsAdditionales
sips
t–eiptSolved esteiptsips
problems esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b
1.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
Identify A, B, C, and D from the following nuclear reactions.
ccbsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
i) 27 + A 30
13Al 15P +B
ss ss ss ps
eiptsi+ ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip ii) esteiptip
12Mg
24 + B esteiptip Naest24 C esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b
11csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
iii) 238 + B 239
92U 93Np +D
ss Ans : ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
cbcsbs s Al27 + He
i)cbcsb13 2c
bcs4bs cbc15sbPs30 + 0n1 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
ii) 24 + n1 24 + H1
12Mg 0 11Na 1
ss iptsips
238 + 0n1 ss ss 239 ss
+ –1e0 ss ss ss ss
eteiptip iii) este
92U eteiptip eteiptip 93Np eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
A is alpha particle, B is neutron, C is proton, and D is electron.
2. A radon specimen emits radiation of 3.7 × 103 GBq per second. Convert this disintegration in terms
esteiptsips es
s
teiptsip(one
of curie. curie
es
s
tsip3.7
teip= × 10 e10
s
sips
es
s
teiptsipper
teiptdisintegration second)
b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans :
1 Bq = one disintegration per second
ss ss tsipscurie se tsips× 1010seBq teiptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteipone ip3.7
=ste s esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc b
1
c bc b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
1 Bq = curie
3.7 × 1010
ss ss tsip3sG Bq se teiptsips iptsi9ps 1 te ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip \ 3.7 esteip10 3 ete esi10ptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsb× cbcb=s 3.7 × 10 cbcsb×s10 × 3.7
e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc×sb10 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 100 curie.
235
s3.s 92U experiences
ss pone
sips a - decay sand
s one btip
- sdecay.
s Findiptnumber
ss of neutrons
ss in the s final
s daughterss
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t eteiptip e etip ete ip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs that is
nucleus cbcformed. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : Let X and Y be the resulting nucleus after the emission of the alpha and beta particles respectively.
teiptsips s a decay
iptUsip235 teiptsips 231 ps4
teipt2siHe teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es este
92 es 90X e+
s es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b sb
cb cdecay b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
231 231
+ –1e0
90X 91Y
ss Number of neutrons = Mass number –s Atomic number
esteiptip e tei ptsips e tei ptsips e tei ptsips e tei ptips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb=s 231 – 91
c bcsb s c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
= 140.
4. Calculate the amount of
s energytipreleased whenspas radioactive substance undergoes fusion and results
esteiptsips in a e te
mass
s iptsipsdefectseof
steip2tsipkg. es e tsips esteipti esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
eteiptip e
s
cbcb s
cbcb cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans :
Mass defect in the reaction (m) = s2 kg
ss sips sips sip ps
ipstsi–1 ss ss ss ss
eteiptip ti
e p t tei pt esteipt= 8 este eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cVelocity
bcsbes of light cbcsb(c) 3 × 10
cbcsbm
e e
By Einstein’s equation,
Energy released E = mc2
esteiptsips So es
sips
ipt=
Ete 2 × (3 ×es
s
eiptsi8p)2
t10 esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
= 1.8 × 1017 J.
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip
UNIT TEST-6
e

eteiptipTimebc:sbe1.15 eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Marks et:eipt50 e
cbcsbs c s cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
ss sips tiptsipiss __________.
tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss ss tiptsips
eteiptip1. UniteoftiptRadioactivity
bcsbse bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese e
cbcsbs c
a) Roentgen c c
b) Curie c c
c) Bequrrel cbcsbs cbcsbs
d) All the abovec cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

2. Artificial
psipradioactivity
psipswas discovered
psips by __________.
esteiptsips s
estei t etei t psips
it it
beste curie cbcsbeste e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbBequrrel
a) cbcsbs b)cbcs
Irene s s
c)c cRoentgen c c
b b b s
b s s s
d) cNeilsbohr
bc b b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
3. __________ aprons are used to protect us from gamma radiations
ss a) Lead soxide
s s s b) lead ptsips c) Aluminium s s d) noneteiptsips
esteiptip4. esteiptip esteiptipreaction eis
steiptsips esteiof
ss
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcs
Proton-Proton
b c bcs
chain
b c bcsb an example
c bcsb c bcs
__________.
b c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb cbcsbs
a) Nuclear fusion b) Nuclear fission c) Alpha decay d) beta decay
s5.s Kaminips reactor
s is located
s s at __________. ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip estei tip eteiptip b) bcsKoodankulam
eteiptip eteiptip c) bcMumbai
eteiptip eteiptip d) Rajasthan
eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbKalpakkam
a) cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
II. Fill in thespblanks

e steiptsips pi s
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
ss
eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip (5bc×sbe1steip=tip5) e
cbcsb c bc c bc c bc c bc
6. __________ is the traditional unit of radioactivity. c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs
7. 1 curie = __________ disintegrations per second.
esteiptsip8.s steiptsips SI unit
__________
e es
s
esteiptsips
ptsipradioactivity.
teiof esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
9. A Uranium nucleus when bombarded with a neutron undergoes fission producing __________ neutrons.
cbcsbs
10. The little boy was a __________ type bomb which used a uranium Core.
c bcsb bcs
III. Stateb bcsb
c whether cthe statements bcsb bcsb
c are true orcfalse. Correct bcsb bcsb
c the false statement
(4 × 1 = 4)
11. Pitchblende had less concentration of Uranium.
ss sps ss s
teiptsipfields. ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip12. Gamma
eteiptirays eteiptip by both
defelected ethe eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
13. Tarapur Atomic power station is India’s first nuclear power Station.
14. Plutoniums–239 is a fissionable material.
ete iptsipsete iptsip ete iptsips iptsips iptsips
ete iptsips
ete ete
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs IV. Match
cbcsbs the following
(4 × 1 = 4)
15. BARC (a) Displacement law
tei ptsips teiptsips tei ptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
bes 16. IGCAR
ccb s
b es b
cc s
b es (b)
ccb s
b Leukemia
es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes b
ccsbes b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
17. Soddy Fajan (c) Mumbai
18. Co – 60 sps s s (d) Kalpakkam
ee tiptsips tipti
ese esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Direction: Inseach of the following questions,
sps a statement of Assertion is given and a corresponding statementspof
psips teiptips just below psips steipti psips ptsips teiptsips as sesteiptsips pi s
cbcbsestei t Reason sisesgiven
cbcb sestei t it. Of thesestatements
cbcb cbcb sestei t below, mark
given cbcb sestei the
cbcbcorrect
sesanswer cbcb sestei t
cbcb cbcb
e
cbcsbs
b. If both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
sips c. IfteipAtsipiss true butteiRptsiis psfalse. eteiptsips psips psips psips psips ss
e ti
e pt sbes sbes sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip e
cbcsbs c bc c bc
d. If both A and R are false. c bcsbs c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs
19. Assertion : Alpha, Beta and Gamma radiations are emitted.
este s Reason
iptsi p esteiptsi:ps It says estabout s
eiptsip Natural es ptsips
teiradioactivity.esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb b
cc sb
20. Assertion : Gamma rays have a very high penetrating power greater than that of Beta rays.
b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Reason : They can penetrate through thick metal blocks.
ss ss ss s
teiptasipfissile ss s
tsipsustain sips ss ss
esteiptip21. Assertion
esteiptip : Thebcminimum
esteiptip mass eof
s esteiptip necessary
material esteipto esteiptchain
the esteiptip
reaction is called esteiptip
Critical e
c bcsb c bcsb c s
b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Mass.
Reason : It does not depends on the nature ,density and the size of the fissile material.
ss ss sps ss ss sps ss ss psips
eteiptip eteiptip esteiptithe eteiptip eteiptip steipti
csbesentence eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t e
cbcsbs VI. Write
cbcsbsthe answer
cbcsbfor cbcsbs questions
following cbcsbs in wordcbor cbcsbs cbcsbs c bc
(3 × 1 = 3) cbcsbs
22. Who discovered natural radioactivity?
ss tsips teiptsips is present s the oretiof
tiptsipin s
ptsippitchblende? tiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip23. Which
eteipradioactive material
csbes bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 24. Whichcbcsbs materialcbprotects c
us from radiation? c c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

s Arrange
teiptsipVII. s following
teiptsipthe teiptsipsin the scorrect
teiptsips sequenceteiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips (3 ×sbe1steip=tsip3)s
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbc cbcsbs
25. Arrange in descending order, on the basis of their penetration power.
s s Alpha rays,s beta rays, gamma
sp s rays, cosmic
sp s rays s s s tsip s ss ss ss
esteiptip26. Arrange
esteiptithe esteiptiin esteiptip esteipof esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb following
c bcsb the chronological
c bcsb order
c bcsb discovery:
Nuclear reactor, radioactivity, artificial radioactivity, discovery of radium
ss s
teiptsipanalogy sipsin the blank ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptipVIII. Use ethe eto
teiptfill eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip (3bc×sbe1steip=tip3) e
27. Spontaneous process : Natural Radioactivity, Induced process : __________.
sip28.
s Nuclear Fusion
sips : Extreme
sips temperature, sips NuclearteiFission
sips : __________.
sips ss ss ss
teipt ti
e pt tei pt ti
e pt pt esteiptheart eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 29. Increasing cropsbcs:beRadio phosphorous, Effective
cbcsbs functioning
cbcsbof : __________.
e e e e e
cbcsbs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
30. Deflected by electric field: αray :Null deflection __________.
esteiptsipIX.
s Write tthe
es eiptsipshort banswer
s
esteiptsipsfor ANY est5eiptof
sipsthe following
esteiptsipsquestions.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips (5 ×sb2est=eipt10)
sips
e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc cbcsbs
31. Write any three features of natural and artificial radioactivity.
32. Define critical mass.
s p s tsips roentgen. ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
i p
ese 33.
t t i Defineesteipone esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
34. State Soddy and Fajan’s displacement law.
35. Give the function of control rods in a nuclear reactor.
s p s ps energy.
iptsistellar tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss
t i p
e e 36.t i What tis
bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 37. c c c
Differentiate the Nuclear fusion and Nuclear fission.
c c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
X. Write long answer for the following questionsps

teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips ti tips tiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip (2 × 5et= sips
eipt10)
cbcsbes c bcsbes c bcsbes c bcsbes c bcsbese c bcsbese cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
38. Explain the process of controlled and uncontrolled chain reaction.
[OR]
s
teiptsip39. sips structure
teiptthe sips workingteipprinciple
teiptand tsips teiptsipsBomb.sbesteiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es Explain
es es es ofsbeAtom
s es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b ccb cbc b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
40. Explain the principle of Hydrogen Bomb.
[OR]
tei ptsips tei ptsips teiptsipsactivity.sbesteiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
c bcsbes 41. Write
c bcsbes the Usescof
bcsbRadio
es c bc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb e
cbcsbs


b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Unit-7: Atoms and Molecules GANGA  Science (Chemistry) 153
esteiptsips UNIT esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsipsATOMS es

s
teiptsipAND esteiptsips
MOLECULES esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
7
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcs
Points
b c bcs
to Remember
ss Twosors more forms s sof an element s shaving the same

s s atomic number,
ss but different
ss masspnumber
ss are called
ss
eteiptip esteiptip ( bCl eteiptip 37
35 eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip etei tip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbIsotopes c17csbs, 17Cl ).cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Atoms of different elements having the same mass number, but different atomic numbers are called
Isobars ( Ar40, ps 40
e steiptsips es tiCa
teiptsips 18 sbestei20 ps ). psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t e
cbcsb
 c bcsb c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
Atoms of different elements having the same number of neutrons, but different atomic number and c bc c bc cbcsbs
different mass number are called Isotones (6C13, 7N14).
esteiptsips  sbeRelative
steiptsips atomic es ptsips of an e
teimass steiptsips is the
element esteiptsipsbetween
ratio es
s
eiptsipmass bofsbeone
tthe s
s of thetipelement
teiptsipatom es etsip
s toe teiptsips
1/12th
s e
b
cc s
b b
c c of the mass b s
b b s
b
c cof the atomcofc carbon -12. b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 Average atomic mass of an element is calculated by adding the masses of its isotopes, each multiplied by
ss sps s s on the psips psips psips psips psips psips
esteiptip esteiptip
steipti natural sabundance
setheir sestei t Earth. sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t e
 Relative molecular mass of a molecule is the ratio between the mass of one molecule of the substance to
1/12th of the mass of the atom of carbon – 12.
ss teiptsips ss sps tiptsips psips teiptsips ss ss
eteiptip  bcsbeThe eteiptip esteipti“equal bcsbese of all sbestei t undercbcsbes conditions eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c s Avogadro’s cbcsbs law states that
cbcsb cvolumes cbcgases similar cbcsbsof temperature
cbcsbs and cbcsbs
pressure contain equal number of molecules”.
ss Thesvapours density s sis definedteipas
tsip“the
s ratio tbetween
ss the masses
s s of equal svolumes
s of aiptgas
s s (or a vapour)
ss
eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip bcsbes condition”. e eiptip eteiptip eteiptip ete ip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsband cbcsbsunder thecsame
hydrogen cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Atomicity of a monoatomic element = Molecular mass / Atomic Mass.
esteiptsips  sbeMolecular
steiptsips mass es ptsip2s× Vapour
tei= es tsips
teipdensity. esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
PART - A
ss ss ss ptsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptipI. Book esteiptip
Exercise – esteiptip the best
Choose esteianswer esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
1. Which of the following has the smallest mass?
ss
eteiptip a) 6.023
e teiptsips× 1023 satoms
esteiptip of He
ss psips
sbestei t eteiptip b) bc1sbeatom
ss spsof He teiptsips
steipti
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs c bcsb s
c) 2 g of He c bc b c bc cbcsbs c
d) 1 mole atoms
besHe
cbcsof cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
Ans : (b) 1 atom of He
ss tsipsthe following ss ss ss ss ss tiptsips ss
eteiptip2. Which
eteipof eteiptip is a btriatomic
eteiptip molecule?
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bcsbese eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Glucose
cbcsbs c csbs
b) Helium
cbcsbs cbcsbs
c) Carbon dioxide
cbcsbs c
d) Hydrogen
cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Carbon dioxide
esteiptsip3.s steiptsips occupied
Thesbevolume es
s
teiptsipby sips
teiptCO2
4.4 sgbesof at S.T.P
b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) 22.4 litre b) 2.24 litre c) 0.24 litre d) 0.1 litre
Anss : (b) 2.24 litre
ss iptsips iptsips iptsips ss ss s s s s s
esteiptip4. Massete bestNitrogen
e te
csbes is esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbsof 1 mole
cbcsof cbatom c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) 28 amu b) 14 amu c) 28 g d) 14 g
ss ss Ans : (c) 28 g
eteiptip eteiptip tiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip t iptsips t iptsips
cbcsbs 5. Which bcsbese represents
cbcsbs of the cfollowing cbcsbs 1 amu?cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs s
cbcb
es e s
cbcb
es e e
cbcsbs
a) Mass of a C – 12 atom b) Mass of a hydrogen atom
ss c) 1/12th
teiptsipsof the mass
teiptsipof
s a C – 12
teiptatom
sips s s d) Mass sofsO – 16 atom sps psips psips
eteiptip e e e eteiptip eteiptip steipti
bcsbe1/12th sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans :c(c) c bc c bc
of the mass of C – 12 atom cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

154 GANGA  Science (Chemistry) Xth Std  Unit-7
6. Whichpof
sipsthe following
psips statement
psipiss incorrect?
esteiptsips estei t estei t estei t es psips
tei t esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a) s
b s
b s
b
c c One gram cofcC – 12 contains
b b c c Avogadro’s
b s
b sb
c cnumber of catoms.
b bc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
b) One mole of oxygen gas contains Avogadro’s number of molecules.
ss c) One sps ss ss ss tsips ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptimole of hydrogen
esteiptip gasbcscontains
esteiptip Avogadro’s esteiptipnumber eof
steipatoms. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb
c One mole
d) bcsb
c electrons stands
of c b bcsb
for 6.023c × 1023 electrons. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (d) One mole of electrons stands for 6.023 × 1023 electrons.
s p s s p s s p s s p s sips at S.T.P tsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteipti 7. The volume
tipti
bcsbese
occupied tipti by 1 mole
bcsbese
tipof
bcsbese
ti a diatomic tiptgas
bcsbese
tipis
bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs c
a) 11.2 litre
c c
b) 5.6 litre
c c
c) 22.4 litre
c c
d) 44.8 litre
c cbcsbs
Ans : (c) 22.4 litre
teip tsip8.s In theteipnucleus
tsips of tei Ca
pt s , there tare
sip40 ei ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips tiptsips
e
cbcsbs c bcsbes c bcsbes20 c bcsbes c bcsbes c bcsbes c bcsbes c bcsbes c bcsbese e
cbcsbs
a) 20 protons and 40 neutrons b) 20 protons and 20 neutrons
c) 20 protons and 40 electrons d) 40 protons and 20 electrons
t i ptsips t i ptsips t i ptsips t i ptsips t i ptsips teiptsips Ans tsips 20 protons
ip(b) s
teiptsipand teiptsips
es e es e es e es e es e es es:te es 20bneutrons
es e
b
cc s
b ccb sb ccb sb
9. The gram molecular mass of oxygen molecule is
ccb sb ccb sb b
cc sb ccb sb ccb sb cc sb cbcsbs
a) 16 g b) 18 g c) 32 g d) 17 g
s p s s p s s p s s p s s p s s ps s p s ss tsipsg
t
ese i pt i t
ese i pt i t
ese i pt i t
ese i pt i t
ese i pt i t
ese i pt i eseti p t i esteiptip Ansb:csb(c)esteip32 e
c bcsb bcsb bcsb
10. 1c mole of anycsubstance contains c bcsb bcsb
____cmolecules. c b csb c bcsb c bcsb c cbcsbs
a) 6.023 × 10 23 b) 6.023 × 10 -23 c) 3.0115 × 10 23 d) 12.046 × 10 23
eteipti
s p s
eteipti
s p s
eteipti
s p s
eteipti
s p s
eteipti
s p s
eteipti
s p s
eteipti
s p s
eteip:tip(a) 6.023
Ans ss tsip23
e×teip10
s
e
II. Book Exercise – Fill in the blanks
1. Atomsipof different elements having __________iptmass number, but __________ atomic numbers are called
esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips esteiptsips este sips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips psips
sbestei t e
cbcsb isobars.
cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbc Ans : same,
s
b cbcdifferent cbcsbs
2. Atoms of different elements having same number of __________ are called isotones. Ans : neutrons
esteiptsip3.s Atomsesteipof s element

tsipone es
s be transmuted
teiptsipcan esteiptsips into esteiptsips of other
atoms es tsips
teipelement steiptsips
bye__________. esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
ccsb b sb b s
b
Ansc: cartificial transmutation
cc cbcsbs
4. The sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons of an atom is called its __________. Ans : Mass number
ss sp s s
sip otherwiseteiknown
s s s s
s s ss ss teiptsips
esteiptip5. esteiptiatomic
Relative massesteiptis es ptip esteiptip
as s__________. esteiptip esteiptipAns : Standard
esteiptip atomic eweight
s e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
6. The average atomic mass of hydrogen is __________ amu. Ans : 1.008
7. If a molecule is made sofssimilar kindsof atoms, then it is called __________ atomic molecule. Ans : Homo
e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptip e teiptips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips teiptsips
s
cbcb s 8. The s s
cbcbnumber ofcbatoms s s
cb present s s
cbcinb a molecule s s s s
cbcisb called its c__________.
bcb s
cbcb s s
cbcb s csbes
Ans c: bAtomicity
e
cbcsbs
9. One mole of any gas occupies __________ ml at S.T.P. Ans : 22400
eteiptip10. Atomicity
eteiptipof phosphorous
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteipti:p4
Ans e
III. Book Exercise – Match the following
1. 8 g of O - 4 imoles
esteiptsips esteiptsips 2 sbesteiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 2.
b s
c c 4 g of Hc2bc
b b s
- c c 0.25 moles
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
3. 52 g of He - 2 moles
ss 4. 112 g of N2 - 0.5 smoles
esteiptip e tei ptsips ss
e2steiptip e ips
steiptmoles
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb 5.
c bcsb s 35.5 g of
c bCl
csb - cbcsb13 c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans :
1 8 pgs
ss
eteiptip e tei tipofs O2 sesteiptsibps 0.25 smoles ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs s s
c2bcb 4 g of H cbcb c 2 moles
2 cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3 52 g of He e 13 moles
ss 4 e112teiptsipgs of N2 sbesteiptsiaps 4 moles tiptsips ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c5bcsbs35.5 g ofcCl bc c
d 0.5 moles cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
2

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

s Book Exercise
teiptsipIV. teiptsips – Trueteiptsipors falsesb(If ptsips give the
teifalse sips
teiptcorrect teiptsips
statement) teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es es e s es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Two elements sometimes can form more than one compound.
Ans : True.
ss tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip2. ee ese ee esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs gases are
Noble cbcsbDiatomic.cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : False. Monoatomic.
s3.s The gram s satomic mass s sof an element
tiptsips
has noipunit.
ss tiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip bcsbeseof an elementetetip bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb:sFalse. Relative
Ans cbcsbs atomic cmass cbcsbs has no cunit. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4. 1 mole of Gold and Silver contain same number of atoms.
ss Ans : tTrue.
iptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip ee e
csbes is 42g. cbcsbes
e ee ee eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 5. cbcsbs mass ofcbCO
Molar cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
2
Ans : False. 44 g.
s
es Book e
Exercise
s es s es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Answer the following questions using the data given below:
sa)s A andteipRtsipare
s correct, R explains the
teiptsips s sA. ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptipb) A bis ecorrect,
s ewrong.
s esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c csb R
c is
bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
c) A is wrong, R is correct.
d) A and R are correct, R doesn’t explains A.
s s ss s ss ss ss ss ss ss
t i pti p
e e 1. Assertion: eteiptip Atomic eiptsip of aluminium
etmass eteiptip is b27 eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
Reason: An atom of aluminium is 27 times heavier than 1/12th of the mass of the C – 12 atom.
Ans : (d) A and R are correct, R doesn't explains A
eteiptip2. etei t ThebcRelative
Assertion: etei t Molecular
etei t Mass of tei t
eChlorine etei ta.m.u. bcsbestei t
isb35.5 etei t etei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Reason: The natural abundance of Chlorine isotopes are not equal.
Ans : (a) A and R are correct, R explains the A
b
cc s
b VI. Books
b s
b
c c Exercisec –c Short answer
b b s
b
c c questions
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Define: Relative atomic mass.
ss sps spsan element ss tsips ptsips sipsits isotopes sps1/12th part ss
esteiptip Relative
esteiptiatomic mass
esteiptiof esteiptipin the bratio
esteipbetween the
esteiaverage massesteiptof esteiptito esteiptipof e
c bcsb bcsb bcsb
c mass of a ccarbon–12 atoms.
the b csb
c It is denoted csb bcsb
c as A. It iscotherwise called bcsb
c Standard Atomic c bcsb
Weight.c bcsb cbcsbs
Average mass of theisotopes of the element
ss An = s s sps
eteiptip eteipt1ip steipti of onecbcarbonteiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip
ss
cbcsbs 12 th ofcthe bcsbemass csbes – 12atom e
2. Write the different types of isotopes of oxygen and its percentage abundance.
ss iptsips ss tsipsabundance ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip beste esteiptip(amu)bcsbesteip% eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsIsotope cbcsbMass c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
16
8O 15.9949 99.757
17
teiptsips 8O
teiptsips
16.9991
teiptsips teiptsips
0.038 ps
tei tips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
8O
18 s
b
c c 17.9992c c
b b s
b 0.205
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
3. Define: Atomicity.
ss teiptsips of atoms sps s
teiptsipmolecule tsips its Atomicity.ss ss ss ss
esteiptip Thesenumber
s esteiptipresent in esthe esisteipcalled esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bc b c bcsb
Molecular Mass c
Atomicity =
Atomic Mass
eteiptip ete t
bcsbese csbes
te ete ete eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 4. Give
cbcsbsany two cexamples forcb
heterodiatomic
cbcsbsmolecules.
HCl, H2O, NH4.
s5.s What iis sMolar
s volume iptsipsof a gas? iptsips tiptsips teiptsips ss ptsips teiptsips
eteiptip esteptip beste occupies beste litre orc22400
bcsbese ml at cSTP.
bcsbesThe esteiptip sbestei mole bcsbesgas e
cbcsbs cbcsbmole
One cbcsgas
of any cbcs22.4 cbcsboccupied
volume by
cbcone ofcany cbcsbs
at S.T.P is called molar volume.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

