CH 4 - Pure Bending

In the name of God
Aerospace Engineering Department
Strength of Materials I
Chapter 4
H. M.Navazi
Fall 2020
Contents
• Introduction
• Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
• Deformations in a Symmetric Member in Pure
Bending
• Stresses and Deformations in the Elastic Range
• Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section
• Bending of Members Made of Several Materials
2
Aerospace Engng. Dept., Structural Dynamics Lab. H. M.Navazi
Introduction
3
Introduction
4
Introduction
5
Introduction
6
Introduction
7
Symmetric Member in Pure Bending
Fx = ò s dA = 0
x
My = ò z s dA = 0
x
Mz = ò -y s dA = M
x
8
• member remains symmetric

• bends uniformly to form a circular arc
• cross-sectional plane passes through arc
center and remains planar
• length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases
• a neutral surface must exist that is parallel
to the upper and lower surfaces and for
which the length does not change
• stresses and strains are negative
(compressive) above the neutral plane and
positive (tension) below it
9
L ¢ = (r - y ) q
d = L ¢ - L = (r - y ) q - rq = -y q
d yq y
ex = = - =- (strain var ies linearly )
L rq r
c c
em = or r =
r em
y
ex = - em
c
10
y
sx = E ex = - E em
c
y
= - sm (stress varies linearly)
c
y
Fx = 0 = ò sx dA = ò - sm dA
c
sm
0=-
c ò y dA
• First moment with respect to neutral
plane is zero. Therefore, the neutral
surface must pass through the section
centroid.
11
æ y ö÷
M = ò -y sx dA =ò -y ççç- sm ÷÷ dA
è c ÷ø
sm sm I
òy
2
M = dA =
c c
Mc M
sm = =
I S
y
Substituting sx = - sm
c
My
sx = -
I
12
Mc M
sm = =
I S
I = section moment of inertia
I
S= = section modulus
c
• beam section with a
larger section modulus
will have a lower
maximum stress I 1
S = = 12
bh 3
= 16 bh 3 = 16 Ah
c h 2
13
• Structural steel beams

are designed to have a
large section modulus
14
15
Deformations in a
Transverse Cross Section
1 em sm 1 Mc
= = =
r c Ec Ec I
M
=
EI
ny ny
ey = -nex = ez = -nex =
r r
1 n
= = anticlastic curvature
r¢ r
16
Deformations in a Symmetric
Member in Pure Bending
• Example:
• Knowing E = 165 GPa
and neglecting the effects
of fillets, determine
(a) the maximum tensile
and compressive stresses,
(b) the radius of
curvature.
17
• Solution
Y =
å yA (
I x ¢ = å I + Ad 2 )
åA
Area, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3

1 20  90  1800 50 90 103
2 40  30  1200 20 24 103
3
 A  3000  yA  114 10
18
• Solution
Y =
å yA = 114 ´ 10 3
= 38 mm
åA 3000
(
I x ¢ = å I + Ad 2 = å ) ( 1
12
bh 3 + Ad 2 )
= ( 1
12
90 ´ 203 + 1800 ´ 122 + ) ( 1
12
30 ´ 403 + 1200 ´ 182 )
I = 868 ´ 103 mm = 868 ´ 10 m -9 4
19
• Solution
Mc
sm =
I
M cA 3 kN ⋅ m ´ 0.022 m
sA = =
I 868 ´ 10-9 mm 4
M cB 3 kN ⋅ m ´ 0.038 m
sB = - =-
I 868 ´ 10-9 mm 4
sA = +76.0 MPa
sB = -131.3 MPa
20
• Solution
1 M
=
r EI
3 kN ⋅ m
=
(165 GPa )(868 ´ 10 -9
m4 )
1
= 20.95 ´ 10-3 m -1
r
r = 47.7 m
21
Bending of Members
Made of Several Materials
y
ex = -
r
E1y
s1 = E1ex = -
r
E 2y
s2 = E 2 ex = -
r
22
Bending of Members
E1y
dF1 = s1dA = - dA
r
E 2y
dF2 = s2dA = - dA
r
(nE )y E1y
dF2 = -
1
r
dA = -
r
(n dA)
E2
n=
E1
My
sx = - s1 = sx s2 = n sx
I 23
Bending of Members
• Example:
Bar is made from bonded
pieces of steel (Es = 29x106
psi) and brass (Eb = 15x106
psi).
Determine the maximum
stress in the steel and brass
when a moment of 40 kip*in
is applied.
24
Bending of Members
• Solution:
Es 29 ´ 106 psi
n= = 6
= 1.933
Eb 15 ´ 10 psi
bT = 0.4 in + 1.933 ´ 0.75 in + 0.4 in = 2.25 in
(2.25 in.)(3 in)

