THE SPY SCHOOL

CAIE – IGCSE (2023-25)

SUBJECT: ICT

Chapter 1: Types and Components of Computer Systems

1.1 Hardware and software

• Hardware is defined as the internal or external physical components that

make up a typical computer system.

Internal Hardware External Hardware

Motherboard Keyboard

Central Processing Unit (CPU) Mouse

Random Access Memory (RAM) Microphone

Read Only Memory (ROM) Camera

Graphics Card Monitor

Sound Card Printer

Network Interface Card (NIC) Speaker

Internal Storage Devices Plotter

 Internal Hardware Description

• A motherboard serves as a printed circuit board essential

for the operation and communication of computer
Motherboard hardware components, including the processor.
• Its primary role involves acting as a central hub to which
various computer devices can be connected.

• The CPU, a crucial electronic circuit in a computer,

executes program instructions through its arithmetic and
logic unit (ALU) for mathematical tasks and control unit
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
(CU) for instruction interpretation, and small memory
locations called registers, collectively forming the
computer's fundamental processing capabilities.

• Random Access Memory (RAM) is an internal chip that

temporarily stores data while running applications.
• It is read and written to, but being volatile, it loses its
Random Access Memory (RAM)
contents when the computer is powered off.
• RAM holds data, files, or part of the active operating
system.

• Read-Only Memory (ROM) is a type of memory dedicated

to permanent storage, commonly holding configuration
data for computer systems.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
• Unlike RAM, ROM is non-volatile, ensuring information
persistence even when the computer is powered off and
ROM chips are read-only.

• A graphics card facilitates the transmission of visual data

from a computer to a display device like a monitor or TV.
Graphics Card • Typically linked to the motherboard, it comprises a
processing unit, memory (often RAM), cooling apparatus
(typically a heat sink), and connections to display units.

• A sound card, an integrated circuit board, enables a

computer to generate audio heard through speakers or
headphones.
Sound Card
• Additionally, it facilitates sound recording from a
connected microphone and manipulation of stored audio
on a disk.

• A Network Interface Card (NIC) enables a computer or

device, like a printer, to connect to a network, whether
Network Interface Card (NIC) wired or wireless.
• Each NIC is preprogrammed with a distinctive MAC
(media access control) address code.

• Hard disk drives (HDDs) use magnetic technology to

store data, files, and software.
Internal Storage Devices
• Newer computers, including tablets, utilize solid-state
drives (SSDs).
Motherboard RAM ROM

Graphics Card Sound Card NIC

SSD HDD

• Software is defined as the programs that control the computer system and
process data.
• Software is divided into applications software (program that provides the
services that the user requires to solve a task) and systems software
(program that provides the services that the computer requires to operate).
Applications Software Description

• Enables the handling of a text document, such as text

Word Processor creation, page formatting, spellchecking, and other
manipulations.

• Organizes and handles numerical data structured in rows

Spreadsheet or columns, generates graphs, conducts 'what if'
calculations, and engages in modelling exercises.

• Structures, handles, and assesses information stored in

Database Management (DBMS)
tables; enables queries to locate related data.

• Control and measurement software enables computers or

microprocessors to interact with sensors for measuring
real-world physical quantities like temperatures.
Control / Measurement • It also facilitates the control of applications, such as
chemical processes, by analysing sensor data, comparing
it with stored information, and sending signals to adjust
parameters.

• Audio editing software empowers users to edit and create

audio on a computer, modifying track length, start/stop
times, volume, and more.
• It allows combining tracks, reducing noise, and generating
alternative versions.
Audio / Video Editor • Video editing software enables manipulation of videos,
including adding titles, color correction, and altering sound.
• Users can rearrange, add, or remove sections of
video/audio, apply enhancements, and create transitions
within the footage, providing versatile video editing
capabilities.

Graphics Editor • Allows bitmap and vector graphic images to be changed.

• This is employed in crafting, altering, and adjusting

Computer Aided Design (CAD) drawings and designs, for instance, in the work of a
graphic designer.

