Flashcards for NEET Biology: Neural Control and Coordination

Central nervous
Brain and spinal cord
system (CNS)

Spinal and cranial

nerves
Peripheral nervous
system (PNS) Communication
between CNS and
the rest of the body

Sensory

Conduct impulses from

Afferent fibres receptors present in
different tissues and
organs to CNS
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Neural Control and Coordination

Motor

Conduct regulatory
Efferent fibres impulses from CNS to
the effector tissues or
organs

Relay of impulses from

Somatic nervous
CNS to skeletal
system (SNS) muscles (voluntary)

Relay of impulses
Autonomic nervous from CNS to organs
system (ANS) (involuntary) and
smooth muscles
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Neural Control and Coordination

A division of ANS
Sympathetic nervous
Unfavourable
system condition, ‘fight or flight’
response

A division of ANS

Parasympathetic Favourable condition,

nervous system ‘feed and breed’ then
to ‘rest and digest’
responses

Granular body present in the

cyton (soma or cell body)
and dendrites of a neuron.
Absent in the axon
Nissl’s granules
They possess RER and free
ribosomes and are a site of
protein synthesis
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Neural Control and Coordination

Long fibre, branched

terminally

Transmits signal away from

the cell body
Axon
Synaptic knob- bulb-like
nerve endings of axon
terminals, contain
neurotransmitters
Myelin sheath made up of
Schwann cells encloses the
axon

Nodes of Ranvier- gap

Myelinated axon between two successive
myelin sheaths

Present in spinal and cranial

nerves

Myelin sheath does not

enclose the axon
Non-myelinated
Present in autonomous and
somatic nervous systems
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Neural Control and Coordination

Contain- 1 axon and 2 to

many dendrites

Multipolar neurons Integration of information

from many neurons

Present in- Cerebral cortex

Contain- 1 axon and 1

dendrite

Transmission of sense
Bipolar neurons
Present in- eye retina,
olfactory epithelium,
vestibulocochlear nerve, etc.

Contain only 1 axon

Unipolar neurons Present in the cells at the
embryonic stage
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Neural Control and Coordination

The protective covering of

the brain, triple-layered
Cranial meninges Outer- dura mater
Middle- arachnoid
Inner- pia mater

Cerebrum- controls vision,

hearing, speech, intelligence,
voluntary actions

Forebrain Thalamus- coordinates

sensory and motor signals to
(Prosencephalon) the cerebral cortex

Hypothalamus- controls body

temperature, eating, drinking

Cerebral aqueduct

Corpora quadrigemina
Midbrain
(Mesencephalon) Forms brain stem with the
hindbrain (pons and medulla
oblongata)
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Neural Control and Coordination

Cerebellum- coordinates motor

movements and precision,
balance, posture, etc.

Pons- A fibre tract and

Hindbrain interconnects different parts of
the brain
(Rhombencephalon)
Medulla oblongata- regulatory
centre for respiration,
cardiovascular reflexes and
gastric secretion

The inner part of the cerebral

hemisphere and associated
structures such as the
amygdala, hippocampus, etc.
Limbic system
Along with hypothalamus,
they regulate sexual
behaviour and emotions

A tract of nerve fibres

Corpus callosum connecting the two
cerebral hemispheres
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Neural Control and Coordination

The potential difference across

the axonal plasma membrane at
resting stage, i.e. -50 to -75 mV

Polarised state The membrane is more

permeable to K+ than to Na+

Outer- positive
Inner- negative

Reversal of polarity on the

application of a stimulus

The membrane becomes freely

Depolarised permeable to Na+ resulting in a
rapid influx of Na+ ions

Outer- negative
Inner- positive

The outer layer of the eye

Made up of dense
Sclera connective tissue

Anterior portion- cornea

 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Neural Control and Coordination

The middle layer of the eye

Vascular layer have blood

Choroid vessels and appear bluish

Anterior portion- forms

ciliary body and iris

The visible coloured

portion of the eye
Iris
Regulates the diameter
of the pupil

Lens aperture and

Pupil surrounded by the iris
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Neural Control and Coordination

The inner layer of the eye

Retina Contains three types of

cells: photoreceptor, bipolar
and ganglionic

Responsible for twilight or

scotopic vision

Contains rhodopsin
Rods photopigment (derivative
of vit A)
retinal- aldehyde of vit A
opsin- protein
Responsible for daylight
or photopic and colour
vision
Cones
Contains pigments
sensitive to red, blue and
green light
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Neural Control and Coordination

The region in the retina

without photoreceptor
Blindspot cells, where optic nerves
exit

A central pit in the macula

of the retina

Densely packed cones

Fovea are present

Provides the greatest

resolution

Thin watery fluid present

Aqueous humour between the cornea and
the lens
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Neural Control and Coordination

The transparent gel, filled

Vitreous humour between the lens and the
retina

Present in the middle ear

Malleus- hammer-shaped
attached to the tympanic
membrane

Ear ossicles Incus- anvil-shaped

attached to the other two
ossicles

Stapes- stirrup, the smallest

bone, attached to oval
window

Connects the cavity of

the middle ear to the
pharynx
Eustachian tube
Equalises pressure
across the eardrum
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Neural Control and Coordination

The fluid-filled inner ear

Bony labyrinth- filled with

Labyrinth perilymph

Membranous labyrinth- filled

with endolymph

Coiled portion of the bony

labyrinth, auditory organ

Scala vestibuli- opens in the

oval window
Cochlea
Scala media- filled with
endolymph

Scala tympani- opens in the

round window (middle ear)
Present on the basilar
membrane

Contains hair cells- auditory

receptors, afferent nerves at the
Organ of Corti base

Stereocilia- at the apical part of

each hair cells, are covered by
the tectorial membrane
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Neural Control and Coordination

Equilibrium organ present in

the membranous labyrinth
Vestibular apparatus Contains 3 semicircular
canals and otolith organs
(saccule and utricle)

Projecting ridge present

at the base of canals
(ampulla)
Crista ampullaris Contains hair cells

Responsible for dynamic

equilibrium
Projecting ridge in
saccule and utricle

Sensory receptors are

Macula present here

Responsible for static

equilibrium
 Flashcards for NEET Biology: Neural Control and Coordination

Statoconium or statolith

Calcium carbonate crystals

Otoliths in saccule and utricle

Play role in spatial

orientation