3
3
I = 1
12 T
bh = 1
12
= 5.063 in 4
25
Bending of Members
• Solution:
Mc (40 kip ⋅ in )(1.5 in )

sm = = 4
= 11.85 ksi
I 5.063 in
(s )
b max
= sm
(s )
s max
= n sm = 1.933 ´ 11.85 ksi
(s )
b max
= 11.85 ksi
(s )
s max
= 22.9 ksi
26
Bending of Members
• As, is replaced by the

equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
• To determine the location
of the neutral axis,
x
(bx ) 2 - n As (d - x ) = 0
2
1
2
b x + n As x - n Asd = 0
27
Bending of Members
• To determine the location of

the neutral axis,
My
sx = -
I
sc = sx
ss = n sx
28
Bending of Members
• Example:
A concrete floor slab is reinforced
with 5/8-in-diameter steel rods.
The modulus of elasticity is
29x106psi for steel and 3.6x106psi
for concrete. With an applied
bending moment of 40 kip*in for 1-
ft width of the slab, determine the
maximum stress in the concrete and
steel.
29
Bending of Members
• Solution:
Es 29 ´ 106 psi
n= = 6
= 8.06
Ec 3.6 ´ 10 psi
ép 5 2 ù
nAs = 8.06 ´ 2 ê 4 ( 8 in) ú = 4.95 in2
êë úû
æ x ö÷
12x ççç ÷÷ - 4.95 (4 - x ) = 0 x = 1.450 in
è 2 ÷ø
(12 in)(1.45 in) + (4.95 in )(2.55 in)
3 2
2
I = 1
3
= 44.4 in 4
30
Bending of Members
• Solution:
(12 in)(1.45 in) + (4.95 in )(2.55 in)

3 2
2
I = 1
3
= 44.4 in 4
Mc1 40 kip ⋅ in ´ 1.45 in

sc = =
I 44.4 in 4
Mc2 40 kip ⋅ in ´ 2.55 in
ss = n = 8.06
I 44.4 in 4
 s  18.52 ksi
 c  1.306 ksi
31
Stress Concentration
Mc
sm = K
I
32
Eccentric Loading
F =P
M = Pd
sx = (sx ) + (sx )
centric bending
P My
= -
A I
33
Eccentric Loading
• Example
For 160 lb load, determine
(a) maximum tensile and
compressive stresses,
(b) distance between section
centroid and neutral axis
34
Eccentric Loading
• Solution
P = 160 lb
(
M = Pd = 160 lb 0.6 in )( )
= 104 lb ⋅ in
35
Eccentric Loading
• Solution
( )
2
2
A = pc = p 0.25 in
= 0.1963 in2
P 160 lb
s0 = =
A 0.1963 in2
= 815 psi
36
Eccentric Loading
• Solution
I = pc = p (0.25)
4
1 4 1
4 4
= 3.068 ´ 10-3 in 4
sm =
Mc
=
(
104 lb ⋅ in 0.25 in )( )
I .068 ´ 10-3 in 4
= 8475 psi
37
Eccentric Loading
• Solution
st = s0 + sm
 t  9260 psi
= 815 + 8475
sc = s0 - sm  c  7660 psi
= 815 - 8475
38
Eccentric Loading
• Solution
• Neutral axis location
P My 0
0= -
A I
P I 3.068 ´ 10-3 in 4
y0 =
AM
(
= 815 psi )
105 lb ⋅ in
y 0 = 0.0240 in
39
Eccentric Loading
• Example:
• The largest allowable
stresses for the cast iron link
are 30 MPa in tension and
120 MPa in compression.
Determine the largest force
P which can be applied to
the link
A = 3 ´ 10-3 m2 , Y = 0.038 m, I = 868 ´ 10-9 m 4
40
Eccentric Loading
• Solution:
d = 0.038 - 0.010 = 0.028 m
P = centric load
M = Pd = 0.028 P = bending moment
P McA
sA = - + =-
P
+
(
0.028 P (0.022) )
= +377 P
-3 -9
A I 3 ´ 10 868 ´ 10
P McA
sB = - - =-
P
-
(
0.028 P (0.022) )
= -1559 P
A I 3 ´ 10-3 868 ´ 10-9
41
Eccentric Loading
• Solution:
P McA
sA = - + =-
P
+
(
0.028 P (0.022) )
= +377 P
-3 -9
A I 3 ´ 10 868 ´ 10
P McA
sB = - - =-
P
-
(
0.028 P (0.022) )
= -1559 P
-3 -9
A I 3 ´ 10 868 ´ 10
sA = +377 P = 30 MPa P = 79.6 kN