6. Find the
psippercentage
psiof
psnitrogenpinsipammonia.
teiptsips etei t
s ti t s psips
etei t ei t
sbestg. teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b es Molar bcsbese
cbcsbs mass of cAmmonia cbcsb=s 14 + 3 =
cbc17 b
ccsbes b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes b
cc s
b es e
cbcsbs
14
% of Nitrogen = × 100 = 82.35%.
s p s s p s s p s 17s p s ss ss ss ss ss
t
ese i pt i t
ese i pt i t
ese i pt i t
ese i pt i esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bc
VII. Book
sb
Exercise
bcsb
c – Long answer bcsb
c questions c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
ss1. Calculate the number of water molecule present in one drop of water which weighs s 0.18 g.
eteiptip e te ptsips
iMass e teiptsips e te tsips g sesteiptsips
ip0.18 e teiptsips e tiptsips
e e teiptips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs Given
s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb =s cbcb s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
Avogadro Number = 6.023 × 1023
Molecular Mass of water = 18 sg (H2O = 2(1) s + 1(16) = 2s+ 16 = 18) s
ss tiptsips tiptsip s s s s s s s s s
eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip esteiptip × given
cbcsbs c c
No. of water molecules cbcsb=s Avogadro
cbcsbnumber cbcsbsman cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Molecular Mass of water
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips ti ptsips × 1023 t×eip0.18

6.023 tsips g sesteiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es es =
es e es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
cg
c18 cbcb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
6.023 × 1023 × 0.18 × 100
ss
iptsips ss = ipts
ips s psips ss ss ss
esteiptip ete esteiptip sbeste 18sbe eiptsi2p
×st10 sbestei t esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb cbc cbc23 cbc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
6.023 × 10 × 18
=
18 × 102
ss tiptsips tiptsips ss tiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip bcsb23es×e10 –2 × 18 eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c
c cbcsb=s 6.023 ×c10 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
18
=tip6.023 23 ×s 10 –2
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e e tsips × 10 e teiptips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
cbcsbs s
b s
cbc = 6.023 ×cb10 s
b s
21
c molecules cbcsbofs water. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
2. N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3.
esteiptsips s
eiptsip mass
(Theestatomic es
s
eiptsipnitrogen
tof is
es tsipsand that
teip14, es tsipshydrogen
teipof esteipis s
tsip1) esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b bcsb
1c mole
b s
b
c c (_______g)
of nitrogen
b s
b
cc + b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
3 moles of hydrogen ( _________ g) →
ss 2 molestiptsipofs ammonia tiptsip( s_________ tiptsipg)
s tiptsips tiptsips ss ss ss
esteiptip e
csbes of nitrogen ee ee ee ee esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb 1cbmole cbcsbs(28 g) +cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
3 moles of hydrogen (3×1 g) →
ss 2 moles sofsAmmoniateip(34
s s g) ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip es tip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c b sb
28, 3, 34
c c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3. Calculate the number of moles in
ss i) 27g s ii) 1.51tip×
tsipAl s s 23 ss eiptsip
s ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteipof e etip10 molecules
eteiptip of NHe4tCl. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Mass cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
i) No. of moles =
Atomic Mass
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips == steiptsips
27g
e esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
c c 27g b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

ss
tiptsips ss = 1 mole. ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip ee esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
No. of molecules of NH4 Cl
ii) No. of moles =
Avogadro's number
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c=bcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

ss ss ss 1 sps ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip pip
sbestei t eteiptip ipti
= sbeste eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc cbcsbs cbc 4 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 0.25 mole.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

4. Give the
psipsalient features
psips of “Modern
psips atomic theory”.
e teiptsips etei t
s tei t psips
etei t etei t teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b s Modern csbes
cbcsbs AtomiccbTheory: cbcsbs cbcsbs b
ccsbes b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes b
cc s
b es e
cbcsbs
 An atom is no longer indivisible (after the discovery of the electron, proton and neutron).
ss
esteiptip
 Atoms
e tei ptsips of the esame
tei ptsipselementestmay
ei ptsipshave different
e tei ptsipsatomic emasstei ptsips(discoverye tei ptof
sipsIsotopestei17
e ps35, 17Cl37e).teiptsips
ptsiCl e
bcsb s
cbcsbAtoms of cdifferent
bcsb s cbcsb may havecbsame s
csb atomiccbmasses csb s s
cbcsb of Isobars s
cbcsb20Ar40, 20Ca csb).s
cb40 cbcsbs
c  elements (discovery
 Atoms of one element can be transmuted into atoms of other elements. In otherwords, atom is no longer
ss indestructible
psips (discovery
psips of artificial
psips transmutation psips ). tipts ips psips psips psips
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbese sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
 Atoms may not always combine in a simple whole number ratio (Eg. Glucose C6H12O6 C:H:O = 6:12:6 or
1:2:1 and Sucrose C12H22O11 C:H:O = 12:22:11).
ss  Atom psipsis the smallest psips particle pthat
sips take part psipin
s a chemical psipsreaction . ps ips psips psips
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t 2 sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
 The mass of an atom can be converted into energy (E=MC ). c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
5. Derive the relationship between Relative molecular mass and Vapour density.
esteiptsips Relative
es
ps
teiptsiMolecular esteiptsips: The ratio
Mass es
sipsMass of one
teiptof es
s
teiptsipmolecule esof sips or vapour
teiptgas es
ps the mass
teiptsito esteipof s atomtiof
tsipone e s eptsip
s
e
b
cc s
b b sb
hydrogen.
cc ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb cbcsbs
Mass of one molecule of gas or vapour
Relative Molecular Mass = .......(1)
ss
esteiptip estei s
ptip s
estei s
ptip s
estei ptsips Mass ofestone
ei ptsipsatom of ehydrogen
stei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips e steiptsips e
c bcsb c bcsb
Vapour bcsb bcsb
densityc : The ratio ofc mass of a certain c bcsb volume of b csb
c a gas or vapour sb
c to the mass
b c sb
c of an equalc volume
b c b csb cbcsbs
of hydrogen, measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.
ss psips psips ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip esteiptip of gas eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsb=s Mass ofcb1csbvolume cbcsbors vapour cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs bc
Vapour Density
c c bc cbcsbs .......(2)
cbcsbs cbcsbs
Mass of 1 volume of hydrogen
ss iptsips ss sips of 1 volume psips of gas or sips psips ss ss

eteiptip VD ete eteiptip eteiptMass sbestei t
pvapour
sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb=s c bc c bc
Mass of 1 volume of hydrogen c bc cbcsbs .......(3)
cbcsbs cbcsbs
Applying Avogadro’s law,
esteiptsips ee tiptsips e teiptsips e

sips of 1 molecule
teiptMass e teiptsips of gase tor ps
eiptsivapour e teiptsips e ps
teiptsi.......(4) e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs
VD b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b =s b sb s b s
b s
c 1 moleculecofc hydrogen c c
Masscof
bsb s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
Hence hydrogen is diatomic
ss teiptsips ss sips of 1 molecule ss ps
eiptsivapour ss sps ss
esteiptip e esteiptip e teiptMass esteiptip of bgasestor esteiptip esteipti.......(5) esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs
VD c bcsb c bcsb=s bcsb csb
Massc of 2 × atomscof hydrogen c
ss
eteiptip
ss
iptip
VD sbeste
ss
eteiptip iptMass
=te
e
sips of 1 molecule
s s of gas tor
eteiptip
svapour
eseiptip
s ss
eteiptip
sps
eteipti.......(6)
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs 2 × masscbcsbsof 1 atomcbofcsbhydrogen cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Multiplying ‘2’ on both sides
ss psips ss s2 s× Mass oftei1ptsimolecule
ps oftigas
s sor vapourteiptsips ss ss
eteiptip 2 b× stei t
csbeVD eteiptip eteiptip e eptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsb=s sbes of 1 atom cbcsbs .......(7)
e e
cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcMass
2× cbcsbofs hydrogencbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Mass
teiptsips 2×e tiptsips
VD teiptsips =tei ptsips of 1 molecule
t iptsips of gas tor
i ptsivapour
ps teiptsips ps
teiptsi.......(8) teiptsips
b
cc s
b es bsbse
cc b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es Mass
b
cc of
sbes e
1 atom of
ccb s
bese
hydrogen ccb s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es e
cbcsbs
2 × VD = Relative Molecular Mass .......(9)
ss ss ss sips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptRMM esteiptip Weight
Molecular esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c
VDbcsb c bcsb bc
c =sb or
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c
.......(10)bcsb cbcsbs
2 2
ss tsips teiptsipsquestion ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptipVIII. BooketeipExercise –eHOT eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
1. Calcium Carbonate is decomposed on heating in the following reaction.
CaCO3 → sCaO + CO2 s
ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip manybcsmoles
eteiptip of Calcium
cbcsbs i)
cbcsbHow c bs cbcsbs Carbonate
cbcsbs are involved
cbcsbs in this reaction?
Ans : 1 mole of Calcium carbonate.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

ii) Calculate the gram molecular mass of Calcium Carbonate involvedps in this reaction.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
c c Ans : GMM
b b s b s b s
c cof CaCO3 c c = 1 (Ca) c+ c1 (C) + 3 (O)
b b b b
ccsb b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
= 1 (40) + 1 (12) + 3 (16) = 1 (40) + 1 (12) + 48
ss s s ss = 40 s s+ 12 + 48 =
s s100 g. teiptsips ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb iii)
bc s
b
c How many bcsb
c moles of CO bcsb bcsb
c 2 are there cin this equation? c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : 1 mole of CO2.
ss eiptsip
eteiptipIX. Book etExercise eteiptip the following
– Solve eteiptip problems
1. How many grams are there in the following?
i) 2 moles
s of hydrogen
s molecule,sH2.
ss s s tiptsip ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip = No.bcsof
eteiptip bcsbese Mass. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbMass c bsmoles × cMolecular
e
Mass = 2 × (2×1) = 4 g.
teiptsips
ii) 3 moles
t i ptsips of chlorine
t i ptsips molecule,ti ptsipCsl2. teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es eMass
s e = No. ofes moles
e × Molecular
es e Mass. es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Mass = (35.5×2) × 3
= 71 × 3
ss ptsips = 213 eg.
tiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip e stei
bsbse esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb ccbsb cc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
iii) 5 moles of sulphur molecule, S8.
Mass s= No. of moles × Moleculars Mass.
ss iptsip = (8×32) tsip5s s ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip e t
Mass
e e tip×
e eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs s
cbcb s s
cbcb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 256 × 5
= 1280 g.
ss sips ss ss iptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip iv) e 4tei pt
moles eteiptip
ofbphosphorous eteiptip
molecule, P . ete eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbc4sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Mass = No. of moles × Molecular Mass.
Mass = (4 × 31) × 4
esteiptsips esteiptsips= 124sb×estei4ptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
= 496 g.
2. Calculate the % of each element in calcium carbonate. (Atomic mass: C-12, O-16, Ca -40).
esteiptip CaCO est3ei.ptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
Molar Mass of CaCO3 = 1 (Ca) + 1 (C) + 3 (O)
ss s s ss = 1s (40) + 1 (12)s + 3 (16)

eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e teiptips e teiptips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcb= 40 + 12cb+
s s cb48
s s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 100 g.
ss ss ss Mass of p Ca
eteiptip %bof eiptipin CaCO
etCa eteiptip =
e teiptsips e tei tsips × 100 ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs c csbs cbcs3bs cbc s
b s Molar Mass sb s
cbc of CaCO3 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
40 g
= × 100
100 g
esteiptsips psips
sestei t esteiptsips =ste
e tsip
ip40%. s
b
cc s
b cbcb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb
Mass of Carbon
ccb sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
% of C in CaCO3 = × 100
Molar Mass of CaCO3
ss tiptsips tiptsips 12s g
teiptsip ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip ee ee e
= esteiptip
×bc100 esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb s
100 g c
sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
= 12%.
ss s
sip CaCO teiptsip s s sMass of Oxygen ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip % of tOiptin
bcsbese b3csbes
=eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
× 100 eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c c cbcsbs Molar Mass cbcsbsof Calciumcbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
48 g
= × 100
100 g
ss tiptsips ss s s s s s s ss ss ss
eteiptip ee eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
cbcsbs cbcsb=s 48%. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

3. Calculate
psipsthe % of poxygen in Al2p(SO
sips 4)3. (Atomic
psipsmass: Al-12,
psips O-16, S -32)
esteiptsips sbestei )t .
sips
etei t etei t etei t psips etei t etei t e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b Al
cb2c(SO 4 3 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
Molar Mass of Al2(SO4)3 = 2 (Al) + 3 (S) + 12 (O)
ss ipts s ss = 2s (27) s + 3 (32) s+ s 12 (16)tiptsips ss ss ss
esteiptip este ip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip ee esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb
c bcsb c bcsb b sb
c = 54 + 96c + 192
c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
= 342 g.
ss % of tOxygen
iptsips in Al2(SO
tiptsip4)s3 ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip ee ee eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs bcsb
Mass of Oxygen
c c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
% of Oxygen =
Molecular Mass of Al2 (SO 4 )3
ss ss ss sips g tiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eteipt192 bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs
c bcsb c bcsb cbcsb=s ×c100 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
342 g
sps = 56.14%.
esteiptsips esteipti esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 4. sb
Calculate
b
cc thec%
b sb
c relative abundanceb
cc sb sb
of cB c-10 and B -11,
b sb
c c if its average
b sb
c c atomic mass
b sb
c c is 10.804
b sb
c camu.
b cbcsbs
B10 and B11.
ss ipts s Let B10
s = ipX%
esteiptip este ip eiptsip
estB11 estetsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb= (100 – cX)%
11(100 – x)
Average atomic mass = 10X + = 10.80
ss s s s s s s 100 s s ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eet i pt i p
csbes
tei pt i p eet i pt i p
csbes
tei pt i p eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs10X + 11cb(100–X) cbcsb=s 10.80 ×cb100 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
10X + 1100 – 11X = 1080
ss psips 1100te p–sipXs = p1080 sips psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip sbestei t sbesi t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs c
bc c bc –X c bc = 1080 – 1100 c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
–X = – 20
esteiptsips seste i ptsi p s
seste X
i ptsi p s
se=ste tsips
ip20 sestei t
psips psips
sestei t
psips
sestei t
psips
sestei t
psips
sestei t e
b
cc s
b cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcb cbcsbs
B10 = 20%.
B11 = (100–X) = 80%.
s1.s The first s scientific
s theory
s s of theteipatom
s s was proposed
ss by __________.
ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es tip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbJohn Dalton
a) cbcsb b)cbcs
J.J. cbcsb
b Thomson sb
c)cbcRuther Fordcbcsb b sb
d) Neils Bohr
c c c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (a) John Dalton
ss sps ss ss s
teiptsipdiffer sps ss sips__________. ss
eteiptip2. The eatoms
steipti are having
esteiptipsame atomic
esteiptip numberesbut inetheir
steipti mass number
esteiptip is known
esteiptas esteiptip e
cbcsbs bcsb
c Isobars
a) cbcsb bcsb
b)c Isotopes cbcsb bcsb
c)c Isotones cbcsb bcsb
d) cNone cbcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Isotopes
esteiptsip3.s The esteiptsips are having
atoms es
s
teiptsipsame mass
es
ps
teiptsinumber but
es
sips
teiptdiffer e s
ps
teiptsiatomic
inbtheir esteiptsips is known
number es
sips
teiptas teiptsips
__________.
es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cc sb b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) Isobars b) Isotopes c) Isotones d) None
Ans : (a) Isobars
esteiptip4. estei estei estei esti
e estei esti
e esti
e esteiptip e
c bcsb The
c bcsbatoms are
c bhaving
csb different
c bcsb atomic number,
c bcsb different
c bcsb mass number
c bcsb but it contains
c bcsb same
c bcnumber
sb cbcsbs
of neutrons are called as __________.
ss a) Isobars
ss ss b) Isotopes
ss c) Isotones d) None s s
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip t iptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip eteiptip iptsips
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs s
cbcb
es e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : (c) beste
cbcsIsotones
e
cbcsbs
5. An Isotope of Carbon, which contains 6 protons and 6 neutrons.
a) 6 protons
s s 6 neutronss s b) 6 protons
s s 7 neutrons s s c) 6 protons
s s 8 neutrons s s d) 8 protons
ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip tiptsips 6 neutrons psips
sbestei t
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : c(a)bcsbe6seprotons c6bcneutrons e
cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

6. If the molecule is made
psips of similar
psipkind
s of atoms.
psips Then it ispsicalled __________.
esteiptsips psips
estei t estei t etei t ps
etei t psips ei t
sbestAtomic etei t e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbHomo
a) Atomic cbcsbs
cbcsbMolecule cbcsbs b)cbcDi cbcsbs
Molecule b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
c) Hetero Atomic Molecule d) Poly Atomic Molecule
ss iptsips iptsips iptsips ss ss Anss s: (a) Homo sAtomic
s Molecule ss
esteiptip este este este esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb 7. Ifbcsb bcsb
c a moleculeccontains more bcsb bcsb bcsb
c than threecatoms, thencit is called __________.
a) Homo Atomic Molecule b) Di Atomic Molecule
ss c) Triip Atomic
s s Molecule ss ss s s d) Poly Atomic
ss Molecule ss sps psips
eteiptip etetip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip steipti Atomic
bcsbePoly sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : c(d) cbcMolecule cbcsbs
8. Gram Atomic Mass of Carbon = __________ g.
a) 16ipts s s b) 12teiptsips s s c) 10 teiptsips
ss
eteiptip ete ip
s
eteiptip e eteiptip e e teiptsips d) 8 sbesteiptsips ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb s cbc cbcsb: s(b) 12
Ans cbcsbs
9. Gram Molecular Mass of HCl is __________ g.
a) 35.5 sgs s s b) 34.5 g s s c) 36.5 g
esteiptsips esteiptip esteiptip
ss
esteiptip esteiptip
ss
esteiptip esteiptsips d) 31.5esteigptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
Ans :c (c)
c 36.5 g
b cbcsbs
10. The value of Avogadro number is __________.
23 22 21
ss a) 6.023
iptsips× 10 ptsips b) 6.023 ptsip×s 10 esteiptsips c) 6.023 ptsip×s 10 ptsips d) 6.023 sips10–21
pt× s
tsip23
esteiptip ete e tei e tei e tei e ti
e e tei es×teip10 e
c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcs
Ans
b s : (a) 6.023
c bcsb cbcsbs
11. One litre is equal to __________.
ss a) 1 dm s2 s iptsips b) s1esdm
3
iptsips iptsips c) 1secm
2
iptsips iptsips d) 1 smm
2
iptsips teiptsips
eteiptip esteiptip e te te e te te e te e te
csbes1 dm3 e
cbcsbs cbcsb s
cbcb s cbcb s
cbcb s cbcb s s
cbcb s cbcb s : b(b)
Ans c cbcsbs
12. Gram molar volume of gas at STP is __________.
ss a) 22.4
iptsiplits s s b) 22.5 slit s s s c) 224teiplit
ss s s d) noneteiptsips sps
eteiptip ete eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e tip eteiptip e steipti lit
bcsbe22.4 e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans :c(a) cbcsbs
13. Gram molecular mass of Water __________ g.
a) 18ipts
esteiptsips este ip
s
esteiptsips b) s16
esteiptsips esteiptsips c) 15esteiptsips esteiptsips d) 1.8 esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsb b
cc s
b b
cc b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b Ans
b s
c c : (a) 18
b cbcsbs
14. Vapour density = __________.
a) RMM
ss
esteiptip teiptsip×s 2
e
s s b) RMM
esteiptip
s/ s2
esteiptip
s s c) RAM
esteiptip
s× s2
esteiptip
s s d) RMMteip/tsip2s
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip/ 2
es Ans : (b)bcsRMM e
c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b cbcsbs
15. Gram atomic mass of Hydrogen __________ g.
ss a) 2 ipts s s s b) 1 teiptsips s s c) 3 teiptsips s s d) 4 teiptsips
eteiptip este ip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip tiptsips
cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs bcsbes: e(b) 1
cAns
e
cbcsbs
16. Gram atomic mass of Nitrogen __________ g.
ss a) 12tipts s s s b) 14teiptsips s s c) 28 teiptsips s s d) 20 teiptsips ss
eteiptip ese ip eteiptip e eteiptip e eteiptip e eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb: s(b) 14
Ans cbcsbs
17. Atomic mass of Hydrogen is __________ amu.
teiptsips a) 1.008
tiptsips teiptsips b) s1.006
teiptsips teiptsips c) 1.005
teiptsips teiptsips d) 1.004 teiptsips teiptsips
es ee e e e e e e e e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b s
b
Ans c: (a) s
c 1.008 cbcsbs
18. Atomic mass of Helium is __________ amu.
ss a) 3.003
tiptsips s s b) 4.003 ss s s c) 2.003 ss s s d) 1.003 ss s
esteiptip ee esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptipAns :b(b) eiptsip
est4.003 e
c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c csb cbcsbs
19. Atomic mass of Lithium is __________ amu.
ss a) 7.641
tiptsips s s b) 6.941 ss s s c) 8.451 ss s s d) 9.412 ss teiptsips
eteiptip ee eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip csbes6.941 e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans c:b(b) cbcsbs
20. Atomic mass of Beryllium is __________ amu.
ss a) 9.012
tiptsips s s b) 8.012 ss s s c) 7.012 ss s s d) 6021teiptsips teiptsips
eteiptip ee eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e csbes9.012 e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans c:b(a) cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