• Apps, originally for smartphones, now encompass

substantial functions like streaming or banking and can be
Apps / Applets downloaded from app stores.
• Applets are compact applications executing a single task
within a browser from an HTML page.
System Software Description

• A compiler translates high-level language (e.g., Java,

Python) source code into machine code.
Compiler
• The compiled object code enables computers to perform
tasks directly and can be reused without recompilation.

• A linker, or link editor, is a computer program that merges

object files from a compiler into a single executable
Linker program.
• It combines separately written code modules, facilitating
the organization of complex programs.

• A device driver is software that enables hardware devices

to communicate with a computer's operating system.
• Without drivers, devices like printers or mice wouldn't
Device Driver
function.
• When a device connects, the operating system searches
for and requires the appropriate driver.

• The operating system (OS) is crucial software managing

essential functions in the background, allowing user-
friendly computer use.
Operating System (OS)
• It enables input/output operations, user communication,
error handling, program loading, and security management
for efficient day-to-day computer interactions.

• Utility programs are software designed for specific tasks

on a computer, aiding in the management and control of
computer resources.
Utilities
• They include system optimizers, registry cleaners,
password managers, file shredders, uninstallers, and
encryption tools.

• Analogue data is continuous and varies smoothly, like in traditional clocks with
hands, whereas digital data is discrete, represented in distinct values, as in
digital clocks with numerical displays.
• Analogue data can have infinite values within a range, while digital data is
finite and precise, often represented in binary code (0s and 1s).
• Digital data is more resistant to interference and degradation, making it
preferred for modern computing systems.
• It is necessary to convert analogue data to digital data so that it can be
processed by a computer, which is possible by using Analogue to digital
converter (ADC).
• Similarly, digital data must be converted to analogue data so that it can be
used to control devices, which can be done by using Digital to Analogue
Converter (DAC).
 Analogue Signal

Digital Signal

1.2 The main components of computer systems

• As discussed earlier, the CPU, or central processing unit, interprets and

executes commands from computer hardware and software.
• Typically found on the motherboard, it comprises the control unit and
arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and is commonly known as a microprocessor.

RAM ROM

Temporary memory, so data can be changed. Permanent memory, so data cannot be changed.

Volatile memory. Non-volatile memory.

Can be written to and read from. Can only be read from.

Stores data, files, part of operating system

Used to store BIOS and other start-up data.
currently in use.

Can be increased in size to improve computer’s

performance.
 Characteristics Input Devices Output Devices

Contributes data or commands Presents processed information

Function
to the computer. to the user.

Keyboards, mice, scanners, Monitors, printers, speakers,

Examples
etc. etc.

Outputs data from the

Direction of Data Flow Enters data into the computer.
computer.

Enables user interaction with Allows users to perceive

User Interaction
the system. computer output.

Initiates the information Concludes the information

Role in Information Cycle
processing cycle. processing cycle.

Characteristics Backing Storage Internal Memory

Holds data temporarily for

Function Stores data for long-term use.
processing.

Hard drives, SSDs, external RAM (Random Access

Examples
drives, etc. Memory), cache, etc.

Non-volatile (retains data even Volatile (loses data when

Volatility
when powered off). powered off).

Smaller capacity for quick data

Capacity Larger storage capacity.
access.

Stores user data, applications, Holds actively used data and

Type of Data Stored
and files. programs.

External to the computer Integral part of the computer

Location
system. hardware.

Slower access time due to Almost instantaneous access

Data Accessibility physical movement (e.g., disk due to proximity to the CPU.
rotation).

Generally more expensive per

Typically more cost-effective
Cost unit of storage compared to
per unit of storage.
backing storage.

Long-term data storage and Temporary storage for active

Usage
backup. processes.
 1.3 Operating systems

• The four types of user interfaces you need to know for this course are:
o Command Line Interface (CLI)
o Graphical User Interface (GUI)
o Dialogue-based Interface
o Gesture-based Interface

Command Line Interface

• A Command Line Interface (CLI) necessitates users to input text commands

for tasks like menu selection or software access.
• Despite requiring the memorization of commands for basic operations, CLI
offers direct communication with the computer, providing flexibility beyond
predetermined options.
• Though perceived as slower due to manual command input, it grants users
greater control.