P = 77.0 kN
sB = -1559 P = -120 MPa P = 79.6 kN
42
Unsymmetric Bending
• Analysis of pure bending has

been limited to members
subjected to bending couples
acting in a plane of symmetry.
• Members remain symmetric and
bend in the plane of symmetry
• The neutral axis of the cross
section coincides with the axis of
the couple
43
Unsymmetric Bending
• If bending couples do not act in a

plane of symmetry.
• Cannot assume that the member
will bend in the plane of the
couples
• In general, the neutral axis of the
section will not coincide with the
axis of the couple
44
Unsymmetric Bending
• Wish to determine the conditions under which the

neutral axis of a cross section of arbitrary shape
coincides with the axis of the couple as shown.
45
Unsymmetric Bending
Fx = 0 = My Mz = M = applied couple
æ y ÷ö
çç- s ÷dA
0 = Fx = ò s dA = ò
x çè c m ÷÷ø
or 0 = ò y dA
æ y ö÷ sm I
ç
M = M z = -ò y çç- sm ÷dA or M =
÷ I = I z = moment of inertia
è c ÷ø c 46
Unsymmetric Bending
æ y ö÷
0 = My = ò z s dA = ò z ççç- sm ÷÷dA
è c ÷ø
x
or 0 = ò yz dA = I yz = product of inertia
• couple vector must be directed along a principal
centroidal axis
47
Unsymmetric Bending
M z = M cos q M y = M sin q
Mzy M yy
sx = - +
Iz Iy
Mzy M yy (M cos q )y (M sin q )y

sx = 0 = - + =- +
Iz Iy Iz Iy
y Iz
tan j = = tan q
z Iy
48
Unsymmetric Bending
• Example:
• A 1600 lb-in couple is applied to
a rectangular wooden beam in a
plane forming an angle of 30 deg.
with the vertical. Determine (a)
the maximum stress in the beam,
(b) the angle that the neutral
axis forms with the horizontal
plane.
49
Unsymmetric Bending
• Solution:
M z = M cos q M y = M sin q
M zy M yy
sx = - +
Iz Iy
y Iz
tan j = = tan q
z Iy
50
Unsymmetric Bending
( )
M z = 1600 lb ⋅ in cos 30 = 1386 lb ⋅ in
• Solution: M = (1600 lb ⋅ in) sin 30 = 800 lb ⋅ in
y
I = (1.5 in)(3.5 in) = 5.359 in

3
1 4
z 12
I = (3.5 in)(1.5 in) = 0.9844 in

3
1 4
y 12
The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AB
s1 =
Mzy
=
(1386 lb ⋅ in)(1.75 in)
= 452.6 psi
Iz 5.359 in 4
The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AD
s2 =
Myz
=
( 800 lb ⋅ in)(0.75 in)
= 609.5 psi
Iy 0.9844 in 4
smax = s1 + s2 = 452.6 + 609.5

51
Unsymmetric Bending
• Solution:
Iz 5.359 in 4
tan j = tan q = tan 30 = 3.143 = 72.4o
Iy 0.9844 in 4
52
General Case of
Axial Eccentric Loading
P = centric force
M y = Pa M z = Pb
P Mzy Myz
sx = - +
A Iz Iy
• If the neutral axis lies on the

section, it may be found from
Mz My P
y- z=
Iz Iy A 53
54

CH 4 - Pure Bending

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH 4 - Pure Bending

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

In the name of God

Aerospace Engineering Department

• member remains symmetric

• Structural steel beams

Area, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3

(2.25 in.)(3 in)

Mc (40 kip ⋅ in )(1.5 in )

• As, is replaced by the

• To determine the location of

(12 in)(1.45 in) + (4.95 in )(2.55 in)

Mc1 40 kip ⋅ in ´ 1.45 in

sA = +377 P = 30 MPa P = 79.6 kN

• Analysis of pure bending has

• If bending couples do not act in a

• Wish to determine the conditions under which the

Mzy M yy (M cos q )y (M sin q )y

I = (1.5 in)(3.5 in) = 5.359 in

I = (3.5 in)(1.5 in) = 0.9844 in

The largest tensile stress due to M z occurs along AB

smax = s1 + s2 = 452.6 + 609.5

• If the neutral axis lies on the

You might also like