21. Example of Triatomic molecule is __________.
b
cc s
b a) s
b
c c O2
b ccb s
b s
b
b)c cO3
b b
cc s
b s
b
c)c cNH3
b b
cc s
b sb
d) cnone
bc b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (b) O3
s22.
s Gramtimolecular
ss mass s sof Oxygen sis s__________ s sg. ss ss ss ss
esteiptip eseptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b
a) c
c 16sb c bcsb bcs
b)c 30b c bcsb bcs
c)c 32b c bcsb bc
d) c26
sb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (c) 32
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip steipti
bcsbeblanks eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs– Fill in cthe cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
1. __________ is made of atoms. Ans : Matter
ss s
teiptsipscientific teiptsips of thesbeatom
teiptsipswas proposed ss ss ss tsips : JohnseDalton
teiptsips
eteiptip2. Thesefirst etheory eteiptip by __________.
eteiptip eteiptip eteipAns e
cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs
3. An atom is __________ divisible. Ans : no longer
sip4.s Atoms ofs thes same telement

s s may thave
s sdifferentteiatomic
s s mass.teiThese
s s elements sare
s called as s__________.
s s s
e ti
e pt esteiptip eseiptip eseiptip es ptip es ptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans : Isotopes
esteiptip e
5. An example of isotopes __________. 35 37
Ans : 17Cl .17Cl
s6.s Atomsipof s different
s elements
s s may thave s ssame atomic s smass. These s selements tare s called
s as __________.
ss ss
esteiptip estetip esteiptip eseiptip esteiptip esteiptip eseiptip esteiptip Ansbc:sbIsobars
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c cbcsbs
7. An example of Isobars are __________. Ans : 18Ar40.20Ca40
ss s element ss ss ptsips of other sps sips words, sips is no longer ss
eteiptip8. Atoms esteipof
tsipone esteiptipcan bebc__________
esteiptip intoesteiatoms esteiptielements. esIn
teiptother esteiptatom esteiptip e
cbcsbs b sb
indestructible.
c c c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b sb
Ans : transmuted
c cbcsbs
9. Atoms may not always combine in a __________ whole number ratio. Ans : simple
ss ps __________
eiptsithe ss sps in chemical ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip10. Atometis eteiptip that btakes
eteiptipart eteiptip reaction.
eteiptip eteiptip eteipt:ipsmallest
Ans eteiptip
particle e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
11. The __________ of an atom can be converted into energy (E=mc2). Ans : mass
12. An atomspcontains suchspas protons, neutrons and __________. Ans : electrons
esteiptsips esteipti s esteipti s esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
13. __________ haves
b
c c considerable
b s
b
c c mass.
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb s
b
c :c Protons and
Ans b s
b
c cneutrons
b cbcsbs
14. __________ does not have a considerable mass. Ans : Electrons
ss s the number
teiptsipof ss sips neutrons sipsan atom tiseiptcalled
s s its __________. ss teiptsips: masssb ss
esteiptip15. The esum
s esteiptip of protons
esteiptand esteiptof es ip esteiptip esAns esteiptip
number e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc cbcsbs
16. The mass of an atom is measured in __________ (amu). Ans : atomic mass unit
17. The mass sof a proton orsneutron is approximately __________. s Ans : 1 amu
e teiptsips e teiptsip e teiptsip e teiptsips e teiptsips s
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e teiptsips sps
steipti
s
cbcb s 18. cAn s s
bcb__________ s
b s
cbcwhich contains s
cbcb6 protonscand
s s
bcb 6 neutrons.
s cbcsbs cbcsbs s
cb : isotopecbof
s
Ans
cb csbecarbon e
cbcsbs
19. __________ is unified atomic mass. Ans : Amu
s Isotopic
teiptsip20. ps
teiptsicharacter of tsips
teiphydrogen iptsips
iset__________. teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips ptsips: 1H1, 1eHst2ei,pt1sipHs3
teiAns
es es es s e es es es es e
cbcsb cbcsb
21. Relative
bcsb cbc
atomicc mass of an element
sb sb
cbc between cthe
is the ratio
bcsb
average mass
s
b
cbc of its isotopes s
b
cbc to 1/12thcpart bcsb
of the cbcsbs
mass of a carbon–12 atom. It is otherwise called __________. Ans : Standard Atomic Weight
s
teiptsip22. ps
teiptsiAtomic sipsonly a ratio,
teiptis teiptsipsos it hassbe__________.
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips Ans :sbeno sips
teiptunit
es Relative
es Masses es s es es es s e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc sb b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc cbcsbs
23. If the atomic mass of an element is expressed in grams, it is called as __________.
Ans : Gram Atomic Mass
ss s
eiptsip Mass sips s
tsip1g. ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip24. Gram estatomic teipt__________
esof esteip= esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptipAns : b esteiptip
Hydrogen e
25. Gram atomic mass of __________ = 12g. Ans : Carbon
s26.
s Gram tatomic
s s mass of s__________
s =s 14g.
s ss ss ss s sAns : Nitrogenpsips
eteiptip e eiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t e
cbcsbs 27. Gramcbcsbsatomic mass
cbcsbsof __________
cbcsbs = 16g.cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bc
Ans : Oxygen cbcsbs
28. Atomic mass of __________ = 1. Ans : Hydrogen
ss sips ss ss ss ss ss ss teiptsips
eteiptip29. Atomic
eteiptmass eteiptip
of b__________ eteiptip
= 12. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ansbc:sbe
Carbon e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs
30. Atomic mass of __________ = 14. Ans : Nitrogen

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

31. Atomiciptmass of __________ = 16.ipts Ans : Oxygen
esteiptsips este sips esteiptsips este ips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
32. Atomic bcsb
mass ofc __________ b s
b
c=c 23. b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b sb
c c: Sodium
Ans cbcsbs
33. Atomic mass of __________ = 24. Ans : Magnesium
ss sips of __________ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip34. Atomicesteiptmass esteiptip esteiptip
=sb32. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans b:csbSulphur
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c cbcsbs
35. The natural abundance of C-12 and C-13 are __________ . Ans : 98.90% and 1.10%
36. The average of the atomic mass of carbon is __________ amu.sps Ans : 12.011
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips eteipti
ss
eteiptip e
s
cbcb s
cbcbaverage ofcbthe
37. The s
cb atomic mass s
cbcb of Hydrogen s
cbcbis __________cbcbsamu.
s cbcsbs s
cbcb s cbcsb:s1.008
Ans cbcsbs
38. The average of the atomic mass of Helium is __________ amu. Ans : 4.003
ss teiptsips of the s
eiptsip mass sips teiptsips ss ss ss eiptsip
s
eteiptip39. The eaverage etatomic eof
teiptLithium is e
__________ eteiptip
amu. eteiptip eteiptip Ans :et6.941 e
40. The average of the atomic mass of Beryllium is __________ amu. Ans : 9.012
sip41.
s The average sips of the tatomic
sips mass of Boron
sips is __________sips amu. s s
teiptsips sips Ans : t1.008
iptsips
e ti
e pt e tei pt e i
e pt e ti
e pt e tei pt eteiptip e e ti
e pt e e e
cbcsbs 42. Mass cbcsbsof 8O16 isotope
cbcsbs is __________.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b s s
Ansc :c15.9949
b cbcsbs
43. % of abundance 8O16 isotope is __________. Ans : 99.757
ss s17
eiptsi8pO isotope
s
tsip__________. ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip44. Mass estof esteipis esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ans b:cs16.9991
esteiptip e
45. % of abundance O17 isotope is __________.
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b
Ans : 0.038
cbcsbs
8
46. Mass of 8O18 isotope is __________.
ss s s ss ss ss ss sAns : 17.9992 ss
eteiptip eiptsip
sbestabundance eiptsip
et18 eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eet i ptsi p eteiptip e
cbcsbs 47. % cbcof cbcs8bOs is __________.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb:s0.205
Ans cbcsbs
48. Except noble gases, atoms of most of the elements are found in the combined form with itself or atoms of
other elements. It is called as a __________. Ans : molecule
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips psips
sbestei t e
cbcsb sb s
b
49. Acbcmolecule is cabccombination s
b
cbcof two or more s
b
cbc held together s
b
cbc by strong s
b sb
cbc chemical __________
cbc in
cbcchemical cbcsbs
bonds. Ans : forces of attraction
esteiptsip50.
s If thetimolecule
es eptsip
s is made
esteiptsipsof similar
esteikind
ptsips of atomsesteipthen
tsips it is called
esteiptsip__________
s
esteiptsimolecule.
ps esteiptsips : homoatomic
Ans
esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c molecule that
51. The b s
b
c c consist ofcatoms bcsb b s
b b s
b
c c elementsc isc called __________
of different b
ccsb b s
b
c c
molecule. b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : hetero atomic molecule
ss teiptsips a s__________.
iisptsip ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip52. The ecompound
s NHe3ste esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptipAns : bhetero
esteiptipatomicbcmolecule
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c csb c sb cbcsbs
53. The number of atoms present in the molecule is called its __________. Ans : atomicity
54. Number ofs atoms are present in Monoatomic is __________. Ans : 1
esteiptsips esteiptsip esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
esteipti:p2 e
s
cbcb 55. Number
cbcb of atoms
s cbcbare present
s cbcinb Diatomic c.isbcb
s s cbcsbs
__________. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcbAns
s cbcsbs
56. Number of atoms are present in triatomic is __________. Ans : 3
ss ps atoms eare ps tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss tsips : moresethan
teiptsips3
eteiptip57. Number iptsiof
beste tiptsipresent
bcsbse
in Polyatomic
bcsbese
is __________.
bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip Ans
eteip e
cbcsbs 58. An cbcsexample c c c
of mono atomic molecule is __________. c cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : Helium
cbcbs (He) cbcsbs
59. An example of Di atomic molecule is __________. Ans : Hydrogen (H )
s
teiptsip60. teiptsips of Trisbeatomic
teiptsips molecule s
teiptissip__________.teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips tei ptsips tei ptsip2s
b
cc s
b es An
b
cc example
s
b es b
cc s ccb s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes b
cc s
b es cbcsbs Ans : Ozone
e
cbcsbs (O3)
e e
cbcsbs
61. An example of poly atomic molecule is __________. Ans : Sulphur (S8)
s62.
s An example s s of __________ s s molecule s sis hydrogen schloride.
s ss ss Ans s :s hetero atomic ss
c bcsb bcsb
c relative molecular
63. The c bcsb bcsb bcsb
mass cof a moleculecis the ratio between c bcsb bcsb
c of one molecule
the mass c bcsb c bcs
of the substance
b to cbcsbs
1./12th mass of an atom __________. Ans : carbon – 12
ss sps teiptsipsis onlysbeaste
iptsips It hasse__________.
teiptsips ss ss ss sips
eteiptip64. Relative
eteiptimolecularemass ratio. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ansbc:sbeno
teiptunit e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs
65. If the molecular mass of a compound is expressed in grams it is called __________.
Ans : gram molecular mass
ss eiptsip
s sps ss ss ss ss ss eiptsip
s
eteiptip66. Grametmolecular eteiptiof
mass eteiptip is 18 bg.
__________ eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans : twater
e e
67. Gram molecular mass of __________ is 44 g. Ans : carbon di oxide

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

68. Gram molecular mass of __________ is 17 g. ipts Ans : ammonia
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e ste ips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c molecular
69. Gram b s
b b
c cmass of __________
cc s
b b sb
c c g.
is 36.5 b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
c : HCl
c Ans cbcsbs
70. The __________ is obtained by adding together the relative atomic masses of all the atoms present in a
ss psips psips psips psips psips psips psips iptsips
esteiptip molecule.
sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t Ans : relative
sestei t molecular
sestemass e
71. Molecules are __________. Ans : less reactive
s72.
s Atomstipare
tsips__________.
tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips ss ss Anss: shighly reactive
psips
eteiptip bese is thec__________
bcsbese bcsbese of an celement.
bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t e
cbcsbs 73. An cbcsatom cparticle cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bc
Ans : smallest cbcsbs
74. A __________ is the smallest particle of an element or compound. Ans : molecule
ss ss tiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
bcsbesea __________. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip: chemical
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 75. Atom
cbcsbsdoes notchave cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbAns cbcsbs bond cbcsbs
76. Atoms in a __________ are held by chemical bonds. Ans : molecule
s The __________
teiptsip77. teiptsips s tsips s tsips atoms s ps particles s
es es eiptsipamount
isestthe of
esteipsubstance esteiptsip
that contains as
es many
teip es eiptsip
tor molecules esteiptsiother
or esteiptsipas e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c are atoms
there b sb b s
b
c cin exactly 12c gc of the carbon–12 b
cc s
b cc
isotope.b s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
c c : mole
Ans cbcsbs
78. __________ was proposed the Avogadro number. Ans : Amedo Avogadro
ss sips iptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip79. Amedo esteiptAvogadro estean
is esteiptip
__________. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteipti:pItalianbcsScientist
Ans esteiptip e
80. Value of Avogadro number is __________. Ans : 6.023 × 1023
ss teiptsipsof substance ss teiptsips ss ss ss s s 23 ss
eteiptip81. One emole eteiptipcontainse__________. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptipAns : b6.023
eteipti×p 10 molecules
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
82. Standard molar volume at STP = __________. Ans : 22.4 litres
83. STP means __________. Ans : Standard Temperature and Pressure
esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips ss
esteiptip e
cbcsb c bcsb c bcsb
84. Standard Temperature is __________. c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s b sb
Ans : 273.15 K
c c cbcsbs
85. Standard Pressure is __________. Ans : 1.00 atm
s
teiptsip86. teiptsipsof an element
teiptsipscontains ptsips s sips s teiptsips teiptsips
es One mole
es es estei6.023 ×10-23es eiptsip andbsitbesis
tatoms teiptequal to itses eiptsip
t__________. e
s es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cc b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : gram atomic mass
87. One mole of matter contains 6.023 ×10 -23 molecules and it is equal to its __________.
estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips e stei ptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip Ansb:csbgram
ss
esteiptipmolecular iptsips
estemass e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c c bcsb cbcsbs
88. One mole of oxygen contains 6.023×10-23 molecules of oxygen and its gram molecular mass is
__________. Ans : 32 g
s
cbcb 89. One
s
cbcbmole of any s
b occupies
cbcgas s
b
cbc__________ s s
cbSTP. This cvolume
cbat bcb s
cbcbas molar volume.
is called
s
cbcb s
cbcb cbcsbs
Ans : 22.4 litre (or) 22400 ml
ss sps moles =tei__________.
ss ss ss ss ss teiptsips/ Atomic iptsips
eteiptip90. Number
eteiptiof e ptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans :eMass etemass e
91. Number of moles = __________. Ans : Mass / Molecular mass
92. Number sof moles = __________. Ans : Number of atoms / Avogadro number
esteiptsips esteiptips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
93. Number
cc b
of moles
sb
c c = __________. b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
c c Ans : Number b s
b
c c of molecules b s
b
c c / Avogadro b s
b
c cnumber cbcsbs
94. The __________ of a compound represents the mass of each element present in 100 g of the compound.
esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptipAns : percentage
eteiptip composition
eteiptip e
95. In 1811 Avogadro framed a __________. Ans : hypothesis
96. Equal volume of all gases under similar conditions of temperature and pressure contain sequal numbers of
estiptsips molecules.
e esteiptsipsThis issecalled
steiptsips__________.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips Ans :sAvogadro
esteiptips Hypothesis
eteiptip
s
e
s
cbcb s
cbcb cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb s
cbcb cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs
97. V = __________ is stated that Avogadro hypothesis. Ans : constant × n
ss teiptsip=s __________. ss ss ss ss ss ss tsips3
eteiptip98. One elitre eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans :e1te
ipdm e

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

99. One litre of hydrogen contains theip__________ number of molecules as in one litre of oxygen. Ans : same
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c volume ofcthe
100. The b s
b b
c gas is __________
cc s
b b s
b b sb
c c number of cmolecules
to the c b sb
c c gas.
of the b sb b s
b
c c: directly proportional
Ans cc cbcsbs
101. One molecule of hydrogen is react with one molecule of chlorine to give 2 molecules of __________.
ss psips psips psips psips psips psips Ansest:eiphydrogen
sips ss
esteiptip sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t s t esteiptip
schloride e
102. Avogadro explains __________. Ans : Gay–Lussac's law
s103.
s Avogadro s shelps in the psidetermination
ps psipof
s __________. psips ss s s Ans t:eipatomicity
ss of gases
eiptsip
s
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip e tip bestgases e
cbcsbs 104. Avogadro
cbcsbs c bc
derived the __________.c bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbsAns : molecular
cbcsbs formula cbcsof cbcsbs
105. Avogadro determines the relation between __________ and __________.
ss psips psips psips psips psips Ansest:eipmolecular
sips ss sps
eteiptip sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t s t esteiptip vapourse
smass, density
steipti e
106. Avogadro helps to determine __________ (22.4 lit at STP). Ans : gram molar volume of gases
107. The relative molecular mass is thepratio betweenps the mass of pone molecule pof the gas or pvapour
esteiptsips __________.
esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips estei tips estei tsips estei tsipsAns : one
es tsips tosmass
tei atom e
of
teiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb of
cchydrogen
b b s cbcsbs
108. __________ is defined as the ratio of mass of a certain volume of a gas or vapour to the mass of an equal
ss volumeipof s shydrogen, measured
ss under s sthe sameteipconditions
ss of itemperature
ss and s spressure.tei
ptsips
esteiptip estetip esteiptip esteiptip es tip esteptip esteiptip es esteiptsips e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsbAns : Vapour
c bcsbdensity cbcsbs
109. VD = __________. Ans : Relative molecular mass / 2
ss eiptsip
eteiptip110. VDbcsb
=et__________. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans :bcRMM
eteipti/p2 e
cbcsbs c s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs
111. VD = __________. Ans : Molecular weight / 2
112. 2 × VDp= __________. Ans : RMM
esteiptsips estei tsips psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e teiptsips psips
sbestei t e
cbcsb c bcsb c bc c
113. Gram molar mass of __________ = 18 g. bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb s c bc
Ans : water cbcsbs
114. Gram molar mass of CO = __________. Ans : 44 g
tei ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips2 ptsips
tei=308 teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips s
teiptsipAns teiptsip)s
es 115. Gram es molar Mass e
of
s __________ es g. es es es es : Ca e(PO
s e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b s
b
c c3 4 2 cbcsbs
116. Gram Molar mass of H2SO4 = __________. Ans : 98 g
esteiptip117. Atomicity
esteiptipof __________
esteiptip = 2. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip : Chlorine
esteiptip Ans b esteiptip e
118. Atomicity of __________ = 2. Ans : Nitrogen
119. Atomicityspof __________ = 2. Ans : Oxygen
esteiptsips esteipti s esteiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
s
cbcb bcsb bcsb
120. Atomicity of __________ = 3.
c c c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs s
cbcb s c bcsb
Ans : Ozone cbcsbs
121. Atomicity of __________ = 4. Ans : Phosphorous
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip = 8.bcsbesteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ans b:csbSulphur
eteiptip
cbcsbs 122. Atomicity
cbcsbs of __________
e
cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs
123. __________ is made up atoms. Ans : Matter
s An atom
teiptsip124. teiptsipiss no longer sips
teipt__________. teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips s : indivisible
teiptsipAns teiptsips
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
2 cbcsbs
125. E = __________. Ans : MC
126. The mass of an atom s is measured ins s__________s (amu). Ans : s atomic mass unit
e sti
e ptsips estei ptsips esteiptips esteiptip esteiptip
s ss
esteiptip esti
e ptsips esti
e ptips ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb b sb
127. Relative
c c b sb
atomicc mass is measured
c c bcsb b sb
in __________
c c (amu).
c bcsb c bcsb b sb
Ans : cStandard Atomic
c b sb
c Weight
c cbcsbs
128. Atomic mass of an element is expressed in terms of grams is called __________. Ans : Gram Atomic Mass
ss teiptsips of atoms sps s
teiptsipone ss ss teiptsips ss ss
eteiptip129. The enumber eteiptipresent inethe eteiptipof an element
molecule eteiptip is callede__________. eteiptipAns : bAtomicity
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs
130. Avogadro number is denoted as __________. Ans : N
eteiptip131. STP eisteipequal

tsips to __________, __________. psips Ans e:st273.15
iptsips K, 1.00 tipatm
ss ss tiptsips tiptsips ss tsips
esteiptip bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip sbestei t bcsb e bcsbese e
cbcsbs 132. Atomicity
cbcsbs is equal cbcsbto c
__________.
c cbcsbs cbcAns c c
: Molecular Mass / Atomic Mass
cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips es ptsips

teiAdditional e–te
s ptsips the following
iMatch esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b
1.
b
cc
1.
s
b b
cc s
b
Mono atomic molecule
b
cc s
b
(a)
b
cc s
b
O2, N2
b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
2. Di atomic molecule (b) He, Ne
ss 3. este s
ptsipatomic
Tri molecules s sips iptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip i t
ese i pt i p ese (c)
t i pt P4 este esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c
4.
bcsb c
Tetra atomic
bcsb
molecule c bcsb
(d)
b
Oc3 csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans :
ss teiptsips atomicsbesmolecule
teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip 1 eMono etbeiptipHe, Nebcsbesteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
2 Di atomic molecule a O2, N2
3 Tri atomic molecules d 3O
ss s
teiptsip atomicsbemolecule
teiptsip tceiptsipPs ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip 4 eTetra e eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb s cbc s cbcsb s 4 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
2. 1. GMM of Water (a) 36.5 g
teiptsips 2. GMM
iptsips of CO iptsips teipt(b)
sips 18 g tipts s teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es este 2 te
es es ese ip es es es es e
b
cc s
b 3. s
b
c c GMM ofcAmmonia
b bcsb b
cc s
b (c) 44 s
b
c cg
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
4. GMM of HCl (d) 17 g
ss Ans : ps ips psips ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip etei t etei t esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c1bcsbsGMM of Water
cbcsbs c bcsb b 18 g c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
2 GMM of CO2 c 44 g
ss teiptsipsof Ammonia ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip 3 eGMM eteiptip etdeiptip17 g bcsbesteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
4 GMM of HCl a 36.5 g
3. 1. Atom (a) chlorine
esteiptsips esteiptsips eteiptip
ss
e teiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb 2.
cbc De–broglie
sb cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsbs and calcium
(b) argon cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3. Isobars (c) Tri atomic
4. Isotopes (d)s poly atomic
teiptsips teiptsips
5.bcsbsHydrogen teiptsips tei ptsip teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
cbcsbs (e) helium
es e es e es es es es es e
b
cc s
b c b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb sb b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
6. Ozone (f) 6.023 × 1023
7. Phosphorus (g) wave
ss iptsips ss sips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip 8. sese tAvogadro esteiptip
number i p
ese (h)
t t esteiptip
indivisible esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c
9.
bc b c
Mono atomic
bcsb c bcsb
(i)
c bcsb
homo di atomic
10. Di atomic (j) cl –35, cl –37
ss Ans e: te iptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
1 Atom h indivisible
2 De–broglie g wave
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e eiptip
t
csbes calcium cbcsbes eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c3bcsbsIsobars cbcsbs cbcsbsb argoncband cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4 Isotopes j cl –35, cl –37
5 Hydrogen
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiiptsiphomo
s diatomic
b
cc s
b b s
b
c6c Ozone c c b s
b b s
b
c c c tri atomic ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
7 Phosphorus d poly atomic
ss teiptsips ss ss ptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip 8 sesAvogadro esteiptip
number estfeiptip6.023 b×csbe
10
stei23 esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c bcsb c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
9 Mono atomic e helium
10 Di atomic a chlorine
ss ss teiptsips ss psips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip csbesSO2 eteiptip eteiptip
sbestei t Heisenberg eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 4. cbcsbs0.5 molecbof
1. cbcsbs cbc(a) cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
2. Uncertinity principle (b) 3.0115 × 10–23
ss 3. Atomic mass s s (c) s11.2 s lit tiptsips
eteiptip e iptsips
te e teipgtipof oxygen e teiptsips e teiptip psips
sbese unit cbcsbestei t
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 4.
cbcsb s Volume of
cbcs16
b s cbcsb s at STP (d)
cbcsb s atomic
cbcmass cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans :

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptsips s of SOtiptsips
teiptsipmole
1 es0.5
sbese2 esteiptsips besteptsips × 10es–23
i3.0115 teiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c2c Uncertinity cbcprinciple b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
a
b
ccsb
Heisenberg
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
3 Atomic mass d atomic mass unit
ss teiptsips of 16 s
tsipoxygen ptsips ptsips lit ss ss ss ss
esteiptip 4 esVolume esgteipof esteiSTP
at i11.2
cbeste esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Additional – Spot the error
ss ss tiptsips iptsips ss ss teiptsips iptsips ss
eteiptip esteiptip bcsbeseconsist cof eteiptip
beste of different eteiptip csbes atomic beste eteiptip e
cbcsbs 1. The
cbcsbmolecule cthat bcsatoms cbcsbs elements
cbcsbs is calledcbhomo cbcsmolecule. cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans: The molecule that consist of atoms of different elements is called hetero atomic molecule.
ss ss s
eiptsipexist binsbetwo
s
teiptsipallotropic ptsips theyesare s
teiptsipOxygen s
teiptsipozone. ss ss
eteiptip2. Oxygen
eteiptipgas doesetnot eteiforms eand eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cc s cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans: Oxygen gas exist in two allotropic forms they are oxygen and ozone.
ti
e ptsip3.s Ozone contains
tei ptsips three
tei ptsipoxygen
s atoms
ti
e ptsips and hencetei ptsipit
s is called tei p
homo
tsips di atomic tei ptsipsmolecule.teiptsips teiptsips
e e e e e e e e e e
cbcsbs s
b s
c c Ozone contains
Ans:
b b
cc s
b s s
b
three oxygen
b
cc s atoms cand
b s
b s
c hence it isc called
bcsb s b s
b s
homo ctric atomic molecule.b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
4. Hydrogen chloride is a homo diatomic molecule.
ss sps sps sps sps ss ss ss ss
esteiptip teipti
sbesHydrogen
Ans: pi
sbestei t is a hetero
chloride pi ipti
sbestei tdiatomic smolecule.
beste esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbc cbc cbc cbc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
5. Oxygen is a second most abundant element in the earth crust.
ss Ans: Oxygen
s s is a first smost
s abundant s selement in the
s s earth crust.ss ss ss ss
Additional – Assertion and Reason
ss ss ss ss s
ptsipmore sips sips ptsips of attraction.
ss
eteiptip1. eteiptip : A molecule
Assertion eteiptip is a combination
eteiptip ofbctwo
eteior eteiptheld
atoms eteiptby
together eteiforces
chemical eteiptip e
Reason : These are formed by chemical bonds.
a. A is right R is wrong b. A is wrong R is right
esteiptsips c.bsb eiptsip
Restexplains
s
A estei ptsips
estei ptsips
estei ptsips
d. bR e teiptsipsnot explain
does
s esteiptsipAs esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b c c b
ccsb bcsbc bcsb c csb c bcsb c b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (c) R explains A
2. Assertions: Homoatomic molecules are made up of atoms of thes same elements.
tei ptsips tei ptsip tei ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips s
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
e
cbcsb s Reason
c bcsbes : Hcl
c bcsconsist
bes of hydrogen
c bcse
b s and chlorine.
c bcsbes c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb e
cbcsbs
a. A is right R is wrong b. A is wrong R is right
ss c. R explains A d. R does not explains A
eteiptip teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips eteiptip
s tiptsips teiptsips
cbcsbs cbcbs es cbcbs es cbcbs es cbcbs es cbcbs es cbcsbs Ans :c(a) bcsbesAeis right cRbcsisbeswrong e
cbcsbs
3. Assertion : Ammonia is a molecule.
ss Reason s:ps Ammoniaspis a hetero atomic molecule.
eteiptip e teipti e teipti s e teiptsips ss
eteiptip b. bcA
ss
eteiptip eiptsip
bestright
s ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs a. s s
cbc A is right R
b s s
cbcis wrong
b cbc sb s cbcsbs c sbsis wrongcRbcsis cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
c. R explains A d. R does not explain A
Ansp:s (b) R explains A
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 4. sb
Assertion
ccb : one sb
c c mole of any
b sb
c cgas occupiesc 22.4
b b sb
c litres orc 22400 bcsb s
ml at cSTP.
bc b ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
Reason : one mole matter contains Avogadro number of particles.
ss a. A is sright
s R is wrong ss ss s s b. A isteipwrongs s R is tright ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es tip eseiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c.b sb
c R explainsc A
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb bcsb b
d.c R does notcexplain A c
csb bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (d) R does not explain A
s5.s
eteiptip
Assertion psips: The volume psips of theegas psipissdirectlyesproportional
psips to pthesipsnumber tof psimolecules
ps ofpthesips gas. teiptsips
cbcsbs bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbstei t bcsb tei t bcsbestei t bcsbesei t bcsbestei t cbcsbs
e e
cbcsbs
Reason :
c Equal volume of all gases contain equal number of molecules.
c c c c c c
a. A is right R is Wrong b. A is wrong R is right
ss c. R texplainsss A ss ss ss teiptsipsnot explain ss ss tiptsips
eteiptip e eiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip d. bcR edoes eteiptipA esteiptip bcsbese A e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbAns : (c) Rcexplains cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips

Additional – True
es
s False (IftipFalse
teiptsipor es
s
etsip give es
s
teiptsipCorrect
the esteiptsips
Statement esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. The sum of the number of protons and neutrons of an atom is called its atomic number.
Ans : False: The sum of the number of protons and neutrons of an atom is called its mass number.
esteiptip2. The este t
bcsbeseconsist cof beste of different
ete ete te atomicsbeste ete
cbcsbmoleculecthat bcsatoms cbcsbs elements
cbcsbs is calledcbhetero
csbes cbc molecule.
e
c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : True.
3. If a molecule contains more thansthree atomssthen it is called triatomicsmolecule.
e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptips e teiptips e teiptsips eteiptip
s ss
esteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
s
cbcb s cbcb: False: Ifcabcmolecule
Anss s s
b s contains
cbcb more than
s s cbcbthree atoms
s s cbcbthen it is called
s s cbcsbspoly atomic
cbcsbmolecule. cbcsbs cbcsbs
4. One mole of oxygen contains 6.023× 1023 molecules of oxygen and its gram molecular mass is
ss 32 g. s s ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
cbcsb:sTrue. cbcsbs
Ans e
5. The percentage composition of a compound represents the mass of each element present in 100 g of
the compound.
teiptsips teiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
b
cc s
b es c bcsbe:sTrue.
Ans bcsbese
c bcsbese
c bcsbese c bcsbese bcsbese
c bcsbese
c bcsbese c c
e
cbcsbs
6. One mole of any gas contains 22400cm3 at STP.
ss Ans : False
s s : One moles of
s any gas contains
ss 22400sml
s at STP. ss ss ss ss
esteiptip7. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs
Avogadro lawcb csbs not explains
does cbcsbs Gay Lussac’s
cbcsbs law. cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : False. Avogadro law explains Gay Lussac’s law.
s8.s Gay lussac s s law helps stos determine s gram
s molar s volume
s ofipall
tsipsgases.sesteiptsips ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip beste of all eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb:sFalse: Avogadro
Ans cbcsbs law helps cbcsbsto determine
cbcsbgram cbcsvolume
molar b
cbcgases. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
9. Relative molecular mass is equal to 4 times of vapour density.
ss Ans : tFalse:
iptsips Relativetipmolecular
tsips mass
tiptsipiss equal totip2tsiptimes
s of vapour
tiptsips density. tiptsips ss ss
eteiptip ee ese ee ee ee ee eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs molecular
10. Gram cbcsbmass cbcsbs phosphate
of calcium cbcsbs is 208 g.
Ans : False: Gram molecular mass of Calcium Phosphate is 308 g.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b b s
b
c c Additionalc –c Short answer b s
b
c c questions b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Define Mass number.
ss The esum s the number
teiptsipof ss sips neutrons sipsan atom tiseiptcalled
s s its mass ss ss ss
esteiptip s esteiptip of protons esteiptand esteiptof es ip esteiptipnumber. esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb
2. c bcs
Define
b
RAM. c
bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcs b c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Relative atomic mass of an element is the ratio between the average mass of its isotopes to 1/12th part of the
ss mass tof sa sCarbon–12 teiptsatom.
ips It isesdenoted
teiptsips as sA. It sis sotherwisetipcalled
s s as Standard s s Atomic tWeight.
ss ss
eteiptip e eiptip bcsbesof eteiptip e etip eteiptip e eiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbsAverage cmass cbcsb of the element
the Isotopes cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ar = 1
th of the mass of one Carbon atom
ss 12
s
eteiptip p
etei t
si p iptsips teiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip eteiptip
ss ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs 3. cbcsbs average
Define beste mas
cbcsatomic sbesan
cbcof cbcsbs
element. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
The average atomic mass of an element in the weighed average of the masses of its naturally occuring
isotopes. s
esteiptsips Averageesteiptsipatomic massesteiptsips = (Mass es
sips st
teiptof 1 Isotope es
sips
teipt× % abundance
e steiptsipsof 1st sIsotope)
e steiptsips + sbesteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb b
cc s
b ccb b b
cc b
cc s
b cbcsbs
(Mass of 2nd Isotope × % abundance of 2nd Isotope)
4. Calculatesthe abundance
s of C–12 and
s C–13 are 98.90% and s1.10% respectively.
e ti
e ptsips s
esteiptip
s
esteiptip
s s
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
s
esteiptip
s
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
cbcsb s c bcsb bcsb
c mass of Carbonc bcsb b98.9
csb  1.1
bcsb bcsb bcsb bcsb cbcsbs
Average atomic = 12 ×c c 
 + 13 × 
c c c
 100   100 
ss sps ss = 12 × 0.989 s+ 13 × 0.011sps
eteiptip eteipti eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptips eteipti
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcb = 11.868
s s cbcb+ 0.143 cbcsbs
s s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 12.011 amu.
5. Definepmolecule.
e teiptsips sips
tei t teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
cbcsb s csbes
Acbmolecule csbes
is acbcombination bcsb2es(or) morecbcatoms
cof sbes held together
e
cbcsbs by strong
e bcsbes of attraction.
cbcsbschemicalcforces
e
cbcsbs i.e.,
e
cbcsbs
chemical bonds.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

6. Differentiate
psips Homopand
sips Hetero atomic
psips molecule.
teiptsips ti t etei t psips etei t etei t teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b es bcsbese
cS.No. cbcsbs cbcsbsAtomic cbcsbs
Homo b
ccsbes b s
b es
c c HeterocAtomicbcse
b s b
cc s
b es e
cbcsbs
1. The molecule is made of similar kind of atoms, The molecule that consist of atoms of different
esteiptipthen itbis ecalled
teiptsipsHomosbatomic
esteiptip molecule.
eselements
teiptsips is scalled
esteiptipHeterobcsatomic
esteiptip molecule.
esteiptip s esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b
c2.csb sb
eg: Hc2, Cl2, N2
c c bc c b
b s
sb
b
c eg: NH3, cHCl
c
c bc b c b c bcsb cbcsbs
7. Define homotriatomic smolecule. Give
s an example.
ss s psip psip s psip psip psips psips psips psips
eteiptip Ozoneetei t tei t tei t etei t it
beste triatomic etei t ti t
bcsbeseO3. etei t
cbcsbs containscbthree
csbes oxygencbatoms
csbes and hence cbcsbs it is called cbcshomo cbcsbsmolecule.cEg.:
e
8. Define polyatomic molecule. Give an example.
ss If a molecule containssmore than three atoms, then it is called polyatomic molecule. Eg.: P4s, s S.
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptip 8 ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs 9. Draws
b s
cbc the structure s s
cbc of HCl cand
b sb s
bc H2O. cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs
O
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
H Cl H H
esteiptip HCl esteiptip
(Hydrogen esteiptip
Chloride) esteipWater (H O)esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb b
c2csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
10. Define Relative Molecular Mass.
ss The Relative MolecularsMass of a molecule is the ratio between the mass of one molecule ofsthe substances to
eteiptip te tsips of an
ipmass tiptipsof Carbon–12.
e teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptips tiptips
cbcsbs 1/12th
c s
bcb es s
bcb e
catom
s s
bcb es c s
bcb es c s
bcb es c s
bcb es c s
bcb es c bcsbese c
e
cbcsbs
11. Write the difference between atoms and molecules.
ss S.No.ps
ips Atom Molecule ps
eteiptip e tei t e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips i tips
beste of an
psips
sbestei t e
cbcsbs s
b s
cbc1. An atom s
b s
cbc is the smallest s
b s s
b
cbc particle ofcban s s
b s
c element. cbc A molecule s
b s
cbcis the smallest cbcsparticle cbcelement cbcsbs
or compound.
2. ipts
esteiptsips este ipAtom
s doestinot
es ptsipsexist in free
e es
state
teiptsip s except
esteiptin
sipsa noble Molecule
esteiptsips exists
esteipin
tsipfree
s a state.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b gas. c c
b sb ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
3. Except some of noble gas, other atoms are highly Molecules are less reactive.
ss sreactive.
c 4. Atom cdoes not havec a chemical bond. c bcsb sb sb sb s
c Atoms inc a molecule care held byc chemical
bc bc bc bc b cbcsbs
bonds.
s12.
s Define Mole.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
cbcsbs c b sb c b sb c b sb c b sb c b sb c bcsb c b sb
The mole is the amount of substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly
12g of the Carbon–12 Isotope.
s13.
s Define Avogadro
ss number.
ss eiptsip
s ss tiptsips ss tiptsips teiptsips
eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip best12g eteiptip bcsbese eteiptip bcsbeseis calledcbAvogadro
csbes e
cbcsbs cbcsbactual
The cbcsbs of atoms
number cbcsin cbcsbs
of Carbon–12 is cdetermined cbcsbs
experimentally.cThis cbcsbs
number and it is denoted as NA. It’s value is 6.023×1023.
esteiptsip14.
s How tto
es
calculate
eiptsip
s
e
the
steiptsipnumber
s oftipmoles
es etsip
s of a substance?
b
cc s
b s
b s
b
c c Number ofc cmoles of molecules.
b b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
 Number of moles of atoms.
 Number
ss
esteiptip esteiptsips of moles
esteiptsipofs a gas.sbesteiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb bcs
c Number ofc moles of Ions.
b cbc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
15. Define Mole.
One mole 23 atoms
ss
eteiptip teiptsipsof an element
teiptsips contains tei6.023×10
ptsips s s and it isteipequal
eteiptip tsips to itssesgram
tiptsipsatomic mass.
tiptsipsEg.: One mole
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs of se s
cbcoxygen
b s
contains
es 23s es
cbcb 6.023×10cbcbatoms of oxygen bcsbes atomic cmass
cbcsbs and itscGram bcb eis 16g. cbcsbese cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
16. Define Mole of molecules.
One mole 23
ss
eteiptip e teiptsipsof mattere teicontains
ptsips 6.023×10
e teiptsips molecules
iptsipsand itsse
beste
equal
teiptsipsto its gram molecular
ss
eteiptip
mass.
teiptsipsEg.: One mole
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs of s s
cbcoxygen contains
b s s s
cbc 6.023×10cbc molecules cofbcsoxygen
b 23sb cbsgram molecular
andcbits cbcsbs mass iscb csbes
32g. cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

17. Calculate the number of moles by different modes.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
Number
b of moles
b s b s
c c = Massc/cAtomic mass.
b b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
= Mass / Molecular mass.
sps =spNumber of atoms 23
ss
esteiptip eteipti e tei pti s e tei ptsips / 6.023×10
e tei ptsips . 23 esteiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs
s
cbcsb = Number s
cbcsbof molecules s
cbcsb/ 6.023×10cbcs.b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
18. Define Percent composition.
ss The percentage composition of the scompound represents the mass of each element present is 100g of sthe
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips eteiptip
s
e
cbcsbs compound.
s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
cbcb s s
19. State Avogadro’s law.
Equal volumes of all gases under similar conditionss of temperature and pressure contain equal number of
sips sips sips sips sip sips sips sips ss
e teip t i
molecules.
e te pt e tei pt e tei pt e tei pt e tei pt e tei pt e tei pt eteiptip e
20. Define vapour density.
Vapour density is the ratio of the mass of a certain volume of gas or vapour to the mass of an equal volume
s s ss ss s ss ss ss ss ss
estei pt i p of hydrogen
esteiptip measured eiptsip conditions
esteiptipunder theestsame esteiptipof temperature
esteiptip and pressure.
cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs
Additional – Long answer questions
ss sps eiptsip
s ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip1. esteiptiAvogardo
Explain esthypothesis. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
The volume of any given gas must be propostional to the number of molecules in it. If ‘V’ is the volume, ‘n’ is
the number of molecules of a gas, then Avogadro law is represented mathematically as follows.
ss iptsiapsn ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteV eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbsV = Constant cbcsbs × n. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Thus one litre (1 dm3) of hydrogen contains the same number of moecules as in one litre of oxygen. i.e., the
ss volume sipsthe gas isteipdirectly
pof sips propostional psips to the sips
pnumber of e psips of the
molecules sips
pgas. psips psips
eteiptip sbestei t sbes t sbestei t sbestei t sbstei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs c bc c bc c b c c bc c bc c
Explanation : Let us consider the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine to form hydrogen chloride gas.
bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl(g)
esteiptsips es
(g)
te s
iptsip (g) es
s
teiptsip 2 volumes.esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b ccb sb
According ccb sb
to Avogadro's b sb
law,c 1c volume of cany b sb
c gas is occupied b sb
c c by 'n' number ccb sb ccb sb
of molecules. ccb sb cbcsbs
'n' molecules + 'n' molecules → 2n molecules
ss if 'n' =tip1ts then,
esteiptip ese ip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb 1 molecule b sb
c + 1 molecule
c b sb
c → 2 molecules.
½ molecule + ½ molecule → 1 molecule.
ss 1iptsimolecule
ps oftiphydrogen
tsips chloride
iptsips gas issemade
teiptsipsup of s½ molecule
ss of chlorine.
s s Henceteipthe s smolecules scan
s
eteiptip beste bcsbeselaw obeys besteDalton'scbAtomic eteiptip eteiptip e tip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcssubdivided.
be cThis cbcsthe cbs Theory. cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
2. Write the applications of Avogadro's law.
ss  Itipexplains Gay i– lussac's law.ips
eteiptip e tetsips e teptsips etetip
s ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs s
cbc It helps incbthe
 s
b s
c determination
sb cbcsbs of atomicity
cbcsbsof gases. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 Molecular formula of gases can be derived from Avogadro's law.
 It determines the relation between molecular mass and vapour density.
esteiptsips tsips to determine
steiphelps
 sbeIt psips gramemolar
sbestei t
psips
sbstei t volumesbesof
sipsgases. (22.4
teiptall psips
sbestei t lit at STP)
psips
sbestei t esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc cbc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
SOLVED PROBLEMS
esteiptip1. Boron esteipnaturally esteiptip as abcmixture
occurs esteiptip of boron-10
esteiptip (5 protons
esteiptip + 5 neutrons)
esteiptip andbcsboron-11
esteiptip (5 esteiptip
protons e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c s
b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b c bcsb cbcsbs
+ 6 neutrons) isotopes. The percentage abundance of B-10 is 20 and that of B-11 is 80. Then, the
atomic mass of boron is calculated as follows :
eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip  20 esteiptip 80 esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c b sb c b sb c b sb
Solution : Atomic mass of Boron = 10 ×
c c c c bcsb
 + 11 × c bcsb
 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
 100   100 
ss s s ss = (10 × 0.20)s + (11 × 0.80)s

eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptips eteiptip
s ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
cbcsbs s
cbc = 2 + c8.8
s
b bcsb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 10.8 amu.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