Graphical User Interface

• A Graphical User Interface (GUI) enables users to interact with devices using
images or symbols instead of text commands.
• Commonly employing WIMP technology, prevalent in personal computers,
GUIs involve a mouse for cursor control and icon selection to open windows.
• Multiple open windows are managed by a window manager.
• In modern touch screen devices, post-WIMP interaction, using fingers for
actions like pinching and rotating, has become prevalent.
Dialogue-based Interface

• Dialogue-based user interfaces utilize spoken commands to interact with

computer systems, exemplified in luxury cars for controlling in-car features
through voice activation.
• Users can command tasks naturally, such as directing the car to the nearest
airport.
• This interface extends to homes, where voice commands manage tasks like
lighting and electronic devices.
• Technologies like Amazon Alexa, Google Now, Apple Siri, and Microsoft
Cortana serve as personal assistants, recognizing and responding to verbal
commands.

Gesture-based Interface

• Human gestures, whether made by hands, head, or feet, drive gesture-based

interfaces, eliminating the need for mechanical devices.
• Employing computer vision and image processing, these interfaces recognize
gestures to perform tasks naturally.
• In a car, rotating a finger near the radio adjusts volume, while a foot
movement opens the boot.
• Sensors or cameras capture gestures, sending signals to the onboard
computer, eliminating the need for dashboard buttons and dials.
 Advantages and Disadvantages of the different types of operating systems

CLI

Advantages Disadvantages

Efficient for experienced users. Steeper learning curve for beginners.

Lower resource usage. Limited visual feedback.

Powerful for scripting and automation. Requires memorization of commands.

Ideal for server environments. Very time-consuming.

The user is in direct communication with the Difficult to edit a command when you make a
computer. mistake.

GUI

Advantages Disadvantages

Intuitive and user-friendly. Higher resource usage.

Visual representation of tasks. Less efficient for scripting.

Wide accessibility for beginners. Limited customization options.

Potential for user distraction and the user isn’t in

Suitable for a broad range of users.
direct communication with the computer.

Dialogue-based Interface

Advantages Disadvantages

Natural language interaction. Variable learning curve.

Accessibility for users with mobility. May misinterpret commands.

Suitable for hands-free environments. Limited visual feedback.

Convenient for specific applications. May lack flexibility for complex tasks.
 Gesture-based Interface

Advantages Disadvantages

Intuitive interaction with technology. Requires adaptation to gestures.

Natural and immersive user experience. May not be suitable for all users.

Suitable for hands-free environments. Potential for misinterpretation.

Convenient for specific applications. May not be as precise as other methods.

1.4 Types of computer

Desktop Computers

• A desktop computer is a non-portable, general-purpose device consisting of a

separate monitor, keyboard, mouse, and processor unit, distinguishing it from
laptops.
• Desktops offer advantages such as standardized spare parts, cost-
effectiveness, easy upgrades, better specifications, and stable internet
access.
• Their fixed location reduces the risk of damage or theft.
• However, drawbacks include limited portability, complexity due to wired
connections, and the need for file transfers for remote work.
• Desktops find use in office tasks, education, gaming, and entertainment.
• In summary, desktops are cost-efficient, upgradable, and suitable for stable
tasks, but lack portability compared to laptops.

Mobile Computers

Laptops

• A laptop, or notebook computer, integrates the monitor, keyboard, pointing

device, and processor into a single unit, emphasizing portability.
• Key features include lightweight design, low power consumption, and minimal
heat output for efficient cooling.
• Advantages of laptops include unparalleled portability, absence of trailing
wires, space efficiency, Wi-Fi compatibility, and integration with multimedia
systems.
• However, they face drawbacks such as susceptibility to theft, limited battery
life requiring heavy power adapters, potential ergonomic challenges with
keyboards and pointing devices, and constraints on upgradability.
• Laptops find applications in office work, education, gaming, entertainment,
and control and monitoring tasks, utilizing their internal battery for data
 collection in various environments, such as monitoring gas boilers during
maintenance.

