Blood Hard

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Transport Systems
Question Paper
Course Edexcel IGCSE Biology

Section 2. Structure & Function in Living Organisms
Topic Transport Systems
Difficulty Hard
Time Allowed 100

Score /78
Percentage /100
Page 1 of 22
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Question 1a
Human blood contains red blood cells and white blood cells.
The table shows the number of these blood cells in a sample of blood.
Number of cells per mm3 in

Type of cell Number of cells per mm3
standard form
Red blood cell 5 000 000 5.0 × 106

White blood cell 6000
(i) Complete the table to give the number of white blood cells per mm3 in standard form.
(1)
(ii) What is the number of red blood cells in 1000 cm3 of this person's blood?
(1)
☐ A 5.0 × 106
☐ B 5.0 × 109
☐ C 5.0 × 1011
☐ D 5.0 × 1012
[2 marks]
Page 2 of 22
Question 1b
The table gives names, descriptions and symptoms of two blood conditions.
Name of condition Description Symptom

Anaemia Low red blood cell count Often tired
Leukopenia Low white blood cell count Likely to get infections
(i) Explain why a person with anaemia is often tired.

(2)
(ii) Explain why a person with leukopenia is more likely to get an infection.
(2)
[4 marks]
Question 2a
Cholesterol is needed in the diet for making cell membranes.
State the role of the cell membrane.
[1 mark]
Page 3 of 22
Question 2b
Too much cholesterol is a health risk because fatty deposits build up in arteries.
The lumen of an artery had a diameter of 4.0 mm before the build-up of a fatty deposit.
The fatty deposit covers 45 % of the original area of the lumen.
Calculate the area in mm2 of the lumen that is available for blood flow.
[area of the lumen = πr2]
[π = 3.14]
[2 marks]
Page 4 of 22
Question 2c
A scientist tests the blood cholesterol concentration in a sample of men between 25 and 34 years old.
The scientist groups the men in ranges of blood cholesterol concentration and counts the number of men in each range.
The table gives the scientist’s results.
Range of blood cholesterol concentration in

Number of men in each range
mg per cm3
80 to 119 13
120 to 159 150
160 to 199 442
200 to 239 299
240 to 279 115
280 to 319 34
320 to 359 9
360 to 399 5
(i) Plot a suitable graph on the grid to show these results.

(5)
Page 5 of 22
(ii) Which range of blood cholesterol levels is the mode for this sample?
(1)
☐ A 80 to 119
☐ B 80 to 379
☐ C 160 to 199
☐ D 360 to 399
(iii) A blood cholesterol level greater than 239 mg per 100 cm3 means a person has a higher risk of heart disease.
Calculate the percentage of men in the sample at a higher risk of heart disease.
(2)
[8 marks]
Page 6 of 22
Question 2d
Statins are drugs that reduce blood cholesterol levels.
A scientist investigates the use of one type of statin on the risk of having a heart attack.
He gives the statin to one group of people and gives a control substance to another group of people.
He calculates the percentage of people in each group that has a heart attack during the next four years.
The table gives the scientist’s results.
Percentage (%) having
Group
heart attacks
Statin 2.2
Control substance 3.8
A conclusion from this data is that statins reduce the risk of heart attacks.
Discuss this conclusion.
[4 marks]
Page 7 of 22
Question 3a
The diagram shows the human circulation system with some blood vessels labelled A to J. The arrows show the direction of
blood flow.
The table gives some statements about the content of blood vessels in this circulation system.
(i) Complete the table by giving the letter of the blood vessel that matches each statement.
(5)
Statement Letter
Contains the least carbon dioxide
Page 8 of 22
Contains the most glucose after a meal

Contains the least oxygen
Contains the least urea
Contains blood at the highest pressure
(ii) State two ways in which the structure of blood vessel A differs from the structure of blood vessel J.
(2)
[7 marks]
Page 9 of 22
Question 3b
Muscles in the legs contain capillaries.
A scientist investigates how long-term training affects the number of capillaries in an athlete’s leg muscles.
The scientist determines the mean number of capillaries per mm2 in samples of leg muscle from the athlete before and
after a period of training.
The table shows the scientist’s results.
Muscle sample Mean number of capillaries per mm2
Before training 313

After training 349
The scientist concludes that training improves the athletic performance.

