CH 7 - Transformation of Stress and Strain-Ver1

In the name of God
Aerospace Engineering Department
Strength of Materials I
Chapter 7
Transformation of Stress and Strain
H. M.Navazi
Fall 2020
Contents
• Introduction
• Transformation of Plane Stress
• Principal Stresses: Maximum Shearing Stress
• Mohr’s Circle for Plane Stress
• Stresses in Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels
• Transformation of Plane Strain
• Mohr’s Circle for Plane Strain
• Measurements of Strain; Strain Rosette
2
Aerospace Engng. Dept., Structural Dynamics Lab. H. M.Navazi
Introduction
3
Introduction
• Plane stress
sx , sy , t xy
and
sz = tzx = tzy = 0.
4
Transformation of Plane Stress
• Plane stress
åF x¢
= 0 = sx ¢DA - sx (DA cos q ) cos q - txy (DA cos q ) sin q
- sy (DA sin q ) sin q - txy (DA sin q ) cos q
åF y¢
= 0 = tx ¢y ¢DA + sx (DA cos q ) sin q - txy (DA cos q ) cos q
- sy (DA sin q ) cos q + txy (DA sin q ) sin q
5
• Plane stress
6
• Plane stress
7
Principal Stresses
(s )
2
2 2
x¢
- save
+ t x ¢y ¢
= R
where
2
sx + sy æ ö
çç sx - sy ÷÷ 2
save = R= ç ÷÷ + txy
2 çè 2 ÷ø
8
Principal Stresses
2
sx + sy æ s - s ö÷
ç y÷
smax,min =  çç x 2
÷÷ + txy
2 çè 2 ÷ø
2txy
tan 2qp =
sx - sy
Note: defines two angles separated by 90o
9
Principal Stresses
2
æ s - s ö÷
ç y÷
t max = R = çç x 2
÷÷ + txy
çè 2 ÷ø
sx - sy
tan 2qs = -
2txy
Note: defines two angles separated by 90o and
offset from qp by 45o
sx + sy
s ¢ = save =
2
10
Principal Stresses
• Example: For the state

of plane stress shown,
determine
– (a) the principal planes,
(b) the principal stresses,
– (c) the maximum
shearing stress and the
corresponding normal
stress.
11
Principal Stresses
• Solution
2
ç y÷
smax,min =  çç x ÷÷ + t 2
2 ç
è 2 ÷
ø
xy
2txy
tan 2qp =
sx - sy
2
æ s - s ö÷ sx + sy
ç y÷
t max = çç x ÷ + t 2
s¢ =
çè 2 ÷÷ø xy
2
12
Principal Stresses
• Solution 2
ç y÷
smax,min =  çç x 2
÷÷ + txy
2 çè 2 ÷ø
(30) + (40)
2 2
= 20 
smax = 70 MPa
smin = -30 MPa
13
Principal Stresses
• Solution
2txy 2 (+40)
tan 2qp = = = 1.333
sx - sy 50 - (-10)
2qp = 53.1, 233.1
qp = 26.6, 116.6
14
Principal Stresses
• Solution
2
æ s - s ö÷
çç x
(30) + (40)
y÷ 2 2
2
t max = ç ÷÷ + t =
çè 2 ÷ø xy
t max = 50 MPa
qs = qp - 45 qs = -18.4, 71.6
15
Principal Stresses
• Solution
sx + sy 50 - 10
s ¢ = save = =
2 2
s ¢ = 20 MPa
16
Principal Stresses
• Example:
(a) the normal and shearing
stresses on an element at point H
having sides parallel to the x and
y axes,
(b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.
17
Principal Stresses
• Solution:
P = 150 lb
( )( )
T = 150 lb 18 in = 2.7 kip ⋅ in
Mx = (150 lb)(10 in) = 1.5 kip ⋅ in
18
Principal Stresses
• Solution:
sy = +
Mc
=+
(
1.5 kip ⋅ in 0.6 in )( )
( )
4
I 1
p 0.6 in
4
txy = +
Tc
=+
(
2.7 kip ⋅ in 0.6 in )( )
( )
4
J 1
p 0.6 in
2
sx = 0 sy = +8.84 ksi txy = +7.96 ksi