Smartphones

• Smartphones, equipped with operating systems like iOS, Android, or

Windows, facilitate traditional calls and run various applications.
• They boast features such as high-definition displays, front and back facing
cameras, lightweight design, and extended battery life.
• Smartphones connect to the internet via Wi-Fi or mobile networks like
3G/4G/5G.
• They utilize Bluetooth, flash memory, and cloud storage for data
synchronization.
• Equipped with sensors like accelerometers and proximity sensors,
smartphones enable diverse functionalities, including speech recognition.
• Emerging OLED touch screens, incorporating solar power capabilities, are
envisioned for future smartphones, enabling Li-Fi communication for faster
and more secure data transfer.
• Advantages include portability, internet connectivity on the go, diverse sensor-
based apps, and reasonable battery life.
• However, challenges include small screens, slower typing, battery drainage
during web browsing, limited memory, compatibility issues, susceptibility to
loss or theft, and potential data transfer rate limitations.

Tablets

• Tablets, akin to smartphones, utilize touch screen technology and lack a

conventional keyboard.
• They are highly portable, supporting Wi-Fi or 3G/4G/5G connectivity.
• Tablets share sensors with smartphones, featuring cameras, microphones,
accelerometers, and touch screens.
• Advantages over laptops include rapid startup, portability, intuitive touch
screen usage, built-in apps, minimal heat, extended battery life, and seamless
internet connectivity.
• However, tablets may be costly, offer limited memory, and incur expenses with
frequent internet use through mobile networks.
• Typing on touch screens can be slower, file transfers are application-
dependent, and laptops generally support more file formats and software.

Phablets

• Phablets, combining smartphone and tablet features, possess larger screens.

• They encompass smartphone and tablet functionalities, offering a hybrid
mobile computing experience.
 Advantages and Disadvantages for each type of computers
Category Advantages
• Standardized components
result in lower costs.
• Easy to upgrade or
expand.
• Better specifications for a
Desktop Computer
given price.
• Stable internet access with
wired connection.
• Larger casing allows better
heat dissipation.
• High portability with all
components in a single
unit.
• No trailing wires; simple
setup.
Laptop Computer
• Takes up less desk space.
• Suitable for on-the-go
internet connectivity.
• Integration with multimedia
systems.
• Highly portable, always on
your person.
• On-the-go internet access
through Wi-Fi and mobile
networks.
• Diverse sensor-based
apps leveraging camera,
Smartphone
microphone,
accelerometer, etc.
• Reasonable battery life
compared to laptops.
• Integration with cloud
storage for data
synchronization.
• Rapid startup, fully
portable, and lightweight.
• Intuitive touch screen
technology; no need for
Tablet
additional input.
• Extended battery life;
remains connected to the
internet in standby mode.
Disadvantages
• Lack of portability due to
separate components.
• More complicated setup with
wired connections.
• Requires file transfer for
remote work.
• Susceptible to damage or
theft in a fixed location.
• Easier to steal due to
portability.
• Limited battery life may
require carrying a heavy
power adaptor.
• Keyboards and pointing
devices may be less
ergonomic.
• Limited upgradability
compared to desktops.
• Susceptible to loss or theft.
• Small screens and keyboards
may hinder readability and
typing speed.
• Web browsing and
photography can drain the
battery quickly.
• Limited memory compared to
laptops.
• Not all website features may
be compatible with
smartphone OS.
• Data transfer rate using
mobile networks may be
slower than Wi-Fi.
• Costly compared to laptops
(though decreasing over
time).
• Limited memory or storage,
though improving in latest
devices.
• Expensive if frequently
accessing the internet
through 3G/4G/5G networks.
 • Built-in apps like cameras,
MP3/4 players.
• Seamless internet
connectivity through Wi-Fi
or mobile networks.
• Larger screen than
smartphones; more
portable than tablets.
• Integrates features of both
smartphones and tablets
(all advantages of
Phablet
smartphones and tablets
apply!).
• Hybrid mobile computing
experience.
• Combines portability with
larger screen benefits.
• Typing on touch screen can
be slow and error-prone.
• File transfers often rely on
specific applications, lacking
'drag and drop' functionality.
• Smaller screens compared to
tablets; may have limitations.
• Cost and potential limitations
may exist, similar to
smartphones and tablets.
• May not support all software
available for laptops or
desktops.
• File formats and software
support may be more limited
compared to laptops.
• May not provide the
extensive features of laptops.