Discuss this conclusion.
[5 marks]
Page 10 of 22
Question 4a
Read the passage below. Use the information in the passage and your own knowledge to answer the questions that
follow.
César Astudillo from Collado Villalba, Spain, CC BY 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons.
Image cropped and colour removed.
Page 11 of 22
Blood group Antigens present
A A
B B
AB A and B
O Neither A nor B
Name the type of cell that produces antibodies. (Lines 8 and 9)

[1 mark]
Page 12 of 22
Question 4b
Separate: Biology Only
Human blood groups are controlled by three alleles, IA, IB and IO.
The IA and IB alleles are codominant and the IO allele is recessive
(i) State what is meant by the term codominant.
(1)
(ii) Two parents have genotypes of IAIO and IBIO.
Which of these are all the possible blood groups of their children?
(1)
☐ A A and B
☐ B A, B and O
☐ C AB and O
☐ D A, B, AB and O
[2 marks]
Question 4c
Calculate the number of blood donations collected per year from the high‐income countries. (Lines 14 and 15)
Give your answer in standard form.
[2 marks]
Page 13 of 22
Question 4d
Some scientists have suggested that spherical artificial red blood cells transport oxygen less efficiently than normal
human red blood cells.
Explain why the shape of the artificial red blood cells reduces the efficiency of oxygen transport compared to normal
human red blood cells. (Lines 18 and 19)
[3 marks]
Question 4e
Suggest why artificial blood does not clot when stored. (Lines 26 and 27)
[1 mark]
Question 4f
Explain why the artificial red blood cells are suspended in sodium chloride solution instead of in water. (Line 20)
[2 marks]
Page 14 of 22
Question 4g
(i) Explain why stem cells can be used to make large quantities of red blood cells. (Lines 22 and 23)
(2)
(ii) Suggest why the scientists made red blood cells with blood group O. (Lines 22 and 23)
(2)
[4 marks]
Question 4h
Give two substances found in blood plasma that are not present in the artificial blood. (Lines 28 and 29)
[2 marks]
Page 15 of 22
Question 5a
Read the passage below. Use the information in the passage and your own knowledge to answer the questions that
follow.
Schistosomiasis
Page 16 of 22
Which process is affected if kidneys are damaged (line 8)?
☐ A Digestion
☐ B Mutation
☐ C Ultrafiltration
☐ D Vaccination
[1 mark]
Question 5b
Suggest three ways to reduce the risk of being infected by schistosomes.
[3 marks]
Page 17 of 22
Question 5c
Name two different blood cells that would be found in the urine of infected people (line 17).
[2 marks]
Question 5d
An infected person has a body mass of 120 kg. What dose of drugs would be effective for this person (lines 19 to 20)?
☐ A 0.04 mg
☐ B 4.8 mg
☐ C 40 mg
☐ D 4 800 mg
[1 mark]
Question 5e
Using the estimated number of people in the world who have schistosomiasis (lines 21 to 22), calculate the number of
people who die each year from schistosomiasis.
[2 marks]
Page 18 of 22
Question 5f
Which of these is the correct description of a plasmid?
☐ A A circle of DNA
☐ B A circle of mRNA
☐ C A circle of protein
☐ D A circle of tRNA
[1 mark]
Question 5g
Explain how a vaccine could protect people from schistosomiasis (lines 24 to 25).
[3 marks]
Question 5h
(i) Suggest what is given to the control group (lines 27 to 29).
(1)
(ii) A scientist claims that the investigation proves the vaccine is effective against schistosomiasis (lines 27 to 29).
Comment on this claim.
(3)
[4 marks]
Page 19 of 22
Question 6a
A student investigates the rate of evaporation from a clay pot and the rate of transpiration by a plant. The clay pot is
porous and has small holes that allow water to evaporate.
The student keeps the clay pot and the plant in the same conditions next to a closed window. He measures the rates at
different times of the day.
The table shows the student’s results.
Rate of evaporation from clay pot in Rate of transpiration from a plant in
Time of day
cm3 per hour cm3 per hour
02 00 to 03 00 0.8 14
06 00 to 07 00 3.9 93
14 00 to 15 00 9.5 198
22 00 to 23 00 3.4 19
The student uses this apparatus to measure the rate of evaporation from the clay pot.
Page 20 of 22
(i) Explain the changes in the rate of evaporation from the clay pot.
(2)
(ii) Suggest how the student could measure the rate of evaporation from the clay pot.
(3)
[5 marks]
Question 6b
(i) Explain one factor that affects transpiration from the plant that does not affect evaporation from the clay pot.
(2)
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus the student could use to determine the rate of transpiration by a plant.
(4)
[6 marks]
Page 21 of 22
Page 22 of 22

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Course Edexcel IGCSE Biology

Time Allowed 100

Number of cells per mm3 in

Red blood cell 5 000 000 5.0 × 106

Name of condition Description Symptom

(i) Explain why a person with anaemia is often tired.

Range of blood cholesterol concentration in

(i) Plot a suitable graph on the grid to show these results.

Contains the most glucose after a meal

Muscle sample Mean number of capillaries per mm2

Before training 313

The scientist concludes that training improves the athletic performance.

Blood group Antigens present

Name the type of cell that produces antibodies. (Lines 8 and 9)

Which process is affected if kidneys are damaged (line 8)?

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