19
Principal Stresses
• Solution:
2txy 2 (7.96)
tan 2qp = = = -1.8
sx - sy 0 - 8.84
2qp = -61.0,119
qp = -30.5, 59.5
2
sx + sy æ s - s ÷ö 0 + 8.84 æ 0 - 8.84 ÷ö
2
çç x y÷ 2 ç ÷ + (7.96)
2
smax,min =  ç ÷÷ + txy =  çç ÷
2 çè 2 ÷ø 2 è 2 ÷ø
smax = +13.52 ksi smin = -4.68 ksi

20
Mohr Circle
2
ç y÷
save = R = çç x 2
÷÷ + txy
2 çè 2 ÷ø
smax,min = save  R
2txy
tan 2qp =
sx - sy
21
Mohr Circle
22
Mohr Circle
• Plane Stress: Axial loading
23
Mohr Circle
• Plane Stress: Torsional loading
24
Mohr Circle
• Example:
For the state of plane stress shown,
(a) construct Mohr’s circle,
determine
(b) the principal planes,
(c) the principal stresses,
(d) the maximum shearing stress
and the corresponding normal
stress. 25
Mohr Circle
• Solution:
sx + sy (50) + (-10)
save = = = 20 MPa
2 2
CF = 50 - 20 = 30 MPa FX = 40 MPa
(30) + (40) = 50 MPa

2 2
R = CX =
26
Mohr Circle
smax =OA =OC +CA = 20 +50
• Solution: smax = 70MPa
smax =OB =OC -BC = 20 -50
smax =-30MPa
FX 40
tan 2qp = =
CP 30
2qp = 53.1
qp = 26.6
27
Mohr Circle
• Solution:
28
Mohr Circle
• Solution:
– Maximum shear stress
qs = qp + 45 t max = R s ¢ = save

qs = 71.6 t max = 50 MPa s ¢ = 20 MPa
29
Mohr Circle
• Example: For the state of

stress shown, determine
(a) the principal planes and the
principal stresses,
(b) the stress components exerted on
the element obtained by rotating
the given element
counterclockwise through 30
degrees.
30
Mohr Circle
• Solution:
sx + sy 100 + 60
save = = = 80 MPa
2 2
(CF ) + (FX ) = (20) + (48) = 52 MPa
2 2 2 2
R=
31
Mohr Circle
• Solution:
j = 180 - 60 - 67.4 = 52.6
sx ¢ = OK = OC - KC = 80 - 52 cos 52.6
sy ¢ = OL = OC + CL = 80 + 52 cos 52.6
tx ¢y ¢ = KX ¢ = 52 sin 52.6
sx ¢ = +48.4 MPa
sy ¢ = +111.6 MPa
tx ¢y ¢ = 41.3 MPa
32
Mohr Circle
• Example:
Determine the principle
stresses, principal planes and
maximum shearing stress at
point H.
33
Mohr Circle
• Solution:
Vx = -30 kN P = 50 kN Vz = -75 kN
( )( ) (
M x = 50 kN 0.130 m - 75 kN 0.200 m )( )
= -8.5 kN ⋅ m
My = 0 ( )( )
M z = 30 kN 0.100 m = 3 kN ⋅ m
34
Mohr Circle
• Solution:
Vx = -30 kN P = 50 kN Vz = -75 kN
( )( ) (
M x = 50 kN 0.130 m - 75 kN 0.200 m )( )
= -8.5 kN ⋅ m
My = 0 ( )( )
M z = 30 kN 0.100 m = 3 kN ⋅ m
( )( )
A = 0.040 m 0.140 m = 5.6 ´ 10-3 m2
(0.040 m)(0.140 m)
3
Ix = 1
12
= 9.15 ´ 10-6 m 4
(0.140 m)(0.040 m)
3
Iz = 1
12
= 0.747 ´ 10-6 m 4
35
Mohr Circle
• Solution:
Vx = -30 kN P = 50 kN Vz = -75 kN
( )( ) (
M x = 50 kN 0.130 m - 75 kN 0.200 m )( )
= -8.5 kN ⋅ m
My = 0 ( )( )
M z = 30 kN 0.100 m = 3 kN ⋅ m
( )( )
A = 0.040 m 0.140 m = 5.6 ´ 10-3 m2
(0.040 m)(0.140 m)
3
Ix = 1
12
= 9.15 ´ 10-6 m 4
(0.140 m)(0.040 m)
3
Iz = 1
12
= 0.747 ´ 10-6 m 4
36
Mohr Circle
• Solution:
P Mz a Mx b
sy = + + -
A Iz Ix
=
50 kN
+
( 3 kN ⋅ m)(0.020 m)
5.6 ´ 10-3 m2 0.747 ´ 10-6 m 4
-
( )(
8.5 kN ⋅ m 0.025 m )
9.15 ´ 10-6 m 4
= (8.93 + 80.3 - 23.2) MPa = 66.0 MPa
37
Mohr Circle
• Solution:
( )(
Q = A1y1 = éê 0.040 m 0.045 m ùú 0.0475 m
ë û
)( )
-6 3
= 85.5 ´ 10 m
tyz =
VzQ
=
(75 kN) (85.5 ´ 10 m ) -6 3
I xt (9.15 ´ 10 m )(0.040 m)
-6 4
= 17.52 MPa
38
Mohr Circle
• Solution:
t max = R = 33.02 + 17.522 = 37.4 MPa
smax = OC + R = 33.0 + 37.4 = 70.4 MPa
smin = OC - R = 33.0 - 37.4 = -7.4 MPa
CY 17.52
tan 2qp = = 2qp = 27.96
CD 33.0
qp = 13.98
t max = 37.4 MPa smax = 70.4 MPa