Uses of Smartphones, Tablet and Phablet

• Entertainment: Mobile devices serve as entertainment hubs, enabling

streaming of music, videos, and television programs with quality comparable
to dedicated digital cameras.
• Gaming: Mobile devices support a variety of games, including group gaming
experiences, providing interactive and immersive entertainment.
• Camera and Video Capability: The cameras on mobile devices now match the
quality of standalone digital cameras, allowing users to capture high-
resolution photos and videos.
• Internet Use: Mobile devices facilitate online activities like shopping, social
networking, and QR code interactions, offering versatile internet engagement.
• Email Communication: Mobile devices allow efficient sending and receiving of
emails, enhancing communication flexibility.
• Global Positioning System (GPS): Leveraging GPS technology, mobile
devices enable navigation and location-based services through accessible
maps.
• Calendar Functions: Mobile devices provide calendar features for organizing
and managing schedules on the go.
• Telephone Banking: Banking apps on mobile devices ensure secure
transactions, enabling users to send and receive money conveniently.
• Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP): Mobile devices support VoIP technology
for internet-based telephone network services, including video calling.
• Instant Access to Social Networks: Mobile devices offer immediate
connectivity to social networks, fostering global social interactions.
• Instant Messaging: Real-time communication is facilitated through instant
messaging applications on mobile devices.
 • Office and Business Management: Mobile devices feature tools for rapid voice
and video communication, enhancing efficiency in office and business tasks.
• Education Use: Interactive educational software on mobile devices supports
learning and teaching activities.
• Remote Device Control: Mobile devices enable remote control of home
appliances, such as microwave ovens, using internet-enabled apps for
convenient management from a distance.

Desktop Computer: Laptop Computer:

Smartphone: Tablet:

Phablet:
 1.5 Emerging technologies

• Artificial intelligence (AI) is a machine or application which carries out a task

that requires some degree of intelligence.
• Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a behaviour demonstrated by machines that
resembles the intelligence displayed by humans or animals.
• AI has deeply impacted daily life, revolutionizing communication, work, and
leisure.
• Through AI-driven technologies, virtual assistants streamline interactions,
while automation and decision support enhance workplace productivity.
• In entertainment, AI refines content recommendations, and in healthcare, it
contributes to diagnostics and treatment.
• From smart home devices to education platforms, AI's integration enhances
convenience, personalization, and efficiency, reshaping the fabric of everyday
living.
• Extended reality is a mixture of Virtual reality and Augmented reality and it
combines real / physical world with digital world, therefore allowing seamless
interaction between the real and virtual worlds.
• Augmented Reality (AR) is an experience in which images, text and sound are
overlaid on objects or places in the real world.
• Virtual Reality (VR) is a type of extended reality where the user is fully
immersed into a virtual world by way of a headset; communication with the
real world is not possible.
• In the future, augmented reality (AR) is poised to revolutionize various
sectors.
• Safety and rescue operations can benefit from 3D images, allowing teams to
practice procedures before real missions.
• AR will also transform entertainment, enabling users to interact with
characters in virtual environments.
• Shopping experiences will be enhanced, with users previewing products
through AR, like trying on makeup or virtually touring a car's interior.
• Additionally, healthcare professionals can utilize AR for a better understanding
of a patient's body, aiding in surgeries and diagnoses.
• Meanwhile, virtual reality (VR) immerses users fully into digital environments,
impacting areas like military training, education, healthcare diagnostics,
entertainment, fashion shows, heritage exploration, business training,
engineering design visualization, sports improvement, and interactive special
effects in media and scientific visualization.