2. Relative
esteiptsips es tsipmolecular
teipof s
es
mass s of sulphuric
teipt1sipatom es
acid (H2SO
teiptsips andsbe4steiptsips4) is calculated
esteiptsips
as follows:
esteiptsips
Sulphuric
es
acid conatins
teiptsips es
2
teiptsips e
b
cc s
b atoms
b
cc s
b hydrogen,
b
cc s
b b
ccof
s
b sulphur b
cc atoms of
ccbsoxygen.
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Solution : Therefore, Relative molecular mass of sulphuric acid
s = (2×mass of hydrogen) + (1×mass of sulphur) + (4×mass of oxygen)s
ss s ss sips sips sips ptsips ptsips s
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip estei p=
t (2 × 1) +
estei pt
(1 × 32) + (4
esti
e p×
t 16) estei e stei esteiptip e
= 98.
1
ss i.e.,
s sone molecule s sof H2SO4teipistsip98
s times as heavy
s s as ttheiptsipofs the massteipof
s sa carbon t–eipt12.
ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e tip e ip eteiptip
cbcsb12s
e e e
3. Relative molecular mass of water (H2O) is calculated as follows: A water molecule is made of 2 atoms
of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
ss psips teiptsips molecularpsips sps psips psips psips psips
eteiptip sestei t : So, the
Solution sesrelative steipti
sestei t mass ofsewater sestei t sestei t sestei t sestei t e
cbcsbs c

bcb cbcb cbcb = (2 ×cmass
bcb cbcb + (1 × cmass
of hydrogen)
bcb cbcb
of oxygen) cbcb cbcsbs
= (2 × 1) + (1 × 16)
esteiptsips ss
esteiptip esteiptsips es tsips18. sesteiptsips
teip= esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcb b s
c c1b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
i.e., one molecule of H2O is 18 times as heavy as of the mass of carbon – 12.
12th
ss s
teiptsipmass s s composition s s of methane s s (CH ). iptsips ss ss ss
esteiptip4. Findesthe percentage
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip 4ste
e esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb
Solution : c bcs
Molar
b bcsb bc
mass of cCH4 = 12 +c 4 = 16 g. c
sb bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
12
Mass % carbon = s × 100
ss s s s s s 16 teiptsips teiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip e teipti
e p e teipti
e p teipti p e eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
cbcsbs cbcsbs = 75%.cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4
ss Mass % p of hydrogen p=s × 100
eteiptip e teiptsips e tei tsips e tei tips16 sbesteiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 25%.
5. Calculation of molar mass.
esteiptsips Calculate
esteiptsipsthe gram es tsips mass
teipmolar es
s following.
ptsipthe
teiof esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b sb
c c H O.
i) ccb sb b
cc sb ccb sb ccb sb b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
2
Solution :
ss teiptsips masses ptsipHs = 1, Oesteip= tsips16. sesteiptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip eAtomic
s esteiof esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb b csb
c Gram molar bcsb
c mass of H cO b csb bc b
= (1 ×c2) + (16 × 1)c
bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
2
= 2 + 16
ss Gram s s
pi molar mass s s
pi of H2O esteip= sips18 g. psips psips ss ss ss
eteiptip sbestei t
p
sbestei t
p
sb t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c bc
ii) CO2. c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Solution :
ss Atomics s massesteiof sCs = 12, O teip= s s16. ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip es ptip es tip esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbGram c b sb
molar mass of CO2
c c bcsb c b sb
= (12 × 1) + (16 × 2)
c c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 12 + 32
teiptsips Gram
tiptsip molar mass
s tiptsipof CO2 tip=
s tsips44 g. tiptsips tiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es ese ee ee ee ee e e e e
b
cc s
b cbcsbCa
iii) cbcsbs
3(PO4)2.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
Solution :
eAtomic
teiptsips massesesteiof
ptsipCa
ss s = 40, Ptip=tsip30,
s O = 16. ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip s ese esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb
c Gram molar bcsb bcsb
c mass of Cac(PO ) = (403 4 2
bcsb bcsb
c × 3) + [30c+ (16 × 4)] × b
c2csb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
= 120 + (94 × 2)
ss s s s s s = 120 +ti188
s ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteipti p esteipti p esteipti p eseptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbGram c b sb c b sb
molar mass of Ca3(PO4)2 = 308 g.
c c c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
6. Calculation based on number of moles from mass and volume.
ss sps eiptsip
s ss sips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip steipti
i) sbeCalculate theetnumber eteiptip in 46bcsgbesof
of moles teiptsodium? eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc Solution c: bcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptsips e teiptsips of moles

Number
s esteiptsips= Mass
es
s the element
teiptsipof e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b bcsb
cAtomic mass of b sb
c element c c
c the bsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
46
ss s s =
esteiptip ese tiptip estei ptsips 23 esteiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsb c bcsb bcsb bc
= 2c moles of sodium.
c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
ii) 5.6 litre of oxygen at S.T.P
ss ss :
Solution ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs b sb b sb
Given volume of O2 at S.T.P
c c c c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Number of moles =
Molar volume at S.T.P
ss ss iptsips s s 5.6 ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip beste of oxygen eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbsNumber cofbcsmoles cbcsbs = 22.4cbcsbs
e
= 0.25 mole of oxygen.
esteiptsips steiptsip
iii) eCalculate s the es eiptsip
tnumber s
esteiptsipsof a sample
of moles esteiptsipsthat contains
esteiptsips 12.046 es
ps23 atoms
eiptsi10
t× esteipof s
tsipiron? esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b sb
c c Solution c: c b s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b cbcsbs
Number of atoms of iron
Number of moles =
ss iptsips iptsips Avogadro's
iptsips number iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips iptsips
esteiptip ete ete este este ete ete ete ete e
c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb × 1023 cbcsb
12.046 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
=
6.023 × 1023
ss ps ips psips= 2 moles psiron. eteiptsips
psiof psips psips ss ss
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 7. c bc c bc c bc c bcsbs
Calculation of mass from mole. Calculate the mass of the following c bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
i) 0.3 mole of aluminium (Atomic mass of Al = 27)
ss ss :
Solution ss ss psips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip sestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbMass of Al cbcb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Number of moles =
Atomic mass of Al
Mass
teiptsips= No.sbe
oftip
teiptsips teiptsips emoles
tsips × atomicteiptsipmass
s teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b So, masssb
c c of Al = 0.3
b c c × 27
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
= 8.1 g.
ss ii) Calculate the number of moles s sin 46 g of sodium?
esteiptip teiptsips : sbesteiptsips
eSolution
s esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
Molecular mass of SO2 = 32 + (16 × 2)
= 32 + 32 = 64.
ss ss iptsips iptsips sipsSO at S.T.P tiptsips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip beste of SOc2bcsbe=ste Given volume tiptof
bcsbese bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbsNumber cofbcsmoles cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
2
c c
Molar volume of SO2 at S.T.P
2.24
etNumber
s of moles
eteiptipof SO2bcsbe=steipt22.4
ss eiptsip ss sips ss ss ss ss ss
= 0.1 mole.
Mass
teiptsips i ptsips Number i pof
tsipsmoles =teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es este este es Molecular mass
es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb ccb sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Mass = No. of moles × molecular mass
Mass = 0.1 × 64
ss s s Mass s s SO =tip6.4
of sipsg. ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip t
ese i pt ip t
ese i pt i p 2 sbeset esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bc s
b bcsb
c 1.51 × 10c23 moleculesc of water c
iii)
bc bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Solution :
ss Molecular
ss mass s of s H O = 18 ss sps ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip 2 bcsbesteiptip steipti
csbemolecules esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c Number cbof bcsbwater
cof cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Number of moles =
Avogadro's number
23
ss
teiptsips teiptsips =tip1.51 sips × 1023teiptsips
tsips × 10sest/eipt6.023 ss ss ss
eteiptip e e e e e eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs s
cbc
b s cbcsb s s s
cbc = 1/4 cbc
b b cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

= ip0.25 mole. ipts
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips este ips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc
Number of moles =
s
b Mass
b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Molecular mass
ss ss s s 0.25 = mass tsips / 18sesteiptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Massbcsbe=steip0.25 ×c18 esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Mass = 4.5 g.
iv) 5 × s 1023 molecules of glucose?s
ss iptsip iptsips s ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip e t
Solution
e : e te eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs s
cbcb s s
cbcb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Molecular mass of glucose = 180
Molecular mass × number of particles
ss s s Mass sp ofs glucose =sps s ss ss ss ss
eteiptip p
estei t i p p
estei t i p
estei ti eiptsip
estAvogadro's esteiptip
number esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= (180 × 5 × 1023) / 6.023 × 10 . 23
= 149.43 g.
teiptsip8.s eteiptsips
Calculation based ete iptsips iptsips
esteatoms/molecules.
ete iptsipsete iptsips
ete iptsips teiptsips teiptsips
cbcsbson number cbcsbof
es e e e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
i) Calculate the number of molecules in 11.2 litre of CO2 at S.T.P
Solution :
ss teiptsips ss ss sipsS.T.P ss ss ss ss
esteiptip es esteiptip esteiptip Volume
esteiptat esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb b
Number
c csb b sb
of moles cof CO2 = c
Molar volume
= 11.2 / 22.4
ss teiptsips tiptsips tiptsip=s 0.5 mole.tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip e bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcsbs Numbercof c c c
molecules of CO2 = number of moles CO2 × Avogadro's number. c c c cbcsbs
= 0.5 × 6.023 × 1023.
23
ss
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsip=
s 3.011 t×ipts10
e e ips molecules iptsipof
s CO2. tiptsips
bestegold (Atomic ee teiptsips teiptsips
cbcsbs sb s
cbc Calculatecbthe
ii)
sb s
c numbercof sb s
bc atoms present sb s
cbc in 1 gram cbcsof cbcsbs mass ofcbAu csbes= 198) cbcsbes e
cbcsbs
Solution :
Mass of Au × Avogadro's number
esteiptsips es ptsips
teiNumber steiptsipsof Au sbe=steiptsips
of atoms
e esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc sb ccb ccb s
Atomic
b mass of
b
cc s
Au
b b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb cbcsbs
1
Number of atoms of Au = × 6.023 × 1023
ss ptsips 198
esteiptip esteiNumber e teiptsips ete
s
iptip s
steg. iptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
c bcsb c bcsb bcsb s
cof atoms of Au csbe23
cbcsb=s 3.042 ×cb10 c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb e
cbcsbs
iii) Calculate the number of molecules in 54 gm of H2O?
ss Solution :
eteiptip e teiptsips psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t(Avogadro
sps
steipti
sbenumber
ptsips
sbestei mass)
psips
sbestei t
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs s
cbcb s c bc c
Number of molecules =
bc c bc ×cGiven
bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Gram molecular mass
No.s of 23 × 54 / 18.
ss s molecules sipofs water =teip6.023sips × 10 t23 iptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip t i pt i p t i pt t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsb cbcsb=s 18.069c×bcs10 bese molecules.
es e e e e e
iv) Calculate the number of atoms of oxygen and carbon in 5 moles of CO2.
Solution :
esteiptsips e
steiptsip1s mole sof
e s iptsip2scontains
CO
te es
sips of oxygen.
t2eiptmoles esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c  5 moles b b
c c of CO contains b s
b
c c 10 moles b s
b
c cof oxygen. c c b sb ccb sb ccb sb b
cc s
b cbcsbs
2
Number of atoms of oxygen = Number of moles of oxygen × Avogadro's number
ss
esteiptip e

stei ptsips estei ptsips est eiptsips= 10 ×es6.023
tei ptsips × 1023 esteiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb = 6.023
c bcsb × 1024 atoms
c b csb of oxygen.
 1 mole of CO2 contains 1 mole of carbon.
 5s moles of COs2 contains 5 moles of carbon.
ss iptsip No. ofsatoms iptsip of carbon iptsips= No. sof ptsips of carbon ss ss ss ss
eteiptip e te e te e t e eteimoles eteiptip× Avogadro'seteiptipnumber. eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcbs s cbcb s cbcbs s cbcbs c23bcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 5 × 6.023 × 10 .
= 3.011 × 1024 atoms of carbon.
eteiptip ete ete sbeste ete ete este eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 9. Calculation
cbcsbs based
cbcsbson molarcbcvolume. Calculate
cbcsbs the volume
cbcsbs occupied
cbcsbby: cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
i) 2.5 mole of CO2 at S.T.P.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Solution :
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccb s
b ccb s
b
Number of moles of CO =
b
cc s
Given
b volume atb
ccs
S.T.P
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
2 Molar volume at S.T.P
ss ss s
teiptsipmole s s Volume of s sCO at S.T.Ps s ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip es2.5 of estei2ptip= bcsbesteiptip 2 bcsbesteiptip
CO esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c 22.4 c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Volume of CO2 at S.T.P = 22.4 × 2.5
ss s s ss psip=s 56 litres. psips psips ss ss ss
eteiptip pi
sbestei t
p esteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c bc c bcs23
b
ii) 3.011 × 10 of ammonia gas molecules. c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Solution :
ss teiptsips teiptsips of moles s Number
teiptsip= teiptsof
ipsmolecules ss ss ss ss
eteiptip e Number
e e e eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc sb s cbc s b s cbc sb s sb s
cAvogadro's
bc cbcsbs
number cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 3.011 × 1023 / 6.023 × 1023.
teiptsips
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsip=
s 2 moles.teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
Volume
s
b b s
b
c c occupied cbycNH3 = b s
b
number
cc of moles b s
b
c c× molar volume b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
= 2 × 22.4
ss
tiptsips tiptsips tiptsip=s 44.8 litres
tiptsipsat S.T.P. tiptsips tiptsips ss ss
esteiptip ese ee ee ee ee ee esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsb14
iii) cbcsbs gas.
g nitrogen cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Solution :
ss ss Number
s s of moles s=s 14 / 28. ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip 0.5bcsmole
cbcsbs cbcsb = cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Volume occupied by N2 at S.T.P = no. of moles × molar volume
ss = 0.5 × 22.4
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips ss
esteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs s
b s
cbc = cbcsb s cbcsb s 11.2
cbcsblitres. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
10. Calculation based on % composition. Calculate % of S in H2SO4.
teiptsips Solution
tiptsip:s tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es ee e e e e e e e e e e e e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs b sb
cMolar
c s
mass ofb sb s b
c cH2SO4 = (1c ×s
b s b sb s b
c 2) + (32 ×c c1) + (16 × 4)
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
= 2 + 32 + 64
ss ss ss s s= 98 g teiptsips ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip es esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb b sb c b
c Mass of sulphur
c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
% of S in H2SO4 = × 100
Molar mass of H2 SO 4
ss ss ss ss sps ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip = 32bc×sbe100
steipti eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs% of S incbcHsb2SO 4 c
98 cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
= 32.65%.

UNIT
teiptsips tipTEST
bsbese
tsips -tsips7
tip
bsbese esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cc cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Time : 1.15 Hrs. Marks : 50
ss tsipsbest answer ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptipI. Choose esteip
the esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip (5bc×sbe1steip=tip5) e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c cbcsbs
1. Which of the following is a triatomic molecule?
ss a) Glucose
tiptsips psips b) Helium psips psips c) Carbondioxide
psips psips d) hydrogen psips ss
eteiptip sbese sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip e
The volume occupied by 4.4 g of CO2 at STP __________. c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) 22.4 lit b) 2.24 lit c) 0.24 lit d) 0.1 lit
ss s
eiptsip1 molebsof eiptsip
s sps__________. ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip3. Massetof etNitrogen eteiptiis
atom eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) 28amu b) 14amu c) 28g d) 14g

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

4. The gram
psipsmolecularpsimass
ps of oxygen
psips molecule
psipiss__________.
teiptsips ti t etei t ti t psips etei t ti t teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b es c bcsbese cbcsbs c bcsbese cbcsbs c bcsbese b
cc s
b es bcse
b s b
cc s
b es e
cbcsbs
a) 16g b) 18g c) 32g d) c17g
5. The volume occupied by 1 mole of a diatomic gas at STP is __________.
c bcsb a)
b csb
c 11.2 lit c bcsb bcsb
b)c 22.4 lit c bcsb bcsb
c)c 44.8 lit c bcsb sb
d) c5.6lit
bc c bcsb cbcsbs
II. Fill in the blanks (5 × 1 =sp5)
ss psips psips psips psips psips psips iptsips s
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e te eteipti e
The first scientific theory of the atom was proposed by __________. c bc c bc s
7. The sum of the number of protons and neutrons of an atom is called its __________.
cbcsbs 8. s
cbcsbnumber
The ofcbcsbs present
atoms sbsthe molecule
cbcin cbcsbsis called __________.
9. __________ was proposed the Avogadro number
s
teiptsip10. teiptsipsof substance s
teiptsipcontains teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b es One
b
cc s
b mole
es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b e__________.
s b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
ss teiptsips ss sips sips sips ss ss ss
esteiptip11. The esum
s esteiptip of protonsesteiptand esteiptof estiseiptcalled esteiptip number esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb of the
c bcs
number
b c bcsb c bcs
neutrons
b an atom
c bcsb its
c bcs
atomic
12. The molecule that consist of atoms of different elements is called hetero atomic molecule
ss ss ss iptsips atoms ss tiptsips psips ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip contains
eteiptip tthree
bcsbese eteiptip bcsbesetriatomic sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbs 13. Ifcbacsbmolecule cbcsbs more cthan cbcsbsthen it is ccalled cbcmolecule
e
14. One mole of oxygen contains 6.023 × 1023 molecules of oxygen and its gram molecular mass is 32 g
eteiptipIV. Matcheteithe eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip (4bc×sbe1steip=tip4) e
15. 0.5 mole of So2 (a) heisenberg
s
teiptsip16. teiptsips principle teiptsips tsips 3.0115
teip(b) s –23
tsip10
teip× teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es Uncertinity
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
17. Atomic mass (c) 11.2 lit
ss sips16g of oxygen ss tsips Atomic tsips unitsesteiptsips ss ss ss
esteiptip18. Volumeesteiptof esteiptip at STP esteip(d) esteipmass esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
ss s
ptsipeach tsips ss ss ss s ss
eiptsipa corresponding ss
eteiptipDirection:
eteiIn eteipfollowing
of the eteiptip a bstatement
questions, eteiptip of Assertion
eteiptip is givenetand eteiptip statement
eteiptipof e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a. If both As and R are true and R is thes correct explanation of A. s s

esteiptsips esteiptips esteiptsips esteiptips esteiptsips pip
sbestei t
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb b. bcsb bcsb bcsb bcsb
If both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c c c c c bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
b
cc s
b d. If bcs
c bothb A and R b s
c are
c false.
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
19. Assertion: A molecule is a combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical forces of attraction.
ss iptsips These ptsips tsips ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip Reason:t
bcsbese esteiare formed by
esteipchemical esteiptip
bonds. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
20. Assertion: Homoatomic molecules are made up of atoms of the same elements.
ss psip s Hcl consistss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip Reason:
sestei t eteiptip of hydrogen
eteiptipand chlorine.
21. Assertion: Ammonia is a molecule.
ss psip s Ammonia ss tsips molecule. ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip Reason:
sestei t eteiptipis a hetero
eteipatomic eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

s Write tthe
teiptsipVI. s ps following s s teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips (3 ×sbe1steip=tsip3)s
es es eiptsipanswer esteiptsithe
for esteiptsipquestions
es tsipword
teipin or esentence
s es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbc cbcsbs
22. Define atomicity.
23. Define Average atomics mass.
e stei ptsips estei ptsips esteiptip
s ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
cbcsb 24. Define
c bcsb atom. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
VII. Find thespodd one outsps s s (3 × 1teip=tsip3)s

esteiptsips esteipti s pi psips
sbestei t 40 c1bcsbe2stei t 3
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip eteiptip e e
s
cbcb c bcsb
35 37 c bc
40
25. 17Cl 17Cl , 18Ar 20Ca , 1H 1H 1H . cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
26. Fluorine, Hydrogen, Sulphur, Carbondioxide
ss ss tsips sps ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip27. Ammonia,
eteiptip Methane,
eteipSulphuric acid, eteiptip
eteiptiPhosphorus eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
VIII. Correct the mistakes
ti
e pts
i p s tei ptsips tei ptsips ti
e ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips tei ptsips ti
e ptsips (3 × 1teip=tsip3)s
e e e e e e e e e e
cbcsbs 28. The cbcsbmolecule
s that
cbcsbsconsist ofcatoms
bcsbs of different
cbcsbselementscbiscsbcalled
s homo
cbcsatomic
bs molecule.
29. Ozone contains three oxygen atoms and hence it is called homo di atomic molecule.
30. Oxygenpsis a second most abundantpselement in the earth crust.ps
ee tiptsips ti tips
ee tiptsips ee ti tips eetiptsips ti tips
ee tiptsips ee ee
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
eteiptip31. Define
eteipRelative atomic
eteiptipmass. bcsbesteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
32.
cbcsbs c cbcsbs
Write the different types of isotopes of oxygen and its percentage abundance.
33. Define Atomicity.
sips ps molar evolume
eiptsithe teiptsips of a sgas. ss ss ss ss ss ss
t
e 34.
ei pt What etis eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
35. Give any 2 examples of Homo and Hetero atomic molecules.
tei ptsip36.
s Find the percentage
tei ptsips tei p
of snitrogen in ammonia.
tsip tin ps
eiptsicalcium teiptsips (Atomic sips
teiptmass ptsips
teiO–16, teiptsips teiptsips
e s 37. e
Calculate
s the % ofeeach
s element es e
carbonate
s e s C–12,es e
Ca–40).s es e
b
cc sb ccb s
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc s
b cbcsbs
X. Write long answer fors the following questions s s s s (2 × 5 t=eipt10)

estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptips e stei ptsips esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip esteiptip es ip
ss
e
c bcsb bcsb
38. Calculate
c bcsb
the number
c b
of watercsb
c molecules presentc bcsb bcsb bcsb bcsb
in onecdrop of waterc which weighsc 0.18g. c bcsb cbcsbs
[OR]
ss s
teiptsipsalient ss sps tiptsips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip39 Giveethe eteiptip of Modern
features esteiptiAtomic theory.
bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 40. Derive
cbcsbs the relationship
cbcsbs between cbcsbVD c
and RMM.
[OR]
ss s
eiptsipApplications ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip41 Write
etthe eteiptipof Avogadro’s
eteiptiplaw. bcsbesteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e


b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptsips UNIT esteiptsips es

s
teiptsipPERIODIC
esteiptsips CLASSIFICATION
esteiptsips esteiptsips OF es
sips
teiptELEMENTS esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
8
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcs
Points
b c bcs
to Remember
ss Modern s s periodicteiplaw

sipsstates that, the physicalpand
s s chemical properties of thes selementsteipare
s sthe periodic
eteiptip esteiptip sbes tatomiccbnumbers. teiptsips etei tip
ss
eteiptip eteiptip e tip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs cbcsbfunctions of
cbctheir csbes cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
 The table in which elements are arranged in rows and columns in regular gradation is called periodic
table.
e steiptsips e
sps
steipti psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t
psips
sbestei t e
cbcsb
 c bcsb c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
Smelting is the process of reducing the roasted metallic oxide into metal in molten condition. c bc c bc cbcsbs
 Dilute or con. HNO does not attack aluminium metal ,as it renders aluminium passive due to oxide
3
esteiptsips efilm
tei pt ps
siformation
eon
tei pt ps surface.eteiptsips
siits
e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
 The charge used in the metallurgy of iron consists of roasted ore, coke and limestone in the ratio,
8:4:1.
ss teiptsips vessel ps
teiptsiexposure tsips ss teiptsipslayer on eiptsip
s tsips ss
esteiptip  bcsbeCopper
s eson esteipair esteiptipformsbcasbegreen
s estits esteipto esteiptip e
c bcsb c c bcsb c bcsto
b and moisture
c bcsb c c bcsb surface
c bdue
csb basic
c copper
bcsb cbcsbs
carbonate.
ss Anpalloy
sips is a homogeneous
psips mixture
psips of twoestorpsimore
ps metals. psips psips psips psips
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sb ei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs  c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc
An amalgam is an alloy of mercury with another metal. E.g. Ag-Sn amalgam is used for dental filling. c bc c bc cbcsbs
 The chemical name of rust is hydrated ferric oxide and its formula is Fe2O3.xH2O.
ss ss ss ss ss psips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbPART c
- A
bc cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b 1. The b s
b
c c number of b sb b
c cperiods andc groups
csb b s
b
c cperiodic table
in the b s
b bs
c c are __________.
cc b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) 6,16 b) 7,17 c) 8,18 d) 7,18
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss tsips
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip Ansb:csb(d)
esteip7,18 e
c bcsb
2. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb
The basis of modern periodic law is __________. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c cbcsbs
a) atomic number b) atomic mass c) isotopic mass d) number of neutrons
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ptsipsatomic numberpsips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip sbes:tei(a)
Ans sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbc cbc cbcsbs
3. __________ group contains the member of halogen family.
a) 17th b) 15th c) 18th d) 16th
ss ss ss ss s s ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip p
etei t i p eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ansbc:sb(a)
eteiptip th
c s 17
e
4. __________ is a relative periodic property.
a) Atomic
s sradii b) Ionic sradii c) Electron affinity d) Electronegativity
esteiptsips eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s ccb s
b s Ans
b
cc s
b: s
(d) b
cc s
b s
Electronegativity cbcsbs
5. Chemical formula of rust is __________.
ss a) FeO.xH
iptsips2O s s b) FeO .xH
ssO s s c) Fe2tO s.xH
s O s s d) FeOteiptsips ss
esteiptip ete esteiptip esteip4tip 2 bcsbesteiptip eseipt3ip 2 bcsbesteiptip es esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb c c bcsb c b sb
c Ans : (c) Fe
c b sb
c 2O3.xH2O
c cbcsbs
6. In the alumino thermic process the role of Al is __________.
ss s
tiptsip agent tiptsip s b) reducingss ss ss ss s s agentteiptsips
eteiptip a) soxidising
bcbese bcsbese eteiptip agent eteiptip c) bchydrogenating
eteiptip eteiptip d) sulphurising
agent eteiptip e e
cbcsbs c c cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) reducing agent
7. The process of coating the surface of metal with a thin layer of zinc is called __________.
ss sps ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteipti
a)bsb
painting eteiptip b) bcsthinning
eteiptip eteiptip c) bcgalvanization
eteiptip eteiptip d) electroplating
eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (c) galvanization