smin = -7.4 MPa qp = 13.98
39
Stresses in Thin-Walled
Pressure Vessels
• Cylindrical vessel with

principal stresses
1 = hoop stress
2 = longitudinal stress
40
Pressure Vessels
• Hoop Stress
åF z (
= 0 = s1 2t Dx - p 2r Dx) ( )
pr
s1 =
t
41
Pressure Vessels
• Longitudinal stress
å x
F = 0 = s2
2 prt - p pr (
2
) ( )
pr
s2 =
2t
s1 = 2s2
1 pr
t max(in-plane) = s2 =
2 4t
42
Pressure Vessels
• Spherical vessel
pr
s1 = s2 =
2t
s = s1 = s2 = constant
t max(in-plane) = 0
43
Transformation of Plane Strain
• Introduction
ex + ey ex - ey gxy
ex ¢ = + cos 2q + sin 2q
2 2 2
ex + ey ex - ey gxy
ey ¢ = - cos 2q - sin 2q
2 2 2
gx ¢y ¢ ex - ey gxy
=- sin 2q + cos 2q
2 2 2
44
Mohr’s Circle for Strain
• Introduction
2 2
ex + ey æ e - e ö÷ æ g ö÷
çç x y÷ ç xy
eave = R= ç ÷÷ + çç ÷÷÷
2 çè 2 ø÷ èç 2 ø÷
gxy
tan 2qp =
ex - ey
emax = eave + R emin = eave - R
(e - ey ) + gxy2
2
g max = 2R = x
45
Measurements of Strain;
Strain Rosette
• Strain gauge
46
Strain Rosette
• Strain rosette
e1 = ex cos2 q1 + ey sin2 q1 + gxy sin q1 cos q1

47
Strain Rosette
• 45o rosette
gxy = 2eOB - (ex + ey )
48
Strain Rosette
• Strain rosette
49
50

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In the name of God

Aerospace Engineering Department

• Example: For the state

sx = 0 sy = +8.84 ksi txy = +7.96 ksi

smax = +13.52 ksi smin = -4.68 ksi

• Plane Stress: Axial loading

• Plane Stress: Torsional loading

(30) + (40) = 50 MPa

smax =OB =OC -BC = 20 -50

qs = qp + 45 t max = R s ¢ = save

• Example: For the state of

t max = 37.4 MPa smax = 70.4 MPa

• Cylindrical vessel with

e1 = ex cos2 q1 + ey sin2 q1 + gxy sin q1 cos q1

gxy = 2eOB - (ex + ey )

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