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

Unit-8: Periodic Classification of Elements GANGA  Science (Chemistry) 177
8. Whichpof the following have inert gases 2 electrons in thepoutermost shell.
esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a)
b
cc s
bHe b
cc s
b b)
ccb Ne
s
b b
cc s
b c)
ccbAr
sb b
cc s
b d) Kr
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (a) He
9. Neon shows zero electron affinity due to __________.
esteiptip esteiptip arrangement
a) sStable esteiptip of neutrons
esteiptip esteiptip b) bcStable
esteiptipconfiguration
esteiptipof electrons
c bcsb bc b
c Reduced size
c) c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb sb
d)c Increased densityc bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Stable configuration of electrons
s10.
s __________ s s is anteiimportant
ss metal s sto form tamalgam.
ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip a)bcsbAg
eteiptip e ptip b) bcsHg
eteiptip e eiptip c) bcMg
eteiptip eteiptip d) Al eteiptip eteiptip e
Ans : (b) Hg
ss teiptsips – Fill s blankstiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptipII. Book Exercise
eteiin
csbeselectronegativity
ptsipthe ee bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs 1. Ifcbthe cbcsbs differencecbcsbsbetweenctwo c c c c
bonded atoms in a molecule is greater than 1.7, the nature of cbcsbs
bonding is __________. Ans : Ionic
esteiptsip2.s esteiptsips is the
__________ esteiptsips period
longest es
s periodical
ptsipthe
teiin es
s
teiptsiptable. esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips sest:ei 6,
Ans
s
ptsip7 e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcb cbcsbs
3. __________ forms the basis of modern periodic table. Ans : Atomic Number
e tei ptsip4.s If the distance

e tei ptsips between
e tei ptsipstwo Cl atoms
e teiptsipsin Cl2 molecule
e tei ptsips is 1.98Å,
e tei ptsithen
ps the radius
e ti
e ptsipsof Cl atome tei ptissip__________.
s teiptsipAs
e0.99 e
cbcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s Ans
c bc:
sb s cbcsbs
5. Among the given species A–, A+, and A, the smallest one in size is __________. Ans : A+
s6.s The scientists s who propoundedss theipmodern
ss periodic s slaw is __________.
ss ss Anss: sHenry Moseley
tiptsips
eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip estetip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip bcsbese e
cbcsbs 7. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb
Across the period, ionic radii __________ (increases,decreases). c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs Ans :cdecreases cbcsbs
8. __________ and __________ are called inner transition elements. Ans : Lanthanides, Actinides
ss s of Aluminium
teiptsipore s s is __________.
ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip9. Thesechief eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ansbc:sbBauxite
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs
10. The chemical name of rust is __________. Ans : hydrated ferric hydroxide
esteiptsipIII.
s Book Exercise
esteiptsips – Match
esteiptsipsthe following
b
cc s
b b s
b
c c Galvanisation
1. b
cc s
b b
cc- s
b b s
b
c cgas elements
Noble b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
2. Calcination - Coating with Zn
ss 3. Redox reaction - Silver–tin amalgam
esteiptip iptsips filling
4.bcsbeste
Dental estei ptsips e-stei ptsipsAlumino iptsips
estethermic process
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip e
5. Group 18 elements - Heating in the absence of air
Ans :
ss teiptsips ss sps sips ss ss ss ss
eteiptip 1 eGalvanisation eteiptip ebteiptiCoating eteiptZn
with eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
2 Calcination e Heating in the absence of air
ss 3 Redox reaction s s d sAlumino thermic process s s

eteiptip e teiptsips eteiptip e teiptips e teiptsips eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsbs s
c4bc Dental filling
s
b cbcsbs s
cbc c Silver–tin
s
b sb s
cbc amalgam cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
5 Group 18 elements a Noble gas elements
s
teiptsipIV. teiptsips teiptsipors falsesb(If ptsips give the
teifalse sips
teiptcorrect teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es Book eExercise
s – sTrue
es e s es statement)
es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. Moseley’s periodic table is based on atomic mass.
Ans : False. Mosley's periodic table is based on atomic numbers.
esteiptip2. ete
Ionic ete across este periodbfrom
ete t
bcsbese ete esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbsradius increases
cbcsbs cbcsbthe c csbs left tocright. cbcsbs c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : False. Ionic radius decreases across the period from left to right.
ss 3. All oressare minerals; but all minerals cannot be called as ores;

eteiptip Ans : t iptips
True.
e teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips tiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs c s
bcb es s
bcbc
es s
bcb e
cs s
bcb esc bcsbese
c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
4. Al wires are used as electric cables due to their silvery white colour.
Ans : False. Aluminium wires are used as electric cables due to their good conductor of heat and electricity.
eteiptip beste is a heterogenous
ete t ete
bcsbese of metals. ete eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs 5. An
cbcsalloy cbcsbs cmixture cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : False. An alloy is a homogeneous mixture of metals.

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

s Book Exercise
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b
cc
Answer the following questions using the data given below:
s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) A and R are correct, R explains the A.
sb)s A is correct,
teiptsips R issbewrong.
teiptsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptipc) A bis ewrong,
s s esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c csb Rcis
bccorrect. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
d) A and R are correct, R doesn’t explains A.
s1.s Assertion:ss The nature s s of bond tin sHFs molecule is
s ionic.
s ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip e eiptip esteiptip H band eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
Reason: cbcsbs difference
cbcsbelectronegativity
The cbcsbbetween c csbs F is 1.9.cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (a) A and R are correct, R explains the A
2. Assertion: Magnesium is used to protect steel from rusting.
ss ss ss iptsips than eiptsip
s ss ss ss ss
eteiptip Reason: eteiptip Magnesiumeteiptip is more etereactive etiron. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : (c)cbAcsbiss wrong, R cbcissbcorrect cbcsbs
3. Assertion: An uncleaned copper vessel is covered with greenish layer.
este s Reason:
i pts
i p esteiptsips Copper
esteiptissipnot
s attacked
esteiptsipby
s alkali. tiptsips
es e esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb s
b sb
c c Ans : (a)c Ac and R are ccorrect,
b b bcsb s
R explains
b b
c c the A cbcsbs
VI. Book Exercise – Short answer questions
esteiptip1. A issbe tiptip
bc asereddishcbrown
tiptip
bcsbese metal,cbwhich
pip
sbestei t combines iptip O2 ats<est1370
twith
bcsbese bcb e
iptip K gives tiptip
bcsbeseB, a black
iptip compound.
bcscoloured
beste tiptip
bcsbese e
c bcsb c c c c c
At a temperature > 1370 K, A gives C which is red in colour. Find A,B and C with reaction. c c cbcsbs
The reddish brown metal 'A' is copper.
ss Result ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteipt:ip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
compound molecular formula name
A Cu coppers
ss ss ss ss ss ss sips s ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip CuO bcsbesteiptip e tei pt eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbBs cbcsbs cbcsbs c cbcsbs copper
cbcsbs (ii) oxidecbcsbs cbcsbs
C Cu2O copper (i) oxide

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b On heatingb
cc s
at
b different b
cc s
temperatures
b in
b
cc s
the
b presence
b
cc s
of
b oxygen, b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
copper forms two types of oxides CuO,Cu2O.
below 1370K
ss ss ss 2 Cu +s sO s s 2 CuOteiptsips ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip 2 bcsbesteiptip es esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c c bcs
(copperb c bcsb
II oxide- black) c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
above 1370K
4 Cu + O2 2 Cu2O
ss ss ss s s s s sips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eet i pt i p eet i pt i p eteiIptoxide
(copper – red)eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
2. A is a silvery white metal. A combines with O2 to form B at 800°C, the alloy of A is used in making the
eteiptip sbestei t Find A and
aircraft. sbestei tB. sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
The silvery white metal. A is Aluminium.
teiptsips tei ptsips compoundteiptsips teiptsips

molecular
teiptsips formula teiptsips teiptsips
names
teiptsip teiptsips
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
bA b
cc s
b b
cc s
b Al b
cc s
b b
cc s
b Aluminium
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
B Al2O3 Aluminium Oxide
ss ss ss ss 800°C ss eiptsip
s ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip 4Al +bcs3O
esteiptip esteiptip 2AlbcO est(Aluminium esteiptip (B) bcsbesteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b 2 c bcsb c2 3sb c bcsOxide)
b c c bcsb cbcsbs
3. What is rust? Give the equation for formation of rust.
ss When iiron
s sis exposed stosmoist air,teipittsipforms
s a layer sofs brown hydrated
s s ferricteioxide
s s on its surface.
s s This teiptsips
eteiptip eteptip is knowneteiptip bcsbesthe phenomenon eteiptip eteiptip es ptip as rusting.
eteiptip e e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
compound cbcsbs as rust cand cbcsbs of formation
cbcsbs of rustcisbcsb
known cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
4Fe + 3O2 + xH2O 2Fe2O3.xH2O (Rust)
s4.s State itwo
ptsipsconditionsiptsipnecessary
s for
s srusting of iron.
ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip beste Moisture bestenecessary esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsand
Air cbcsare cbcsbfor bcsbiron.
rustingcof cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

s BooktiExercise
teiptsipVII. s teiptsipsanswer teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es es eptsip –e Long
s equestions
s es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
1. a) State the reason for addition of caustic alkali to bauxite ore during purification of bauxite.
Reason : Because Bauxite ore is finely ground and heated under pressure with a solution of
ss teiptsips teiptsips sodasbat ptsips to obtain ss ss ptsipsdiluting esodium
teiptsips metasbesteiptsips
esteiptip econcentrated
s ecaustic
s estei150°C esteiptipSodiumbcsmeta
esteiptipaluminate. esteiOn s e
c bcsb bcsb bcsb bc bcsb
c aluminatecwith water, acprecipetate ofc aluminium hydroxide c b c bcs
is formed.
b c bcs
This precipitate
b cbc
is filtered, cbcsbs
washed, dried and ignited at 1000°C to get alumina.
ss b) Along ss ss iptsips another s ss ptsipselectrolyte ss teiptsips
eteiptip esteiptip withbcscryolite
eteiptip andbcsalumina,
bestereasoncfor teiptsipsubstance
bcsbesthe eteipistipaddedbcstoeteithe eteiptipmixture. eName e
cbcsbs cbcsbthe c bs and give
substance c one cbcsbs
addition. c bs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Fluorspar. (It lowers the fusion temperature of electrolyte)
ss psips psips ptsips A is 2,8,18,1.
psips psips psips psips psips
eteiptip2. The eelectronic
sbstei t configuration
sbestei t sof
esteimetal sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs bc c bc c bc b c bc c bc c bc
The metal A when exposed to air and moisture forms B a green layered compound. A with con. H2SO4
c c bc c bc cbcsbs
forms C and D along with water. D is a gaseous compound. Find A,B,C and D.
i) Metal A is copper.s
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b ii)
cc b sb Action of Air
b
cc s
b and Moisture
b
cc s
b : Copper ccgets
b s
b covered ccwith
b sb agreen layer
ccb sb of Basic Copper
ccb sb Carbonate
c c in the
b sb cbcsbs
presence of CO2 and moisture.
2 Cu + O2 + sCO2 + H2O s CuCO3.Cu(OH)
ss ptsips ptsips ptsip ptsip ptsips tsips 2 sesteiptsips ss
esteiptip estei estei (A) estei estei estei Basic copper esteipcarbonate esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bc b c bcsb cbcsbs
copper (Malachite green)
s B
ss teiptsip is react tsips Conc.H iptsipsto formsecopper
iptsips sulphate sips teiptsips ss ss
eteiptip iii)bcsbeCopper t ipwith tSO t t iptand sulphur eteiptip eteiptip
cbcb dioxide. cbcsbs
e e e e e e e e e
cbcsbs c s cbcbs s s s
cbcb 2 4 cbcb s cbcbs s s s cbcsbs cbcsbs
Cu + 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2↑ + 2H2O
Copper Sulphate Sulphur dioxide
ss tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips psips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
eteiptip bsbese bsbese bsbese bsbese sbestei t
b(C) bsbese (D) bsbese bsbese e
compound molecular formula name
A Cu copper
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
cc B b
cc s
b b s
b
c c CuCO3. Cu(OH) b s
b
cc 2 b
ccsb b s
b
malachite
cc greenb
cc s
b cbcsbs
C CuSO4 copper sulphate
ss ss iptsips
D ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip este esteiptip esteiptip SO2 bcsbesteiptip esteiptip sulphurdioxide
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c c bcsb cbcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
3. Explain smelting process.
Smelting is the process of reducing the roasted metallic oxide from the metal in its molten condition. In this
ss ss s
eiptsipremoved sips by the taddition
s s of flux. ss ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptipimpurities
process, etare teiptslag
eas e eiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
VIII. Book Exercise – HOT question
ss s tsips 3 and tsips 13.seAsteiin s hot condition
s s reacts sips steamteipto
ss tsips
eteiptip1. Metalte
e iA
ptsipbelongs tote
e ipperiod teipgroup
bcsbesand
ptsipred eteiptip eteiptwith e tipform bB. eAteip
with
e
cbcsbs cbcsbs alkali forms
strong cbcsbs C. FindcA,B cbcbreactions.cbcsbs
C with cbcsbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs
i) The metal A is Aluminium.
ii) When steam is ipassed over red hot aluminium, hydrogeniptonly produced.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips este sips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
c c 2Al + 3H2cOc
b b s
b b
cc s
b Al2O3 + b s
c c3H2↑
b ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
(B)
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteipBtip Aluminium
esteiptip Oxidebcsbesteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb
c It reacts with
iii)
bcsb
c strong caustic
c bcsb c bcs
alkalis forming
b c
aluminates. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O 2NaAlO2 + 3H2↑
ss ss ss ss psips
(C) psips ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs C c bc c b
Sodium meta Aluminatec cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

esteiptsips esteiptsips compound

esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips formula
molecular esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips
name esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b s
b
c cA b
cc s
b b
cc s
b ccbsb
Al
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
aluminium
b
cc s
b cbcsbs
B Al O aluminium oxide
ss ss iptsips ss s2 3
ptsipNaAlO ss ss ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip Ceste esteiptip estei esteiptip esteiptipsodiumbcsmeta
esteiptipaluminate esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c b
2csb c bcsb c b c bcsb cbcsbs
2. Name the acid that renders aluminium passive. Why?
ss Conc. iNitric
s s Acid (Conc.HNOss ). Concentrated
ss ands dils Nitric acid tsipsdoes not attack
s s aluminium, s s but it renders
ss
eteiptip eteptip passive esteiptipto the3bformation
eteiptip of an esteiptip film on esteipsurface. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs
aluminum cbcsbdue c csbs cbcsboxide cbcsbits cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
3. i) Identify the bond between H and F in HF molecule.
ss Ionic.ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs bcsb bcsb bcsb b
ii) What property forms the basis of identification?
c c c c csb c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Electronegativity.
esteiptsips steiptsipsdoes the

iii) eHow
s ptsips
eteiproperty
s
vary sipsperiods tand
eteiptin s
ss
e eiptip in groups?
s
ss
teiptsips
eteiptip
es esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b b sb
c c Along thecperiod
c b sb b s
b
c c to right incthe
from left b s
b
c periodic table, b s
b
c c the electronegativity
cc ccb s
b
increases b s
b
c c of the
because cbcsbs
increase in nuclear charge which in turn attracts the electrons more strongly. On moving down a group,
ss the
ipsipelectronegativity
s ipsips of the elements
ipsips decreases
ipsips because iof
psipthe
s increased
ipsipnumber
s of ienergy
psips levels.ipsips
esteiptip etet etet etet etet etet etet etet etet e
ss ss sips s ps elements ss sips teiptsips ptsips
eteiptip1. The tphysical
eseiptip andte
esiptchemical estproperties
eiptsip eof
teiptsithe esteiptip are bcthe
esteiptperiodic efunctions of te
esitheir e
cbcsbs b sb
__________.
c c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb s c bcsb c sb c bcsb s c bcsb cbcsbs
a) Atomic numbers b) Mass numbers c) Atomic Mass d) Molecular Mass
ss psips psips psips psips psips psips Ans :est(a) s
psipAtomic numbers psips
eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sb ei t sbestei t e
Horizontal rows are called __________ and vertical columns are called __________. c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
a) Periods and groups b) Groups and Periods
esteiptsips c) seither
es i ts p s
te period sor
p i es ei ts
tgroup
p i p s
estei ptsi p s
estei ptsi p s
esteiptsipsperiodsbnor
d) neither es
sips
teiptgroup esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b ccb b ccb b ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Periods and groups
3. Number of periods and groups are __________.
esteiptip esteiptip
a) s7,18 esteiptip b) bcs6,18 esteiptip esteiptip c) bc7,15 esteiptip esteiptip d) 8,15 esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb c bc b c bcsb c b c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (a) 7,18
4. First period contains __________ elements.
eteiptip a)bsb4ete eteiptip b) bcs2besteiptip eteiptip c) bc5sbesteiptip eteiptip d) 3bcsbesteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc s cbcsbs c cbcsbs c cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) 2
5. Second period contains __________ elements.
eteiptip a)bsb5ete eteiptip b) bcs4besteiptip eteiptip c) bc8sbesteiptip eteiptip d) 10 eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc s cbcsbs c cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (c) 8
iptsip6.s Third period

iptsips
contains __________
i ptsips i ptsipselements. teiptsips c) 8sbesteiptsips teiptsips d) 10 teiptsips teiptsips
e te a)bsb5este e te b) 4 e te e e e e e
cbcsbs cc ccb sb s ccb sb s ccb sb s b
cc b
cc sb s b
cc sb s bc
cAnssb s
: (c) 8
cbcsbs
7. Fourth and
s fifth periods contains __________ elements.
i ptsips s
esteiptip
s
esteiptip
s s
iptips s
esteiptip p ipss ss
esteiptip d) 20
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
e
cbcsb ste a) sb
cbc
15
c bcsb b) s
16
beste
cbc c bcsb sbestei t
c) 18
cbc c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb e
cbcsbs
Ans : (c) 18
8. Fourth and fifth period called as __________ period.
ss s s ss ss ss ss ss ss teiptsips
eteiptip esteiptip
a) sshort eteiptip b) bcsshortest
eteiptip eteiptip c) bclonger
eteiptip eteiptip d) longest
eteiptip csbes e
cbcsbs cbcb cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans :cb(c) longer
cbcsbs
9. Sixth period is the __________ period.
ss a) short ss ss ss ss ss ss ss tiptsips
eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip b) shortest
esteiptip eteiptip c) bclonger
eteiptip bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : c(d) longest cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

10. How many elements are presentps in 6th and ps 7thperiods?
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips etei tip
s ss
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e
b
cc s
b a) s
b
c c2
b b
cc s
b s
b
b)c c8
b cbcsbs sbs
c)cbc18 b
cc s
b s d) c32
bcsb s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
Ans : (d) 32
s11.
s First periods s is the t__________
ss period.
ss ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip a)bcsbshort
esteiptip eseiptip b) bcsshortest
esteiptip esteiptip c) bclong
esteiptip esteiptip d) longest
c bcsb c c bcsb c b c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (b) shortest
s12.
s Second speriod
s is the s__________
s s period.
s ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip a)bcsbshort
eteiptip eteiptip b) bcsshortest
eteiptip eteiptip c) bclonger
eteiptip eteiptip e
Ans : (a) short
13. Third period is the __________ period.
e steiptsips a) sbshort
esteiptsips esteiptsips b) sshortest
e steiptsips ss
eteiptip c) bclonger
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip d) longest
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb cbc cbcsb cbc b cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (a) short
14. Atomic snumber froms1sto 2 are called as __________.
ee tiptsips tiptips
ese tiptip ee tiptsips tiptsips
bese ee tiptsips
sbese e teiptsips d) fourth
e teiptsips e teiptsips e
cbcsbs a)
cbcsbfirst cbcsbs b)cbcs
second cbcsbs c)cbcthird b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s cbcsbs
Ans : (a) first
s15.
s Atomic snumber
s fromsp3sto 10 are called s s as __________.
ss ss ss ss ss
esteiptip a)bcsbfirst
esteiptip esteipti b) esteiptip
second esteiptip c) bcthird
esteiptip esteiptip d) fourth
c bcsb c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (b) second
16. Atomic s number froms11 to 18 arescalled as __________.
estiptsips a) sfirst
e esteiptips estiptips b) ssecond
e e steiptips ss
eteiptip c) bcthird
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip d) fourth
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
s
cbcb cbcb s
cbcb cbcb cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (d) fourth
17. Atomic number from 19 to 36 are called as __________.
eteiptip a)bsbesteiptip
first eteiptip b) bcssecond
eteiptip eteiptip c) bcthird
eteiptip eteiptip d) fifth
eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (d) fifth
esteiptsips s
esteiptip
a) sfirst
s
esteiptsips b) ssecond
e steiptsips esteiptsips c) third
esteiptsips esteiptsips d) fifth
b
cc s
b cbcb b
cc s
b b
cc b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc sb b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (d) fifth
esteiptip a)bsbesteiptip
first esteiptip b) bcssecond
esteiptip esteiptip c) bcfifth
esteiptip esteiptip d) sixth
c bcsb cc c bcsb c b c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (d) sixth
eteiptip a)bcsbestei t
first eteiptip b) bcsfifth
eteiptip eteiptip c) bcsixth
eteiptip eteiptip d) seventh
eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs c cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (d) seventh
21.
s The lanthanides
s and actinides
s which
s form part of
s Group 3 ares called __________
s elements.
s s
s iptsip iptsip iptsip s iptsip iptsip iptsip iptsip
eteiptip a) ete ete ete eteiptip ste
sbeblock ete ete ete e
cbcsbs cbcsbSsblock
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs b)cbcP cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
c) Transition elements d) Inner transition elements
Anssp : (d) Inner transition elements
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteipti s esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 22. ccb s
Group
b 18 called
b
cc sbas __________.b
cc sb b
cc sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
a) Alkali metals b) Alkaline earth metals c) Halogens d) Noble gases
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss Ans s: (d)
s Noble tgases ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip eseiptip e
c bcsb b s
23. Group
c c b 17 called b sb
c as __________.
c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) Alkali metals b) Alkaline earth metals c) Halogens d) Noble gases
s p s s p s s p s s p s s p s s ps sp s psips: (c) Halogens
Ans psips
eteipti eteipti esteipti pi
sbestei t
pi
sbestei t
pi
sbestei t
pi
sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs 24. Group cbcsbs 16 called cbcsbas c
__________.
bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
a) Alkali metals b) Alkaline earth metals
s p s s p s s p s s p s s p s sps ss ss ss
p
etei t i c) sOxygen p i
etei t (or)bcChalcogen p
etei t i family p
etei t i p
etei t i d) Rareeteiptigases eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Oxygen (or) Chalcogen family

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

25. Oxygen family alsopcalled as __________.
esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a) s
b
c c Nitrogen c c
b b s
b s
b
b)c cHalogen c c
b b s
b sb
c)c cChalcogen c c
b b s
b sb
d) cCarbon
bc b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Chalcogen
s26.
s 'S' block s elements
s ares sotherwise sknown
s as __________.
ss ss ss ss ss
c bcsb a)bcsb
c Alkali and alkaline
c bcsb bcsb
earth cmetals c bcsb bcsb
b)c Representative sb
c elements c
bc bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
c) Transistion elements d) Inner transistion elements
ss
eteiptip teiptsips tiptsips ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip psips Ans : e(a)psiAlkali
ps and ealkaline
psips earthesmetals
psips
cbcsbs 27. 13 sbesGroup
cbcth bcsbese as __________.
is ccalled cbcsbs cbcsbs sestei t
cbcb s stei t
cbcb s stei t cbcb s tei t cbcb
e
cbcsbs
a) Boron family b) Carbon family c) Nitrogen family d) Oxygen family
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip teiptsips teipt:sip(a)
Ans s Boron tfamily
eiptsip
s
cbcsbs 28. 14th bcsbese as __________.
cbcsbsGroup isccalled cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
a) Boron family b) Carbon family c) Nitrogen family d) Oxygen family
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips psips
sestei: t(b) Carbon
Ans eiptsip
sestfamily
s
e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
29. 3 to 12 groups are called as __________.
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcb cbcb cbcsbs
a) S block elements b) P block elements
ss s s elements
psips psips ss ss iptsips ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip
c) sb
Transistion sbestei t sbestei t esteiptip d) bcInner
esteiptiptransistion elements
este esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cbc cbc cbc c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Transistion elements
30. 1st group is called as __________.
ss s
tiptsip earthsbe tiptsip s s s s s s s s s s s s s
eteiptip a) sAlkaline
b bese b se
metals b) s eteiptipmetalsbcsbesteiptip
Alkali eteiptipmetalsbcsbesteiptip d) none
c) Earth eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cc cc cbcbs c cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Alkali metals
31. 2nd group is called as __________.
ss s
tiptsip earthsbe tiptsip s b) Alkali ss ss ss ss ps
tiptsiabove tiptsips
eteiptip a) sAlkaline
b bese b se
metals eteiptipmetalsbcsbesteiptip c) bcEarth
eteiptipmetalsbcsbesteiptip d) all the
bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs cc cc cbcsbs c c sbs c c c
Ans : (a) Alkaline earth metals
cbcsbs
32. Along the period from left to right, the atomic radius of the elements __________ whereas along the
teiptsips groups
tiptsfrom
ips top totipbottom
tsips the tatomic
iptsips radius
tipt__________.
sips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
b
cc s
bes
a)
sese
cbcbDecreases,cIncreases
bcb sese b
b)cbcDecreases,
sese
bcb
cdecreases sese b sese
c)cbcIncreases, cbcb sese
increases bcb sese
d) cIncreases, cbcb
Decreases
sese e
cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Decreases, Increases
s33.
s The shell s number
s __________
s s the s distance
s between
s s the valence
s s shell and
s s nucleustip__________.
ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esetip esteiptip e
c bcsb a) sb sb sb sb
c Increases, cdecreases b)c Decreases, cdecreases c)c Increases, increases
bc b c b c b c bcsb c bcsb sb
d) cDecreases, increases
bc c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Increases, increases
s34.
s Moretand s smore positive
tiptsips charges impose
ss a strongpsips attraction s over
s the electrons tsips andtip thus
s s the electron ss
eteiptip e eiptip bcsbese thenucleus eteiptip sbestei t in the esteiptip esteipthe e etip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs shrinksctowards
cloud cbcsbs which cbcresults cbcsb__________ cbcsbin cbcsbssize.
atomic cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) increases b) decreases
ss c) increases s s and then s decreases
s ss s s d) none ss ss ss
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip teiptsips
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs csbes
cbcsbsAns : (b)cbdecreases
e
cbcsbs
35. When a neutral atom loses an electron, it becomes a positively charged ion called __________.
a) Cation b) Anion c) Neutral ion d) all the above
b
cc s
b ccb sb b
cc sb b
cc sb b
cc sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb Ans :c(a)
b sb
c Cation cbcsbs
36. When a neutral atom gain an electron, it becomes a negatively charged ion called __________.
ss a) Cation ss s s b) Anion ss s s c) Neutral s sion s s d) all the sabove
s s
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptipAns :b(b) eiptsip
estAnion e
37. Ionic radii also __________ along the period from left to right and __________ down the group.
ss a) Increases,s s decreases s s b) Decreases, s s increases s s c) Increases, s s increases s s d) Decreases, sps decreases psips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip steipti
bcsbeDecreases, sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : c(b) cbcincreases cbcsbs
38. Ionisation energy is otherwise called __________.
ss a) Atomic s senergy teiptsips b) Ionisation s s energyteiptsips c) Ionisation s s enthalpy s s d) Entropy psips psips
eteiptip eteiptip e eteiptip e eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bc c bc
Ans : (c) Ionisation enthalpy cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

39. Ionisation energy isps measured in __________.
esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a) s
b
c c KJ/mol c c
b b s
b sb
b)c cJ/mol
b b
cc s
b sb
c)c cK/mol
b b
cc s
b sb
d) cKgJ/mol
bc b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (a) KJ/mol
s40.
s Ionisation s s energy t__________
ss along
s s the period s s__________ s s down the sgroup
s in the speriodic
s table. ss
c bcsb b
a) csb bcsb b sb
c Increases, cdecreases b)c Increases, increases
c c bcsb bcsb bcsb b sb
c)c Decreases, cdecreases d) cDecreases, increases
c c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Increases, decreases
eteiptip41. Asbcsabespositive
teiptsips charge psi__________ psipthe
ss ps s size oftipthe
sipsCation __________.
cbcsbs bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbeset bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbestei t e
cbcsbs
a) Increases, decreases b) Increases, increases
c c c c c) Decreases, decreases d) Decreases, increases
c c c c
Ans : (a) Increases, decreases
ss psips charge s
psip__________ s size oftipthe
psipthe sips Anion __________.
eteiptip42. The negative
sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbeset sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t e
a) Increases, decreases b) Increases, increases c bc c bc c bc c bc
c) Decreases, decreases d) Decreases, increases c bc cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Increases, increases
s Electron
teiptsip43. s
teiptsipaffinity teiptsips teiptsipsleft tosbright s a period
teiptsipin ps __________
teiptsiand teiptsips from s sipsa
es es __________
es from
es es es es es eiptsipto bottom
ttop esteiptin e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b
group. b
cc sb b
cc s
b ccb ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) Increases, decreases b) Decreases, decreases c) Increases, increases d) Decreases, increases
ss ss ss ss ss ss sps : (a) Increases,ss ss
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptiAns esteiptip esteiptip
decreases e
c bcsb
44.
Electronegativity __________ from left to right in a period and __________ from top to bottom in a
group.
ss a) Increases, s s decreases ss s s increases ss s s decreases ss tiptsips increases tiptsips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip b) bcsIncreases,
eteiptip eteiptip c) bcDecreases,
eteiptip eteiptip d) Decreases,
bcsbese bcsbese e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs Ans : c(b) c
Increases, decreases cbcsbs
45. Oxide ores are purified by this method.
ss ss sps ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip a) sb eteiptip separation
Gravity eteiptimethod eteiptip eteiptip b) bcMagnetic
eteiptip separation eteiptipmethod eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
c) Froth floatation method d) Chemical method (or) leaching
Ans : (a) Gravity separation method
s
teiptsip46. t i ptsips t i ptsips t i ptsips t i ptsips t i ptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips
es Tinstone
es e – the orees e of tin can be
es e separated by
es e this method.es e es es es e
b
cc s
b ccb sb b
cc sb b
cc sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb cbcsbs
a) Gravity separation method b) Magnetic separation method
c) Frothspfloatation method
ss
esteiptip estei pti s estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips d) Chemical
estei ptsips method tsips
est:eip(b) ptsips
esteiseparation
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cAns
bcsb c bcs
Magneticb c bcsbmethod cbcsbs
47. Lighter ores such as sulphide ores are concentrated by the following method.
ss a) Froth s floatation
s method
ss ss s s b) Magnetic s s separation s method
s ss ss
cbcsbs b sb b sb
c) Gravity separation method
c c c c c bcsb c bcsb c b sb
d) Chemical method
c c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Froth separation method
ss s s s s s psips psips psips
eteiptip48. Chemical method is otherwise called as __________.
p si p p si p p si p p si p p si p
cbcsbs c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t e
cbcsbs
a) Leaching b) Reduction c) a and b d) b only
Ans : (c) a and b
s
teiptsip49. s
teiptsipore teiptsipsby thissbemethod.
es Bauxite
es is b
purified
es s es es es es es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cc s
b b
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) Froth floatation method b) Magnetic separation method
c) Chemical method d) Gravity separation method
e ti
e ptsips iptsips
e te iptsips
e te e teiptsips e ti
e ptsips e tei ptsips ss ips
teiptsChemical
esteiptip Ansbcs:be(c)
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb s c bcsb c s c bcsbmethod cbcsbs
50. Aluminium melting point is __________.
a) 520°C b) 660°C c) 620°C d) 720°Cps
e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips etei tip
s teiptsips
cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcsbs Ans c: b(c) csbes660°C e
cbcsbs
51. __________ is used in household utensils.
s s a) Alteiptsips s s b) F3 teiptsips s s c) Cuteiptsips s s d) noneteiptsips ss
eteiptip e eteiptip e eteiptip e eteiptip e eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb:s(a) Al
Ans cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

52. Matte p is a mixture of __________.
b
cc s
b a)
b s
b
cc 2Cu S + FeS
ccb s
b b)
ccb CuS
s
b + FeS b
cc s
b c) bCu
s
cc 2b O + FeS b
cc s
b d) CuO
b
cc s
b + FeS b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Cu2S + FeS
53.
s Blister copper
s contains
s __________%
s of pure copper
s and __________%
s s of impurities.
s s
s tiptsip tiptsip tiptsip tiptsip tiptsip tiptsip d) 99%, sip s
esteiptip a) ese 2% bcsbese bese 10% cbcsbese sbese 4% cbcsbese esteipt1% esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsb98%, c b)cbcs
90%, c)cbc96%, c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (a) 98%, 2%
54. __________ is a strong reducing agent.
eteiptip a) este eteiptip b) bcsAluminium
eteiptip eteiptip c) bcCopper
eteiptip eteiptip d) Hydrogen
eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbIron
e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c bs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Aluminium
55. Copper is found in the __________ state as well as __________ state.
ss psips psips b) Combinedss ss ss tiptsips d) none ss ss
eteiptip a) estei t statebcsbestei t eteiptip stateeteiptip c) bcNative
eteiptip bcsbese eteiptip eteiptip
cbcsbNative c sbs and ccombined
e
cbcsbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Native and combined
56. The chief ore of copper is __________.
teiptsips psips
estei t pyrite
a)bcsb
Copper ti t psips b) Cuprite
teiptsips teiptsips c) Copper
teiptsipsglancesbesteiptsips d) None teiptsips teiptsips
b
cc s
b es c bcsbese
c b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc s
b es b
cc b
cc s
b es b
cc s
bes e
cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Copper pyrite
57. The concentrated ore is roasted in __________ of air.
ss sps sps sps ss ss teiptsips ss ss
esteiptip eteipti in excess
a)bsb
Roasted eteiptiof air eteipti esteiptip b) bcRoasted
esteiptip in less eair esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb cc s cbcsbs cbcsbs c bcsb c sb c bcsb s c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
c) Roasted in absence of air d) None
Ans : (a) Roasted sin excess of air
ss iptsips teiptsips Copper ss ss ss ss s ss
eteiptip beste csbes eteiptip esteipatip__________.
eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs 58. Incbcselectrolyticcbrefining, cbcsbs metal acts
cbcsbas cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsb cbcsb cbcsbs
a) Cathode b) Anode c) electrode d) none
ss Ans : (a) Cathode
eteiptip iptsips teiptsips Impure ss
esteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs 59. In beste
cbcselectrolyticcbrefining,
csbes bcsbese acts ascbacsb__________.
cbcsbs copper cmetal cbcsbs cbcsbes cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
a) Cathode b) Anode c) electrode d) none
s
teiptsip60. s
teiptsippoint teiptsips is __________.
teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips teiptsips t i pt s : (b) Anode
sipAns teiptsips
es Melting
es of copper
es es es es es es e es e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
a) 760°C b) 1356°C c) 1280°C d) 456°C
Ans : (b) 1356°C
ss teiptsips forsbmalachite
ss sips ss ss ss ptsips ss
esteiptip61. The eformula
s esteiptip esteiptis
green esteiptip
__________. esteiptip esteiptip estei esteiptip e
a) CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 b) CuCO3.Al(OH)3 c) CuCO3.Fe2O3 d) CuCO3.Fe(OH)3
ss ss ptsips ss tiptsips ss sps Ans : (a)spCuCO
s 3.Cu(OH)
sps2
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei first esteiptip bcsbese in the esteiptip crust.bcsbesteipti eteipti eteipti e
cbcsbs 62. __________
cbcsbs cisbcthe cbcsbabundant
most celement cbcsbearth c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Oxygen b) Aluminium c) Silicon d) 'a' only
ss ss ptsips tiptsips ss iptsips ss s : (d) 'a'tiptonly
sAns ss
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei second bcsbese abundant esteiptip eteiptip
besteearth crust. eteiptip e e ip e
cbcsbs 63. __________
cbcsbs cisbcthe cmost cbcsbelement cinbcsthe cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
a) Aluminium b) Iron c) Copper d) None
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips Ans :sb(b)
es
sips
teiptIron e
b
cc s
b b
64. Thes
b b s
b b s
b
c c chief ore cofc Iron is __________.
cc b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc cbcsbs
a) Aluminium hydroxide b) Ferric oxide c) Ferrous oxide d) Ferrous sulphide
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss s teip2tsiOp3s)
esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptipAns : b(b)estFerric
eiptsip oxide (Fe
es e
c bcsb b
65. Thesb
c other name
c b sb
c of magnetic
c bcsb c b sb
c oxide is __________.
c c bcsb c bcsb c csb c bcsb cbcsbs
a) Ferroso ferrous oxide b) Ferroso ferric oxide
ss c) Ferricpsipoxide.Ferrous
s psipsoxide esteiptsips s s d) 'a' tand s s'c' ss tiptsips sips
eteiptip sestei t sestei t eteiptip e eiptip eteiptip bcsbes:e (d) 'a' and esteiptonly e
cbcsbs cbcb cbcb cbcb s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cAns cbcsb'c' cbcsbs
66. The chemical formula for the rust is __________.
a) Fe2Os .xH O b) Fe2O3s .H O c) Fe3O4s .H O d) FeO.H2s O
esteiptsips esteipti3ps 2 sbesteiptsips esteiptips2 esteiptsips esteiptips2 esteiptsips esteiptips eiptsip
bes3t.xH
s
e
cbcsb cbcsb cbc cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb s
cbc Ans : (a) Fe
b cbc2sO 2O cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

67. The charge consisting of roastedps ore, coke and limestone pin the ratio isps __________.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips estei tsips estei tips e steiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a)
b s
c c 5:4:1
b b
cc s
b b s
b)c c8:4:1
b b
cc s
b b s
c)c c5:6:2
b b
cc s
b bcs
d) cnone
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (b) 8:4:1
sp68.
s Iron with
sps2 – 4.5% of
spscarbon is called
sps __________.
sps tiptsips tiptsips d) None ss ss
eteipti tipti
eseiron eteipti besetipti eteipti sbese ee esteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs a)
cbcsbPig cbcsbs b)cbcs
Steel cbcsbs c)cbcWrought cbcsbs
iron c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Pig iron
s69.
s Iron with s s< 0.25%teipof
s scarbon isteipcalled
tsips __________.
ss psips ss tiptsips ss
eteiptip esteiptip e tip bes eteiptip sbestei t eteiptip bcsbese eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbPig
a) iron cbcsbs b)cbcs
Steel cbcsbs c)cbcWrought cbcsbs
iron d) cNone cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Steel
70. Iron with 0.25 – 2%spof carbon is scalled __________.
e steiptsips esteiptsips esteipti s esteiptips ss
eteiptip c) bcWrought
ss ss
eteiptip ironbcsbesteiptip d) None
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip e
cbcsb a) s
cbc Pig iron cbc
b sb s
b)cbcSteel
b cbcsbs c sbs c cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (c) Wrought iron
71. __________ amalgam is used forsdental filling.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b a)
b s
c c Ag – Sn c c
b b s
b b s
b)c cHg – Sn c c
b b s
b b s
c)c cHg – Ag
b b
cc s
b bcs
d) cNone
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Ag – Sn
72. Brass issassolid solution of __________ in copper.
ee tiptsips tiptip
ese tiptsips
ee tiptsips tiptsips
bese ee tiptsips
sbese ee tiptsips tiptsips tiptsips
cbcsbs a)
cbcsbMagnesiumcbcsbs b)cbcs
Zinc cbcsbs c)cbcManganese cbcsbs bcsbese
d) cAluminium ee
cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Zinc
73. Statues are
ss s s made tup sofs __________ s s Alloy. teiptsips tiptsips tiptsips d) Al,sbemg
teiptsips ss
eteiptip a) esteiptip eseiptip esteiptip es sbese
mg, Mn cbcsbese eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbCu, Sn cbcsb b)cbcs
Cu,
b Zn cbcsb c)cbcAl, cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Cu, Sn
74. Stainless ssteel is an alloy of __________.
ete iptsips iptsip
este eteiptsips iptsips ss
eteiptip c) bcCopper
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip d) None
ss
eteiptip
ss
eteiptip
cbcsbs a)bcsb
c Aluminium cbcsbs b) bcs
c beste
Iron
cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
e
cbcsbs
Ans : (b) Iron
75. Iron alloys are also called as __________.
teiptsips ss
esteiptip alloys
a) sb tiptip s s b) Ferrous
teiptsipsalloyssb teiptsips c) Ferric s
teiptsipalloys teiptsips d) Non ptsips alloysesteiptsips
teiFerric
b
cc s
bes cbc Ferrous bcsbese
c b
cc s
b es b
cc
(non)
es b
cc s
bes b
ccsbes b
cc s
b es cbcsb
e
cbcsbs
Ans : (a) Ferrous alloys
76. Aluminium alloys are also called as __________.
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ptsips alloysesteiptsips
esteiptip esteiptip alloys esteiptip b) Ferrous
a) Ferrous esteiptip alloys (non)
esteiptip c) Ferric
esteiptipalloys esteiptip d) Non esteiFerric e
c bcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb cbcsb c bcsb bcsb
Ansc : (b) Non-ferrouscbcsb alloys cbcsbs
77. Rust is chemically known as __________.
ss ss s s b) hydratedss ptsips c) hydratedss teiptsips d) hydrated
tiptsips sps
eteiptip eteiptip ferric
a) sb
hydrated teiptip
eoxide eteiptip ferrous
eteioxide eteiptip cupriceoxide bcsbese cuprus steipti
bcsbeoxide e
cbcsbs cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans :c(a) c
hydrated ferric oxide cbcsbs
78. __________ is the process of coating Zinc on Iron sheets by using electric current.
ss tiptsip s tiptsip s s s ss ss ss psips psips
eteiptip a) sGalvanisation
b bese bsbese
b) s esteiptip
Anodixing eteiptip c) bcCathodic
eteiptip protection
eteiptip d) Electroplating
cbcsbs cc cc cbcb cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs cbcAns c bc
: (a) Galvanisation cbcsbs
79. __________ is used widely for anodizing process.
teiptsips a) Aluminium
tiptsips teiptsips b) sCopper
teiptsips teiptsips c) Zincteiptsips teiptsips d) Iron teiptsips teiptsips
es ee e e e e e e e e
b
cc s
b cbcsbs b
cc s
b s b
cc b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b
cc s
b s b s
b s bcsb s
c c Ans : (a)cAluminium cbcsbs
80. An alloy is a __________ mixture of two or more metals.
ss a) Homogeneous
ss b) Heterogeneous c) Both s s d) none s s
esteiptip eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e ti
e ptsips eteiptip e ti
e ptsips Ans ip Homogeneous
est:eipt(a)
ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb cbcsbs cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsb s cbcsbs c bcsb s c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
ss teiptsips masssbof ptsips is __________
s s than tthatss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip1. Thesbeatomic eteiargon eteiptip e eiptip of potassium
eteiptip in thebcperiodic
eteiptip table. eteiptip Ansbc:sbgreater
eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbc s cbc s cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c sbs cbcsbs c s cbcsbs
2. Lithium and sodium are __________ metals. Ans : highly reactive
3. __________ discovered a new property of elements called atomic number. Ans : Henry Moseley
sips sips sips sips sips sips sips ss ss
tei pt tei pt tei pt tei pt ti
e pt teipt tei pt esteipti:pBritishbcsScientist
eteiptip
cbcsbs 4. Henry
cbcsbs Moseleycis bcsbaes__________.
e e e e e e e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbAns c bs cbcsbs
5. The __________ of an element is equal to the number of protons or the number of electrons present in the

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

neutraliptatom of an element. Ans : atomic number
esteiptsips este sips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b 6. b s
Modern
cc b periodic b sb
c claw which states b sb
c c that thecphysical bcsb b sb
and cchemical
c b sb
properties
c c of the elements ccb sb are the b sb
c c periodic cbcsbs
functions of their __________. Ans : atomic numbers
s7.s Modern speriodic
s law,iptthe s s elementsteiptwere s s arranged sins the __________ s s orderteip ofs their
s atomic snumbers.
s ss
esteiptip esteiptip este ip es ip esteiptip esteiptip es tip esteiptipAns : increasingesteiptip e
8. The modern periodic table is a tabular arrangement of elements in rows and columns, highlighting the
ss __________ of properties of the elements. Ans : regular repetition
esteiptip e
cbcsbs 9. The s s
cbcbhorizontalcrows s s
bcb are called s s
cbc__________.
b cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s Ans cbc:sbperiods cbcsbs
10. There are __________ in the periodic table. Ans : seven periods
s11.s First periodpsips is the e__________.psips psips psips psips psips Ans psi:psshortestesperiod psips
eteiptip sbestei t sbstei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sb tei t e
cbcsbs 12. bc bc
First period contains __________ elements.
c c c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc c bc Ans : 2 cbcsbs
13. Second period is the __________. Ans : short period
te 14.
i pts
i p s Second tei pts s
period
i p contains
tei pt si p s
__________ tei pts
i p s
elements. tei ptsi p s tei ptsi p s tei ptsi p s tetsips
i p teiptsi:ps8
Ans
b
cc s
b
15.
b sb
c c period iscalso
Third
b sb
c called asc__________. bcsb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb b sb
c c Ans : short b sb
c c period cbcsbs
16. Third period contains __________ elements. Ans : 8
i ptsi p s i ptsi p s i pt si p s i ptsip s i ptsi p s i ptsi p s i ptsi p s i ptsi p s teiptsips
ese 17.
t Fourth eseperiod isbcthe
t ese__________.
t t
ese t
ese t
ese t
ese ese Ans : long
t esperiod e
c bcsb c bcsb c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
18. Fourth period contains __________ elements. Ans : 18
19. Fifth period is also calleds as __________. Ans : long period
e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips psips
sbestei :t 18 e
cbcbs s 20. Fifth
cbcb period contains
s s cbcb __________
s s cbcb elements.
s s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcbs s cbcAns cbcsbs
21. Sixth period is the __________. Ans : longest period
22. Sixth period containsp__________ elements. Ansp:s 32
esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips e
cbc sb 23. sb
Seventh
cbc sb
periodcbisc also calledcas sb
bc the __________. cbc sb cbc sb cbc sb sb
cbc Ans : longest sb
cbc period cbcsbs
24. Seventh period contains __________ elements. Ans : 32
esteiptsip25.s The vertical

esteiptsip columns
s
esteiptinsipthe periodic
s
esteiptsitable
p s starting
esteiptsip from top tote
s
es ipbottom
tsip s are called
esteiptsip __________.
s
esteiptsip Ans s:begroups
s
steiptsips e
ccb sb 26. b sb
c c are __________
There ccb sb in the bcsb
c periodic ccb
table.
sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb Ans :c18 bc groups cbcsbs
27. Group 1 is called __________. Ans : alkali metals
s p s s p scalled asti__________.
s p s s p s s p s s p s s ps Ans : alkaline ss teiptsips
ese 28.
t i pt i Group t
ese i 2
pt i is ese pt i t
ese i pt i t
ese i pt i t
ese i pt i t
ese i pt i eseptip earth
t i emetals
s e
c bcsb
29.
bcsb bcsb
cGroup 3 to 12c are called __________. c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb
Ans : transistion elements
c bcsb cbcsbs
30. Group 13 is called as __________. Ans : Boron family
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s teiptsips
t i p
e e 31.t i p
Group t i pt i p
e e14 is called t
eas i pt i p
e __________. eet i pt i p eet i pt i p eet i pt i p eet i pt ip teptsip: Carbon
eAnsi efamily e
32. Group 15 is called as __________. Ans : Nitrogen family
33. Group 16 is called as s__________. Ans : Oxygen family (or) s Chalcogen family
e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptips teiptsips
cbc sb s 34. cGroup
bcsb s 17 is called b s
cbc as __________.
s cbc sb s cbc sb s cbc sb s cbc sb s cbc sb s csbes
Ans c: bHalogens e
cbcsbs
35. Group 18 is called as __________. Ans : Noble gases
ete iptsip36.s The lanthanides

e teiptsips andipactinides
e tetsips which
e teiptsipform
s part tof
e
Group
eiptsip
s 3 aretipcalled
e etsip
s __________
e teiptsips Elements. e teiptsips e teiptsips e
cbcsbs ccb sb s ccb sb s ccb sb s ccb sb s ccb sb s ccb sb s ccb sb s
Ans : ccb sb s
innertransistion cbcsbs
37. 18th group is called as __________. Ans : Noble gases (or) Rare gases (or) Inert gases
ete iptsip38.
s The physical s s properties
esteiptip esteiptip
s sof the elements s s in a group
esteiptip
s such
esteiptip
s as __________,
ss
esteiptip Ans b:csb
__________
ss
esteiptip point,
and
teipts__________
eboilingips e teipvary
tsips e
cbcsbs c bcs
gradually.
b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c melting c bcsb s point,
c bcsb s
density cbcsbs
39. The atoms of the group __________ elements have stable electronic configuration in their valence shells and
ss hence they are unreactive. Ans : ZERO
eteiptip e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips e teiptsips psips
sbestei t e
cbcsbs 40. The s s
cbcb __________ s s
cbcb of elements s s
cbcb helps uscbto s s
cb explain the s s
cbcbperiodic crecurrencebcbs s s s
ofcbphysical
cb andcbcchemical cbcsbs
properties. Ans : electronic configurations
41. Anything which repeats itself after a regularps interval is called periodic. And this behavior is called
esteiptsips e teiptsips
__________.
s esteiptsips esteiptsips estei tips esteiptsips esteiptsips es
s
teiptsipAns : eteiptip
periodicity
ss
e
cbcsb cbc sb cbc sb cbc sb cbc sb cbc sb cbc sb cbc sb cbcsbs cbcsbs
42. Some of the __________ of the elements are periodic. Ans : atomic properties

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

43. Periodic properties are __________, __________, Ionisation energy, electronegativity, electron affinity.
b
cc s
b b
cc sb ccb s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc sb ccb s
b Ans : Atomic
b
cc s
b radius, Ionic
b
cc sb radius cbcsbs
44. __________ of an atom is defined as the distance between the centre of its nucleus and the outermost shell
containing the valenceselectron. Ans : Atomic radius
estei ptsips e stei ptsips estei ptips estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips ss
esteiptip e
c bcsb 45. c bcs
Directb measurement c bcsb of the c bcs
radiusb of an c bcs
isolated
b atom isc bcs
__________.
b c bcsb c bcsb Ans : not
c bcspossible
b cbcsbs
46. Covalent radius or metallic radius __________ the nature of the bonding between the concerned atoms.
Ans : dependingsp on
esteiptsips e steiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteipti s e
cbcbs s
47. Atomic
cbcb radius cinbcmetal sb atomscbis s
cbknown as c__________. s
bcb cbcbs cbcbs s
cbcbAns : Metallic s
cbcb radius cbcsbs
48. __________ defined as Half the distance between the nuclei of adjacent metal atoms. Ans : Metallic radius
s49.s In non-metallic ss elements, psips their atomic psipsradius is known
psips as __________. psips psips Ans psi:pscovalentesradius psips
eteiptip eteiptip sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t sb tei t e
cbcsbs 50. __________ cbcsbs c bc c bc c bc c bc
is defined as half the distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms of the same c bc c bc c bc cbcsbs
element in a molecule. Ans : Covalent radius
esteiptsip51. Thesbesdistance
s teiptsip s between
esteiptsip the two
s
esteihydrogen
ptsip s nuclei
esteiptsip of thesbemolecule
s
steiptsip s is 0.74A0.
esteiptsip So sits
s
esteipcovalent
tsips radius
esteiptsipsis e
ccb sb __________.
ccb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb ccb sb b b
c c Ans : 0.74/2 sb
c c= 0.37Å
b cbcsbs
52. Along the period, from left to right, the atomic radius of the elements __________. Ans : decreases
s 53. From ttop
s s to bottomte
s the atomic radius
s s s s of the elements s s __________. s s s s s s : increases
Ans ss
esteiptip eseiptip esiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb bcsb
c increase, down
54. The c bcsb bcsb b
a group cis due to the c__________ numbercsb c bcsb down c bcsb
the group. c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : increase in the valence shell
55. As __________ increases the distance between the valence shell and the
enucleus
teiptsips increases.
s p s s p s s p s s p s s p s s p s ss ss
eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteipti eteiptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbsAns : shell cbcsbnumber cbcsbs
56. Along the period the shell number remains the same but the __________ increases.
ss ss teiptsips ss tiptsips ss s s Ans :teinumber s s of protons ss
eteiptip eteiptip csbes esteiptip bcsbeseattraction esteiptip eteiptip es ptip esteiptip e
cbcsbs 57. More cbcsbsand morecbpositive cbcsbimpose
charges acstrong cbcsbover cbcsbs and thus
the electrons cbcsbelectron cbcsbshrinks
cloud cbcsbs
towards the nucleus which results in the __________. Ans : decrease in the atomic size
58. __________ is defined as the distance from the centre of the nucleus of the
esteiptsip s
e steiptsip s
esteiptsip s
esteiptsip s
esteiptsip s
esteiptsip s
esteiption.
sips
esteiptsipAnss : Ionictipradii
es etsip
s
e
ccb sb b
59. When
sb
c c a neutralc atom bcsb loses an b sb
c celectron, it cbecomes bcsb b sb
a positively
cc charged b sb
c cion called __________.
ccb sb b sb
c c : cation
Ans cbcsbs
60. When a neutral atom gains an electron, it becomes a negatively charged ion called __________.Ans : anion
s s psa cationetiseipt__________
teiptsiof sips tsips its corresponding ss ss s ss teiptsips
esteiptip61. The esize
s s esteipthan esteiptip neutral
esteiptipatom. bBut eiptsipanion bissblarger
estthe esteiptip than bits eneutral
s e
c bcsb bc
atom.
c sb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c csb c
c Ans : always csb
c smaller cbcsbs
62. __________ lose the single electron from their outermost energy level to form cations.
eteipti
s p s
eteiptip
ss psips psips psips psips psips Ans :esLithium psips and sodium psips
cbcsbs 63. __________ cbcsbs bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsbestei t bcsb tei t bcsbestei t e
cbcsbs
become negative ions by gaining an electron.
c c c c c Ans : Fluorine and chlorine
c c
64. __________ also decrease along the period from left to right and increase down the group.
etei tp si p s
eteiptip
ss psips psips psips psips ps : Atomic
psiAns psiradius,
ps ionicte pradii
sips
cbcsbs 65. Ionisation cbcsbs c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbestei t c bcsbesi t e
cbcsbs
energy is the __________ required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state
to form cation. Ans : minimum energy
esteiptsip66. Ionisation
s
e steiptsip energysbeissteialso
s ptsip known eas
s
steipt__________.
sip s
esteiptsip s
esteiptsip s
esteiptsip s Ans :te
es iionization
ptsips enthalpy
esteiptsips e
ccb sb ccb sb
67. Ionization b
c c is measured
enthalpy b sb
c c in __________. ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb
Ans
b sb
c c: KJ/mol cbcsbs
68. Higher the ionization energy, it is more __________ to remove the electron. Ans : difficult
s p s __________ s p s decreases s p s s p s in a period, s ps more energy s p sis required s p sremove tthe s p s ss
t
ese i pt i 69. eset i pt i t
ese i pt i from left to
t
ese i ptright
i t
ese i pt i t
ese i pt i t
ese i pt ito ese i pt i electrons. esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c
Ans : Atomic
bcsb
size cbcsbs
70. Ionisation energy __________ along the period. Ans : increases
ss ptsipsgroup the tsips ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip71. Down eteithe eteipionization eteiptip __________.
energy eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptipAns : decreases eteiptip e
72. As the positive charge increases the __________ decreases. Ans : size of the cation
73. As the negative charge increases the __________ increases. Ans : size of the anion
sips sips sips sips sips sips sips tsips its anion. ss
tei pt tei pt tei pt tei pt tei pt teip t tei pt esteipform eteiptip
cbcsbs 74. __________ is the
cbcsbsamount of cbcenergy released
cbcsbswhen a gaseous cbcsbs atom cgains bcsbes an electron cbcsbto
e e e sbes e e e
Ans : Electron affinity

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

75. __________ increases from left toipright, decreases from top to bottom in a ip
group. Ans : Electron affinity
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips esteiptsips esteiptsips e
b
cc s
b ccb s
b
76. Electron b
affinitiessb b s
b
c c zero in __________.
cc b
cc s
b b
ccsb b
cc sb b s
b
c c Ans : noble b s
b
c c gases cbcsbs
77. Electronegativity of an element is the measure of the tendency of its atom to attract the __________ towards
s s itself in as covalent
s bond.ss ss ss ss s : shared
sAns spair
s of electrons ss
c bcsb b sb
78. __________
c c b sb b
isc based on various
c c csb b s
experimental
c c b b
data such sb
c as bond energy,
c c bcsb b
ionization sb
c potential and
c b sb
c electron
c cbcsbs
affinity. Ans : Electronegativity
s79.s __________ s s is the twidely s s used scale s tos determine s thes electronegativity,
ss which s sin turn predicts s s the nature s ofs
eteiptip the esteiptip between e eiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e
cbcsbs cbcsbbonding cbcsbs the atoms cbcsbsin a molecule. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbsAns : Pauling cbcsbs scale cbcsbs
80. Electronegativity of __________. Ans : Fluorine is 4.0
s81.s Electronegativity
ss of t__________.
eiptsip
s ss ss ss ss Anss :sChlorine tis psi3.0
ps
eteiptip eteiptip bes__________. eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip esteiptip sbesei t e
cbcsbs 82. Electronegativity
cbcsbs cbcsof cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbAns bc
: Bromine is 2.8
c cbcsbs
83. Electronegativity of __________. Ans : Iodine is 2.5
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
tept:sipHydrogen ps
estei pt i 84.
p Electronegativity
estei pt i p of
es __________.
tei pt i p estei pt i p estei pt i p estei pt i p estei pt i p Ans
es i es eiptsi2.1
tis e
b
cc s
b ccb s
b
85. Electronegativity
b sb
c cof __________. b
cc sb ccb sb ccb sb ccb sb b sb
c c Ans : Sodium b sb
c c is 1.0 cbcsbs
86. If the difference in electronegativity between two elements is 1.7,the __________ and __________.
s s ss ss ss ss sips ionic character, ss tsips ss
t
ese i pt i p esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esteiptipAns :bbond esteipt50% esteiptip 50% esteipcovalent character
esteiptip e
c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb
87. If the difference is __________, the bond is considered to be covalent.
c bcsb c csb c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb
Ans : less than 1.7
cbcsbs
88. If the difference is __________, the bond is considered to be ionic. Ans : greater than 1.7
s p s s p s s p s s p s s p s s p s s p s ss ss
t i pt i
e e 89. Along t i pt i
e ethe periodbcs,befrom t i pt i
e left tobright t i pt i
e e in the periodic t i pt i
e e table, bthe t i pt i
e __________
e t i pt i
eincreases.
e Anseteip:tip eteiptip
electronegativity e
cbcsbs cbcsbs c s c csbs cbcsbs c csbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
90. On moving down a group the electronegativity of the elements __________. Ans : decreases
91. __________ is the process of removalsof impurities sfrom the ore.
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips eteiptip
s
eteiptip
s sps
eteiptiAns eteiptip
: Concentration
ss
or e teiptsips
separation
sips
eteiptore
of the e
cbc sb cbc sb cbc sb cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs
92. __________ is the conversion of the ore into metals. Ans : Production of the metal
93.
sips __________ sips is the process
sips of purification
sips of the metal.
sips sips sips Ans : Refining sips of the tmetal
e tei pt e tei pt e tei pt e tei pt e tei pt e tei pt e tei pt e tei pt e ps
eiptsithe e
ccb sb s 94. A
ccb sb s
__________ may
ccb sb s be a single
ccb sb s
compound or
ccb sa
b scomplex mixture
ccb sb s of various
ccb sb scompounds ccb sof
b s metals found
ccb sb s in cbcsbs
earth. Ans : mineral
95. The __________ fromswhich a metals can be readily and economically extracted on a large scale is said tosbe
estei ptsips an ore. estei ptsips estei ptips estei ptips estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips Ans : mineral
esteiptip
s
e
96. __________ is a ore of alumninium. Ans : Bauxite
97. __________ is a mineral of aluminium. Ans : Clay
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips ss
esteiptip e
cbcbs cbcbs
98. __________ iscthes
bcb process of s
cbcextracting
b the s
cbcores
b from the s
cbcbearth’s crust. cbcbs cbcbs cbcs:bMining
Ans cbcsbs
99. __________ is the rocky impurity associated with an ore is called gangue or matrix. Ans : Gangue or Matrix
s100.s __________ s s is theteipsubstance ss added s s to the tore s sto reduceteiptthe s s fusion ttemperature ss ands sto remove tiptsithe
ps
eteiptip impurities. eteiptip e tip eteiptip e eiptip e ip e eiptip eteiptip bcsbes:eFlux e
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cAns cbcsbs
101. __________ is the fusible product formed when a flux reacts with a Gangue during the extraction of metals.
Ans : Slag
ccb sb ccb s
102. __________
b iscthe
b s
c process of
b b s
c creducing thec roasted
b bcsb metallic
b s
c c oxide fromc the
b b sb b s
c metal incitsc molten condition.
b ccb sb cbcsbs
Ans : Smelting
s103.s Oxidetiores s s are purified s by s __________ s s method.teiptsips ss Ans p : sHydraulic
s or gravity
s s separation ss
esteiptip eseptip esteiptip esteiptip es esteiptip estei tip esteiptip esteiptip e
c bcsb 104. The
bcsb bcs
c differencecin the densitiesb bcsb
c or specific gravities
c bcsb bcsb
of thec ore and gangue sb
c are purified
bc sb
c by __________.
bc c bcsb cbcsbs
Ans : Hydraulic method
s105.s __________ s s can beteiseparatedpsips by Magnetic
ss separation
tiptsips
method.ps s ss Ans
tiptsips
: Magnetic pores ss
eteiptip esteiptip sbes tas sulphide eteiptip bcsbese estei tip eteiptip bcsbesefloatation estei tip e
cbcsbs 106. The cbcsblighter ores
cbcsuch cbcsbsores arecconcentrated bcsb__________.
cby cbcsbs Ans :cFroth cbcsbmethod cbcsbs
107. Chemical method is also called as __________. Ans : Leaching
ss ss s sips s psips psips s stonetipores sips
eteiptip108. __________
eteiptip occurs inpsipCoimbatore
sbestei t
p,Cuddalore,
sbestei t
and psipDindugul.
sbestei t sbestei t sbestei t
Ansp:s
sbestei t
ipLime
sbeset e
cbcsbs 109. __________cbcsbs c bc c bc
occurs in Trichy, Coimbatore districts. c bc c bc c bc c bc c b
Ans : Gypsum oresc cbcsbs

b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b cbcsbs

110. __________ occurs iin Kanyakumari ,tirunelveli and tuticorin. ipts Ans : Titaniumipores
esteiptsips esteiptsips esteptsips esteiptsips esteiptsips este ips esteiptsips esteiptsips estetsips e
b
cc s
b b s
b
111. __________
cc b s
b
occurs
c c in Coimbatore b s
b
c c and Salem b s
b
c c district. c c bsb b
cc s
b b s
b
c c Ans : Chromite b s
b
c c ores cbcsbs
112. __________ occurs in Dharmapuri, Erode, Salem and Tiruvannamalai. Ans : Magnetite ores
ss ss s
ptsipMadurai sips ss ss ss teiptsip:sTungsten tsips
esteiptip113. __________
esteiptip occursesteiin and
esteiptDindugal. esteiptip esteiptip esteiptip esAns esteipores e
114. All metals are __________ at room temperature except mercury and gallium. Ans : solids
115. Metals possess a __________. Ans : high lustre
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss iptsips ptsips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip e te sbesteihard e
cbcsbs 116. Most
cbcsbsof the metals
cbcsbsare __________.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs b : strongcbcand
cbcAns
s s cbcsbs
117. The __________ are sodium and potassium. Ans : soft metals
s118.
s Metal tpossess
s s __________
tiptsips melting sand
s boiling tpoints.
ss ss ss s s Ans :teiphigh
ss
eteiptip e eiptip bcsbese eteiptip e eiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip es tip e
cbcsbs 119. Metals
cbcsbs have a c__________. cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs Ans : high
cbcsbdensity cbcsbs
120. Sodium and potassium are __________ than water. Ans : less dense
s
teiptsip121. tsips__________.
teipare teiptsipsThey can tsipsdrawn sinto
teipbe sips wires without
teiptthin teiptsips breaking.teiptsips teiptsips Ans s:beductile
teiptsips
es Metals
es es es e s es es es s e
b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc s
b b
cc cbcsbs
122. Metals are usually __________. Ans : malleable
123. Metals are __________ of heat and selectricity. Ans : sgood
s conductors
estei ptsips estei ptsips estei ptsips esteiptip
s ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip
ss
esteiptip: liquidbcssolvents
eteiptip e
c bcsb 124. c bcs
Metals
b do not c bcs
dissolve
b in c bcs
__________.
b c bcsb c bcsb c bcsb cbcsbAns c bs cbcsbs
125. __________ is the first most abundant metal in the earth crust. Ans : Aluminium
s126.
s Formula sfor
s __________ s s is __________.
ss ss ss ss s s Ans : Natei3pAlF
sips
eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip sbes t 6 e
cbcsbs 127. Formula
cbcsbs for Corundum
cbcsbs is __________.
cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs cbcsbs c bc
Ans : Al O cbcsbs
2 3
128. The temperature is used in hall’s process __________. Ans : 900 – 950°C
ss teiptsips is used s
ptsiphall’s ss ss ss ss ss ss
eteiptip129. The evoltage eteiin eteiptip__________.
process eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip eteiptip Ansbc:sb5est–eipt6ipV e
130. __________ is a silvery white metal. Ans : Aluminium
131. __________ has low density and it is light. Ans : Aluminium
b
cc s
b

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